TRNG KHOA

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BO CO TT NGHIP
ti:

CNG NGH S 2G V 3G

LI CM N

Em xin gi li cm n trn trng nht n gia nh, thy c v bn b ng h, gip em trong sut qu trnh thc hin ti, c bit l Thy gio Nguyn Quc Tun ngi trc tip tn tnh hng dn em hon thnh kho lun ny. Do thi gian nghin cu c hn nn kho lun khng trnh khi nhng thiu st nht nh rt mong c s ng gp kin ca cc thy c v nhng ngi quan tm ti ti ny.Em xin chn thnh cm n!

H Ni, thng 5 nm 2008. Nguyn Vn Dng Thng

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MC LC LI NI U .................................................................................................................. 4 CHNG 1...................................................................................................................... 5 1.1. Cng ngh tng t - 0G v 1G ....................................................................... 5 1.2. Cng ngh s - 2G v 3G .................................................................................. 6 1.2.1. 2G ................................................................................................................... 6 1.2.2. 3G ................................................................................................................... 7 1.3 HSPDA(3.5G) ....................................................................................................... 8 thng tin d liu s c gi vo cc cng HS-DSCH. ........................................ 8 1.4. Cc yu cu v bo mt trong 3G .................................................................... 9 1.4.1. Mc tiu bo mt ca 3G................................................................................. 9 1.4.2. Cc mi e da vi vic bo mt ca h thng 3G......................................... 11 CHNG 2.................................................................................................................... 12 H THNG DI NG CDMA2000/UMTS .................................................................. 12 2.1. L trnh tin ln CDMA2000 t cdmaOne...................................................... 12 2.2. 1xEV: 1xEV DO v 1xEV DV ................................................................... 12 2.2.1. 1xEV DO ................................................................................................... 13 2.2.2. 1xEV DV ................................................................................................... 14 2.3. Cu trc h thng CDMA2000 : ...................................................................... 15 2.3.1. Cc thnh phn ca h thng .................................................................. 15 2.3.2. Cc giao thc s dng ............................................................................. 16 2.4. Cu trc giao thc trong CDMA2000 ............................................................. 17 2.5. Cc tnh nng ca h thng CDMA2000 ....................................................... 20 2.5.1. Loi lu lng ............................................................................................... 20 2.5.2. rng bng................................................................................................. 20 2.5.3. Cht lng dch v QoS (Quality of Service) ................................................ 21 2.5.4. Cc dch v d liu gi .................................................................................. 21 2.6. Cc knh trong CDMA2000............................................................................. 22 2.6.1. Knh xui...................................................................................................... 22 2.6.2. Knh ngc ............................................................................................... 23 2.7. Chc nng truyn dn ca knh xui v knh ngc ................................. 24 2.7.1. Chc nng truyn dn ca knh xui ............................................................. 24 2.7.2. Chc nng truyn dn ca knh ngc .......................................................... 26 2.8. S khc bit gia CDMA2000 v cdmaOne ................................................. 27 2.8.1 Bo hiu ...................................................................................................... 27 2.8.2 Truyn dn .................................................................................................. 28 2.9 Nhng tng ng ch yu gia CDMA2000 1X v WCDMA ..................... 28 2.9.1 Cc m s trc giao c chiu di thay i.................................................... 29 2.9.2 Tri ph phc hp lin kt ngc ............................................................... 30 2.9.3 Nhn tin lin kt xui .................................................................................. 31 2.9.4 Nhng c im c lp ca CDMA2000 1X v WCDMA ........................ 32

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2.9.5 Bng thng danh nh ................................................................................. 32 2.9.6 Tc chip ................................................................................................. 32 2.9.7 ng b ha mng ...................................................................................... 33 2.9.8 B m ho ting ni .................................................................................... 33 2.9.9 Mng li...................................................................................................... 33 CHNG 3 ................................................................................................................... 34 3.1 Cc c im ca HSDPA ................................................................................ 34 3.2 Nhng ci tin quan trng trong HSDPA so vi WCDMA ............................ 37 3.3 Cu trc HSDPA ................................................................................................ 39 3.4 Cu trc knh HSDPA ..................................................................................... 40 3.5. AMC v k thut pht a m. .......................................................................... 42 3.6 Thch ng lin kt .............................................................................................. 43 3.7 HARQ nhanh ...................................................................................................... 46 CHNG 4.................................................................................................................... 49 SO SNH HIU NNG CA HSDPA V CDMA (3GPP PHIN BN 99) ............. 49 4.1 Phn tp a ngi dng .................................................................................. 49 4.2 Dung lng sng mang HSDPA ...................................................................... 50 4.3 Dung lng HSDPA vi phin bn 99 ............................................................ 51 4.4 Tc d liu ngi dng ............................................................................... 52 4.5 Hiu sut truyn Iub .......................................................................................... 53 4.6 Tr kh hi: ........................................................................................................ 56 KT LUN .................................................................................................................... 60 TI LIU THAM KHO ................................................................................................ 61

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LI NI U

Thng tin di ng ng mt vai tr ht sc quan trng trong cuc sng ca chng ta. Nh c thng tin di ng m mi trn ton th gii c th lin lc vi nhau mt cch r dng, tuy nhin nhu cu con ngi l rt ln, bi mi ngi khng ch n thun l lin h vi nhau m h cn mun c cc dch v truyn thng a phng tin p ng c nhu cu ca con ngi cc cng ngh thng tin di ng c ra i v ngy cng pht trin, ban u vi cng ngh 0G, 1G cho php mi ngi lin lc vi nhau thun tin hn, sau l cng ngh 2G( nh GSM) cho php mi ngi s dng nhiu dch v hn qua mng thng tin di ng, tuy nhin cho ti ny th c cng ngh 3G( UMTS ) v cng ngh 3.5G ra i v pht trin rt mnh n cho php rt nhiu dch v a phng tin nh truyn hnh nh, m thanh cht lng cao, v phn no tha mn c nhu cu rt ln ca ngi dng. Kha lun cho php chng ta hiu r hn v tng giai on pht trin ca cng ngh thng tin di ng qua vic so snh chng. Trong cng ngh 3.5G hin nay l HSDPA l mt cng ngh c coi l ci tin nht hin nay n em li c nhiu dch v truyn cht lng cao v vi tc c th tha mn c nhu cu ca ngi dng.

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CHNG 1 TNG QUAN V LCH S PHT TRIN CA CNG NGH DI NG C th hc hi c nhiu v cc vn bo mt t cc cng ngh th h trc. Ni chung, cc mi e da v cc vn i vi cng ngh 1G v cng ngh 2G cng s xut hin i vi 3G. Do , trong phn ny, kha lun s c ci nhn khi qut v l trnh pht trin ca cng ngh di ng qua cc th h 1G, 2G v 3G. 1.1. Cng ngh tng t - 0G v 1G C hai th h trong cc cng ngh di ng c coi l tng t. Cc cng ngh ny c gi l 0G v 1G. 1G l cng ngh di ng t ong (cellular) u tin, cn 0G l cng ngh di ng tin t ong (pre cellular). Cc thit b u cui s dng trong 0G kh c th gi l thit b di ng. Cc mu m u tin rt ln v thng c gn vo xe t. Sau , cc thit b cm tay ra i, nhng 0G b thay th bi th h k tip, 1G. Kha cnh ch yu phn bit gia 0G v 1G l cng ngh 1G s dng mng t ong (cellullar network). Mt mng t ong l mt mng to nn bi mt s cc cell. Mi cell ny c phc v bi mt my pht c nh, thng gi l trm gc. Trn thc t, cng c mt vi v d v vic s dng mng t ong trong 0G, nhng iu lm nn s khc bit gia 1G v 0G l 1G h tr vic kt ni lin mch khi di chuyn t cell ny sang cell khc. iu ny c ngha l, khi ngi dng ra khi tm hot ng ca mt trm gc trong khi ang thc hin cuc gi, nu s dng cng ngh 0G th ngi dng s b ngt kt ni, trong khi s dng cng ngh 1G ngi dng s khng nhn thy s ngt qung no. Mt kha cnh khc phn bit 0G v 1G l cc cng ngh 0G thng l bn song cng (c ngha l vic thu v pht m thanh khng xy ra ng thi). Vo nhng nm 1970, cc mng s dng cng ngh 0G b qu ti nghim trng. Mt chun tng t khc c gii thiu, l 1G. Ging nh 0G, 1G s dng bng tn v tuyn UHF. Vic truyn m thanh c thc hin m khng c s m ha trn giao din v tuyn. iu ny c ngha l bt c ai c mt my qut n gin cng c th nghe c cc cuc in m. Cc c gng ca nh chc trch nhm ngn chn vic xm nhp bt hp php ny u khng gii quyt c vn . Bn cnh vic bo v thng tin c nhn, nhc im ny ca h thng cn a n mt vn khc. Bi v d liu truyn c gi i m khng m ha, cc k thut bo mt cn th s d dng l ra cho cc hacker.

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Hu ht cc cng ngh 1G ch c mt dng bo mt, mt th tc nhn thc ht sc th s. Th tc ny bao gm vic xc nhn hai s: s nhn dng di ng MIN v s thu bao in t ESN. Qu trnh xc nhn ny din ra khi mt thit b di ng bt u lin lc vi h thng. u tin, s en (blacklist) s c kim tra xem thit b di ng ny c b kha hay khng. Tip theo, mt bn tin c gi ti HLR thng qua s kt hp ca MIN v ESN. C hai s ny c truyn khng m ha qua giao din v tuyn. Hacker c th nghe trm v c th s dng cc s ny to ra cc bn sao bt hp php m vi chng, cc hacker c th nhn thc thnh cng di dng mt thu bao khc. Vn cng tr nn trm trng khi nhiu nh cung cp thm ch khng thc hin vic nhn thc trn cc my di ng do vic thiu ht s chun ha v cc l do v hiu sut. iu ny gy nn vic s dng tri php v cng ln trong cc mng di ng. 1.2. Cng ngh s - 2G v 3G 1.2.1. 2G Mc nh du quan trng trong qu trnh pht trin ca cc cng ngh di ng l s ra i ca x l tn hiu s DSP. Nh c DSP, cht lng thoi c ci tin ng k v thng tin s khng b nh hng bi mo. Thm vo , di ph c th c s dng mt cch hiu qu hn hn nh c cc k thut hp knh. Bi v cc k thut tng t s dng FDMA, ch c mt ngi dng c th s dng mt tn s xc nh ti bt k thi gian no trong mt cell. Vi cng ngh 2G, vn ny c gii quyt bng cch s dng TDMA v CDMA. Cc k thut ny cho php nhiu ngi dng chia s cng mt tn s. Cu trc bo mt cng c nhng bc ci tin ng k. C hai chun chnh trong 2G: GSM v cdmaOne. C hai chun ny u s dng k thut i hi p ng (challenge response) nhn din ngi dng. Khi thc hin cuc gi, thit b di ng cn tnh ton mt p ng cho i hi (di dng mt s ngu nhin) c gi bi mng. p ng ny c tnh ton s dng mt kha b mt duy nht c lu trn thit b di ng . p ng ny sau c th c xc nhn bi mng, v n cng lu tr kha b mt trng vi kha lu ti thit b di ng ca ngi dng. Kha ny sau c th s dng thit lp vic m ha trn ng truyn qua giao din v tuyn. Nhn li nhng vn i vi th h tng t, c th kt lun rng t nht v mt l thuyt nhng vn ny c gii quyt. Vic truyn dn c m ha bo v

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thng tin c nhn ngi dng v s tin cy, mt phng php nhn thc tt hn c s dng. Trn thc t, li c mt s vn ny sinh. u tin, cc chun ny c th tin cy c, v mt mt no , da trn s kh hiu ca cc thut ton ca n. Theo thi gian, b mt v cc thut ton ny r r, c th d dng chng minh rng cc thut ton ny tr nn yu t. Th hai, cc chun ny c nhiu khuyt im v mt giao thc c th s dng nhn thc bt hp php mt my di ng lu. Mt nhc im na l vic thiu ht trong bo v s ton vn. Khi mt thit b di ng c nhn thc, nhng khng phi trong mng, mt trm gc gi c th s dng nhn vic nhn thc d liu t mt thu bao khng r ngun gc. 1.2.2. 3G Thng tin di ng th h hai mc d s dng cng ngh s nhng v l h thng bng hp v c xy dng da trn c ch chuyn mch knh nn khng p ng c nhu cu ca cc dch v mi, thm vo l c qu nhiu tiu chun khc nhau, lm cho vic di chuyn ca thu bao gia cc quc gia ny vi cc quc gia khc gp nhiu kh khn. Chnh v l m cc t chc vin thng trn th gii thy cn thit phi tp hp li v ra phng n phi c mt tiu chun thng nht chung cc h thng vin thng di ng tng lai va p ng c cc yu cu ca thi i mi, va mang tnh thng nht chung cho cc h thng. Kt qu l IMT 2000 do ITU R xy dng ra i nhm p ng cc yu cu . IMT 2000 m rng ng k kh nng cung cp dch v v cho php nhiu phng tin thng tin c th cng hot ng, t cc phng tin truyn thng cho n cc phng tin hin i v cc phng tin truyn thng c trong tng lai. Vo nm 1999, ITU thng qua nm giao din v tuyn s dng IMT 2000. l cc giao din: IMT DS (Direct Spead) Tri ph trc tip: cn c bit n vi tn WCDMA hay UTRA FDD v c s dng trong UMTS. IMT MC (Multi Carrier) a sng mang: cn c gi l CDMA2000. IMT TD (Time Division) Phn chia theo thi gian: bao gm TD CDMA v TD SCDMA, c hai u c chun ha s dng trong UMTS. IMT SC (Single Carrier) n sng mang: cn c gi l UWC 136 hoc EDGE.

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IMT FT (Frequency Time): cn c gi l DECT. Trong nm giao din ny, IMT DS (hay UMTS) v IMT MC (hay CDMA2000)

c coi l hai chun chnh. UMTS c pht trin chu u v l th h sau ca GSM. CDMA2000 l th h sau ca cdmaOne v c pht trin M.

Hnh 1. L trnh pht trin ln 3G (Phai de cap den HSDPA) 1.3 HSPDA(3.5G) HSDPA (High Speed Downlink Packet Access), gi ng truyn tc cao, l mt sn phm ca cng ngh 3G cho php cc mng hot ng trn h thng UMTS c kh nng truyn ti d liu vi tc cao hn hn. Cng ngh HSDPA hin nay cho php tc download t n 1.8, 3.6, 7.2 v 14.4 Mbit/giy, v trong tng lai gn, tc hin nay c th c nng ln gp nhiu ln. Khi , cc mng cung cp c th c nng cp thnh Evolved HSPA, cho php tc download t n 42 Mbit/giy. Vi nhng u th vt tri , HSDPA ang tr thnh mt cng ngh c nhiu nh cung cp quan tm pht trin. HSDPA l mt phng thc truyn ti d liu theo phng thc mi. y c coi l sn phm ca dng 3.5G. cng ngh ny cho php d liu download v my in thoi c tc tng ng vi tc ng truyn ADSL, vt qua nhng cn tr c hu v tc kt ni ca mt chic in thoi thng thng. y l gii php mang tnh t ph v mt cng ngh v c pht trin trn c s ca h thng 3G W-CDMA.HSDPA c tc truyn ti d liu ln ti a gp 5 ln so vi khi s dng cng ngh W-CDMA. V

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mt l thuyt, HSDPA c th t tc truyn ti d liu ln ti 8-10 Mbps (Megabit/giy). Mc d c th truyn ti bt c dng d liu no, song mc tiu ch yu ca HSDPA l d liu dng video v nhc.HSDPA c pht trin da trn cng ngh W-CDMA, s dng cc phng php chuyn i v m ha d liu khc. N to ra mt knh truyn d liu bn trong W-CDMA c gi l HS-DSCH (High Speed Downlink Shared Channel), hay cn gi l knh chia s ng xung tc cao. Knh truyn ti ny hot ng hon ton khc bit so vi cc knh thng thng v cho php thc hin download vi tc vt tri. V y l mt knh chuyn dng cho vic download. iu cng c ngha l d liu s c truyn trc tip t ngun n in thoi. Song qu trnh ngc li, tc l truyn d liu t in thoi n mt ngun tin th khng th thc hin c khi s dng cng ngh HSDPA. Cng ngh ny c th c chia s gia tt c cc user c s dng sng radio, sng cho hiu qu download nhanh nht.Ngoi HSDSCH, cn c 3 knh truyn ti d liu khc cng c pht trin, gm c HS-SCCH (High Speed Shared Control Channel knh iu khin dng chung tc cao), HSDPCCH (High Speed Dedicated Physical Control Channel knh iu khin vt l dnh ring tc cao) v HS-PDSCH (High Speed Downlink Shared Channel knh vt l chia s ng xung tc cao). Knh HS-SCCH thng bo cho ngi s dng v thng tin d liu s c gi vo cc cng HS-DSCH.

1.4. Cc yu cu v bo mt trong 3G 1.4.1. Mc tiu bo mt ca 3G Cc mc tiu bo mt ch yu m ITU a ra rt n gin. Bt c chun 3G no, t nht cng phi tha mn hai yu cu sau: Bo mt 3G phi tng ng nh bo mt trong mng c nh/ISDN. Thng tin c nhn ngi dng phi c bo v khi lin lc.

Yu cu u tin ng rng c nhng im khc bit trong vic bo mt mng v tuyn v vic bo mt mng c nh. Nhng im khc bit ny l do mt s nguyn nhn. Th nht, mng c nh c mt hng ro bo v v mt vt l. chn ng truyn trong mng c nh, cn c xm nhp vt l vo mng, trong khi mng v tuyn, k xm nhp ch cn trong vng ph sng. Quan trng hn, cc gii hn vi cc trm

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trong mng v tuyn khng r rng nh trong mng c nh. Bn im khc nhau c bn gia mng v tuyn v mng c nh l: Bng thng Tc li cho php S ngm nh v s thay i Gii hn cng sut

Bi cc s khc bit ny, cc giao thc v cc thut ton s dng cho mng c nh thng c qu nhiu li th so vi cc giao thc v cc thut ton s dng cho mng v tuyn. iu ny to ra mt thch thc ln cho vic thit k cu trc bo mt cho cc mng v tuyn. Yu cu th hai l do trn thc t khi chuyn vng, khng c kt ni an ton no gia mng v ngi dng. Cc d liu ca thu bao s c gi bi mt kt ni khng an ton, c th b s dng xm phm thng tin c nhn ca ngi dng. Vic thit k cng tr nn phc tp hn, do cn phi tng thch vi cc cng ngh v tuyn i c hn. t c cc yu cu ny, cc m hnh bo mt ca 3GPP v 3GPP2 c ci tin v dn ti cc mc tiu sau: Tng cng cu trc bo mt 2G trong: Nhn thc thu bao M ha giao din v tuyn Nhn dng thu bao mt cch tin cy S dng cc module nhn thc thu bao (c th g b c) To ra lp ng dng an ton gia my di ng v mng S trong sut ca cc tnh nng bo mt

m bo mt mc an ton tha ng cho: Ngi dng Mi thng tin gi i bi ngi dng Cc ti nguyn v dch v cung cp bi mng dch v

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 m bo s tn ti ca t nht mt thut ton c m ha c th s dng trn ton th gii. m bo s chun ha tha ng ca cc tnh nng bo mt. m bo kh nng m rng cc tnh nng v k thut bo mt. 1.4.2. Cc mi e da vi vic bo mt ca h thng 3G Vic truy cp tri php vo dch v: Trong trng hp ny, k xm nhp s truy cp tri php bng cch gi mo hoc s dng tri php quyn truy cp. Nghe trm (Eavesdropping): Trong trng hp ny, k xm nhp s chen vo ng truyn vo lc ang tin hnh cuc gi hoc vo qu trnh nhn thc. iu ny s gy ra cc vn v thng tin c nhn ngi dng, nhng cc thng tin ly c c th b s dng cho cc cch tn cng khc. Khng ch cc bn tin: Trong trng hp ny, k xm nhp s khng ch ng truyn gia hai bn. Quy ri hoc s dng tri php cc dch v trong mng: Trong trng hp ny, k xm nhp tn cng cc dch v mng, c th dn ti vic t chi dch v DoS hay lm gim hiu sut ca dch v. Tn cng trung gian (man in middle attacks): Trong trng hp ny, k xm nhp t mnh vo gia hai bn ang tin hnh m thoi. C hai bn u khng bit c k xm nhp v ngh rng h ang ni chuyn vi nhau, trong khi k xm nhp ni chuyn vi c hai bn.

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CHNG 2 H THNG DI NG CDMA2000/UMTS

2.1. L trnh tin ln CDMA2000 t cdmaOne Mt trong nhng mc ch ca chun 3G l tng cng s pht trin ca h thng 2G hin ti, tn dng ti a c s h tng hin c. CDMA2000 l h thng 3G pht trin t h thng CDMA hin ti Bc M l cdmaOne. Chun c quy nh cho CDMA2000 bao gm 2 giai on: 1xRTT v 3xRTT. 1xRTT c coi l giai on I ca CDMA2000 3G v 3xRTT l giai on II ca CDMA2000 3G. Giai on th nht c nh ngha l chun c tn 1xRTT. c hon tt vo thng 7 nm 1999, giai on ny ca CDMA2000 mang tn l chun TIA theo IS2000 v mang tn l chun MC-1X theo ITU. 1xRTT cung cp gp i dung lng thoi v thi gian ch so vi IS-95, v cho php tc d liu ln ti 384 Kbps (theo l thuyt). N hot ng knh 1.25 MHz. Giai on th hai ca CDMA2000 l 3xRTT kt hp cht ch cc kh nng ca 1xRTT, c tc d liu ln ti 2Mbps (theo l thuyt), h tr tt c cc loi knh (5 MHz, 10 MHz, vv...). 2.2. 1xEV: 1xEV DO v 1xEV DV 1xEV l bc pht trin k tip ca 1x. N da trn cng ngh tc d liu cao Qualcomm HDR. Cc xu hng dn n s ra i ca 1xEV l: Trong trnh t pht trin ca CDMA2000 1x, kh nng d liu tc cao h tr cc dch v da trn nn Internet hin ti v trong tng lai s tr nn ht sc quan trng. Di ph s tr thnh mt ti nguyn khan him, lm cho h thng 1.25 MHz tr nn hp dn hn nhiu so vi h thng 5 MHz (3x), ch cn t c hiu sut tng ng. Nhng nh khai thc v ngi dng s c li t nhng h thng ny thng qua: Tc cao v dung lng cao ca h thng truyn dn d liu gi.

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Hiu qu s dng di ph cao hn cho chuyn mch gi. Thoi vi hiu qu s dng di ph cao hn. S nng cp v linh hot ca h thng CDMA2000 1x tt hn nhiu so vi h thng 3x trong vic pht trin ln t h thng 2G hin ti.

H thng CDMA2000 1x ti thiu ha tc ng trn cc thit b trong vng t bo v cc thit b cm tay trong vic cung cp cc dch v d liu gi tc cao.

t c cc yu cu ca nh khai thc CDMA2000 trong vic trin khai cc dch v d liu gi tc cao trong sng mang 1.25 MHz, 1xEV s c nh ngha trong hai giai on: Giai on 1: Ti u ha h thng cho cc dch v d liu gi tc cao, khng thi gian thc Dch v d liu gi tc cao hot ng trn mt sng mang. Nu thu bao cn thoi hoc cc dch v thi gian thc khc, h thng 1xEV s s dng CDMA2000 1x thc thi dch v . Mc ch l nhm lm cho hot ng d hiu i vi ngi dng. Giai on 2: H thng ng thi h tr d liu gi tc cao v dch v thi gian thc Trong cch tip cn tch hp, mc ch l tch hp kh nng ca giai on mt trn cng mt sng mang, trong khi vn cn kh nng duy tr dch v d liu gi trn mt sng mang ring bit. 2.2.1. 1xEV DO 1xEV-DO l mt chun trong h cc tiu chun v tuyn ca CDMA2000 1x. EVDO l vit tt ca EVolution, Data-Only" (gn y c sa thnh Evolution, Data Optimized). 1xEV-DO cung cp tc d liu nhanh gp 10 ln so vi 1xRTT, cng ngh d liu trc ca mng CDMA. Khng ging nh cc chun 1x khc, 1xEV-DO ch dnh cho d liu, khng dng cho thoi. N yu cu mt khong ph dnh ring, tch bit vi mng thoi s dng cc chun nh 1xRTT. C hai phin bn ca 1xEV-DO: "Release 0" v "Revision A".

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Release 0 l phin bn nguyn thy, v l phin bn c trin khai rng ri u tin. Release 0 cung cp tc d liu ln ti 2.4 Mbps, trung bnh l 300-600 kbps trong thc t. Tc ny nhanh hn rt nhiu so vi tc 50-80 kbps cung cp bi 1xRTT. Tc d liu ca Release 0 tng ng vi tc d liu ca 1xEV-DV Revision C.

Revision A tch hp hu ht cng ngh d liu t 1xEV-DV Revision D, v ci thin ngm ngm. Nhng nng cao ny cho php cc tnh nng nh VoIP v thoi video.

Mc d EV-DO v nguyn bn khng c kh nng thoi, Revision A nhanh cung cp cng ngh VoIP ti mc dch v bng hoc tt hn so vi cng ngh thoi 1xRTT. y c th l con ng pht trin ca CDMA nu s pht trin ca 1xEV-DV vn b ngng tr. 1xEV-DO c da trn cng ngh d liu tc cao HDR hoc d liu gi tc cao HRPD, pht trin bi Qualcomm. Chun quc t gi l IS-856. 2.2.2. 1xEV DV 1xEV-DV l mt chun trong h cc tiu chun v tuyn ca CDMA2000 1x. EVDV l vit tt ca Evolution, Data and Voice. 1xEV-DV kt hp c cng ngh tc cao HDR t 1xEV-DO vi chun 1xRTT c trin khai rng ri. N tch hp lin mch vi 1xRTT, cung cp kh nng tng thch vi cc h thng c v ng thi c thoi v d liu. C hai phin bn ca 1xEV-DV: "Revision C" v "Revision D" Revision C cung cp tc d liu cao ch cho chiu xui, c ngha l tc download s nhanh hn. Chiu ngc ging nh chun 1xRTT. Revision D cung cp tc d liu cao cho c hai chiu, l tng cho cc ng dng nh hi thoi video v ti ln cc file dung lng ln. Revision D cng tch hp vic nhn dng thit b di ng MEID.S pht trin 1xEV-DV ang b chng li, b cn tr bi 1xEV-DO Revision A v cng ngh VoIP.

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2.3. Cu trc h thng CDMA2000 :

Hnh 2. Cu trc h thng CDMA2000 2.3.1. Cc thnh phn ca h thng Trm di ng MS (Mobile Station): l thit b cho ngi s dng truy cp vo mng. MS c th l in thoi cm tay, my tnh Trm thu pht gc BTS (Base Transceiver Station): chu trch nhim cp pht cc ti nguyn cho cc thu bao. BTS cha cc thit b thu pht v tuyn, n l

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giao din gia mng CDMA2000 v thit b ca ngi s dng UE (User Equipment). B iu khin trm gc BSC (Base Station Controller): c nhim v iu khin cc BTS gn vi n v nh tuyn cc gi n v i t PSDN. Ngoi ra, BSC cn lm nhim v iu khin/qun l chuyn giao. Trung tm chuyn mch di ng MSC (Mobile Switching Centre): thc hin vai tr ca chuyn mch trung tm, thit lp v nh tuyn cuc gi, thu thp thng tin tnh cc, qun l di ng, gi cuc gi ti PSTN/Internet. B ghi nh v thng tr HLR (Home Location Register): l c s d liu lu thng tin v thu bao. B ghi nh v vng lai VLR (Visitor Location Register): l c s d liu lu thng tin thu bao ang hot ng trn mt MSC nht nh. Trung tm nhn thc AC (Authentication Centre): xc nhn thu bao trc khi cho php cung cp dch v cho thu bao . IWF (Interworking Function): cho php cc dch v d liu chuyn mch knh. Node dch v d liu gi PDSN (Packet Data Service Node): ch c mng 3G, cung cp cc dch v d liu chuyn mch gi. Trung tm nhn thc, trao quyn v thanh ton AAA (Authentication, Authorization, and Accounting): l mt server cung cp cc dch v nhn thc, trao quyn v thanh ton cho PSDN, ln lt chuyn cc dch v kt ni vi mng d liu gi cho ngi dng di ng. 2.3.2. Cc giao thc s dng Trong cu trc mng CDMA2000 trn, c cc giao din gia cc thnh phn mng c thm vo cung cp cc dch v d liu chuyn mch gi. Vic nh ngha cc giao din ny thng c quy nh bi cc chun. Mt s chun quan trng l: IS-2000: Cc chun ny quy nh giao din khng trung gia MS v BSC trong mng CDMA2000.

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 IS-2001: y l phin bn 3G ca IOS (InterOperability Specification), l chun nh ngha giao din gia BSC v PDSN. N cng nh ngha giao din gia BSC v MSC, cng nh giao din gia cc BSC vi nhau nhm qun l di ng. IS-41: Chun ny, s dng mng 2G, cng vn c s dng mng 3G. N nh ngha giao din gia MSC, HLR, VLR, v AC, cng nh giao din gia cc MSC vi nhau. 2.4. Cu trc giao thc trong CDMA2000

Hnh 3. Cu trc giao thc trong CDMA2000 Hnh 3 minh ha cu trc giao thc s dng trong CDMA2000. Cu trc phn lp trong hnh trn tng t vi cu trc phn lp trong m hnh tham chiu OSI. Mt im

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khc bit v cu trc gia cdmaOne v CDMA2000 l CDMA2000 nu ra r rng chc nng ca bn lp giao thc khc nhau. Bn lp giao thc l lp vt l, lp iu khin truy cp phng tin MAC (Media Access Control), lp iu khin truy cp ng bo hiu LAC (Signaling Link Access Control), v lp cao hn. Lp vt l (lp 1): Lp vt l chu trch nhim pht v thu cc bit thng qua phng tin vt l. V phng tin vt l trong trng hp ny l khng trung, nn lp vt l phi chuyn i bit sang dng sng (v d nh iu ch) cho php truyn qua khng trung. Bn cnh vic iu ch, lp vt l cn thc hin cc chc nng m ha thc hin cc chc nng iu khin li ti mc bit v mc khung. Lp con MAC (lp 2): Lp con MAC iu khin vic truy cp ca lp cao hn vo phng tin vt l c chia s bi cc ngi dng khc nhau. V mt ny, MAC thc hin cc chc nng tng t nh thc th MAC iu khin mng cc b LAN. Trong khi LAN MAC iu khin truy cp t cc my tnh khc nhau ti bus dng chung, lp con CDMA2000 MAC qun l vic truy cp ca cc ngi dng khc nhau (thoi tc thp v d liu tc cao) ti giao din trn khng dng chung. Lp con LAC (lp 2): Lp con LAC chu trch nhim m bo s tin cy ca cc bn tin bo hiu c trao i. Cn nh rng cc phng tin truyn qua khng trung l rt d xy ra li, nn bn tin ti thi im nhn c (v c chp nhn) l c th c li. Mt khc, v bn tin bo hiu cung cp cc chc nng iu khin quan trng, cc bn tin ny cn phi c truyn v nhn mt cch tin cy. Lp con LAC thc hin mt tp cc chc nng m bo vic chuyn pht mt cch tin cy cc bn tin bo hiu. Lp cao hn (lp 3): Lp cao hn thc hin chc nng iu khin chung cho h thng CDMA2000. N thc hin vic iu khin ny bng cch phc v nh mt im x l v to ra tt c cc bn tin bo hiu mi. Bn tin thoi v d liu cng c truyn qua lp 3. Trong cdmaOne khng ch ra mt cch tng minh v ring bit chc nng ca tng lp. n y, mt cu hi t ra l ti sao cu trc phn lp khng c trin khai ti cdmaOne nhng by gi li c s dng trong CDMA2000? L do l bi v cu trc phn lp c s dng trong CDMA2000 bi v n mang ti s thng nht vi cu trc

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3G c vch ra trong IMT-2000. C cu ca IMT-2000 ku gi cc mng khc nhau cng hp tc cung cp dch v cho ngi dng cui, v mc cng nh phm vi ca s hp tc ny c t chc r rng hn khi nhn t gc ca cu trc phn lp. Cc chc nng ca lp c nh ngha r rng s cung cp kh nng chuyn mn ha cho h thng. Ch cn mt lp vn thc hin cc chc nng ca n v cung cp cc dch v mong mun, vic thc thi chuyn bit ca cc chc nng ca lp c th c ci tin hoc thay th m khng cn yu cu s thay th ca cc lp trn v di n. Bn cnh cc lp, cc thnh phn quan trng khc ca cu trc giao thc CDMA2000 l: Knh vt l (Physical channels): Cc knh vt l l cc ng truyn tin gia lp vt l v cc lp con hp nht cc knh dng chung/dng ring. Trong hnh v, knh vt l c biu vit bng ch hoa. (F-) l vit tt ca Forward (knh xui) v (R-) l vit tt ca knh ngc (Reverse), hai ch ci cui CH vit tt ca CHannel (knh). Knh logic (Logical channels): Cc knh logic l cc ng truyn tin gia cc lp con hp nht cc knh dng chung/dng ring v cc thc th ca lp cao hn. Trong hnh v, knh logic c vit bng ch thng. (f-) l vit tt ca forward (knh xui) v (r-) l vit tt ca knh ngc (reverse), hai ch ci cui ch vit tt ca channel (knh). n v d liu: Cc n v d liu l cc n v logic ca bo hiu v thng tin ngi dng c trao i gia thc th SRBP/RLP v cc thc th lp cao hn. C hai loi n v d liu: n v d liu truyn ti PDU v n v d liu dch v SDU. PDU c s dng cho cc n v d liu c nhn bi nh cung cp dch v t yu cu dch v, v SDU c s dng cho cc n v d liu c gi ti nh cung cp bi ngi yu cu dch v. Trong lp con MAC, c bn loi thc th: SRBP, RLP, lp con hp nht cc knh dng chung, v lp con hp nht cc knh dng ring. Lp con hp nht cc knh dng chung thc hin vic nh x gia cc knh logic dng chung (knh c chia s gia nhiu ngi dng) v knh vt l dng chung. Lp con hp nht cc knh dng ring thc hin vic nh x gia cc knh logic dng ring (knh c dnh ring cho mt s ngi dng) v knh vt l dng ring. Cn lu rng

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knh dng ring c th s dng cho c bo hiu v d liu ngi dng, cn knh dng chung ch c dng cho bo hiu. SRBP v RLP l cc thc th giao thc dng trong lp con MAC. SRBP x l vic bo hiu knh chung (ngc li vi bo hiu knh ring) v RLP x l thng tin ngi dng. 2.5. Cc tnh nng ca h thng CDMA2000 2.5.1. Loi lu lng CDMA2000, cng nh cc cng ngh 3G khc, h tr cc loi lu lng sau (tc d liu t 9.6 kbps n 2 Mbps): Thoi truyn thng v VoIP Cc dch v d liu D liu gi: Cc dch v ny da trn nn IP vi giao thc TCP hoc UDP ti lp giao vn. Nm trong loi ny l cc ng dng Internet, cc dch v a phng tin loi H.323 vv... D liu bng rng m phng knh (circuit-emulated broadband data): v d nh fax, truy cp dial-up khng ng b, cc dch v a phng tin loi H.321 ni m audio, video, d liu, iu khin v ch th c truyn trn m phng knh qua ATM... SMS (Short Messaging Service)

Dch v bo hiu H thng 3G c d kin cho cc mi trng trong nh v ngoi tri, cc ng dng b hnh hoc trn xe c, v cc mi trng c nh nh tng i ni ht v tuyn (wireless local loop). Kch c t bo t vi chc mt (nh hn 50 m i vi picocell) ti vi chc km (hn 35 km cho cc t bo c ln). 2.5.2. rng bng H thng CDMA2000 c th hot ng cc rng bng khc nhau vi mt hoc nhiu sng mang. Trong h thng a sng mang, cc sng mang cnh nhau phi cch nhau t nht 1.25 MHz. Trong h thng a sng mang thc s, mi sng mang thng c rng bng 1.25 MHz v c phn bit vi sng mang IS-95 bng m trc giao. Tuy

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nhin, khi ba sng mang c s dng trong h thng a sng mang, bng thng yu cu l 5 MHz. cung cp cc dch v d liu tc cao, mt knh n c th c rng bng danh nh l 5 MHz vi tc chip 3.6864 Mcps ( = 3 x 1.22887 Mc/s). Bng thng BW trong hnh 4, ngoi mt cng sut c th b qua, ty thuc vo b lc to dng ti bng gc. Nu b lc cosine tng c s dng, BW = Rc(1 + ), trong Rc l tc chip v l tha s ct ln (rolloff factor). Nu = 0.25, BW = 4.6 MHz, v do di bo v G = 200 kHz. R rng, mt li th ca bng thng rng hn l n cung cp nhiu ng hn c th s dng trong b thu a ng tng cng hot ng ca h thng.

Hnh 4: rng bng trong CDMA2000 2.5.3. Cht lng dch v QoS (Quality of Service) Bt c lc no, a ng dng cng c th chy trn mt trm di ng MS. Ngi dng c th yu cu cht lng dch v ty theo ng dng, v mng c mong i l s m bo cht lng yu cu m khng c s st gim ng k trong QoS quy c vi khch hng. 2.5.4. Cc dch v d liu gi CDMA2000 h tr cc dch v d liu gi. T lc khi u, nu c mt gi gi, ngi dng c gng thit lp cc knh iu khin dng chung v dng ring s dng phng thc a truy cp phn khe Aloha. Trong phng thc ny, mt xung nhp tham

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chiu c s dng to ra mt dy cc khe thi gian c di bng nhau. Khi ngi dng c mt gi cn gi, n c th bt u truyn, nhng ch ti lc bt u ca mt khe thi gian ch khng phi ti khong thi gian bt k lc no. Lu rng mc d ngi dng c ng b ha nh xung nhp tham chiu, c mt vi xc sut rng c th c hai ngi dng hoc nhiu hn c th bt u truyn ti cng mt thi im. Khi cc knh ny c thit lp, ngi dng c th gi cc gi tin thng qua knh iu khin dng ring, v c th yu cu mt knh lu lng hoc mt rng bng thch hp. Mt khi knh lu lng c cp, ngi dng truyn gi tin, vic bo tr s ng b ha v iu khin cng sut l cn thit, v vic gii phng knh lu lng ngay sau khi truyn xong hoc sau mt khong thi gian nht nh. Nu khng cn gi no gi, knh iu khin dng ring cng c gii phng sau mt khong thi gian, nhng kt ni lp mng v lp lin kt vn c duy tr trong mt khong thi gian nu c gi mi n th vn s c truyn m khng b mt thi gian thit lp knh. Ti cui khong thi gian , cc gi ngn v khng thng xuyn s c gi qua mt knh iu khin dng chung. Ngi dng c th ngt kt ni ti thi im , hoc tip tc trong trng thi v hn, hoc ti thit lp knh iu khin dng ring v knh lu lng nu c cc gi ln hoc thng xuyn cn gi. 2.6. Cc knh trong CDMA2000 2.6.1. Knh xui Cc knh xui trong CDMA2000 chia lm knh bo hiu v knh ngi dng. Bng 1. Knh xui trong CDMA2000

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Knh

Knh

F-PCH (Paging Channel) F-QPCH (Quick Paging Channel) F-CCCH (Forward Common Control Channel) F-BCCH (Broadcast Control Channel) F-CACH (Common Assignment Channel) F-CPCCH (Common Power Control Channel) F-SYNCH (Sync Channel) F-PICH (Forward Pilot Channel) F-TDPICH (Transmit Diversity Pilot Channel) F-APICH (Auxiliary Pilot Channel) F-ATDPICH (Auxiliary Transmit Diversity Pilot Channel)

bo hiu dng chung

Knh dng ring

F-DCCH (Forward Dedicated Control Channel)

F-FCH (Forward Fundamental Channel) Knh ngi dng F-SCH (Forward Supplemental Channel) F-SCCH (Forward Supplemental Code Channel)

2.6.2. Knh ngc Cc knh ngc trong CDMA2000 chia lm knh bo hiu v knh ngi dng. Bng 2. Knh ngc trong CDMA2000 Knh bo hiu Knh dng chung R-ACH (Access Channel) R-EACH (Enhanced Access Channel) R-CCCH (Reverse Common Control Channel)

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Knh dng ring

R-PICH (Reverse Pilot Channel) R-DCCH (Reverse Dedicated Control Channel) R-FCH (Reverse Fundamental Channel)

Knh ngi dng

R-SCH (Reverse Supplemental Channel) R-SCCH (Reverse Supplemental Code Channel)

2.7. Chc nng truyn dn ca knh xui v knh ngc 2.7.1. Chc nng truyn dn ca knh xui Hnh 5 minh ha s n gin ca cc chc nng truyn dn ca knh xui ca h thng CDMA2000 n sng mang tri ph trc tip. n gin, ch c mt s knh xui vt l c a ra trong hnh. CDMA2000 c hai loi knh lu lng knh c bn v knh ph. Mt s tc d liu c h tr. Ty thuc vo tc d liu, m xon vi tc 1/2, 3/8, 1/3, hoc 1/4 c th c s dng. C hai loi khung 10 ms v 5 ms u c h tr. Cc biu tng ca knh I v knh Q c nhn vi cc h s tch ly (gain factor) cung cp thm mt s iu khin cng sut. Cng nh trong IS-95, cc t bo c phn tch bi cc lch (offset) ca cc dy PN hoa tiu khc nhau (chu k ca cc dy PN ny l 215 1 chip). Tuy nhin, gi y, cc phng php tri ph phc c s dng bng cch, u tin, thm cc gi tr thc ca dy I v Q trong php cu phng (quadrature) kt qu tr thnh s phc v sau nhn n vi mt s phc khc SI + jSQ, trong SI v SQ ln lt l cc PN hoa tiu ca knh I v knh Q. Kt qu ca php nhn ny l mt i lng phc c cc thnh phn ng pha v vung pha c biu din gc di ca hnh v. Vi vic tri ph phc, li ra ca b lc to dng s bng 0 ch vi xc sut thp, do ci thin hiu qu cng sut.

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Hnh 5. S truyn dn ca knh xui trong CDMA2000

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2.7.2. Chc nng truyn dn ca knh ngc

Hnh 6. S truyn dn ca knh ngc trong CDMA2000 S khi chc nng ca knh ngc ca h thng CDMA2000 tri ph trc tip c biu din trn hnh 6. Trc tin hy xem xt knh c bn. D liu n trong knh ny c x l theo cch thng thng. Ty thuc vo tc d liu ngi dng, mt s bit ch th cht lng khung di dng CRC c thm vo khung. Mt vi bit ui c thm vo m bo vic hot ng chun xc ca b m ha knh, c th l b m ha m xon hoc m khi. Biu tng m c lp li, nhng ty thuc vo tc , mt vi biu tng b xa. Li ra ca b ghp xen (interleaver) c tri ph vi m Walsh, nh x ti cc biu tng iu ch, v nhn vi cc h s tch ly (gain factor), kt qu l bo hiu c gn nhn Afund. Knh ph 1 v 2 v cc knh iu khin c x l cng theo cch , mc d chi tit c th khc bit trong mt s trng hp. V d nh, s b i cc biu tng khng c thc hin trn knh iu khin dnh ring. Tng t, knh hoa tiu ngc R-PICH, c cc chui bit 0 (c gi tr thc l +1), c x l khc bi v n khng c m ha thnh m knh, ghp xen theo ghp xen khi, hoc nhn bi m Walsh. Tuy nhin, mt bit iu khin cng sut c thm vo knh hoa tiu cho mi nhm iu khin cng sut hoc 16 bit iu khin cng sut trn mt khung. n gin, b qua s lp li ny v ch yu quan tm n li ra sau khi x l ca cc knh ny l Asub1, Asub2, Acont, and Apilot. Knh c bn v knh ph 1 c hp li to ra li ra Q.

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Tng t, cc knh cn li c tp hp ring bit, cho li ra I. Ch rng trong trng hp ny, cc dy knh I v Q to nn bi m ha QPSK l c lp vi nhau bi v n c to ra t cc knh khc nhau v khng phi bi vic chia dng d liu ca mt knh thnh hai dng ph. Cc chui I v Q c tri ph bi m phc di dng SI + jSQ, trong SI v SQ l do ngi dng nh ngha bi v n c ly t m mt n 42-bit gn cho mi ngi dng, cc dy PN hoa tiu knh I v knh Q, v m Walsh. 2.8. S khc bit gia CDMA2000 v cdmaOne CDMA2000 l s m rng ca cdmaOne, s m rng ny c th d dng nhn thy trong thc t khi cc ngi dng CDMA2000 v ngi dng cdmaOne c th cng tn ti trong cng mt sng mang. Mc d CDMA2000 tng thch vi cdmaOne, c nhiu im khc bit gia CDMA2000 v cdmaOne. V yu cu ca 3G v CDMA2000 l thu pht tc d liu cao hn, nn hai im khc bit c bn cn thit cho php tc d liu mc 144 kbps hoc cao hn l s ci thin v bo hiu v s ci thin v truyn dn. 2.8.1 Bo hiu

thc hin d liu chuyn mch gi tc cao, CDMA2000 cn nhn v gii phng ti nguyn vi hiu sut cao v cng ngh bo hiu hiu qu l cn thit. Cc k thut bo hiu mi ny bao gm: Trn knh xui, c cc knh vt l bo hiu/tiu mi. l cc knh F-QPCH (Quick Paging Channel), F-CCCH (Common Control Channel), FBCCH(Broadcast Control Channel), F-CPPCCH (Common Power Control Channel), v F-CACH (Common Assignment Channel). Trn knh ngc, c cc knh vt l bo hiu/tiu mi. l cc knh RDCCH (Dedicated Control Channel), R-EACH (Enhanced Access Channel), v RCCCH (Common Control Channel). Trn knh ngc, c cc bn tin bo hiu ngn hn. CDMA2000 c th truyn cc khung ngn hn 5 ms trn R-EACH. iu ny lm gim xc sut xung t d liu. Trn knh xui, CDMA2000 cng c th truyn cc bn tin bo hiu ngn hn. N c th s dng cc khung ngn hn 5 ms trn knh xui c bn (Forward Fundamental Channel) cho mc ch ny.

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Thm vo , mt thit b di ng CDMA2000 c th nm mt trong nhiu mode hot ng khc nhau cung cp vic truyn d liu gi ln v bo v ti nguyn.

2.8.2 Truyn dn Mt dung lng ng truyn trn khng cao hn l rt cn thit cho vic thc thi d liu gi tc cao, v nhiu thay i c thc hin ci thin dung lng ng truyn trn khng so vi cdmaOne. Cc thay i ny cn c thc hin tc ng n vic s dng hiu qu ti nguyn. Mt vi thay i ng k l: Knh F-SCH (Forward Supplemental Channel) v R-SCH (Reverse Supplemental Channel) c thm vo truyn dn d liu ngi dng tc cao. ng ngc c knh R-PICH (Reverse Pilot Channel) h tr vic iu ch trn ng ngc. ng ln gi y c iu khin cng sut vng ng nhanh (so snh vi iu khin cng sut chm hn trong cdmaOne). Nhm iu khin cng sut c truyn trn knh R-PICH tng cng iu khin cng sut vng ng nhanh trn ng ln. Bn cnh vic iu khin cng sut knh lu lng, CDMA2000 cng c th iu khin cng sut knh bo hiu. Cc ci tin trong vic truyn dn khc bao gm vic thc thi kha dch pha trc giao QPSK hiu qu hn trong iu ch v vic s dng m khi hiu qu hn cho vic truyn dn tc cao.

2.9 Nhng tng ng ch yu gia CDMA2000 1X v WCDMA Nhng tng ng gia CDMA2000 1X v WCDMA. Release 99 c gii thiu trong bng3. Mt ln na, so snh ny ch xem xt nhng khi nim li c bn ca mi giao din v tuyn CDMA v khng bao gm tt c chi tit v b thng s, in hnh phn bit cc h hng c nhng c quan lp tiu chun khc nhau nh ngha. Cc tiu chun CDMA2000 v WCDMA gm danh sch khng y sau y ca cc cng ngh tin ha mi quan trng nng cao nng sut ca c hai tiu chun ny:

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Bng 3. Nhng im tng ng gia CDMA2000 1X v WCDMA Mt s nhng tin ha mi ny l thit yu cho cc hot ng ca cc tiu chun CDMA20001X v WCDMA release 99 c miu t di y. 2.9.1 Cc m s trc giao c chiu di thay i C hai tiu chun CDMA2000 1X V WCDMA u c thit k phc v ngi dung thoi v d liu. Vic truyn nhng gi d liu c th thc hin bng cch dng nhng tc d liu tng i thp vo khong 8kbit/s. Vic truyn nhng gi d liu ch yu dng mt tc cng cao cng tt ty theo cc iu kin knh, gim thiu ch. Thay i chiu di ca m trc giao lm thay i thc s h s tri ph v do lm thay i tc d liu ca knh v tuyn CDMA. V tc m trc giao thng l c nh, c th ni rng nhng m s

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ngn hn cho php nhng tc d liu cao hn. Nu nhng iu kin ca knh l tt, lin kt v tuyn c th h tr mt tc d liu cao hn, c cung cp bng chuyn mch sang mt m trc giao ngn hn. Tuy nhin, ch nh mt m s ngn no lm cho nhng m s di hn di chng trong cy m lp knh khng trc giao (khng dng c). Do , phn b v kh nng s dng tt c m phi c theo di v ti u ha mnh m.

Hnh 7. Cc m phn knh trc giao c chiu di thay i QUALCOMM pht trin nhng k thut phn b c bn cho php s dng hiu qu nhng m trc giao c chiu di thay i. Nhng m s ny l mt tnh nng trong c hai tiu chun CDMA2000 v WCDMA. iu ny c bit quan trng qun l cc dch v hn hp thoi v d liu. Khi nhng dch v khng phi thoi tr thnh mt dng doanh thu quan trng i vi nhng nh khai thc, qun l ton b mng thoi cng tr nn quan trng cung cp mt hiu qu s dng hi lng. 2.9.2 Tri ph phc hp lin kt ngc V cc thit b di ng CDMA2000 v WCDMA truyn nhiu knh cng mt lc vi cc m trc giao khc nhau, nhng knh m ny c th gy nhiu vi nhau khi giao thoa pha nhn c bi mt trm gc khng c l tng. Qualcomm a ra mt k thut tri phc tp s dng nhn phc tp cc nhnh I v Q vi nhng m s PN lm gim nhiu sinh ra khi cc m trc giao khc nhau c gii iu ch vi mt tham kho pha ca my thu khng l tng. M hnh tri ph phc hp ny rt khc vi dng tri ph trc v dng iu ch c s dng trong cc h thng thng tin v tuyn v c ch ra trong Hnh 8. Khng c tri ph v m ha phc tp, cc tn hiu I v Q s b lc trc tip v c a vo b iu ch I/Q.

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Hnh 8. Cu trc phn knh lin kt ngc vi tri ph phc hp 2.9.3 Nhn tin lin kt xui bo v tui th pin, thit b di ng ng ( trong ch tt my) theo chu k trong nhng khong thi gian ngn (khong vi giy) cho n lc chng phi thc dy v nghe bn tin mng xem c cn nhn v x l mt cuc gi no hay khng. Trong nhng h thng cdmaOne, mi thit b di ng thc dy nghe nhn tin trong lc khe nhn tin c ch nh cho n. Nhn tin c th bo tin cho thit b di ng rng n nhn c mt cuc gi. Sau mi chu trnh khe nhn tin, thit b di ng s tr li ch ng ca n bo ton cng sut pin. QUALCOMM pht trin mt ci tin cho nhn tin lin kt xui gi mt du hin ngn (v d 1 - 2 bit) lm cho thit b di ng phi thc dy nghe mt nhn tin hoc tip tc ng. Tit kim cng sut pin c thc hin nh tnh nng b sung ny. Nhn tin lin kt xui l thng thng cho tt c giao din v tuyn kiu di ng, gm c CDMA2000 v WCDMA. i vi ngi tiu dng li ch l thi gian ni lu hn v t ln sc pin t thng xuyn hn.

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2.9.4 Nhng c im c lp ca CDMA2000 1X v WCDMA Nhng c im ny nh hng n thc hin h thng, thng s ca h thng v c th nh hng n nhng c im v nng sut. Tuy nhin, d c khc bit, mi h thng phi bao gm nhiu cng ngh c bn chung (Bng 4)

Bng 4: Nhng c im c lp ca CDMA2000 1X v WCDMA 2.9.5 Bng thng danh nh Tiu chun CDMA2000 c thit k c vn hnh vi mt bng thng l 1,25 MHz tng t nh cdmaOne, trong khi WCDMA c thit k vn hnh trong mt knh 5MHz. Tuy nhin, iu ny khng nh hng n nng sut tng cng ca h thng v c 2 cng ngh u cung cp nhng dung lng tng t khi c chun ha trong nhng bng thng tng t. Ngoi vic s dng k thut bng tn tri ph dy trc tip, cc h thng CDMA2000 cn c th ch nh ba sng mang 1,25 MHz cho mt bng thng 5 MHz (3X). Trong k thut ny, nhiu sng CDMA2000 tri ph trc tip (sng mang 1,25 MHz) c kt hp li to ra mt tn hiu CDMA gii rng hn hp (5MHz). Phn bit sng mang in hnh l 1,25 MHz. Cch tip cn nhiu sng mang tng t ny c th c dng ch nh n 15 sng mang CDMA2000 trong mt bng thng 20MHz. 2.9.6 Tc chip V bng thng danh nh ca WCDMA (5MHz) rng hn CDMA2000 (1,25MHz), tc chip tng ng cng cao hn. Tc chip ca WCDMA c chn l 3,84 Mchip/s trong khi CDMA2000 dng 1,2288 Mchip/s gip thc hin tng thch ngc vi cc h thng cdmaOne.

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2.9.7 ng b ha mng Cc mng cdmaOne v CDMA2000 u c ng b ha, ngha l tt c trm gc u c mt nh thi (Timing) chung. Cch d nht ng b ha cc trm gc l dng mt h thng nh thi da trn v tinh nh GPS (v tinh nh v ton cu). WCDMA cho php cc trm gc ca n hot ng khng ng b, c lp vi yu cu nh thi GPS, mc d nhng h thng ny cng c la chn bao gm nh thi ng b. 2.9.8 B m ho ting ni Thit b CDMA tip tc duy tr tnh tng thch ngc vi nhng thit b cdmaOne hin c bng cch dng mt b m ho c tc thay i (1/8, , , 1) nng cao d liu bin i ting ni thnh nhng tn hiu truyn thng. duy tr tnh tng thch ngc vi cc b mho ting ni GSM, thit b WCDMA dng mt b m ho ting ni dng tt/ m (on/off) . 2.9.9 Mng li Ging nh cc h thng c trc nh AMPS, TDMA, v cdmaOne, CDMA2000 tip tc giao tip vi mng li ANSI-41, cng thm kh nng giao din vi mng li GSM_MAP v IP. WCDMA ch giao din vi cc mng li GSM-MAP v n c thit k lm tin ha cc mng GSM mc d mt b tiu chun c pht trin cho php WCDMA dng mng li ANSI-41 v CDMA2000 dng mng li GSM-MAP khng c trin khai thung mi. Mng li CDMA2000 gm 2 phn, mt phn giao din vi cc mng bn ngoi nh PSTN v mt phn giao din vi mng IP. Phn giao din vi PSTN h tr nhng thng ip v giao thc c nh ngha trong tiu chun IS41. Phn giao din vi mng IP h tr tiu chun mng IP v tuyn IS-835, v cn c gi l mng li gi (PCN).

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CHNG 3 TNG QUAN V HSDPA Truy nhp gi ng xung tc cao(HSDPA) l mt tnh nng mi c cp trong cc phin bn R5 ca 3GPP cho h thng truy nhp v tuyn WCDMA/UTRAFDD v c xem nh l mt trong nhng cng ngh tin tin cho h thng thng tin di ddoongj3.5G, HSDPA bao gm mt tp cc tnh nng mi kt hp cht ch vi nhau ci thin dung lng mng, v tng tc d liu nh trn 10Mbps i vi lu lng gi ng xung. Nhng ci tin v mt k thut cho php cc nh khai thc c th a ra nhiu dch v tc bit cao, ci thin QoS ca cc dch v hin c, v t chi ph thp nht. Kh nng h tr tc d liu v tnh di ng ca WCDMA/HSDPA l cha tng c trong cc phin bn trc y ca 3GPP, vi cc tnh nng tin tin bao gm:1,iu ch v m ha thch ng(AMC);2,k thut pht a m(multi-codes);3, thch ng lin kt;4,HARQ nhanh. Chng ny tp trung phn tch cc kh nng tin tin cng nh cc gii php k thut ca cng ngh WCDMA/HSDPA. 3.1 Cc c im ca HSDPA Cuc cch mng ca th trng thng tin di ng a ra cc yu cu nng cp ci tin v c dung lng h thng ln tc truyn dn d liu. tng kh nng h tr cho cc dch v d liu chuyn mch gi, 3GPP pht trin v chun ha trong phin bn R5 mt cng ngh mi, HSDPA, cho php ci thin tc truyn dn d liu ng xung v c xem nh l s pht trin mang tnh cch mng ca mng truy nhp v tuyn WCDMA. Khi nim HSDPA da trn mt knh truyn ti mi, knh chia s ng xung tc cao(HS-DSCH), trong mt s lng ln ti nguyn v cng sut c gn cho mt ngi s dng ti mt TTI( khong thi gian truyn) no theo phng php ghp theo m v/hoc theo thi gian. Ngoi ra, HSDPA s dng iu ch v m ha hch nghi(Adaptive Modulation and Coding), HARQ nhanh(Hybrid Automatic Repeat Requests), v lp lch gi nhanh(fast packet Scheduling). Nhng tnh nng ny c phi hp cht ch v cho php thch ng cc tham s truyn dn theo mi khong thi gian TTI nhm lin tc hiu chnh s thay i ca cht lng knh v tuyn.

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Cc lp dch v c khuyn ngh cho HSDPA bao gm: 1) streaming; 2) tng tc; 3) v cc dch v c bn khc. Mi trng chng ta tin tng s c u tin trong khi xem xt u t nng cp ln HSDPA s l mi trng thnh ph. HS-DSCH c th cho php ci thin ng k dung lng cho cc dch v gi khi hot ng trong c macrocell ln microcell. Cng ngh 3G WCDMA hin nay( theo R99/R4 ca 3GPP) cho php tc d liu gi ln n 2Mbps. Tuy nhin, cc tiu chun thit k h thng WCDMA c mt s hn ch nh sau:1) khng tn dng cc u th ca d liu gi vn rt ph bin i vi ng trc hu tuyn;2) thit k dch v 2Mbps hin nay l khng hiu qu v cng cha p ng c nhu cu s dng dch v s liu; 3) khng th x l tc d liu cao ln n 10Mbps. Do , R5 tip tc c pht trin khc phc nhng hn ch ny. R5 l mt s pht trin quan trng ca mng v tuyn 3G k t khi WCDMA c chp nhn l cng ngh mng v tuyn 3G t nm 1997. trong khi , cc cng ngh tng ng vi WCDMA/HSDPA c gi l cdma2000-DO(data only) trong pha u tin, v cdma2000-DV(data and voice) trong pha th hai. Chng ta c th tng kt cc tnh nng k thut ca cng ngh WCDMA/HSDPA nh sau 1)tng ng vi cdma200 1xEV(HDR); 2) iu ch v m ha thch ng;3) sng mang tc d liu cao (HDRC) trong bng tn 5MHz; 4)64QAM cho php tc nh xp x 10,8Mbps; 5) 16QAM h tr tc nh xp x 7,2Mbps; 6) m Turbo; 7) kh nng sa li gn vi gii hn l thuyt; 8) ARQ ghp thch nghi; 9) t ng thch ng lin tc theo iu kin knh bng cch chn thm thng tin khi cn; 10) s dng AMC khi c kt hp vi HARQ nhm ci thin dung lng ca h thng; 11) cc k thut c s dng cho php HSDPA h tr tc 10Mbps; 12) trong mt h thng d liu v thoi c tch hp vi ngi s dng thoi(12.2 kbps) ti khong 30Erl/sector v thng lng sector ca d liu vn khong 1Mbps.

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Lp lch nhanh c thc hin bi Node B da trn cc thng tin v cht lng knh, yu cu QoS, ti nguyn Hnh 9: M t n gin hot ng c bn ca HSDPA Mc ch ca HSDPA l h tr truy nhp gi ng xung tc cao bng cch s dng mt knh chia s ng xung tc cao(HS-DSCH) v h tr thoi c tch hp trn knh DCH v d liu tc cao trn knh HS-DSCH trn cng mt sng mang( tng t nh DSCH trong R99). Nguyn l hot ng ca HSDPA c m t trong hnh 9. Vn ch cht l xc nh cht lng knh ng xung cho mi ngi s dng c lp; v d t l cng sut k hiu trn tp m(Es/No), v cht lng b tch UE. Node-B c th c lng tc d liu c h tr cho mi UE bng cch gim st cc lnh iu khin cng sut pht(TPC) c gi theo knh dnh ring (DCH) lin kt vi UE . Ngoi ra, UE c th c yu cu pht theo chu k mt gi tr ch th cht lng knh (CQI-Channel Quality Indicator) c th ca HSDPA trn knh iu khin vt l dnh ring tc cao (HS-DPCCH) ng ln, knh ny cng mang c thng tin bo hiu chp nhn/khng chp nhn(Ack/Nack) dng gi d liu da trn L1 cho mi lin kt. Khi c tnh c cht lng knh, h thng chia s ti nguyn m v cng sut HS-DSCH gia nhng ngi s dng khc nhau. Lp iu khin truy nhp mi trng(MAC-medium Access Control) c t ti Node B,do cho php truy nhp nhanh hn ti cc gi tr o lng tuyn kt ni, lp lch gi hiu

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qu hn v nhanh hn, cng nh iu khin cht lng QoS cht ch hn. So snh vi phng php DMA truyn thng, knh HS-DSCH khng thc hin vi iu khin cng sut nhanh v h s tri ph l c nh. Bng cch s dng k thut m ha Turbo tc thay i, iu ch 16QAM, cng nh hot ng a m m rng, knh HS-DSCH h tr tc d liu nh t 120Kbps ti hn 10Mbps. Qu trnh iu ch v m ha thch nghi c bn c mt di ng khong 20dB, v c m rng hn na bi s a m kh dng. Bng 5 di y ch ra kt ni gia mt khun dng truyn ti v kt ni ti nguyn (TFRC) c th v tc d liu nh tng ng. TFRC QPSK, t l m, ha 1/4 QPSK, t l m, ha1/2 QPSK, t l m, ha 3/4 16QAM T l m ha 1/2 16QAM T l m ha 3/4 Tc d liu 120Kbps Tc d liu 600Kbps Tc d liu 1.8Mbps

240Kbps

1.2Mpbs

3.6Mbps

360Kbps

1.8Mbps

5.3Mbps

480Kbps

2.4Mbps

7.2Mbps

720Kbps

3.6Mbps

10.7Mbps

Bng 5. V d tc d liu nh ca HSPDA. Sau y chng ta s ln lt i su phn tch chi tit cc gii php k thut c s dng trong HS-DPA cng nh cc li ch mang tnh cch mng do chng em li nh c m t tm tt trn. 3.2 Nhng ci tin quan trng trong HSDPA so vi WCDMA Hnh di y m t cc tnh nng c bn ca HS-DSCH c b xung hoc b loi i so vi cng ngh WCDMA. Vi knh truyn ti mi ny, hai tnh nng quan trng nht

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ca cng ngh WCDMA nh iu khin cng sut vng kn v h s tri ph bin thin khng cn c s dng.

Hinh 10 Cc c tnh c bn khi so snh HSDPA vi WCDMA Trong WCDMA, iu khin cng sut nhanh nhm gi n nh cht lng tn hiu nhn c (Eb/No) bng cch tng cng sut pht chng li s suy hao ca tn hiu thu c. iu ny s to ra cc gi tr nh trong cng sut pht v tng nn nhiu a truy cp, do s lm gim dung lng ca ton mng. Hn na, s hot ng ca iu khin cng sut yu cu lun lun phi m bo mt mc d tr nht nh trong tng cng sut pht ca NodeB thch ng vi cc bin i ca n. Loi b c iu khin cng sut s trnh c cc hiu ng tng cng sut k trn cng nh khng cn ti d tr cng sut pht ca cell. Tuy nhin do khng s dng iu khin cng sut, HSDPA yu cu cc k thut thch ng lin kt khc thch ng vi cc tham s tn hiu pht nhm lin tc bm theo cc bin thin ca knh truyn v tuyn. Mt trong nhng k thut thch ng lin kt s c cp trong chng ny c gi l iu ch v m ha thch nghi(AMC). Vi k thut AMC, iu ch v t l m ha c thch ng mt cch lin tc vi cht lng knh thay cho vic hiu chnh cng sut. Truyn dn s dng nhiu m Walsh cng c s dng trong qu trnh

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thch ng lin kt. S kt hp ca hai k thut thch ng lin kt trn thay th hon ton k thut h s tri ph bin thin(variable spreading factors) trong WCDMA do kh nng thch ng chm i vi s bin thin ca truyn dn v tuyn tc cao. Do HSDPA khng cn s dng iu khin cng sut vng kn, phi ti thiu ha s thay i ca cht lng knh v tuyn trong mi khong thi gian TTI, vn ny c thc hin nh vic gim rng ca TTI t 10ms WCDMA xung cn 2ms HSDPA. Vi s b xung k thut HARQ nhanh, n cho php pht li mt cch nhanh nht cc block d liu b mt hoc b li v kh nng kt hp vi thng tin mm ln pht u tin vi cc ln pht li sau . thu thp c thng tin cht lng knh hin thi cho php cc k thut thch ng lin kt v lp lch gi theo di gim st mt cch lin tc cc iu kin v tuyn hin ti ca thu bao di ng, chc nng MAC ch trch nhim gim st knh HSDSCH c chuyn t RNC n NodeB. Thng tin v cht lng knh nhanh cho php b lp lch gi phc v user ch khi iu kin ca user ny l thch hp. Qu trnh lp lch gi nhanh v c tnh chia s theo thi gian ca knh HS-DSCH v bn cht c th xem nh phn tp la chn a ngi dng(multiuser selection diversity) vi nhng li ch rt to ln i vi vic ci thin thng lng cell. Vic dch chuyn chc nng lp lch n NodeB l thay i chnh v kin trc nu so snh vi phin bn R99. 3.3 Cu trc HSDPA Khng ging nh tt c cc knh truyn ti theo kin trc R99, chng u chm dt ti RNC, knh HS-DSCH chm dt ngay ti Node B.Vi mc ch iu khin knh HSDSCH, lp MAC s iu khin cc ti nguyn ca knh ny (do c gi l MAC-hs) nm ngay ti Node B (xem hnh 11), do cho php nhn c cc bn tin v cht lng knh hin thi c th lin tc theo di gim st cht lng tn hiu cho cc thu bao tc thp.V tr ny ca MAC-hs ti Node B cng cho php kch hot giao thc HARQ t lp vt l, n gip cho cc qu trnh pht li din ra nhanh hn. c bit hn, lp MAC-hs chu trch nhim qun l chc nng HARQ cho mi user, phn phi ti nguyn HS-DSCH gia tt c cc MAC-d theo s u tin ca chng (v d, lp lch gi), v la chn khun dng truyn ti thch hp cho mi TTI (v d thch

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ng lin kt).Cc lp giao din v tuyn nm trn MAC khng thay i so vi kin trc R99 bi v HSDPA ch tp trung vo vic ci tin truyn ti ca cc knh logic. MAC-hs cng lu gi d liu ca user c pht qua giao din v tuyn, iu to ra mt s thch thc i vi vic ti thiu ho dung lng b nh m ca Node B. Vic chuyn hng i d liu n Node B lm ny sinh yu cu phi c mt c ch iu khin lung (c gi l HS-DSCH Frame Protocol) nhm gi cho cc b nh m ti Node B lun lun y.

Hnh 11: Kin trc giao thc giao din v tuyn ca knh truyn ti HS-DSCH.

Ngoi ra, HS-DSCH khng h tr chuyn giao mm do s phc tp trong vic ng b ho qu trnh pht t cc cell khc nhau.HS-DSCH c th h tr ty chn ph ton b hoc ph mt phn cell. 3.4 Cu trc knh HSDPA Trong h thng truy nhp v tuyn WCDMA, knh DSCH c tnh cht c th v rt hu dng cho vic truyn lu lng gi ln ng xung.DSCH cung cp cc ti nguyn m m chng c th c chia s bi nhiu ngi s dng khc nhau theo phng thc ghp theo thi gian.Vic chia s cc ti nguyn cho php ci thin dung lng v trnh c s thiu ht v m nh knh khi xy ra trng hp mi user c

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cp pht mt knh DCH.Nh cp trn, khi nim HSDPA da trn mt loi knh truyn ti mi, knh HS-DSCH, n c th c xem nh mt s pht trin ca knh DSCH.HS-DSCH c xp vo nhm cc knh vt l c k hiu l HS-DSCHs v c chia s gia tt c cc user theo phng thc ghp theo thi gian.H s tri ph ca knh HS-DCSHs c c nh l 16, v MAC-hs c th s dng mt s m (cn gi l a m), ti a ln n 15 m.Hn na, b lp lch c th s dng ghp theo m bng cch truyn cc HS-DSCHs tch bit ti cc user khc nhau trong cng TTI.Cu trc knh ng ln v ng xung ca HSDPA c m t trong hnh 12.Khi nim HSDPA cn bao gm knh HS-SCCH bo hiu cho cc user khi chng c phc v cng nh cc thng tin cn thit cho qu trnh gii m.HS-SCCH mang nhng thng tin sau: Mt n ID cu UE: xc nh user c phc v trong chu k TTI tip theo. Thng tin lin quan n khun dng truyn ti: m t cc m nh knh, v phng thc/k thut iu ch c s dng.T l m ho thc c trch ra t kch c ca block truyn ti v cc tham s khun dng truyn ti khc. Thng tin lin quan n HARQ: v d nh chu k pht tip theo s l mt block mi hay l mt block c pht li (do c li trc ) v thng tin v cc bn tha. Thng tin iu khin ny ch c s dng cho UE s c phc v trong chu k TTI tip theo, nh vy knh bo hiu ny l mt knh chia s theo thi gian cho tt c cc user. RNC cng c th ch r cng sut c khuyn ngh cho HS-SCCH ( lch lin quan ti cc bit hoa tiu ca knh DPCH kt hp).Cng sut pht ca HS-SCCH c th l hng s hoc thay i theo thi gian tu theo mt chin lc iu khin cng sut no mc du cc tiu chun ca 3GPP khng thit lp bt k m hnh iu khin cng sut no cho HS-SCCH. Mt knh HS-DPCCH ng ln mang cc thng tin iu khin cn thit ng ln, c gi l, s xc nhn ARQ (ARQ acknowledgements), v cc thng bo ch th cht lng knh CQI (Channel Quality Indicatior).Cc bn tin CQI s c m t phn sau. h tr hot ng iu khin cng sut ca HS-DPCCH, mi ngi s dng s c cp pht mt knh DPCH lin kt.

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Hnh 12: Cu trc lp vt l ng xung v ng ln ca HSDPA. 3.5. AMC v k thut pht a m. Nh cp trong mc 2, HSDPA s dng cc k thut thch ng khc thay th cc k thut iu khin cng sut v h s tri ph bin thin vn c s dng trong h thng WCDMA. i ph vi di rng ca ti u cui UE, HSDPA thch ng qu trnh iu ch, t l m ho v s m nh knh vi cc iu kin v tuyn hin thi.S kt hp ca hai k thut u tin c gi l iu ch v M ho Thch ng (AMC). Bnh cnh QPSK, HSDPA kt hp cht ch vi phng thc iu ch 16QAM tng tc d liu nh cu cc user c phc v di iu kin v tuyn thch hp.Vic h tr cho QPSK c tnh cht bt buc i vi thng tin di ng, cn i vi 16QAM l mt tu chn cho mng v UE.S dng ng thi c hai phng thc iu ch ny, c bit l phng thc iu ch cp cao 16QAM, a ra mt s thch thc nht nh i vi phc tp ca b thu u cui, n cn phi xc nh c bin tng ng ca cc k hiu nhn c, trong khi i vi phng php iu ch QPSK truyn thng ch yu cu tch pha tn hiu.Mt b m ho turbo da trn b m ho turbo R99 vi t l m ho 1/3, mc d cc t l m ho hiu dng khc trong phm vi (xp x t 1/6 n 1/1) cng c th c c bng cc k thut ghp, chch v lp m.Kt qu l to ra mt di t l m c ti 64 gi tr khc nhau.S kt hp ca mt kiu iu ch v mt t l m c gi l Lc M ho v iu ch (MCS-Modulation and Coding

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Scheme).Bng 6 ch ra mt s tp MSC thng c s dng cho HSDPA v tc d liu nh tng ng vi mi MSC. Ngoi k thut AMC, pht a m cng c th xem nh mt cng c thch ng lin kt.Nu user c cc iu kin v tuyn tt, Node B c th li dng iu kin ny bng cch pht nhiu m song song vi nhau, nhm t c thng lng nh kh ln.V d vi MCS 5 v mt b 15 a m, c th t c tc ti a ln ti 10,8 Mbps. Vi k thut pht a m, ton b di ng cu AMC c th c tng ln mt lng: 10. 12 dBs.Ton b di rng thch ng lin kt do AMC kt hp vi pht a m xp x 30 dB.Ch rng, di rng ca k thut h s tri ph bin thin trong WCDMA xp x 20 dB, c ngha l b hn khong 10 dB so vi di rng thch ng trong HSDPA. Bng 6: v d v MSC ca HSDPA v tc bit ti a kh dng vi mi m

3.6 Thch ng lin kt Chc nng thch ng lin kt ca Node B c vai tr thch ng iu ch, khun dng m ho, v s lng a m vi cc iu kin v tuyn hin thi. hiu c cc nguyn tc iu khin chc nng ny, trc tin cn xem xt hiu qa ph tn ca cc MCS khc nhau. Hnh 13 m t nhn c i vi mi bit d liu (vi mi user nh knh c SF=16) ti BLER=10%, cc gi tr MSC c m t trong bng 6 vi user i b, tc

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3km/h.Trn hnh v c bi din l ng bao thp hn v n l mt hm ca PDR vi m nh bng tn hn ch theo l thuyt ca Shannon.Vi lu rng, dung lng knh theo l thuyt m t gii hn cht lng ti u.T kt qu m phng, c th kt lun rng vic s dng ca hu ht cc mu MCS u cho kt qu tt hn l thuyt, c ngha l c th tit kim mc thp nht v chi ph nu xt theo t l mi bit d liu. thu c vi

Hnh 13: Nng lng bit tn hiu nhn c trn mt ph tp m so vi t ln d liu nh (PDR-Peak Data Rate) trn m.Hnh v bao gm dung lng Shannon l thuyt v dung lng theo kt qu m phng mc lin kt ti BLER = 10%, user i b vi tc 3km/h. Hnh 13 m t s kt hp gia s lng a m v MCS cho nhm t c thng lng truyn dn cao nht.Cc kt qu c tnh ton vi tp gi tr MSC cho bng 6.Vi mt phn gii rt mn ca t l m ho, khi tt c cc a m kh dng c s dng ht, gi tr cng ln khi s dng MSC bc cng cao.

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Hnh 14: S m ti u v MSC l mt hm ca

ca mi TTI.

Gi thit cht lng knh l tng, user i b, tc 3km/h. Tip theo, chng ta s i phn tch chi tit hn cc phng php thch ng lin kt c s dng trong HSDPA.Nh m t trn, chc nng thch ng lin kt phi la chn c MSC v s lng a m thch ng, chng vi gi tr nhin, tiu ch la chn c th da trn cc ti nguyn bin thin sau: tc thi.Tuy

Ch th cht lng knh (CQI Channel Quality Indicator): UE gi theo ng ln mt bn tin v CQI cha cc thng tin tuyt i v cht lng tn hiu tc thi nhn c bi user .CQI chi bit kch thc block truyn ti, s m v phng thc iu ch t mt tp cc phng thc iu ch m UE c kh nng h tr.RNC ra lnh UE thng bo v CQI vi mt chu k ly t tp [2,4,8,10,20,40,80,160] ms, v cng c th hu b cc thng bo ny. o lng cng sut ca knh DPCH lin kt: mi ngi s dgn c xp trn mt knh HS-DSCH hot ng song song vi knh DPCH vi mc ch

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bo hiu, cng sut pht ca chng c th c s dng d on thng tin v trng thi tc thi ca cht lng knh truyn.Thng tin ny s c s dng thch ng lin kt cng nh lp lch gi.Vi gii php ny, Node B yu cu mt bng cc gi tr tng ng , lch cng sut pht gia DPCH v HS-DSCH vi cc MSC khc nhau cng vi mt gi tr ch BLER cho trc. Xc nhn HARQ: vic xc nhn tng ng vi giao thc HARQ cng c th cung cp cc thng tin v cht lng knh, mc d tham s ny th t khi c s dng hn hai tham s trc bi v ch c th nhn c tham s ny khi user c phc v.Do , n khng cung cp thng tin cht lng knh tc thi. Kch thc b nh m: ln d liu c lu gi trong buffer ca MAChs cng c th c s dng kt hp vi cc tham s trn la chn cac tham s pht. 3.7 HARQ nhanh HSDPA kt hp cht ch vi chc nng pht li vt l cho php ci thin ng k cht lng dch v v tng kh nng chng li cc li thch ng lin kt.Bi v chc nng HARQ c t ti thc th MAC-hs ca Node B, qu trnh pht li cc khi truyn ti s nhanh hn ng k so vi s pht li lp RLC bi v RLC hoc Iub khng tham gia vo qu trnh ny. Giao thc pht li c la chn trong HSDPA l Dng v Ch (SAW-Sop And Wait) do s n gin ca kiu giao thc ny i vi ARQ.Trong SAW, b pht c gng pht block tip theo.Do c th xy ra trng hp pht lin tc mt UE no , N tin trnh SAW-ARQ c th hot ng song song phc v ti mt UE , v cc tin trnh khc nhau s pht trong cc TTI tch bit.S tin trnh SAW-ARQ ti a cho mi UE l 8.Theo c lng RTT lp 1, tr gia thi im pht v thi im pht li ln th nht khong 12 ms, c ngha l n yu cu 6 tin trnh SAW pht lin tc ti mt UE ring l.Giao thc SAW da trn su khng ng b ng xung v ng b ng ln.iu ny c ngha l ng xung, HS-SCCH phi xc nh c tin trnh HARQ ang pht trn knh HS-DSCH, trong khi ng ln, cc xc nhn tin trnh SAW c gn lin vi vic

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nh thi.Hnh 12 l mt v d vi N knh giao thc SAW pht mt chui cc gi ln lt P1, P2,...,P6. K thut HARQ l im khc nhau c bn so vi k thut pht li trong WCDMA bi v b gii m UE kt hp cc thng tin mm ca nhiu qu trnh pht li ca cng mt block cp bit.Ch rng, k thut ny a ra mt s yu cu v m rng dung lng b nh ca UE, do UE phi lu gi cc thng tin mm ca nhng ln pht gii m khng thnh cng.Cc phng php HARQ nh sau: Kt hp khun (CC: Chase Combining): mi ln pht li ch n gin l s lp li ca t m c s dng cho ln pht u tin. d gia tng (IR: Incremental Redundancy): s pht li bao gm c thng tin d tha b xung v thng tin ny c pht km thm nu c li gii m trong ln pht u tin.

Hnh 15: Hot ng ca giao thc SAW 4 knh Mng v tuyn mi WDMA/HSDPA ha hn s h tr cc dch v vi tc d liu rt cao, ln ti 10 Mbps, v t c hiu qu ph tn cao hn i vi d liu chuyn mch gi.C th xem HSDPA l mt bc t ph thc s trong qu trnh pht trin ca mng truy nhp v tuyn k t nm 1997.Cc khi nim c bn v HSDPA c cp trong bi ny khng ngoi mc ch tng bc xy dng kin trc ca mng thng tin di ng 3,5G trong tng lai. Mt vn cn quan tm xem xt, l nghin cu kh nng tng hp (harmonization) gia hai h cng ngh WCDMA/HSDPA v 1xEV-DV/1xEV-DO (u l cng ngh 3,5G) trong qu trnh pht trin ca mng truy cp v tuyn sau 3G.Do c nhiu im tng ng v k that cng nh kh nng h tr dch v ca hai h cng ngh WCDMA/HSDPA v 1xEV-DV/1xEV-DO vn tng hp gia chng v mng

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truy nhp v tuyn v mng li all-IP duy nht tr thnh mt trong nhng vn c quan tm pht trin nht hin nay.

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CHNG 4 SO SNH HIU NNG CA HSDPA V WCDMA (3GPP PHIN BN 99)

Hiu nng ca HSDPA trong mi trng a ngi dng c nh gi cht lng bng phng php m phng mng ng vi nhiu cell v nhiu ngi dng. Vic m t cung cp mt khung cnh m trong c s kt hp ca c WCDMA phin bn 99 DCH v HSDPA 5 phin bn trong ngi dng c phc v trn cng mt sng mang. Vi phin bn 5 HSDPA chng ta s m phng HS-DSCH, HS-SCCH v mt s kt hp vi DCH ti tc 3.4kbps. Vi DCH kt hp ch c gi s l mang bo hiu mng v tuyn cho bo hiu lp 3. Vi phin bn 99 DCH c m phng vi vng lp bn trong v iu khin cng sut lp bn ngoi, chc nng chuyn giao mm, v iu khin cho php da trn cng sut. Chng ta c th lm r tnh u vit ca hiu nng HSDPA so vi WCDMA( phin bn 99 ) qua cc vn sau: 4.1 Phn tp a ngi dng Trc tin chng ta nghin cu s khuch i ca c ch lp lch cn bng qua phng php quay vng (round robin), hay cn c gi l multiuser diversity gain. a phn tp ngi dng c nu trong hnh 16 cho trng hp cng sut mng l 7W v cc m 5 HS-PDSCH c cp cho ng truyn HSDPA, trong ti nguyn cn li c s dng cho ng truyn trn knh ca phin bn 99.

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Hnh 16: khuch i a ngi dng. s lng ngi dng HSDPA trung bnh trn mi cell bng 6 ln kt qu ny. Multiuser diversity gain cng ni ln c ch lp lch cho ngi dng nu ngi dng no c SINR tt hn th n s c u tin cp pht ti nguyn, trong khi vn trnh c lp lch ngi dng v gim c mt mt, Multiuser diversity gain ch sn sng ti tc ngi dng trung bnh trong vic lp lch gi c th tm thy s thay i trong knh v tuyn fading nhanh. vi tc cao ca ngi dng th b lp lch gi c th khng tm ra s thay i knh v tuyn, bng cch iu khin CQI nhn c t thit b ngi dng 4.2 Dung lng sng mang HSDPA Hiu sut cell c nu trong hnh 17 i vi nhng s phn chia m HS-PDSCH khc nhau trong mi cell. i vi cc m HS-PDSCH v khng c knh DCH trong cell th hiu sut ca cell t c l 1.2Mbps, trong khi n tng ln ti 1.3Mbps nu mt vi cng sut c s dng cho ng truyn trn DCH. V vy vi cc m HS-PDSCH trn mi cell, th vic tch lu lng gia HSDPA v DCH l tt hn so vi vic cp pht tt c lu lng v cng sut cho HSDPA. Cch tch hiu qu gia HSDPA v DCH l ph thuc vo lu lng cn li ca HSDPA v thit b ngi dng non-HSDPA. tng s lng m HS-PDSCH t nm ln mi th chng ta s thu c dung lng tng ln xp x 50%. Dung lng tng l c th t c bi v chng ta c th tng s lng m HS-PDSCH trc khi tng tc bc m ha hoc iu ch. Kt qu vi m 10 HSPDSCH trong ch mt cell HSDPA c nu ln trong trng hp khng c hp m(code-multiplexing) v gi s rng tt c cc mobile HSDPA c th nhn m 10 HSPDSCH vi code-multiplexing ca hai ngi dng trn mt TTI, v mi ngi dng c th nhn m 5 HS-PDSCH.

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Hnh 17 hiu sut cell trung bnh theo s lng m HS-PDSCH c cp pht hoc hp m c s dng 4.3 Dung lng HSDPA vi phin bn 99 Chng ta xem xt trng hp trong m 5 HS-PDSCH v m 1 HS-SCCH l c cp cho ng truyn HSDPA trn mi cell. M knh cn li c s dng cho ng truyn cc knh trong phin bn 99. Hnh 18 cho thy hiu sut cell trung bnh trn HSDPA v DCH i lp vi cng sut HSDPA c cp, cng nh hiu sut tng cc cell v l tng hiu sut trn HSDPA v DCH. Hiu sut cell HSDPA tng cng sut HSDPA nhiu hn so vi c cp pht, trong khi hiu sut DCH gim vo cng thi im . Hiu sut tng ca cell l 1.3Mbps i vi cng sut cp pht 7-W HSDPA. v vy vi HSDPA s dng cc m 5 HS-PDSCH th n s mang li mt dung lng ln hn so vi phin bn 99 l 70%, phin bn ny ch mang li dung lng knh l 780kbps. Dung lng tng nh vy l v HSDPA c s dng hai phng php tng quan nhanh v HARQ, thm vo c c ch phn tp a ngi dng c s dng c ch lp lch cn bng theo t l. V vy l mt dn chng ni rng cng sut ca HSDPA i lp vi DCH da trn vic ti nguyn truyn chung c chia s nh th no gia hai loi knh.

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Tuy nhin hiu sut cell tng khng thay i nhiu lm vi cng sut truyn HSDPA c cp pht.

Hnh 18: Hiu sut cell trung bnh ph thuc vo cng sut HSDPA c cp pht 4.4 Tc d liu ngi dng Hiu sut HSDPA c s dng bi mi ngi dng ph thuc vo s lng ngi dng HSDPA c cp php trn mt cell m cc ngi dng ny chia s cng chung mt knh HS-DSCH. Hm tch ly theo hiu sut s dng ca ngi dng c cp trong hnh 4.4, vi gi thit cng sut s dng HSDPA l 7W v m 5 HS-PDSCH c s dng, trong khi cng sut cn li c s dng cho knh truyn ca phin bn 99. Hiu sut HSDPA gim khi nhiu ngi dng c cp php trn mi cell. Lng hiu sut HSDPA gim trung bnh trn mi ngi dng l khng t l nghch vi s lng ngi dng HSDPA c cp pht. Hiu sut HSDPA ti im phn v 50% l 400kbps v 270kbps i vi mt v ba ngi dng trn mt cell. Nu ngi dng cng gn trung tm ca cell HS-DSCH th tc d liu cng tng hn so vi ngi dng bin ca cell HS-DSCH.

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Hnh 19 Hm phn phi tch ly theo hiu sut ngi dng vi s lng ngi dng HSDPA khc nhau trong mt cell, v s dng cng sut HSDPA l 7W.

4.5 Hiu sut truyn Iub Mt trong s nhng chi ph hot ng c ngha cho hot ng WCDMA l ng truyn Iub gia RNC v Node Bs, c bit nu ng lease line E1/T1 c s dng. phn ny cho chng ta thy cch thc m cng ngh HSDPA c th ci tin hiu qu ng truyn Iub v lm gim gi c trn mi bit truyn trn HSDPA so vi WCDMA. Ngy nay c nhiu hot ng s dng ch truyn bt ng b trn Iub v vy chng ta s cp ti c cc giao thc truyn da trn nn IP bi nhng phng php truyn ny cng c cp trong 3GPP. Hiu qu Iub ci tin cho HSDPA c m t qua nhng nhn t sau: Chia s ng ca bng thng Iub HSDPA c cp pht gia cc ngi dng HSDPA tch cc. iu ny t c bng cch s dng iu khin lung MAC-hs nhanh.

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Vi phin bn 99 th bng thng Iub c cp pht ring cho mi ngi dng, iu ny lm cho vic chia s bng thng gia cc ngi dng tr nn kh khn hn. B m d liu trong Node B ngha l vic truyn vi tc d liu nh l cao ti mi trng khng kh c th c cung cp bi HSDPA m khng cn yu cu bng thng Iub cao hn. iu ng rng cc mt khong thi gian tm thi l ngn c tc nghn Iub s khng dn ti dung lng HSDPA b lng ph trong mi trng khng kh. HSDPA khng cn chuyn giao mm, v vy d liu c truyn ti mt ngi dng HSDPA l ch c truyn mt ln quan mt Iub n. WCDMA phin bn 99 ph thuc vo vic chuyn giao mm a ng links Iub c yu cu cho cc ngi dng trong chuyn giao mm. t thc t kho st cho thy vi chuyn giao mm trong phin bn 99 WCDMA dn ti qua ti 40% ngi dng WCDMA, ngha l xt v trung bnh th trong phin bn 99 th mt thit b UE nhn d liu t 1.4 cc cells. Gi s rng vi mt m hnh duyt web TCP v mt mi trng macro-cell vi ba sector(ba cell) th nhn t th hai c coi nh mt ci tin ca HSDPA so vi WCDMA. y l mt ci tin quan trng, n c ngha l nhiu gp hai ln s bt ngi dng c truyn qua cung mt Iub nu s dng cng ngh HSDPA so vi cng ngh WCDMA. iu khin Mac-hs c hot ng bng cch gi so-called credits ti RNC cho mi lung MAC-d, ph thuc vo lng d liu m trong Node B. s lng credits biu th lng ti n v d liu ln nht m RNC cho php gi qua Iub trong khong thi gian 10ms ca HS-DSCH. Lu rng di khung d liu cho khung HS-DSCH bng 10ms. Nu c tc nghn Iub xy ra th RNC khng th truyn tt c cc gi PDU theo cc credits nhn c, mt c ch kim sot tc nghn n gin c p dng cho tt c cc lung MAC-d HSDPA tch cc, ti v tr m lung PDU b gim.

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Hnh 20 S khi cho vic m phng vi bng thng Iub gii hn v iu khin lung MAC-hs

Hnh 21 Trade-off gia HSDPA RF v Iub Kt qu trong hnh 21 cho thy t c 100% dung lng tn s v tuyn th bng thng Iub HSDPA c yu cu l 3.8Mbps. Mt lng bng thng Iub HSDPA 3.2Mbps l t c 95% dung lng tn s v tuyn HSDPA sn c. Kch thc

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Iub nh vy l vt qu 20% kch thc Iub thng thng. lng 20% ny l cn thit cho s thay i trong dung lng tn s v tuyn HSDPA sn c. Nu s ngi s dng HSDPA trong mt cell cng cao th dung lng nh s cng gn vi dung lng trung bnh. 4.6 Tr kh hi: Trong khi tc d liu ti a c s dng trong h thng v tuyn chun, tc ny l cha ni ln hiu nng ca mng t quan im ca ng dng. tc d liu thc l c lin quan nu chng ta xem xt thi gian ng xung ca mt file c kch thc ln, nhng c mt lng ln cc ng dng c th hot ng c vi tc d liu thp hay cn gi l tr v n c xem nh l tr kh hi (RTT), tr ny c nh ngha l thi gina tr ca mt gi tin IP trn ng truyn i cng thi gian s l cng vi thi gian tr phn hi. Nu kch thc gi IP l nh, th tc d liu khng nh hng n tr, nhng sau thi gian tr c xc nh bi cu trc khung h thng v bi tr giao din. RTT c xc nh trong hnh 22:

Hnh 22 Xc nh thi gian tr kh hi

i vi RTT chng ta s dng cc gi thit sau: tr UE l 10-25ms

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 tr Node B l 10-25ms tr giao din, bao gm b m ng ln, l 43-53ms i vi phin bn 99, 20ms cho HSDPA, v 10ms cho HSUPA. Vi tc d liu WCDMA phin bn 99 l 64/64kbps cho ng ln v ng xung v vi TTI l 20ms th vi tc 128/384kbps l 10ms TTI. Trong khi th HSUPA c TTI l 2ms. tr Iub 20-40ms cho phin bn 99, 10ms cho HSDPA, v 5ms cho HSUPA. tr RNC l 20ms i vi phin bn 99 v 10ms cho HSDPA/HSUPA tr mng li Iu l 3ms RTT ci tin c minh ha trong hnh 22. RTT cho WCDMA l 110-150ms, i vi HSDPA 70ms v HSUPA < 50 ms. tr c bt ngun t cc yu t mng v tuyn v cc loi nhiu trong khi tr mng li l rt ngn. RTT lp MAC vi HSDPA v HSUPA l rt ngn, xp x 10ms, v RTT tng cng ph thuc chnh vo tr x l trong cc yu t mng v UE. V d v mt php o trong lnh ping s dng c WCDMA (phin bn 99)v HSDPA c nu trn hnh 23. Trong RTT ca HSDPA l nm trong khong 70 n 85ms trong mt mng v tuyn c th trong khi RTT WCDMA c gi tr trung bnh l 130ms.

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Hnh 23 nh gi tr kh hi ci tin

Hnh 24 v d v o RTT trong WCDMA v HSDPA

WCDMA phin bn 99 cung cp tc ng xung ti a l 384kbps, trong khi HSDPA tc ny ln ti 1.8 v 3.6Mbps, cng c th ln ti 10Mbps. HSDPA gim tr mng so vi WCDMA phin bn 99 DCH. Vic tnh ton v cc thng s cho thy RTT trung bnh c th thp hn 100ms vi HSDPA v WCDMA phin bn 99 DCH ng ln. Vi HSUPA ng ln th RTT l nh hn 50ms. HSDPA ci thin hiu sut cell ln ti 1Mbps/MHz/sector trong macro-cell 3 sector nh c k thut ng link ci tin, b nhn u cui ci tin, v ch phn tp vi c ch lp lch nhanh. C ch lp lch cn bng dng ci thin hiu sut cell ln ti 30% vi tc di ng thp. HSDPA cng ci tin lung d liu m bo hiu qu v an ton. Phn trn cho thy HSDPA c th cng tn ti vi WCDMA phin bn 99 trn cng mt sng mang. Sng mang chia s lm cho hiu nng mng tng, c bit khi lu lng WCDMA l nh v HSDPA c tc bit l 1.8Mbps. thm vo l dung lng cao cng nh tc bit cao. HSDPA yu cu u t hn Iub t c tc bit cao hn. Nhng HSDPA cng ci thin hiu qu ca Iub so vi WCDMA phin bn 99: r rng s lng bt c gi i l cao hn vi cng mt dung lng gia HSDPA so vi WCDMA phin bn 99.

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L do u tin l HSDPA c truyn t mt cell m khng cn chuyn giao mm v th hai l v ngi dng HSDPA c ti nguyn Iub chia s thay v ti nguyn c nh ca WCDMA.

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KT LUN Theo nghin cu trn chng ta nhn thy mng thng tin di ng pht trin rt mnh m trong nhng nm qua, c rt nhiu cng ngh mng c nghin cu v a vo s dng p ng nhu cu rt ln ca ngi s dng khng ch n thun v mt truyn ti d liu m d liu cn phi c tc cao cng nh tnh tin cy. Qua kho lun bn thn em nghin cu v hc hi c rt nhiu cng ngh thng tin di ng nh HSDPA Tuy nhin do thi gian nghin cu c hn nn cn mt s vn em s nghin cu trong tng lai nh so snh cng ngh HSDPA vi cng ngh Wimax.

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TI LIU THAM KHO [1] The comparision of performance when HSDPA and WCDMA coexist in two environment . Pei Li; Weiling Wu [2] Nhng mi tng quan chung gia cng ngh CDMA2000 v WCDMA - 3G - L sum [3] HSDPA.HSUPA.for.UMTS.High.Speed.Radio.Access.for.Mobile.Communications . Harri holma

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