H i : "Thng bo sn sng" - ch cn "a" hay phi c "chp nhn"?

V d: Sau khi tu xp xong hng ti cng Pusan (Hn quc) ngy 23/7/2005, trn ng hnh trnh v cng Si Gn tr hng (d hng) ngi thu vn chuyn theo hp ng vn chuyn theo chuyn mu Gencon nhn c "Thng bo sn sng" (TBSS) ngy 24/7/2005, trong c on: tu d kin n cng Si Gn lc 18 gi 30 pht ngy 30/7/2005 v sn sng v mi mt d hng lc 06 gi sng ngy 31/7/2005. Ngi thu vn chuyn cho rng TBSS phi c h "chp nhn" mi c gi tr php l ch khng th ch a n phng nh vy. ngh gii thch v vn a TBSS. Tr l i : Trc ht cn lm r tc dng ca TBSS. tu c th xp d hng, tc l bt u tnh thi hn lm hng (laytime) theo hp ng vn chuyn theo chuyn (voyage charter party) c qui nh v thi hn lm hng, tu phi l "tu n" (arrived ship). Ba iu kin tu tr thnh "tu n" l : 1. Tu phi n ni tho thun trong hp ng, 2. Tu phi sn sng v mi mt xp d hng, v 3. TBSS phi c a cho ngi giao hng, ngi thu vn chuyn, ngi nhn hng hay i l ca nhng ngi ny (tu theo tho thun trong hp ng hoc theo tp qun). Ni tha thun ni iu kin 1. c th l mt cu cng trong trng hp "thu vn chuyn n cu cng" (berth charter), hoc l ; cng, khu vc cng" nu "thu vn chuyn n cng" (port charter). S hp l ca ba iu kin ny l ch tu c n ni tho thun hoc theo tp qun mi thc hin c hp ng, c sn sng v mi mt mi xp d c hng v c a TBSS th bn c lin quan mi bit chun b giao hng cho tu hoc nhn hng t tu. Php lut hng hi v tp qun ca nhiu nc u qui nh gn nh nhau v chc nng ca TBSS do tnh cht quc t ca hot ng hng hi. V TBSS, theo iu 104 B lut hng hi Vit Nam: "1. Ngi vn chuyn c ngha v thng bo bng vn bn cho ngi thu vn chuyn v vic tu bin n c ng nh n hng v sn sng nhn hng (sau y gi l Thng bo sn sng). 2. Ngy, gi c hiu lc ca Thng bo sn sng do cc bn tho thun trong hp ng, trng hp khng c tho thun th c xc nh theo tp qun a phng. 3. Ngi vn chuyn phi bi thng thit hi pht sinh do ni dung ca Thng bo sn sng khng ng vi s tht thi im ngi thu vn chuyn nhn c vn bn ny". Theo hp ng m ngi thu vn chuyn k (mu Gencon sa i nm 1922, 1976 v 1994), ngy gi c hiu lc ca TBSS c th hin: "Thi hn xp v d hng s bt u tnh lc 13. 00h nu TBSS c a trc hoc ng vo 12. 00h, v bt u tnh lc 06. 00h ngy lm vic hm sau nu TBSS c a sau 12. 00h Nu cu cng xp/d hng khng c sn (available) khi tu n cng, khu vc cng (at or off the port), tu c quyn a TBSS trong gi lm vic d tu hon thnh th tc kim dch v th tc hi quan hay cha". Nh vy, vic a sm hay nhn sm TBSS khng nh hng g n vic tnh ton thi hn lm hng. Ngi thu vn chuyn c th yn tm nhn v "mnh dn" ghi r

ngy, gi nhn vo bn TBSS. Vic ch tu/ngi vn chuyn a TBSS sm vi nh buc ngi thu vn chuyn phi lm hng sm cng khng c tc dng g hn l a khi tu n ni tho thun (khu vc cng, cng hoc cu cng). Nu c tho thun rng TBSS ch cn c a, iu cng khng c ngha l ch tu/ngi vn chuyn c th tnh ngay thi hn lm hng theo TBSS khi tu cha phi l "tu n", v ngay c khi theo hp ng, TBSS phi c "chp nhn", ngi thu vn chuyn cng khng th tm cch tr hon, nhm ko di thi gian chp nhn nu tu p ng iu kin ca mt "tu n". y chnh l l cng bng. Trong trng hp ni trn, gi s tu n cng ng nh d bo (ti th by, ngy 30/7/2005). V ngy hm sau l ch nht nn TBSS s coi nh c a vo sng th hai, ngy 1/8/2005 v thi hn lm hng bt u tnh t 13.00h cng ngy (1/8/2005). Nh vy, d ngi thu vn chuyn c nhn TBSS ngy 24/7/2005, thi hn lm hng cng ch bt u tnh t 13.00h ngy 1/8/2005. C mt s v vic v TBSS ( nc ngoi) m ngi thu vn chuyn "bt gi" ch tu/ngi vn chuyn khi h a TBSS sm bng cch yu cu ngi vn chuyn phi lm mt bn TBSS mi sau khi tu lm hng; hoc c nhn bn TBSS a sm ri sau tuyn b bn l "v gi tr" (invalid). Nu a tranh chp ra to n hay trng ti th ch tu/ngi vn chuyn khng phi l kh thua v hnh vi cha ng lut ca mnh. ti NHNG TRANH CHP V IU KHON THI GIAN LM HNG TRONG HP NG THU TU CHUYN ng 04:53 15-09-2011 bi Van Hieu Ly

I HC KINH T LUT THNH PH H CH MINH TP HCM, Ngy 28 thng 05 nm 2010

ti NHNG TRANH CHP V IU KHON THI GIAN LM HNG TRONG HP NG THU TU CHUYN

Mn hc: VN TI V BO HIM QUC T Ging vin: Th.S Hong Lm Cng

Nhm thc hin: LE HARVE Lp K07402A 1. Trn Th Vn Anh 2. Lm Ha My 3. Dng Th Phng Linh 4. Hunh Tuyt Ngn 5. L Ngc Tho Nguyn 6.Nguyn Hu Ti 7.Thn Th Trm Thanh 8.Trn Th Thanh Thy 9.Bi Th Nh Trang 10.Nguyn Vn Thng K074020155 K074020206 K074020193 K074020210 K074020212 K074020232 K074020241 K074020248 K074020259 K074020243

MC LC PHN M U Li ni u.4 Gii thiu v cng LE HARVE... PHN NI DUNG CHNG I:C S L THUYT V IU KHON LM HNG TRONG HP NG THU TU CHUYN 1.1 Thi gian lm hng ..7 1.2 Mc tnh thi gian lm hng7 1.3 Thng bo sn sng NOR (Notice of Readiness)8 1.4 Cch tnh thi gian lm hng ..8 1.5 Thng pht trong xp d hng .11 CHNG II: CC TRANH CHP XY RA LIN QUAN N IU KIN LM HNG TRONG VN TI QUC T 2.1 Tranh chp v vic khng thc hin hp ng tu chuyn k kt 13 5

2.1.1 n l 2.1.2 Phn quyt ca to 2.1.3 Bnh lun v bi hc rt ra 2.2 Tranh chp v mc tnh thi gian xp d 15 2.2.1 n l 2.2.2 Phn quyt ca to 2.2.3 Bnh lun v bi hc rt ra 2.3 Tranh chp trong thi gian tu ch i... 2.3.1 n l 2.3.2 Phn quyt ca to 2.3.3 Bnh lun v bi hc rt ra 2.4 Tranh chp v vic thng, pht xp d.. 21 2.4.1 Tranh chp v vic xp d nhanh (dispatch) 2.4.2 Tranh chp v vic pht xp d chm CHNG III: KT LUN V NHNG BIN PHP TRNH TRANH CHP TRONG HP NG THU TU CHUYN.. 27 17

LI NI U Hp ng thu tu chuyn l mt dng ca hp ng vn chuyn c ni dung kh phc tp, bao gm nhiu iu khon khc nhau c lin quan ti nhiu yu t khc nhau. Chnh v s phc tp ca ni dung hp ng c quy nh trong cc iu khon cho nn trong qu trnh thc hin khng th trnh khi nhng tranh chp xy ra k c khi s dng cc hp ng mu do cc t chc Hng hi quc t son tho cng nh cc hp ng do hai bn trc tip tha thun k kt. Cc tranh chp thng xy ra trong qu trnh thc hin hp ng thu tu chuyn rt a dng. C nhng tranh chp v tu chuyn ch, c nhng tranh chp v hng chuyn ch, c nhng tranh chp do mt bn vi phm hp ng phng hi ti quyn li ca bn kia, c nhng tranh chp c hai bn cng vi phm, c nhng tranh chp xut pht t nguyn nhn khch quan, c nhng tranh chp xut pht t nhng nguyn nhn ch quanTrong hp ng thu tu chuyn ,iu khon lm hng l mt trong nhng iu khon quan trng v thng xy ra tranh chp lin quan n vn ny v thi gian xp d hng,cch tnh thi gian xp d,thi gian tu ch..Do ,thng qua nghin cu ti Nhng tranh chp v iu khon lm hng trong vn ti quc t nhm s a ra mt s n l v nhng im cn lu c nhng bin php phng

trnh m theo nhm l vic lm ht sc cn thit nhm mc ch hn ch nhng tranh chp c th xy ra m bo hiu qu trong hot ng kinh doanh. GII THIU CNG LE HARVE

L cng ln th 5 Bc u v trng ti khong 74 triu tn vo nm 2009. L cng dn u ca Php v vn chuyn container gn 2,2 triu TEU nm 2009, chim hn 63% tng s container qua Php. Le Havre l cng bin nc su, gip nhng tu ln nht c th ra vo thun tin (nh tu container vi trng ti hn 900 TEU, tu ch du vi trng ti ton phn ti 500.000 tn). Vi thi gian cp cng 24 ting/ngy, 7 ngy/tun, 365 ngy/nm, cng Le Havre c chiu di 27 km t ng sang Ty, chiu rng gn 6 km t Bc xung Nam. Nh v tr a l thun li ca cng, cc ch thuyn v tu b vn l khch hng ca cng Le Havre c th cung cp hng ha cho ton b khu vc Ty u bng ng thy v ng b. ng cao tc A13 v A14 kt ni trc tip cng Le Havre vi khu vc Paris to thnh mt knh vn ti t nhin. c bit cng Le Havre c b phn chuyn mn x l d liu v thc hin chng trnh hp tc vi cc cng khc (nh vic lp t h thng thng tin mi kt ni cng Marseilles v Le Havre). H thng thng tin Ademar Protis + l h thng ng dng cng ngh mi nht v thng mi in t v giao din vi cc h thng hi quan v qun l hnh chnh. Gi y h thng ny cung cp cho cc ngnh cng nghip ca c hai cng v cc khch hng nhng dch v v hot ng thng thng, to thun li thng quan hng ha qua cng mt cch nhanh nht. Chu u hin c 450 triu ngi tiu dng v y c nh gi l th trng to ln cho hng ha xut khu ca Vit Nam. c tnh, hng ha Vit Nam xut khu qua cng Le Havre hng chc nghn cng-ten-n mi nm, ch yu l c ph, dt may, g, trng by trong nh bng s, gm, hi sn ng lnh v ti. Cng Le Havre vi u th c s h tng, k thut hi quan tt, h thng thng tin hin i s lun l u mi thng thng hng ha xut nhp khu t cc nc, trong c Vit Nam n Chu u mt cch nhanh chng nht. Ti y, Ban lnh o cng Le Havre cng c d nh hp tc vi cc cng ca Vit nam, to thnh mng li trung chuyn hng ha u thun tin. CHNG I C S L THUYT V IU KHON LM HNG TRONG HP NG THU TU CHUYN

1.1 Thi gian lm hng Thi gian xp d hay thi gian lm hng (Laytime) l thi gian tu phi lu ti cng tin hnh

vic xp hng ln tu hay d hng khi tu, cn gi l thi gian cho php (Allowed Time). Trong hp ng thu ta chuyn ti iu khon thi gian lm hng hai bn tha thun: Thi gian xp l bao lu, thi gian d l bao lu, hoc c th quy nh theo li b tr l thi gian c xp v d l bao lu Quy nh nh vy ngi i thu tu c trch nhim trong vic xp d hng ho. Nu ngi i thu tu hon thnh cng vic xp hng hoc d hng sm hn thi gian cho php quy nh trong hp ng th c thng tin xp hng hoc d hng nhanh (Despatch Money). Ngc li, nu ht thi gian cho php m ngi thu tu vn cha hon thnh vic xp hng hay d hng th s b pht xp d hng chm (Demurrage Money). xc nh thi gian cn thit xp d hng ny ph thuc vo rt nhiu yu t: loi tu , kh nng xp d ca cng , loi hng ha , cc iu kin t nhin , kinh t x hi khc. 1.2 Mc tnh thi gian lm hng Mc tnh thi gian lm hng c quy nh ph thuc vo vic thuyn trng trao thng bo sn sng xp d (Notice of Readines = NOR) v vic ch hng nhn thng bo sn sng xp d. V d: Hp ng mu GENCON quy inh: "Thi gian cho php xp/d bt u tnh t 13 gi nu NOR c trao v chp nhn trc hoc ng 12 gi tra cng ngy v c tnh t 6 gi sng ca ngy lm vic hm sau nu NOR c trao v chp nhn vo gi lm vic ca bui chiu hm trc". 1.3 Thng bo sn sng NOR (Notice of Readiness) Trong thc t khi thc hin hp ng tu chuyn chun b vic bc d hng c nhanh chng thun tin , c hai loi thng bo cn c thc hin : Thng bo ngy d kin tu n cng: Vic thng bo ngy d kin tu n cng trong mt khong thi gian ngn (7,5,3 ngy) trc khi tu n cng xp d l rt cn cho c thi gian lm th tc cho tu ra vo cng v chun b xp d hng theo ng lch trnh quy nh gia hai bn ch tu v ngi thu tu. Thng bo sn sng xp d hng- NOR : Thi gian c php a thng bo sn sng xp d l thi gian tu n bn, tu sn sng nhn hoc giao hng. Thi gian a thng bo sn sng xp d cn tu thuc vo iu khon v tu n bn: Nu hp ng thu tu quy nh Tu n lt (In turn hay In regular turn) khi c nhiu tu phi ch i, bao gi tu ch hng n lt mnh cp cu, lc y thuyn trng mi c a thng bo sn sng xp d cho ngi thu tu, cng ging nh iu khon v tr (berth clause). Nu thu tu nn chn cch ny. Nu hp ng quy nh Min n lt tc l khng cn tu cp cu (Free turn) hay Thi gian ch cu cng tnh (time waiting for berth to count), khi tu sn sng l c th a thng bo sn sng xp d v ngi thu tu phi chu trch nhim v thi gian tu ch cu cp

cu. Nu hp ng quy nh n lt khng qu 48 gi tc l n lt cp cu nhng 48 ting ri m vn cha cp cu, tu c a NOR (In turn not exceding 48 hours), tu ch ch ti a 48 gi ng h sau nu cn phi ch na, ngi thu tu phi chu trch nhim. 1.4 Cch tnh thi gian lm hng Cch 1: Quy nh mt s ngy c th: V d : "thi gian xp l 5 ngy, thi gian d l 6 ngy", hoc "thi gian c xp c d l 11 ngy". y, khi nim "ngy" d gy ra tranh chp, do phi quy nh r hn trong hp ng thu tu l "ngy" y c hiu theo ngha no: - Ngy (Days): l ngy theo lch. - Ngy lin tc (Running Days hoc Consecutive Days): nhng ngy k tip nhau trn lch k c ngy l v ch nht. - Ngy lm vic (Working Days): l nhng ngy lm vic chnh thc m chnh ph quy nh ti cc nc hay cc cng c lin quan. V d: Vit Nam: 6 ngy/tun; cc nc phng ty: 5 ngy/tun. Khi nim "ngy lm vic" ch ni n tnh cht ca ngy l ngy lm vic m khng quan tm n vic c tin hnh xp d hay khng, nn chng hn ch xp d 2 ting mt ngy th vn c c tnh l 1 ngy. - Ngy lm vic 24 gi (Working Days of 24 hours): l ngy lm vic 24 gi, ch khng phi l ngy lm vic 8 gi mt ngy c tnh t na m hm trc n na m hm sau. iu ny c ngha l c 24 gi lm vic c tnh l 1 ngy d mt nhiu ngy mi lm c tng 24 gi. - Ngy lm vic thi tit tt (Weather Working Day = WWD): l ngy lm vic chnh thc ti cng c lin quan m trong ngy thi tit tt cho php tin hnh cng vic xp d hng. Ngy ma, bo, c gi to l thi tit xu khng th tin hnh xp hay d hng nn khng c tnh vo thi gian lm hng. Trong hng hi quc t, ngy lm vic 24 gi thi tit tt c p dng ph bin nht. Trong hp ng cng cn ni r ch nht, ngy l c lm hay khng lm, nu lm th tnh nh th no khi tranh chp. - Ngy ch nht (Sundays) l ngy ngh cui tun do lut php ca tng nc quy nh. Ngy ch nht thng l ngy ngh lm vic nhng cng c th tin hnh xp d hng tu theo quy nh ca tng hp ng. - Ngy l (Holidays) bao gm nhng ngy l quc gia v nhng ngy l quc t. C tnh vo thi gian xp d hng trong ngy ny hay khng l do hp ng quy nh. T nhng khi nim v "ngy" trn, ta thy thi gian tnh lm hng khc hn so vi thi

gian l ngy tnh trn lch thng thng. Trong phng thc thu tu chuyn, c th p dng mt s quy nh thi gian xp hng v d hng nh sau: + Thi gian cho php xp hng l 7 ngy thi tit tt 24 gi lin tc, khng k ngy l v ch nht (Cargo to be Loaded in 7 Weather Working Days of 24 Consecutive Hours, Sundays and Holidays Excepted = 7 WWD,S.H.EX.). + Thi gian cho php d hng l 7 ngy lm vic thi tit tt 24 gi lin tc khng k ngy l v ch nht, d c lm cng khng tnh (Cargo to be Discharged in 7 Weather Working Days of 24 Consecutive Hours, Sundays Holidays Excepted, Even if Used = 7WWD,S.H.EX.E.U). Cch quy nh ny ging nh cch trn nhng r rng hn v rt c li cho ngi thu tu. + Thi gian cho php xp v d hng l 15 ngy lm vic thi tit tt 24 gi lin tc, tnh c ch nht v ngy l (Cargo be Loaded and Discharged in 15 Weather Working Days of 24 Consecutive Hour, Sunday and Holidays Inclue = 15 WWD,S. Cch 2: Quy nh mc xp d hng ha cho ton tu hoc cho mt mng trong ngy. iu ny c p dng c bit cho hng ri. V d: - Mc xp d cho ton tu l 1500 MT mi ngy lm vic thi tit tt 24 gi lin tc, khng tnh ngy l v ch nht, d c lm cng khng tnh (Cargo to be Loade and Discharged at the Rate of 1500MT per WWD.S.H.EX.E.U) - Mc xp d cho tng mng l 150 MT mi ngy lm vic thi tit tt 24 gi lin tc, khng tnh ngy l v ch nht, d c lm cng khng tnh (Cargo to be Loade and Discharged at the Rate of 1500MT per WWD.S.H.EX.E.U) Thi gian cho php c th tnh quy nh ring cho xp hng, cho d hng tc l tnh thng pht ring cho tng cng, hoc quy nh thi gian cho php chung c xp v d hng, tc l sau khi hon thnh tt c vic xp v d hng mi tnh thng pht. Trong hp ng cng phi quy nh r: thi gian tu phi ch bn u (Time lost in waiting for berth), tu cha vo cu, vo cng, cha lm xong th tc y t, hi quan c c tnh vo thi gian lm hng hay khng. m bo quyn li cho mnh, ch tu thng quy nh "W,W,W,W", ngha l: "thi gian lm hng vn tnh d tu vo cng, vo cu, lm th tc hi quan, th tc v sinh dch t hay cha". WIPON (whether in port or not) WIBON (whether in berth or not) WIFON (whether in free pratique or not) WICON (whether in customs cleared or not) Ngoi ra hp ng nn quy nh c hay khng min tr tnh thi gian lm hng trong cc iu kin c bit nh nh cng , chin tranh khin cho vic xp d hng b gin on

1.5 Thng pht trong xp d hng Khi tha thun v thi gian xp d phi quy nh c mc thng xp d nhanh v pht xp d chm: Nguyn tc ca pht xp d chm l: khi pht th lun lun b pht (One on Demurrage, Always on Demurrage), tc l mt khi b pht th nhng ngy tip theo k c ch nht, ngy l hoc ngy xu tri cng b pht, tr khi c quy nh s khng pht vo ngy l v ch nht. Mc tin thng xp d nhanh thng ch bng mt na mc tin pht. Vic thng pht cho thi gian no c 2 cch quy nh : + Thng cho tt c thi gian tit kim c (For all time saved), tc l tnh c ngy l v ch nht. + Ch thng cho thi gian lm vic tit kim c (For all working time saved) c ngha l ngy l v ch nht khng c tnh. Vic thanh ton tin thng pht xp d gia ai vi ai, vo thi gian no, ucng cn c quy nh c th trong hp ng trnh tranh chp xy ra. V d: "Vic thanh ton thng pht xp d gia ch tu v ngi thu tu trong vng 1 thng k t ngy thuyn trng k vo bin bn thc t (Statement of Facts=SOF)". CHNG II CC TRANH CHP XY RA LIN QUAN N IU KIN LM HNG TRONG HP N THU TU CHUYN

2.1.Tranh chp v vic khng thc hin hp ng tu chuyn k kt Nguyn n: Ch tu Vit Nam B n: Ngi thu tu Hng Kng 2.1.1Cc vn c cp - Im lng c phi l ng ? - Khng c hng xp ln tu. Liu c thc hin c hp ng thu tu k kt ? 2.1.2.n l - Mt Ch tu Vit Nam c tr s ti TP.HCM cho Ngi thu tu Hongkong thu tu ch 5200MT g trn t cng Rangoon, Myanmar v cng Huangpu, Trung Quc. Tu n cng xp hng Rangoon ngy 12/02/1992 v trao thng bo sn sng lm hng vo lc 17h10 cng ngy. Theo quy nh ca iu khon thi gian lm hng tha thun trong Hp ng thu tu th thi gian lm hng s bt u tnh t 13h00 ngy hm sau, tc l ngy 13/02/1992 - Nhng ngy hm sau v cc ngy tip theo tu khng lm hng c, mc d Ch tu thc

gic Ngi thu tu rt nhiu ln v vic ny. Nguyn nhn l trong s 5200 MT hng ch c mt l hng nh 300MT c iu kin lm th tc xut nhp khu. S hng cn li ( khong 4900T) khng p ng c yu cu ca Nh chc trch a phng nn. Ngi giao hng khng lm c cc th tc cn thit hng c php xp ln tu. - Ngi thu tu khng xp hng ln tu, khng lin lc g vi Ch tu m gi thi im lng v khng tr li. Ch tu rt lng tng khng bit phi lm g khi tu phi ch i qu lu m khng bit n khi no mi xp hng. Sau 14 ngy tri qua, vo ngy 27/02/1992, thi gian lm hng tha thun trong Hp ng thu tu kt thc. Ch tu gi thng bo cho Ngi thu tu tuyn b rng nu trong ngy 27/02/1992, Ngi thu tu vn gi thi im lng, khng tr li cho Ch tu v vic xp hng, th Ch tu coi l Ngi thu tu vi phm Hp ng thu tu v Ch tu c ton quyn iu tu ri cng Rangoon i ni khc. - Ngy hm sau, 28/02/1992, Ch tu li gi thng bo cho Ngi thu tu tuyn b rng s im lng ca Ngi thu tu c coi l s ng rng Ngi thu tu khng th thc hin c Hp ng thu tu, v vy Ch tu c ton quyn iu tu ri cng Rangoon. Ngi thu tu vn c tnh gi thi im lng. - hn ch tn tht, Ch tu buc phi tm hng khc cho tu v ngy 12/03/1992 k c Hp ng ch phn bn t Lhokseumawe, IndonesiavVitNam. - Theo quy nh ca iu khon gii quyt tranh chp tha thun trong Hp ng thu tu, Ch tu kin Ngi thu tu ra trng ti HongKong i bi thng thit hi do khng thc hin Hp ng thu tu k kt cng vi tin pht do qu thi gian cho php lm hng, tng cng l 79.345 USD. - Ngi thu tu bc b khiu ni ca Ch tu vi l do rng khng phi l h khng thc hin Hp ng hai bn k kt m l do Ch tu t iu tu i ni khc nn Ngi thu tu khng th xp hng ln tu. Ngi thu tu khiu ni li Ch tu i bi thng thit hi do phi thu tu khc ch l hng trn t cng Rangoon i cc cng Nam Trung Quc vo cc thng 4 v thng 10 nm 1992. 2.1.3 Phn quyt ca trng ti - Hi ng trng ti cho rng Ch tu khng th coi s im lng ca Ngi thu tu l s ng ca h vi tuyn b ca Ch tu rng Ngi thu tu khng thc hin Hp ng thu tu v Ch tu c ton quyn iu tu ri cng xp hng Rangoon i ni khc.V vy, cc in ca Ch tu gi Ngi thu tu vo cc ngy 27 v 28/02/1992 l khng c gi tr. - Tuy nhin, theo cc chng c trong h s v kin, Hi ng Trng ti thy rng phi n thng 10/1992, Ngi thu tu mi c hng xp ln tu. Mt khc, Ngi thu tu khng th cung cp c cho Hi ng Trng ti Giy php xut khu ca l hng do Nh chc trch Myanmar cp vo cc thng 2 v 3 nm 1992, chng t vo thi gian h khng c hng xp ln tu. - Do khng c hng xp ln tu th Ngi thu tu khng th thc hin c hp ng thu tu k vi Ch tu. V vy, Hi ng trng ti quyt nh buc Ngi thu tu bi thng thit hi cho Ch tu do khng thc hin Hp ng thu tu k.

2.1.4. Bi hc rt ra C nhiu ngi thng quan nim im lng l ng . Nhng qua quyt nh trn ca Hi ng Trng ti th khng phi l nh vy. i ph vi i tc chy , c thi im lng nh Ngi thu tu trn th khi giao kt Hp ng vi cc i tc mi hoc vi i tc vn cha tin cy, Ch tu cn c iu khon quy nh rng : Ch tu c ginh quyn n phng chm dt hp ng khi qu thi gian lm hng m vn khng c hng xp ln. 2.2 Tranh chp v mc tnh thi gian xp d Mt hp ng chuyn ch thng cp n mc tnh thi gian xp hng hay d hng (laytime) ph thuc vo vic NOR c giao v chp nhn khi no. 2.2.1 Ni dung v vic - Tu "Agamemnon" c k kt chuyn ch hng ho theo mu Gencon vo 4/10/1995 hnh trnh t Baton Rouge- mt cng trn sng Mississipi-ti Brisbance, Australia. Theo iu 8 ca hp ng thu tu, "thi gian b mt do phi i vo cu cng s c tnh nh l thi gian xp/d hng" v theo iu 32 "khi mt cu cng khng sn sng v con tu hay gn cng nh n c php, thuyn trng c th gi NOR t v tr v thi gian lm hng s bt u nh th con tu trong cu cng. - Tu "Agamemnon" South West Pass - khu vc tu i vo sng Mississipi - vo lc 23h ngy 5/10 v thuyn trng trao NOR t v tr ny. Mc d SouthWestPass theo tp qun l khu vc i tu vo sng Mississipi nhng n cch cng xp hng Baton Rouge khong 170 dm. Con tu n Baton Rouge lc 10 gi 25 pht ngy 7/10 nhng thuyn trng khng trao thm mt NOR no khc na. V cu cng m con tu c php u c mt tu khc ch xp hng ri nn con tu ny mi ti 20 gi 30 pht ngy 8/10 mi cp cu cng v phi ti 15 gi ngy 9/10 mi bt u xp hng. - V vn thi gian lm hng c tnh khi no? Ch tu cho rng mc d South West Pass khng phi l im gn vi Baton Rouge, nhng m vic gi thng bo sn sng xp hng vo thi im vo ngy 5/10, thuyn trng thc hin c mc ch ca bn thng bo (Fulfilled the purpose of the Notice). Ch tu cng cho rng khi ngi thu tu thng xuyn lin h vi tu trong sut hnh trnh ca tu ti sng Mississipi, ngi thu tu nn chp nhn NOR trao trc nh mt thng bo c hiu lc khi con tu n Baton Rouge vo ngy 7/10. Do theo ch tu, thi gian lm hng bt u tnh vo ngy 7/10. Ngi thu tu phn i. H lp lun rng NOR c trao vo ngy 5/7 l khng c hiu lc v n khng c trao im gn nht Baton Rouge nh quy nh trong hp ng thu tu. Theo h, thi gian lm hng bt u khi tu bt u xp hng vo ngy 9/10 v thuyn trng khng trao thng bo sn sng mi t Baton Rouge 2.2.2 Phn xt ca ta Khi v vic trn c a ra ta, ta cho rng thi gian lm hng bt u ch khi mt thng bo sn sng c hiu lc c trao theo nhng iu kin trong hp ng thu tu.

Theo ta, hp ng i hi mt NOR c trao t nht l t im gn Baton Rouge nht v do NOR c trao t South West Pass khng tha mn iu kin ny. Do thi gian lm hng ch bt u t lc 10 gi 15 pht ngy 9/10 khi m vic xp hng c thc s bt u. Ta cng lin h vi mt quyt nh nm 1970, trong ch ra rng thuyn trng nn tip tc trao NOR, nu thuyn trng trao NOR ri th laytime s c bt u. Mt khc, quan ta lp lun rng l ra thuyn trng c th d dng trao NOR ln th 2 bt u laytime Baton Rouge vo ngy 7/10 nhng trn thc t li khng lm nh vy. Bng tm tt v vic Thi gian 23h ngy 05/10 a im S vic

Tu n khu vc Thuyn trng trao NOR tu i vo sng Mississipi Con tu n Baton Thuyn trng khng trao Rouge thm mt NOR no khc na Baton Rouge Baton Rouge Tu mi cp cu cng Bt u xp hng

10 gi 25 pht ngy 07/10 20 gi 30 pht ngy 08/10 15 gi ngy 09/10

2.2.3 Bi hc rt ra Trc nm 1990, mt s trng ti Anh cho php NOR nu c trao sm s c hiu lc sau . Tuy nhin, theo quyt nh ca To Thng thm (Court of Appeal) nm 1990, ch khi c thng bo sn sng xp/d hng hp l m p ng tt c nhng iu kin trong hp ng thu tu mi c th tnh thi gian xp hng. 2.3 Tranh chp trong thi gian tu ch i Tranh chp thi gian tu ch i l cc tranh chp v vic thi gian tu n cng m hng cha c xp hoc do cc s c khc th thi gian tu phi ch i c c tnh l thi gian xp d . 2.3.1 n l 1 Cc bn: - Ngi thu tu - Ch tu 2.3.1.1 Tm tt v vic: - Tu c thu ch ng cc t mt Cng thuc bang Texas, M v Cng Mombasa, Kenya.

- Thuyn trng trao Thng bo sn sng lm hng vo lc 17h45 ngy 24/3/1999, sau khi kt thc vic gim nh trng thi k thut ca hm hng. Thng bo ny c Ngi thu tu chp nhn vo hi 08h05 sng ngy hm sau 25/3/1999, nhng tu phi neo i cho n 18h03 ngy 12/4/1999 mi c vo cu xp hng. Nguyn nhn tu phi ch i lu nh vy l do Ngi thu tu / Ngi mua hng chm tr trong vic m Th tn dng theo quy nh ca Hp ng mua bn nn Ngi giao hng / Ngi bn hng t chi xp hng ln tu. - Ch tu yu cu Ngi thu tu bi thng thit hi lu tu v nhng ngy tu ch i xp hng bao gm chi ph ngy tu v cc chi ph lin quan khc. Ngi thu tu khc t yu cu trn ca ch tu vi l do rng trong Hp ng thu tu khng c quy nh v vic bi thng thit hi loi ny. Ngi thu tu cho rng nhng ngy tu ch i xp hng hai bn s gii quyt theo cc quy nh ca iu khon thng pht ca hp ng thu tu bo v quyn li ca mnh, Ch tu kin Ngi thu tu ra Trng ti i bi thng thit hi lu tu, chi ph lut s, ph tn trng ti v li sut. 2.3.1.2 Quyt nh ca trng ti Xt thy vic ngi thu tu vi phm Hp ng thu tu ch l hu qu ca vic vi phm Hp ng mua bn v nguyn nhn trc tip lm pht sinh ngy tu ch i l do Ngi thu tu vi t cch l Ngi mua hng khng m Th tn dng ng hn theo quy nh ca Hp ng mua bn nn Ngi bn hng ng thi l Ngi giao hng t chi xp hng ln tu, Hi ng Trng ti cho rng thi gian tu ch i xp hng do vic Ngi thu tu vi phm Hp ng mua bn gy ra khng thuc phm vi iu chnh ca iu khon thi gian lm hng v iu khon thng / pht quy nh trong Hp dng thu tu. iu c ngha l nhng thit hi pht sinh do vic tu phi ch i l do li ca ngi thu tu trc tip gy ra, n khng c lin quan ti vic lm hng v vic thng pht nhng vic cha c thc hin trn thc t. V vy, Hi ng Trng ti quyt nh buc Ngi thu tu bi thng cho Ch tu thit hi lu tu cng li sut . 2.3.1.3 Bi hc rt ra Khi giao kt hp ng thu tu chuyn, v cc l do khc nhau, Ch tu thng buc phi chp nhn quy nh mc pht nh hn so vi chi ph ngy tu v cc chi ph lin quan khc. V vy, trong trng hp tu phi ch i lm hng, th vic yu cu Ngi thu tu bi thng thit hi lu tu l c li cho Ch tu. Tuy nhin, khng phi trng hp no Ch tu cng c th i bi thng thit hi lu tu. Trong thc tin, khng him cc trng hp tu phi ch i lm hng do n tc cng, do cng nhn bi cng, do li ca Ngi giao hng v.v nhng cc trng hp ny l do cc nguyn nhn khch quan nm ngoi s kim sot cu ngi thu tu. V vy, ngy tu ch i lm hng do cc nguyn nhn nu trn gy ra l thuc vi phm iu chnh ca iu khon thi gian lm hng v iu khon thng / pht quy nh trong Hp ng thu tu, nn Ngi thu tu khng phi bi thng thit hi lu tu. 2.3.2 n l 2

Cc bn:-Ngi thu tu - Ch tu 2.3.2.1 Tm tt v vic - Tu c thu ch ng cc t River Plate i Nampo (Triu Tin).Theo hp ng thu tu: iu 48 ca hp ng quy nh thi gian d hng tnh t 13 gi nu NOR a bui sng, tnh t 8 gi sng hm sau nu NOR a vo bui chiu; iu 6 quy nh thi gian tu ch i cu cng (Berth) tnh nh thi gian d hng. Tc d hng l 1000 tn/ngy (24 gi lin tc, thi tit tt), ch nht, ngy l khng tnh d c lm. - 17 gi ngy 17/6 tu n ni d hng l im thng d hng bng chuyn ti 18 gi 30 tu trao NOR. - 8 gi ngy 18/6 NOR c chp nhn. 13 gi cng ngy bt u tnh thi gian lm hng nhng khng d c hng. - Tu phi ch n 23 gi ngy 5/7. T cho n 1 gi ngy 6/7 tu chuyn ch u t sng vo cu d hng. Vic d hng hon thnh vo lc 17 gi ngy 21/7. - Theo ngi thu tu, thi gian lm hng bt u tnh t 13 gi ngy 18/6 v ht hn ngy 4/7. Ngi thu khng chp nhn thi gian ch i trc 13 gi ngy 18/6 v trong thi gian t 18/6 n 4/7 khng c tnh nhng ngy ngh v ngy ma. Ch tu lp lun rng, iu 6 bt u c hiu lc t lc tu n cng v khng min tr ngy ngh v ngy ma. Do thi gian lm hng ht hn t ngy 25/6. Vn c t ra y l iu 6 c p dng cho mt chuyn tu n khng ? 2.3.2.2 Quyt nh ca trng ti: Lut hng hi Anh quy nh thi gian ch cu tnh ring v khng lin quan ti thi gian lm hng. Do , nu trong hp ng quy nh Thi gian ch cu c tnh nh thi gian xp/d hng th nhng thi gian c min tnh trong thi gian lm hng khng p dng c min tnh cho ngi thu trong gian ch cu. Nh vy y lp lun ca ch tu l hp l. 2.3.2.3 Bnh lun v bi hc rt ra Thng thng a s hp ng thu tu chuyn u quy nh Thi gian ch cu c tnh nh thi gian xp/d hng (Time lost in waiting for berth to count as loading/discharging time) . V nhiu trng hp cc bn nhm ln rng trong trng hp quy nh nh trn th nhng min tr trong thi gian lm hng cng s c p dng trong thi gian tu ch i. Tuy nhin , xt k v ng ngha ca cu th quy nh trn ch nu ra vic thi gian tu ch i c tnh vo thi gian lm hng ch khng bao hm c ngha cch tnh thi gian tu ch i ging nh cch tnh thi gian tu lm hng.M c min tnh thi gian min tr trong thi gian lm hng (laytime) i vi thi gian xp d hng (Loading/Discharging time) th trong hp ng phi quy nh rng thi gian ch i cu c tnh nh thi gian lm hng (Time lost in waiting for berth to count as laytime).

Nh vy bng cch no th trong hp ng phi quy nh tht r rng iu khon ny, v tin pht ch i tnh t chi ph mt ngy tu trong hch ton kinh doanh. Tu cng ln v trng ti th chi ph cng ln v tranh chp ny thng xuyn xy ra trong hp ng thu tu. 2.4 Tranh chp v thng pht xp d Nhn chung trong tt c cc mu hp ng thu tu u c quy nh c th iu khon thi gian lm hng v thng pht xp d. Theo quy nh ca iu khon ny th khi ngi thu tu xp d hng mun hn thi gian quy nh th s b pht tin xp d chm (demurrage), v nu ngc li th s c thng khon tin xp d nhanh (dispatch). Tuy nhin vic tnh ton cc khon ny cn ph thuc vo nhiu yu t nh mc thng pht, thi gian (s ngy, gi) thng pht. Do , thc t y l vn phc tp v d pht sinh tranh chp. 2.4.1 Tranh chp v thng xp d nhanh (Dispatch) 2.4.1.2 n l: Ngy 26/7/2000, cng ty Vedan Vit Nam k hp ng thu tu thu cng ty Bharat Impex ch 30.000 MT mui cng nghip t cng Sikka- n v cng G Gia - Vng Tu. Theo hp ng, l hng ny c ch trn tu Wintec. Trong hp ng quy nh: Mc xp/d mi ngy lm vic lin tc l 3.000MT/WWDSHEXEU Mc pht xp d chm l 6.000USD/day Mc thng xp d nhanh l 3.000USD/day

Tu Wintec cp cng G Gia v trao NOR vo lc 14 gi ngy 4/8/2000. Ngi thu tu bt u d hng vo lc 22 gi cng ngy. Sau , ngi thu tu yu cu ngi chuyn ch thng xp d nhanh. Ngi chuyn ch ng v tnh tin thng nh sau: Bt u d hng: 22,00 gi ngy 4/8/2000 D hng xong: 4,30 gi ngy 11/8/2000 Tng thi gian d hng: 150,50 gi Ngy ma: 11,17 gi

Thi gian d hng thc s (sau khi tr ngy ma): 139,33gi, tng ng vi 5,81 ngy. Theo quy nh ca hp ng: Lng d hng: 30.000MT T l d: 3.000MT/ngy Thi gian d quy nh: 240 gi tc 10 ngy

Theo : - Thi gian c thng d nhanh: 100h67' tc 4,19 ngy

- Tin thng d hng nhanh: 4,19 ngy 3.000 =12.570USD Tuy nhin, ngi thu tu khng ng v lp lun rng: theo quy nh ca hp ng thi gian d l 10 ngy lm vic tt tri, khng tnh ngy l v ch nht ngay c khi c dng. Bt u d hng t 22h ngy 4/8/2000. Nu tnh t ngy cho 10 ngy lm vic lin tc tt tri th thi gian hon thnh s l 9h17' ngy 16/8 v trong thi gian c mt ch nht v 11,17 gi ma. Nhng nh d hng nhanh, tu c th ri cng vo lc 4h30 ngy 11/8/2000. Nh vy khong thi gian c thng phi tnh thm mt ngy (ngy ch nht). 2.4.1.3 Phn quyt ca to n: Hai bn tranh ci kh lu v vn ny v v sau, trng ti phn quyt phn thng thuc v ngi chuyn ch. 2.4.1.4 Lu v thng xp d nhanh S d c tranh chp nh trn l v trong hp ng thu tu ch quy nh mc thng m khng ghi r thng cho thi gian no: ton b thi gian tit kim c (for all time saved) hay ch thi gian lm vic tit kim c (for working time saved) Nh vy nu ngay t lc k kt hp ng thu tu, hai bn tho thun v quy nh r vn ny th tranh chp khng xy ra v hai bn tit kim c chi ph kin tng, thi gian v sc lc. 2.4.2 Tranh chp v pht xp d chm (Demurage) Theo quy nh ca hp ng, nu ngi thu tu xp d hng ho mun hn thi gian quy nh th s b pht mt khon tin gi l tin pht xp d chm. Trong thc tin cng tc thu tu c mt nguyn l c gii ch tu tha nhn v p dng trong vic tnh ton mc thng pht l mt khi b pht th lun lun b pht (Once on demurrage always on demurrage). iu ny c ngha l khi khong thi gian cho php (laytime) quy nh trong hp ng dng xp hoc d hng ht th ngi thu phi tr tin pht cho ch tu cho nhng ngy chm tr tip theo. Nhng ngy ny bao gm c nhng ngy ch nht, ngy l, ngy ma m l ra trong laytime c min tr. Nh vy ngi thu phi tr tin pht cho tt c mi thi gian tu b lu gi ko di hon thnh vic xp d hng. V d laytime quy nh trong hp ng cho vic xp v d hng l 12 ngy. S ngy ny c s dng ht cho vic xp hng nh vy laytime cng d hng ht. Do ngay khi tu n cng d hng l b pht, v khi b pht th khng cn trao thng t (NOR) na. Trong thng mi hng hi, quan im ny rt ph bin v trong thc t xt x tranh chp, nhiu to n thng mi v hi ng trng ti cng vn dng nh vy xt x. Di y xin gii thiu mt s trng hp: 2.4.2.1 n l Cng ty Naviera thu hng tu Luois chic tu Dias ch bt m t cng Philadelphia i cng Hsikang. Hp ng thu tu k theo mu Baltimore Berth Grain, trong c iu 15 quy nh ti cng d hng ngi thu c quyn hun sy cc hm tu hoc hng ho. Chi ph hun sy do ngi

thu chu, thi gian s dng hun sy khng tnh vo laytime. Ngoi ra hp ng cng quy nh thuyn trng phi hp tc vi ngi thu tu cc cng vic ny c tin hnh tri chy. iu 13 ca hp ng quy nh tc d hng l 1.500 tn mi ngy lm vic tt tri lin tc 24 gi ng h, ch nht v ngy l khng tnh d c lm. Thi gian d hng s bt u vo lc 13 gi cng ngy nu thng t c trao vo bui sng hoc tnh vo 8 gi 30 pht ngy hm sau nu thng t c trao vo bui chiu. Cn theo iu 14 ca hp ng th thi gian ch cu, di chuyn tu c coi nh thi gian d hng. Nu tu d cng th hai th thi gian lm hng s tnh ngay sau khi tu n cng bt k vo cu hay cha. iu 16 quy nh mc pht l 7.500 USD v mc thng l 3.750 USD. 27.700 tn bt m c xp ln tu Dias ti Philadelphia v ngy 3/10/1993 tu n cng Hsikang. Tu u ti khu vc thng mi cng ngay sau khi n. Do vy t ngy 3/10/1993 tu thc s iu kin coi nh mt arrived ship. Laytime bt u c tnh t 13h ngy 4/10/1993. Theo hp ng, Laytime tng cng theo quy nh l 18 ngy, 11 gi 12 pht v s ht hn lc 0 gi 12 pht ngy 26/10/1993 nhng lc ny tu vn phi i ngoi phao ch vo cu. T ngy 9 n ngy 25/11/1993 ngha l trong vng 16 ngy 6 gi, ch hng tin hng hun sy hng, n thi im ny tu vn cha c vo cu. Cui cng n ngy 6/12/1993 tu mi c vo cu d hng v n ngy 10/12/1993 vic d hng c hon thnh. Ch tu i ngi thu phi tr tin pht l 338.635USD cho tng s thi gian b pht l 45 ngy 3 gi 38 pht. Tuy nhin ngi thu lp lun rng trong thi gian b pht phi loi tr nhng ngy hun sy hng l 16 ngy 6 gi. Do tin pht l 216.760 USD. Theo ngi thu tu s d nh vy l v theo iu 15 ca hp ng, thi gian hun sy hng phi c loi tr khi thi gian xp d hng. Ngc li ch tu lp lun rng v laytime ht khi tin hnh hun sy, do vy iu 15 lc ny khng cn gi tr na. 2.4.2.2 Phn quyt ca to V tranh chp trn ko di v gia hai bn khng th i n ho gii c. Cui cng v vic c a ra to n thng mi Anh gii quyt. To lp lun rng mt vn tng i r rng trong php lut l nu trong mt hp ng thu tu c quy nh mt thi gian no cho vic xp d, khi thi gian ht m ngi thu xp d cha xong th coi nh ngi thu vi phm hp ng th khng c hng bt k min tr no v phi chu mi hu qu. Chnh y l c s ca php thuyt "Mt khi b pht th khng mt s min tr no c th ngn cn vic pht tip tc tr khi hp ng c quy nh khc ". Trong v tranh chp ni trn vn c t ra l liu li vn dng trong iu 15 ca hp ng c r rng khng v c min tr cho ngi thu vic np pht theo mc 7.500 USD/ngy k t ngy 26/10 khi thi gian lm hng ht cng nh thi gian hun sy hng (t ngy 9 n ngy 25/11/1993) hay khng. Ngi thu tu vn dng cum t "at any time" trong on "at the discharging port, the charterer have the option at any time to funmigate at their expense ship's hold and/or cargo and time to used not to count" khc t trch nhim. To bc b lp lun ny v ni rng cc cm t "at any time" v "any time to used not to count" c ng p dng cho thi gian lm hng ch khng phi cho trng hp b pht. Thm na, nhng cu ch ny ch p dng khi thi gian lm hng ang cn ch khng phi nh trong trng hp ny. Vi lp lun nh vy to

buc ngi thu tu phi tr ton b tin pht cho ngi chuyn tr khng c min tr mt ngy no c. Nh vy y to p dng nguyn tc "Mt khi b pht th lun lun b pht". Hay ni mt cch khc khi thi gian lm hng khng cn na th nhng ngy tip sau bt k l ma hay nng, ngy ngh, ngy l th ngi thu vn phi tr tin pht. Vic p dng quy tc ny c phn nghing v quyn li ch tu. Tuy nhin y l quy nh c hnh thnh t lu v c lut ca nhiu nc quy nh. Trong B lut hng hi Vit Nam ti iu 71 mc 1 gi thi gian sau khi ht thi gian lm hng l thi gian di nht. Mc 2 v mc 3 iu 71 quy nh rng nu vic thng pht xp d khng c quy nh trong hp ng th s p dng tp qun a phng. Trng hp tp qun a phng khng quy c th khon tin pht s tnh trn tng chi ph thc t duy tr tu v thuyn b trong thi gian di nht. Thi gian tu b lu ti cng xp hng sau khi thi gian xp hng ht v thi gian di nht do ngi thu tu gy ra gi l thi gian lu tu. Ngi chuyn ch c quyn i bi thng cc thit hi pht sinh do lu tu. iu 91 B lut Hng Hi Vit Nam cng quy nh tng t cc vn trn y i vi vic d hng v tr hng cng ch. Quan im ny r rng nghing v quyn li ca ngi chuyn ch v c hnh thnh hng trm nm nay.

*Bng tm tt v vic Thi gian a im Philadelphia 3/10/1993 t ngy 3/10/1993 t 13h ngy 4/10/1993 26/10/1993 T ngy 9 n ngy 25/11/1993 6/12/1993 10/12/1993 S vic 27.700 tn bt m c xp ln tu Dias tu n cng Hsikang. tu thc s iu kin coi nh mt arrived ship Laytime bt u c tnh tu vn phi i ngoi phao ch vo cu ch hng tin hng hun sy hng, n thi im ny tu vn cha c vo cu tu mi c vo cu d hng vic d hng c hon thnh. CHNG III 2.4.2.3 Lu v pht xp d chm Qua cc v d trn ta nhn thy rng vn tnh ton thng pht xp d l vn khng n gin v rt d pht sinh tranh chp. Do khi thu tu, ngi i thu nn c gng quy nh cht ch v thng tho sao cho c li cho mnh nhm trnh b thit thi khi b pht.

KT LUN Tranh chp trong hp ng thu tu chuyn l iu khng th trnh khi, c bit l cc tranh chp lin quan n iu khon lm hng,trong kinh doanh c l khng ai mun nhng phin toi n vi mnh, k hp ng ai cng mun hp ng thc hin sun s,m bo li ch ca mnh.Thng qua nhng bnh lun v lu c th trong tng tranh chp xy ra lin quan n iu khon lm hng trong hp ng thu tu chuyn,nhm cng xin a ra mt s lu chung gip hn ch cc tranh chp xy ra trong iu khon lm hng ni ring v cc iu khon khc trong hp ng thu tu chuyn ni chung 1. Tm hiu v la chn i tc tin cy k kt hp ng. 2. Chn mu hp ng k kt v lu b sung sa i nhng vn cn thit. Khi chuyn ch hng bch ho nn la chn mu hp ng Gencon. y l mu hp ng c dng ph bin nht cho hng bch ho,c hnh thc v ni dung rt r. Khi cn thu tu chuyn ch cc hng ho nh du, than, qung, ng cc, xi mng...nn s dng cc mu hp ng chuyn dng c son tho ring cho tng loi hng. S d nn la chn nh vy l v thng thng cc mu c son tho sn c nhng chi tit ph hp cho tng loi hng nn s cht ch hn. iu ny s gip hn ch c phn no vic pht sinh tranh chp trong qu trnh s dng hp ng 3. Cc quy nh trong hp ng phi y , c th v r rng Ngoi hai vn , mt vn khng km phn quan trng l phi m bo tt c cc iu khon quy nh trong hp ng thu tu phi c th v r rng, c bit l cc iu khon khng c sn trong mu Tt c cc tranh chp pht sinh t hp ng thu tu u lin quan n mt hay mt vi iu khon c th no ca hp ng. Thng thng khi c tn tht xy ra, cc bn thng da vo quy nh ca cc iu khon trong hp ng bt li bn kia v buc bn kia phi bi thng. Cn trnh a vo hp ng nhng quy nh khng r rng, d gy nhm ln hoc hm cha nhiu ngha khc nhau v nh vy s dn n tranh chpsauny. c bit cn ch nhng vn sau: - V ch th: cn ghi r rng v y tn v a ch ngi chuyn ch nhm trnh tnh trng h thu tu qua nhiu tng nc trung gian n khi xy ra ri ro, ln m c ngi chu trch nhim th ht thi gian t tng hoc a ch m m kh xc nh ai l ngi chuyn ch thc s chu trch nhim gii quyt cc tn tht. Ring vi cc ch tu Thi Lan, Bangladesh, Pakistanth cn phi cn trng. - Cn quy nh khong thi gian ti a t cng bc hng n d hng l bao nhiu ngy.V d t cng Bombay n cng Si Gn mt ti a l 20 ngy tr trng hp bt kh khng. Cng cn quy c mc pht giao hng chm v thi hn hu hp ng v tin bi thng - V tui tu nn quy nh tui ti a khng qu 15 tui nh Ngh nh 14/CP ngy 25/2/1994 ca th tng chnh ph. Trng hp tu nhiu tui hn phi iu tra cn thn nu khng hng ho

s d b h hng do tu gi, np hm khng kn, h thng thng gi ti, cc hng ho c m cao - Tt nht l trc khi k hp ng thu tu, cc bn cn lin h vi cc chuyn gia lut php ca Phng thng mi v Cng nghip Vit nam(VCCI), cc chuyn gia lut, hng hi nh kim tra li ni dung hp ng. - Mt iu cn thit ghi nh y l nn thn trng trc khi t bt k. 4. Lu c bit iu khon trng ti v lut xt x D cho cc bn c cn thn v t m n u th cng khng th d kin c tt c nhng vn , tnh hung c th pht sinh trong thc t. Do cn phi b sung cho hp ng mt c s php l c th bng cch la chn ngun php l p dng cho hp ng . Theo nhm nhn thy Cc doanh nghip Vit Nam nn c gng thng lng dn chiu B lut Hng hi Vit Nam v quy nh xt x ti Trung tm Trng ti Quc t bn cnh phng Thng mi v Cng nghip Vit Nam. Nu c nh vy th li th cho bn Vit Nam l rt nhiu v iu kin tip cn, tm hiu v lut quc gia chc chn l r rng hn v vn ch nh i khi cng gp phn khng km quan trng n qu trnh gii quyt tranh chp. Ngoi ra, nu xt x ti Vit Nam th s rt thun tin v s tit kim c rt nhiu chi ph, thi gian cng nh tin bc. Tuy nhin Trong thc t cc i tc nc ngoi thng rt e ngi v vic la chn Lut Hng hi Vit Nam lm lut xt x v theo h B Lut Hng hi Vit Nam cha tht s y , cha hon chnh v cn nhiu vn bt cp. Gii kinh doanh hng hi nc ngoi cho rng Vit Nam cn thiu nhiu vn bn di lut cp ti nhng vn quan trng trong hng hi nh: cm c th chp tu bin, bt gi tu v gii phng tu v cch tnh thi gian lm hng thng pht Do , B Lut Hng hi Vit Nam c p dng rng ri, ph bin nhm to li th cho cc doanh nghip Vit Nam, Nh nc ta nn xem xt, lu sa i, iu chnh nhng vn bt cp v b sung nhng vn cha y . 5. Cn ch trng n yu t con ngi v yu t thng tin k kt c mt hp ng cht ch, r rng v vic thc hin cc nghip v a ra c tin hnh nhanh chng, yu t cn thit u tin l phi c lc lng nhn lc gii v am tng. Yu t thng tin ng vai tr cc k quan trng v quyt nh tnh hiu qu cng nh hn ch bt ri ro ca hp ng. C c nhng thng tin chnh xc ng tin cy th mi c th la chn c i tc tt v son tho c mt hp ng thu tu cht ch. c ngun thng tin ng tin cy phc v cho qu trnh son tho v k kt hp ng thu tu chuyn, cn c mt s gii php sau: - Ch ng tm hiu thng tin qua cc ngun ng tin cy nh: cc bn ch dn ca Lloyd, hi P&I, vn phng chng la o hng hi (IMB), phng thng mi, i l tn dng, cc chuyn gia thng mi v hng hi...

Trao i thng tin ln nhau gia cc doanh nghip cng ngnh, cng hip hi, lin kt vi nhau nhm trnh trng hp cc i tc nc ngoi khng c thin ch v c tnh vi pham hp ng hay la o. Ni chung tranh chp pht sinh trong qu trnh thc hin hp ng thu tu l iu khng th trnh khi mc d s dng hp ng mu. Nhng bin c xy ra khng th lng ht c. Tuy nhin nhng bin php nu trn s ng gp mt phn kh quan trng nhm hn ch n mc ti a nhng tranh chp c th pht sinh t hp ng thu tu . C th a Thng bo sn sng khi tu phi ch thy triu v khng c sn cu cng? C th a Thng bo sn sng khi tu phi ch thy triu v khng c sn cu cng?

HI: Tu n cng tr hng (port of discharge) v phi ch cu cng (berth) v cng b n tu (congestion) ng thi tu phi ch thy triu ln mi c th di chuyn vo cu cng. Thuyn trng a Thng bo sn sng (TBSS) ti khu vc ch i thng thng ca cng (usual waiting place) nhng khng c coi l Thng bo sn sng c gi tr php l (valid Notice of Readiness) tnh thi gian lm hng. ngh cho bit tu c th a TBSS khi cng b n tu v thy triu khng cho php tu vo cu cng hay khng?

TR LI: Thc t cho thy, c trng hp tu n cng nhng khng th vo cu cng, v:

- C tu ang trong cu cng m tu d nh s vo (khng c cu cng trng), v

- Thy triu khng thch hp tu di chuyn vo cu cng m khng b mc cn.

Nh vy cu hi t ra l tu ch cu cng v tnh trng thy triu (khng mn nc cho tu c th di chuyn) hay v cng b n tu (khng c cu cng trng)?

Ngi thu vn chuyn hay ngi ng v pha hng ha th cho rng nguyn nhn tu khng vo c cu cng l do thy triu khng thch hp trong khi ch tu/ngi vn chuyn hay ngi ng v pha tu th cho rng nguyn nhn tu khng vo c cu cng l do khng c cu cng trng (free berth).

C ngi th hi mt s thuyn trng c tu ang nm vng neo u rng tu ang ch i g th hu nh u nhn c tr li l tu ang ch cu cng. Tnh trng v thy triu lun c nhc n sau yu t cu cng khng c sn. Nhiu lut s, trng ti vin, thm phn cng c quan im l nu tu phi ch cu cng v n tu - khng c cu trng - th tnh trng thy triu c mc quan trng ng th hai, sau yu t cu cng. S d nh vy v ngay c khi tnh trng thy triu thun li, ngha l thy triu ln mc cho tu di chuyn vo cu cng, th tnh trng cu cng (khng c cu trng) vn khng c ci thin v ti cu cng vn ang c tu khc nm ti . Nh vy, l do thc s tu phi ch cu cng l v cng b n tu ch khng phi l tnh trng thy triu khng thun li.

Di y l mt v kin do ta n Anh xt x v tu ch cu cng hay ch thy triu (Suek AG v Glencore International AG (The Hang Ta) QBD (Com. Ct.) (Burton J) 19 May 2011. Vn tu ch ci g s quyt nh vic a TBSS c hp l hay khng. Tranh chp gia ngi mua v ngi bn lin quan n l hng than theo hp ng vn chuyn hng ha nhiu chuyn lin tc (Contract of Affreightment - COA). Hp ng c iu khon di y:

7.13 Upon arrival at the Discharge Berth the Master of the Carrying Vessel shall give a Notice of Readiness to discharge at any time during the day or night SSHINC whether in Free Pratique or not, and whether customs cleared or not, by telex, radio or e-mail In case the berth is occupied on arrival, vessel can tender Notice of Readiness at the usual waiting place whether in berth or not, whether customs cleared or not. (7.13 Khi tu n cu cng d hng, thuyn trng phi a TBSS d hng bng telex, in bo hay th in t vo bt k thi gian no, ngy hay m, k c th By v Ch nht, d tu lm kim dch hay cha, d tu lm th tc hi quan hay cha. Nu cu cng khng c sn khi tu n cng, tu c th a TBSS ti ni thng dnh cho tu neo u d tu vo cu cng hay cha, d tu lm th tc hi quan hay cha).

Tu n cng tr hng nhng phi ch cu cng v cng b n tu v thy triu khng tu c th di chuyn vo cu. Thuyn trng a TBSS ti khu vc ch i thng thng ca cng (usual waiting place).

Quan im ca ngi mua

Ngi mua da trn tnh tit ca v tranh chp lin quan n tu Kyzikos (The Kyzikos [1987] 1 Lloyds Rep. 48 and [1989] 1 Lloyds Rep. 1 cho thy rng ngha v c bn ca ngi bn l a hng ha n cu cng v v vy, a TBSS ti khu vc tu neo u ch cu cng l khng c gi tr php l. Trong v Kyzikos, chnh n (Lord) Brandon gii thch thut ng Whether in berth or not (wibon) cn phi c hiu trn nguyn tc nhn qu (causation). iu c ngha l, v khng c sn cu nn gy ra chm tr. Nguyn vn ting Anh nh sau:

[T]he phrase has been treated as shorthand for what, if set out in longhand, would be whether in berth (a berth being available) or not in berth (a berth not being available). The phrase has been interpreted and applied in that way for so long that I think that it should continue to be so interpreted and applied. (Nhm t c coi l vit rt gn m nu vit y phi l d tu trong cu (cu c sn) hoc khng trong cu cu khng c sn. Nhm t c gii thch v p dng theo cch hiu nh vy t bao lu nay m ti cho rng n cn phi c tip tc gii thch v p dng nh vy).

d tham kho v tin so snh, xin nu li v tranh chp ni ting - v Kyzikos nh sau:

Tu Kyzikos c ch tu/ngi vn chuyn (Bulk Transport Group Shipping Ltd.) cho ngi thu vn chuyn (Seacrystal Shipping Ltd.) thu vn chuyn theo chuyn (voyage charter party) mu Gencon ch hng t Italy i 1 hoc 2 cng vnh M.

Tu n khu neo u ca cng nhng khng th vo cu cng v thi tit xu (sng m); trm hoa tiu ngng vic dn tu mc d lc cu cng cn trng v sn sng tip nhn tu. Hp ng quy nh: 1 cu cng an ton, tu lun lun c th ra vo cu c Thi hn lm hng c tnh d tu vo cu/vo cng/hon thnh kim dch/hi quan hay cha ( 1 safe berth, always accessible Laytime to count wibon, wipon, wifpon, wiccon). Ch tu/ngi vn chuyn cho rng thi hn lm hng bt u tnh khi ht thi hn thng bo (notice time) l ng v khi ht thi hn lm hng, ngi thu vn chuyn phi tr tin pht. Ngi thu vn chuyn khng chp nhn quan im ca ch tu/ngi vn chuyn. Lin quan n vic ngi thu vn chuyn c phi tr tin pht hay khng, ngoi nhng yu t khc, vn quan trng l phi xem xt tc dng ca thut ng whether in berth or not (WIBON).

Hai bn a tranh chp ra trng ti. Trng ti phn quyt rng thut ng WIBON c tc dng chuyn hp ng vn chuyn theo chuyn n cu (berth charter) thnh hp ng vn chuyn theo chuyn n cng (port charter) nn l l ca ch tu/ngi vn chuyn l ng v h thng kin.

Ngi thu khng co. Ti ta (High Court, Queens Bench Division), thm phn Webster, ngoi nhng vn khc, cho rng ngay c khi thut ng WIBON c tc dng chuyn hp ng vn chuyn theo chuyn n cu thnh hp ng vn chuyn theo chuyn n cng th tu vn cha phi l mt tu n (arrived ship), v lc ngi thu vn chuyn khng c s dng tu ngay lp tc v c hiu qu ( she was not at that time at the immediate and effective disposition of the charterers). Ngi thu vn chuyn thng kin.

n lt ch tu/ngi vn chuyn khng co ln Ta Thng thm (Court of Appeal). Ta phn quyt rng (ngoi nhng vn khc) nhm t whether in berth or not cho php a Thng bo sn sng hp l (valid Notice of Readiness) mt khi tu n cng ngay c khi l do m tu khng th vo cu l v thi tit xu ch khng phi l v khng c sn cu. Tc dng ca nhm t whether in berth or not l chuyn hp ng vn chuyn theo chuyn n cu thnh hp ng vn chuyn theo chuyn n cng cho thi hn lm hng (laytime) bt u tnh khi tu cn ang ch cu; tu trng thi thch hp (fit state) vo cu v d hng. Nh vy, ch tu/ngi vn chuyn c quyn a Thng bo sn sng v ngi thu vn chuyn c th s dng tu ngay lp tc v c hiu qu. Ch tu thng kin.

Ngi thu vn chuyn khng co ln Ta Thng vin (House of Lords), ngoi cc vn khc, Ta cho rng tc dng ca nhm t (WIBON) l chuyn hp ng vn chuyn theo chuyn n cu thnh hp ng vn chuyn theo chuyn n cng nhng ch lin quan n trng hp cu cng (berth) khng c sn cho tu khi tu n cng. Khng th c bt k l do chnh ng no cho vic chuyn hp ng t dng ny sang dng khc trong mt trng hp hon ton khc bit l cu cng th c sn cho tu khi tu n cng nhng tu li khng th vo cu cng v thi tit xu. Nhm t whether in berth or not phi c gii thch l ch p dng trong trng hp cu cng khng c sn ch khng th p dng khi cu cng th c sn nhng tu li khng th di chuyn ti cu cng v l do thi tit xu. (Nguyn vn: The effect of the phrase (WIBON) was to convert a berth charter party into a port charter party but only in relation to a case where a berth was not available for the ship on her arrival; there was no good reason for applying that effect to a wholly different kind of case where a berth was available for the ship on her arrival but she was prevented by bad weather upon proceeding to it The phrase whether in berth or not should be interpreted as applying only to cases where a berth was not available and not to cases

where a berth was available but unreachable by reason of bad weather). Ngi thu vn chuyn thng kin.

Quan im ca ngi bn

Tr li v n nu trn (Suek AG v Glencore International AG (The Hang Ta) QBD (Com. Ct.) (Burton J) 19 May 2011) theo ngi bn, trng hp ny khng phi l hp ng vn chuyn theo chuyn n cu cng (berth charter) m l mt hp ng mua bn hng ha theo iu kin CIF (Cost, Insurance and Freight). Ngha v ca ngi bn khng phi l giao hng n cu cng m ch l ch nh mt tu bin vn chuyn v giao than n cng v khng c gy tr ngi trong vic tr hng (delivery). Cng theo ngi bn, nhng min tr iu 7.13 l nhm gii thch r nhng vn c lin quan.

Ta ng vi quan im ca ngi bn. Trong vic phn tch v sao v Kyzikos khng c p dng trong trng hp ny, thm phn Burton ni rng, tri ngc vi v hin ti, cu cng c sn trong v Kyzikos v chm tr trong trng hp khng phi l do thiu cu trng (lack of free berth). Do , Ta ra phn quyt nh sau:

Notwithstanding the presence in the second part of the sentence (of the 7.13 Exception) of Wibon and Wipon, the suggested short-hand to be derived from them did not over-ride the long-hand in the first part of the sentence, which was entirely clear. Accordingly, notwithstanding the presence of tidal conditions also preventing access to the berth, the unavailability of that berth entitled the Master of the Hang Ta to give NOR. Accordingly, the NOR had been validly tendered.

Nh vy, mc d iu kin thy triu khng thch hp cng lm cho tu khng th di chuyn vo cu cng nhng yu t khng c cu trng cho php thuyn trng c quyn a TBSS v d nhin, y l mt TBSS c gi tr php l.

LS. NG KHC L, trng ti vin Trung tm Trng ti quc t VN

Ti liu tham kho:

- Bimco Bulletin 2011, Volume 106, #3

- The Kyzikos [1987] 1 Lloyds Rep. 48 and [1989] 1 Lloyds Rep. 1