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Camellia sinensis

A.

TNG QUAN V TR:


I. GII THIU V TR:

Tr l thc ung thng thng ca ngi chu: Trung quc, Vit Nam, Nht, Hn Quc, n , tr c ngun gc huyn thoi gn vi Thin phi Pht gio m ra Trung quc bi B t ma, l mt vng t nam n (Bodhidharma; bodhi = gic ng, tnh thc; dharma = php). B t Ma i thuyn n Trung quc khong nm 520. c vi n ging o cho Lng V . Nhng vua khng hiu. B t Ma bn ln cha Thiu Lm, trn ni Thiu Tht trong rng Tung Sn, tu thin nh. Truyn k rng chn nm quay mt vo vch, khng ni. trnh bun ng, B t Ma x mi mt trn vt xung t chng khi sp xung mt lm cho ng. Hai mi mt ny mc thnh cy tr. V th hnh v B t Ma khng c mi mt trn. Di suy ngh thi nay ca nhiu ngi, truyn khng th c tht, nhng ch ni ln ci ch quyt tm tu o ca B t Ma. Mt trong nhng dc tnh ai cng bit ca tr l lm cho tnh ng, tinh thn sng khoi. V c l v th m ny sinh ra huyn thoi mi mt B t Ma mc thnh cy tr II. 1. a. C IM SINH VT HC CA CY CH NGUN GC V PHN LOI Ngun gc:

Nhiu cng trnh nghin cu v kho st trc y cho rng ngun gc ca cy ch l vng cao nguyn Vn Nam Trung Quc, ni c kh hu m t v m. Theo cc ti liu ca Trung Quc th cch y khong 4.000 nm, ngi Trung Quc bit dng ch lm dc liu v sau mi dng ung. Cng theo cc ngun ti liu ny th vng bin gii Ty Bc nc ta nm trong vng nguyn sn ca ging ch t nhin trn th gii. Nm 1823 R.Bruce pht hin c nhng cy ch di, l to vng Atxam (n ), t cc hc gi ngi Anh cho rng nguyn sn ca cy ch l n ch khng phi l Trung Quc. Trong tt c cc ti liu gn y hu nh khng thy c

Camellia sinensis

s nht qun nu ln v ni xut x ca cy ch. Nhng cng trnh nghin cu ca jmukhatze (1961 - 1976) v phc catechin ca l ch t cc ngun gc khc nhau, so snh v thnh phn cc cht catechin gia cc loi ch c trng trt v ch mc hoang di nu ln lun im v s tin ha sinh ha ca cy ch v trn c s xc minh ngun gc cy ch. jmukhatze kt lun rng: nhng cy ch mc hoang di t c xa, tng hp ch yu l (-) epicatechin v (-) - epicatechin galat, chng pht trin chm kh nng tng hp (-) epigalo catechin v cc galat ca n to thnh (+) galocatechin. Nghin cu cc cy ch di Vit Nam cho thy chng cng tng hp ch yu l (-) - epicatechin v (-) - epicatechin galat (chim 70% tng s cc loi catechin). Khi di thc nhng cy ch di ny ln pha Bc, vi cc iu kin khc nghit hn v kh hu, chng s thch ng dn vi cc iu kin sinh thi bng cch c thnh phn catechin phc tp hn, cng vi s to thnh (-) epigalocatechin v cc galat ca n. iu ny c ngha l s trao i cht y hng v pha tng cng qu trnh hiroxin ha v galin ha. T nhng bin i sinh ha ny ca l cc cy ch mc hoang di v cy ch c trng trt chm sc, cho php i ti mt kt lun mi "Ngun gc ca cy ch chnh l Vit Nam". Hin nay ch c phn b kh rng trong nhng iu kin t nhin rt khc nhau t 30 v nam (Natan - Nam Phi) n 45 v bc (Gruzia - Lin X) l nhng ni c iu kin t nhin khc rt xa vng nguyn sn. Ch c trng Nht Bn nm 805 814, Indonesia 1684, Lin X 1833, Xrilanca 1837 - 1840, n 1834 - 1840 v Tasmania (chu i Dng) nm 1940. Nhng thnh tu gn y ca cc nh nng hc Lin X cng nh mt s nc khc to ra nhiu ging ch mi c kh nng thch ng trong nhng iu kin kh hu khc nhau m ra nhiu trin vng cho s nghip trng ch trn th gii.
b.

Phn loi: Cy ch nm trong h thng phn loi thc vt nh sau: Ngnh ht kn Angiospermae

Camellia sinensis

Lp song t dip Dicotyledonae B ch Theales H ch Theaceae Chi ch Camellia (Thea) Loi Camellia (Thea) sinensis. Tn khoa hc ca cy ch c nhiu nh khoa hc cng nhn l: Camellia sinensis (L) O. Kuntze v c tn ng ngha l: Thea sinensis L. Ch thch: Nm 1753 Lin t tn khoa hc cho cy ch l Thea sinensis, sau li t l Camellia sinensis. Sau Lin c nh thc vt hc xp cy ch thuc chi Thea, c ngi li xp cy ch thuc chi Camellia sinensis. Tn khoa hc ca cy ch c vit l Thea sinensis hoc Camellia sinensis. Hn mt trm nm, tn khoa hc ca cy ch vn l mt vn tranh lun. Trc sau c 20 cch t tn khoa hc cho cy ch. Din bin ch yu nh sau: Nm 1807 f. Sims. Thea sinensis Sims. 1822 H.F. Link. Camellia sinensis Link. 1854 W. Griffim. Camellia theifera Griff. 1874 D. Brandis. Camellia thea Brandis. 1874 W. T. T. Dyer. Camellia theifera Dyer. 1908 G. Watt. Camellia thea (Link) Brandis. 1919 C. P. Cohen Stuart. Camellia thiefera (Griff) Dyer. 1933 C. R. Harler. Thea sinensis (L) Sims. 1956 C. R. Harler. Camellia sinensis (L) O. Kuntze.

Camellia sinensis

Hin nay cc nh thc vt hc gp hai chi Thea v Camellia lm mt v gi l chi Camellia. V vy tn khoa hc ca cy ch c nhiu ngi thng gi l Camellia sinensis (L) O. Kuntze.
2. a.

C IM HNH THI HC V SINH VT HC CY TR Thn v cnh: Cy ch sinh trng trong iu kin t nhin l n trc, ngha l ch c mt thn

chnh, trn phn ra cc cp cnh. Do c im sinh trng v do hnh dng phn cnh khc nhau, ngi ta chia thn ch ra lm ba loi: thn g, thn nh (thn bn g) v thn bi. Thn g l loi hnh cy cao, to, c thn chnh r rt, v tr phn cnh cao. Thn nh hay thn bn g l loi hnh trung gian, c thn chnh tng i r rt, v tr phn cnh thng cao khong 20 - 30 cm pha trn c r. c im ca thn bi l cy khng c thn chnh r rt, tn cy rng thp, phn cnh nhiu, v tr phn cnh cp 1 thp ngay gn c r. Trong sn xut thng gp loi ch thn bi. V s phn cnh ca thn bi khc nhau nn to cho cy ch c cc dng tn: tn ng thng, tn trung gian v tn ngang.

1. ng thng 2. Trung gian 3. Nm ngang Hnh 1: Cc dng tn ch

Camellia sinensis

Cnh ch do mm dinh dng pht trin thnh, trn cnh chia lm nhiu t. Chiu di ca t bin i rt nhiu (t 1 - 10 cm) do ging v do iu kin sinh trng. t ch di l mt trong nhng biu hin ging ch c nng sut cao. T thn chnh, cnh ch c phn ra nhiu cp: cnh cp 1, cp 2, cp 3... Hot ng sinh trng ca cc cp cnh trn tn ch rt khc nhau. Theo l lun pht dc giai on th nhng mm ch nm cng st pha gc ca cy cng c giai on pht dc non, sc sinh trng mnh. Cn nhng cnh ch cng pha trn ngn (mt tn) th cng c giai on pht dc gi, sc sinh trng yu, kh nng ra hoa kt qu mnh. Nhng cnh ch gia tn hoc trn mt tn, hot ng sinh trng thng mnh hn cc cnh ra tn v pha di tn. Thn v cnh ch to nn khung tn ca cy ch. Vi s lng cng thch hp v cn i trn tn, cy ch cho sn lng cao. Vt qu gii hn , sn lng khng tng v phm cp gim xung do bp m nhiu. Tng quan gia mt cnh v sn lng bp l mt tng quan khng cht. Theo Bakhtatje, h s tng quan gia mt cnh vi sn lng l r = 0,071. Trong sn xut, cn nm vng c im sinh trng ca cnh p dng cc bin php k thut n, hi hp l mi c th to ra trn tn ch nhiu bp, t c s cho vic tng sn.
b.

Mm ch: Trn cy ch c nhng loi mm: mm dinh dng v mm sinh thc. Mm dinh

dng pht trin thnh cnh l, mm sinh thc pht trin thnh n hoa v qu. Mm dinh dng gm c: - Mm nh - Mm nch - Mm ng - Mm bt nh (mm c r)

Camellia sinensis

Pha tri: 1. L vy c 2. Mm l c 3. Mm l tht 4. Mm nch 5. im sinh trng

Pha phi: 1.L vy c 2.Mm l c 3.Mm l tht 4. Mm nch th 4 5. Mm nch th 5 6. im sinh trng

Hnh 2: Mm ch ct dc Mm nh: Loi mm ny v tr trn cng ca cnh, tip tc pht trin trn trc chnh ca cc cnh nm trc, hot ng sinh trng mnh v thng c tc dng c ch sinh trng ca cc mm pha di n (u th sinh trng ngn). Trong mt nm, mm nh hnh thnh bp sm nht cng vi thi k bt u sinh trng ma xun ca cy. Bp c hnh thnh t cc mm nh l cc bp t 1, c th l bp bnh thng hoc bp m. Mm nch: Trong iu kin sinh trng t nhin, phn ln chng trng thi ngh do s c ch ca mm nh. Khi hi cc bp nh, mm nch pht trin thnh bp mi. Ty theo v tr ca l trn cnh, kh nng pht trin thnh bp v cht lng bp

Camellia sinensis

cc nch l rt khc nhau. Nhng mm nch l pha trn thng hot ng sinh trng mnh hn, do cho bp c cht lng tt hn cc mm nch l pha di. Nhng bp c hnh thnh t mm nch ca cc l nm trc gi l bp t 1, c th l bp bnh thng hoc bp m. Mm ng: L nhng mm nm cc b phn ha g ca cc cnh mt nm hoc gi hn. Nhng mm ny km phn ha v pht trin hn hai loi mm trn, cho nn s hnh thnh bp sau khi n i hi mt thi gian di hn. K thut n lng, n au, c tc dng thc y s pht trin ca mm ng, to nn nhng cnh ch mi, c giai on pht dc non, sc sinh trng mnh. Bp c hnh thnh t mm ng c th l bp bnh thung hoc bp m. Mm bt nh: V tr ca loi mm ny khng c nh trn thn ch thng st c r. N ch pht trin thnh cnh l mi khi cy ch c n tr li. Trong trng hp y cnh ch ta nh mc di t ln. Bp c hnh thnh t cc mm bt nh cng c hai loi: bp bnh thng v bp m. Mm sinh thc: Mm sinh thc nm nch l. Bnh thng mi nch l c hai mm sinh thc nhng cng c trng hp s mm sinh thc nhiu hn v khi nch l c mt chm hoa. Cc mm sinh thc cng vi mm dinh dng pht sinh trn cng mt trc, mm dinh dng gia, mm sinh thc hai bn, v vy, qu trnh sinh trng dinh dng v sinh trng sinh thc thng c nhng mu thun nht nh. Khi mm sinh thc pht trin nhiu trn cnh ch, th qu trnh sinh trng ca cc mm dinh dng yu i, do s tiu hao cc cht dinh dng cho vic hnh thnh n hoa v qu. Trong sn xut ch bp cn p dng cc bin php k thut thch ng hn ch s pht trin ca cc mm sinh thc.
c.

Bp ch: Bp ch l on non ca mt cnh ch. Bp c hnh thnh t cc mm dinh

dng, gm c tm (phn l non trn nh ca cnh cha xe ra) v hai hoc ba l non. Bp ch trong qu trnh sinh trng chu s chi phi ca nhiu yu t bn ngoi v yu t bn trong ca n. Kch thc ca bp thay i ty theo ging, loi v liu

Camellia sinensis

lng phn bn, cc khu k thut canh tc khc nh n, hi v iu kin a l ni trng trt. Bp ch l nguyn liu ch bin ra cc loi ch, v vy n quan h trc tip n nng sut v phm cht ca ch. Nghin cu ca Bakhtatje (1947) cho thy tng quan gia s lng bp trn mt n v din tch v nng sut l mt tng quan rt cht ch r = 0,956.

a) Bp bnh thng b) Bp m Hnh 3: Bp ch Bp ch gm c hai loi: bp bnh thng v bp m. Bp bnh thng (gm c tm + 2, 3 l non), c trng lng bnh qun 1 bp t 1g n 1,2g i vi ging ch Shan, t 0,5 n 0,6g i vi ging ch Trung du, bp cng non phm cht cng tt. H s tng quan gia t l phn trm bp bnh thng vi hm lng tanin v cafein trong l ch l r = 0,67 v r = 0,48 . Bp m l bp pht trin khng bnh thng, trng lng bnh qun ca mt bp m thng bng khong 1/2 trng lng bp bnh thng

Camellia sinensis

v phm cht th thua km r rt. Nguyn nhn xut hin bp m rt phc tp. Mt mt do c im sinh vt hc ca cy trng, mt khc do nh hng xu ca cc iu kin bn ngoi hoc do bin php k thut khng thch hp. Bp ch hot ng sinh trng theo mt quy lut nht nh v hnh thnh nn cc t sinh trng theo th t thi gian. Thi gian ca mi t sinh trng ph thuc vo ging, ch dinh dng v iu kin kh hu. C th tm tt hot ng sinh trng bp theo tun t nh sau:

S t sinh trng Trn mt cnh ch nu sinh trng t nhin, mt nm c 4 - 5 t sinh trng, nu hi bp lin tc th c 6 - 7 t v trong iu kin thm canh c th t 8 - 9 t sinh trng. Thi gian hnh thnh mt t sinh trng di hay ngn ty thuc vo ging, tui cy ch, iu kin thi tit kh hu v cc bin php k thut.
d.

L ch: L ch mc cch trn cnh, mi t c mt l. L thng c nhiu thay i v hnh

dng ty theo cc loi ging khc nhau v trong cc iu kin ngoi cnh khc nhau. L ch c gn rt r. Nhng gn chnh ca l ch thng khng pht trin ra n tn ra l. Ra l ch thng c rng ca, hnh dng rng ca trn l ch khc nhau ty theo ging. S i gn l l mt trong nhng ch tiu phn bit cc ging ch. Trn mt cnh ch thng c cc loi l nh sau:

Camellia sinensis

Hnh 4: Cc loi l trn cnh ch T tri sang phi: - Bp ang pht trin - L c - L th 3 - tm ch - L th nht - L th 4 - L th 2 - L th 5 - L vy c: l nhng l vy rt nh, c mu nu, cng. L vy c l b phn bo v im sinh trng ca mm khi n trng thi ng. S lng l vy c thng l 2 4 l mm ma ng, v 1 - 2 l mm ma h. - L c: V hnh dng bn ngoi: l mt l tht th nht nhng pht trin khng hon ton thng d hnh hoc c dng hi trn, khng c hoc c rt t rng ca quanh ra l, din tch l nh. Cu to gii phu l c c s lp m du v m khuyt t hn l tht. S lng lc lp t hn v cu trc ca n rt nh. L c tn ti nh mt l bnh thng trn cnh ch. N c kh nng tch ly gluxit nh l bnh thng cn hm lng tanin th thp hn t 1 - 2%.

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Camellia sinensis

Hnh 5: Cc dng l c - L tht: cu to gii phu ca l tht gm c: + Lp biu b: gm nhng t bo nh, dy v cng xp thnh mt lp: c chc nng bo v l. + Lp m du: gm t 1 - 3 lp t bo sp xp u nhau, cha nhiu dip lc. + Lp t bo m khuyt: chim phn chnh ca l cc t bo sp xp khng u nhau. trong c nhiu thch t bo v tinh th oxalat canxi. T l m du/ m khuyt cng ln, biu hin tnh chng chu iu kin ngoi cnh tt. L ch mc trn cnh theo cc th khc nhau, tc l gc gia l v cnh ch to nh khc nhau. Trong sn xut thng gp 4 loi th l nh sau: th l p, nghing, ngang v r. Th l ngang v r l c trng ca ging ch nng sut cao. Tui th trung bnh ca l ch l mt nm.

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Camellia sinensis

Hnh 6: Gii phu l ch 1. Biu b trn; 2. M du; 3. M khuyt; 4. Gn l; 5. Biu b di


e.

R ch: Cy ch sng nhiu nm trn mt mnh t c nh, do vic nghin cu c

im ca b r c ngha rt quan trng t c s cho cc bin php k thut trng trt. R ch pht trin tt to iu kin cho cc b phn trn mt t pht trin. H r ch gm c: r tr (r cc), r bn v r hp thu. Qu trnh sinh trng v pht trin ca b r c nhng c im: - Khi ht mi ny mm r tr pht trin rt nhanh. Vo khong 3 - 5 thng sau khi trng th r tr pht trin chm li v r bn pht trin mnh. - Thi k cy ch cn nh, r tr lun lun pht trin di hn phn thn trn mt t. n nm th 2 v th 3 th tc sinh trng gia phn thn trn t v phn r mi cn bng. R bn v r ph trong thi k ny rt pht trin, tc ln ln v phn cp ca chng cng rt nhanh. c im ny c quan h rt ln n ch lm t ban u khi trng ch mi.

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Camellia sinensis

- S pht trin ca r ch v thn ch c hin tng xen k nhau, khi thn l pht trin mnh th r pht trin chm li v ngc li. Theo kt qu nghin cu ca Trung Quc, trong iu kin ca Chit Giang, mt nm c 3, 4 ln pht trin xen k nhau gia thn, l v r. c im sinh trng thay i ty theo iu kin kh hu, t ai v ch canh tc c th mi ni.

Hnh 7: R ch - R tr ca ch thng n su xung t hn 1 mt, nhng ni t xp, thot nc n c th n su ti 2 - 3 mt. R hp thu c phn b tp trung lp t t 10 40 cm thi k cy ch ln, r tp trung ga hai hng ch, tn r so vi tn cy ln hn 2 - 2,5 ln. S phn b ca r ch trong t ph thuc vo ging, tui ca cy, iu kin t ai v ch canh tc. Lng dinh dng trong t c nh hng ln n s pht trin ca b r, nht l lng m. R ch k vi, do yu cu t c phn ng chua. Canxi cn cho cy ch, n c mt nhng ni phn bo v sinh trng nh mt r, ngn cy, l thnh phn ca mng t bo v.v... Hm lng canxi trong l ch khong 0,55%. Nu nhiu canxi qu r

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Camellia sinensis

ch khng pht trin c. Ch yu cu t c phn ng chua l do cy ch yu cu mt s nguyn t him v nguyn t vi lng m phn ln nhng nguyn t ny b kt ta trong mi trng kim. V vy, ch trng nhng ni t c phn ng kim d b hi v khng sinh trng c. Mt khc cn c vo nhng nghin cu v sinh l, thy rng nng lc hon xung trong dch t bo r ch tt nht mi trng pH = 5 v yu dn khi pH tng ln. Khi pH = 5,7 th kh nng hon xung ca dch t bo r ch gim xung rt nh.
III.

c im sinh ha ca tr

1. Theanine: l mt amino acid lm nh hng mnh n s th gin ca b c, v cng l mt amino acid duy nht c tm thy trong l tr. Theanine th khc vi polyphenol v catechin, trong tr xanh polyphenol v catechin c cng dng chng li oxid ha. Ty theo cao im ca ma hi l tr v ty theo mi nc, th ta c cht catechin vi mt hm lng cao nht, n mang n mt li ch v cng l chng li oxid ha ( antioxidants), ngc li, nu gt hi vo thi im khc th tr c c nhiu theanine nht. Khoa hoc cha gii thch r ti sao?. Theanine, l cht chng li s u lo v th gin hiu qu nht. Khang ba ti bn ly tr xanh, ngi ta s c khang chng 100-200mg theanine. Nhng li ch ca theanine trong tr xanh l lm ti tr li t tinh thn cho n th cht cho ngi ung, v ch cn dng vi ly tr xanh ngi ta s cm thy ti tr li, d chu hn, v y sc sng nhiu hn. Theanine l kch thch s th gin, a n s ch , tp trung t tng v sng to. Ngi ta cho rng, polyphenol l th sn sinh do thin nhin m c, tuy nhin, chnh l tr bin i cht theanine thnh cht catechins, vic bin i ny ty theo ma. Theo Prof Helen Charley., (1982) th theanine l ethyl amide, l mt amino acid chnh c c trong l tr xanh v khi l tr c sy kh, n c trng lng khang 1-2% so vi tr kh. Khi tr qu c th do phn ng oxi ha ca acid bo v theaflavins lm mt i theanine v ng thi cht aldehyde bay hi bc ra. V vy, nu m c trong tr t 6.5 -7.5% th tr s b h hi. V th, tr nn gi trong hp c np c y kn, v nhit l 30C. Thm na, c mt cht gi l L-theanine, ch thy trong tr xanh, cht ny c nhp vo nhm ha hoc gi l alkylamine antigens chng li nhng s nhim trng vo c th,

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Camellia sinensis

hoc l vi trng xm nhp, phn hoa ht vo, cc hng cu l, s tr thnh v hi. Cht alkylamine antigens ny c nhiu trong tr xanh, nhng t c trong to, nm,ru hay ru trng.
2.

Polyphenols.

Nhiu thnh phn ca nhm hp cht phenol l flavonoids c cu trc nh sau: c 3 vng A, B v C, uc nh s th t trn mi vng. ni C, ni s 3, ta c 2 mi ni, R1 v R2 (hnh di)

Flavonoids

l thnh phn chnh ca tr, c cng dng l chng li oxid ha (antioxidant) mt cch hu hiu nht. N cng vi flavonoids c hai c xp vo lai phytochemicals m ngi ta tm thy n c nhiu nht trong tr xanh, v cng lin quan n vic bo v tim b suy thai v ngn nga ung th.

(Source: M. Eskin, 1990)

Loi quan trng nht ca flavonoids l catechins v leucoanthocyanidins. Nhng nhm hydroxyl c ni ti v tr 5 ti B vng ca catechin v epicatechin s cho gallocatechin v epigallocatechin theo th t ln lt. Catechin gallates l esters ca catechins v gallic acid, cc ester ny ni kt nhau ang hp thnh nhm carboxyl ca gallic acid v nhm hydroxyl c ni ti v tr s 3 thuc vng C. (-)-epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), l thnh phn quan trng nht ca l tr khi c sy kh. Cht epigallocatechin3-gallate (EGCG) ny cn gi li nhiu trong tr xanh, nhng li mt i mt phn ln trong tr long v tr en, sau khi c ch bin.

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Camellia sinensis

EGCG c cc nh khoa hc kho cu v cho rng chnh n git cc virus, chn ng nhng s pht trin ca ung th , ngn nga cc bnh v tim nh: tai bin mch mu no v au lng ngc c khi s au lan ra cnh tay tri, nguyn nhn do c tht ng mch ca c tm v lm thp lng ng trong mu ca nhng ngi b bnh tiu ng Thm na, EGCG cn ngn nga vic mu ng cc, lm nghn trong cc mch mu, nh vic lm ca thuc aspirin vi liu lng nh, m khng c phn ng ph. EGCG chnh n hat ng khng nhng trong mch mu ca con ngi, m li cn hat ng ngay c h thng h hp. Cht epigallocatechin gallate c cng dng trong vic ngn chn li s oxid ha lm h hi DNA (J.R Smythies.1998), bo v v ngn chn s oxid ha cc hng huyt cu. Cht EGCG lm c ch v ngn chn hu hiu nht s pht trin ca cc t bo ung th v ng thi c ch cc dinh dng n v nui dng cc t bo ung th thnh hnh. N cng chng li cht to thnh ung th do carcinogenesis gy nn N gip v che ch cc c quan ni tng nh d dy, t trng, gan , ty, phi chng li cc bnh tt **Giai an ln men tr nh hng n thnh phn polyphenol trong tr: Trong giai an phn ng do sinh ha lc tr ln men, l s oxid ha ca catechins do polyphenol oxidase cho ra mt cht tng ng gi l 0-quinones. Cht 0-quinones ny gi l mt cht trung gian v sau khi b oxid ha ln na vi cht theaflavine v theaflavine gallate, m ta c th bit c l mu ca n l mu vng cam trong tr en, s cho ra mt hp cht mi gi l thearubugins. Nhng thearubugins ny c mu nu sm v n cng l thnh phn chnh quen thuc trong tr en, v cng chnh n l cht oxid ca nhng cht c theaflavines (M Eskin., 1990)

Oxidation transformations of (-) epigallocatechin and its gallate during tea fermentation (Source: M Eskin, 1990)

16

Camellia sinensis

Theaflavin c trong tr l cht c tng quan mt thit vi khu v ca tr (Hilton and Ellis, 1972), v n cng l tng quan hu ch gia phm cht ca tr v thnh phn hat ng ca polyphenol oxidase ( Roberts, 1952 ; Sanderson, 1964). Khi b oxid ha lm gim i s vng gi l phloroglucinal ca cht theaflavins th cht theaflavins b mt i, kt qa l tr gim i ci phm cht ca n ( Cloughtley 1980) Cng theo Prof Emeritus Helen Charley (1982) th mu sc ca nc tr ( tr xanh hay tr en) u nh hng bi hydrogen ion tp trung trong nc. V thearubigins trong tr l acid yu nn b ion ha. Tuy nhin, nhng anion c trong tr th d to mu sc rt cao. Nu nc pha tr l nc c nhiu alkaline, th mu sc ca tr s thy m hn, v l tc dng ca thearubigins c ion-ha hu ht. Ngc li, nu nc tr l alkaline, m ta b thm acid vo , th phn ng khc ngc, v l, hydrogen ions ch ng ci vic ionization ca thearubigins, a n kt qu l nc c mu lt hn. iu minh chng rng ti sao ta vt chanh vo tr th mu tr s thnh nht hn. Kt lun, theaflavins th khng d phn vo lm bin i mu sc ca tr m mu sc ca tr th lin h mt thit vi liu lng ca acid c trong ly tr. Ch c thearubigins mi tham d vo qu trnh mu sc ca tr. l mt khm ph quan trng v l th do Prof emeritus Helen Charley, ti i hc Oregon State University. USA Tm li, ngi ta c 3 lai tr l v ty theo mc oxid ha ca n, ngi ta thng gi l qu trnh ln men. Chnh giai an ln men tr l giai an quan trong nht lin quan n phm cht ca lai tr. Vic ln men tr gm cc giai an nh sau: 1-thi gian ln men, 2- nhit ln men v 3- nh sng trong giai an ln men. C 3 giai an trn quyt nh mi v ca tr, v ni ln ci thnh phn ha hc quan- trng l polyphenols c c nhiu hay t. Thm na, v polyphenols c tnh cht oxid ha, m vic oxid ha c c l do proteins lm cht xc tc, nn polyphenols to ra mt chui di phn ng ha hc khc nhau. l l do gii thch ti sao cc cu trc phn t ca polyphenols trong cc lai tr c s ln men khc nhau nn c cu trc khc nhau.

17

Camellia sinensis

Thnh phn chnh ca tr xanh

(source: J K. Lin et al.,1997

Tr long

(source: J K. Lin et al.,1997)

18

Camellia sinensis

Tr en

(source: J K. Lin et al.,1997)

***K thut mi tinh ch polyphenols: V polyphenols rt hu ch cho sc khe ca con ngI, nn c nhiu phng php tranh ua nhau tinh ch polyphenols c c phm v lng cao nht. Mt trong cc phng php gi l phng php Rancimat thc hin v cho nhi kt qu tt, m sn lng v phm cht li c lm theo phiu t hng. Trong trng hp ny, polyphenols c dng nh l mt cht ph gia chng li oxid ha. Cng theo nghin cu ca Tin s L.Mitscher (1997) ti University of Kansas a n mt kt lun rng trong tr xanh c mt s lng gi l cht chng oxid ha (antioxidant) cao nht, hn cc lai tr khc. ng cn so snh nu so vi cc cht oxid ha khc, th EGCG c hiu qu gp 100 ln hn vitamin C, v 25 ln hiu qu hn vitamin E, v gp i, gp ba ln revasterol, c ba u lm trong cng vic lm trung ha cc gc t do . Trong mt ly tr xanh, s cho ta vo khang 10-40mg cht polyphenols v cung cp cht antioxidant ln hn c c rt v du ty. 3. Flavonoids.

19

Camellia sinensis

Cy c cht flavonoids l nhng cy c mu sc, m ngi ta d tm thy trong cc tri hay cc lai rau ci c mu, trong cc thnh phn ha hc cu to nn mu rt l hu ch v dinh dng v quan trng cho sc khe con ngi. Flavonoids c mt nhn flavan (2-phenyl-benzo--pyrane ) gm c 2 vng benzene (A v B) v lin kt li nhau bi mt Oxygen cha pyran ti vng C . Thnh phn chnh ca flavonoids gm c: flavan-3-ols, cha CH2 ti vng C (v d nh catechins vi OH ti cc v tr 5, 7, 3 v 4). Cn flavones th cha C=O ti vng C (v d nh quercetin c OH ti cc v tr 5, 7, 3 v 4, cn myricetin th c OH ti cc v tr 5, 7, 3, 4 v 5 ). Cn anthocyanidins, th khng c Oxygen v tr 4 ca vng C hp thnh mt compounds l flavylium, n hin din vi cation- lm thnh mui bng acid hu c (organic acids) ( v d nh cht cyaniding vi OH ti cc v tr 5, 7, 3 v 4 v glucoside ti 3 v tr). Cn procyanidins, th n gm c oligomers ca c flavan -3ols
(E. N. Franket, 1997)

(Source Frankel., 1997) C hai tnh cht quan trng ca flavonoids l chc nng hat ng ca antioxidant v chc nng metal chelation. C hai chc nng k trn trong vic antioxidants bng cch cho electrons v b gy chui ca radical chains. Hydroxyls cc v tr 5, 7 ca vng A, v 3, 4 dihydroxylation ca vng B flavone, v 3-hydroxylation ca vng C l nhng s ng gp ht sc quan trng ca s hat ng ca antioxidants (Pratt and Hudson.,1990).

20

Camellia sinensis

OH

(Flavonoids): Hydroxyls ti vng A, v tr 5 v 7, vng C ti v tr 3. Dihydroxylation tai vng B v tr 3, v 4 (hnh trn) Flavonoids c by nhm: flavones, flavanones, flavonols, flavanonols, isoflavones, flavanols and anthocyanidins. Flavones th c ni i gia carbon 2 v 3. Flavonols thi li thm mt nhm hydroxyl ti v tr carbon 3. Cn flavonones th bo ha ti carbon 2 v 3. Trong 7 lai flavonoids ny, lai flavanols l loi c cha hm lng hp cht phenolic tp trung ln nht ca cc lai flavonols. N cha n 80% tng s polyphenol c trong tr (Charley,1982).

21

Camellia sinensis

(Source: deMan., 2002) Tt c 7 lai trn u c th c c bng cch ly t l, hoa, tri trn nhng cy c cha flavonoids glycosides. Cn v cy th c aglycones, cn ht th thy c mt hoc c hai ci trn. Flavonoids c bit nh l mt antioxidants c bn c cng dng nh l mt cc gc t do acceptors v chng li vic chia i (breakers). Ring flavonols c bit nh l chelate ion kim lai (metal ions) ti cc v tr hoc ti 3- hydroxy-4-keto group, hay 5-hydoxy-4 keto group hoc c hai ci trn. Cn nhm gi l ortho-diphenolic trn vng B cng chng minh rng n hat ng nh ions kim lai (metal chelating activity). Nhn vo cng thc ca flavonoids th ta thy rng v tr v cng ca hydroxylation l ta bit ngay c bn ca s hat ng ca flavonoids. Tht vy, 0hydroxylation ca vng B a ta bit ngay tnh hat ng ca antioxidands nh th no. Tt c flavonoids vi vi tr 3,4- dihydroxy ni ln tnh cht nng ng ca antioxidant ca n (Dziedzic and Hudson, 1983). Cn nhng flavonoids nh myricetin hay robinetin u c nhm hydroxy cc v tr 5 th tnh cht antioxidants ca n cao hn nhng flavonoids khng c nhm hydroxyl v tr s 5. Tuy nhin, cc hydroxylation ca vng B ni ln s hat ng quan trng ca antioxidands.

22

Camellia sinensis

(Pratt and Hudson, 1990). Nhng vic quan-trng khng km khc l cc nhm carbonyl ti cc v tr s 4 v cc nhm hydroxyl t do cc v tr hoc l 3 hoc l 5 ti vng C v A, cng u l antioxidants hat ng hu ch.

Rice- Evans e al, (1995) nghin cu rng s lin quan n nhng s hat ng ca flavonoids v vic chng li cc gc t do trong dung dch nc rng nhng hp cht nh quercetin v cyaniding, ti v tr 3 v 4 bi dihydroxyl trong vng B v s lin quan gia vng A v B, cho mt cht lng c hm lng antioxidants rt cao. Tuy nhin, ni v tnh cht flavonoids trong nhiu cuc th nghim u a n kt lun rng cht flavanols (catechins) trong tr l mt cht antioxidants thin nhin mnh nht trong nhng antioxidants. Ngai nhng cht chnh ca flavonoids trong tr xanh l catechins, gm c : (-)epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), (-)-epicatechin gallate (EGC), (-) epigallocatechin EGC, and (-)-epicatechin (EC),tuy nhin cn nhng cht khc c trong tr xanh m cha c kho cu l thearubugins, k c theaflavin (TF), theaflavin monogallate A (TF-1A), theaflavin monogallate B (TF-1B) v Theaflavin digallate ( TF-2) c tm thy trong tr en v oolong tea, m n c oxidised bi polyphenol trong giai an ln men. Nhng cu trc ha-hc ca n c nhn thu qua hnh sau y:

23

Camellia sinensis

Nhng cu trc ca Catechins va theaflavins trong tr (Source : HO, 1997)

S nghin cu cn cho thy rng t cht tr xanh v tr en c trch ra cht catechins, cht ny c tc ng chng li s hnh thnh ung th to bi carcinogenic (anticarcinogenic) trn ng vt c th nghim trong ng nghim. N cng gip chng li cc s nhim trng. Nht l trong cc trng hp b bm th c kt qu rt d dng. N cng chng li cc d ng (anti-allergy activity) (Murray and Pizzorno, 1995, Pearce et al., 1984). Theo thi nghim ca E.Frankel th flavonoids c cng dng rt ln trong vic lm gim thiu v c ch s oxid ha ca cht m xu (LDL) n 80-90% trong mu. Ian Baird trong t chc bo v tim ca Anh Qu c British Heart foundation cho rngflavonoids rt hu ch trong vic ngn nga bnh thuc v tim mch, ngn nga cholesterol ng vo thnh mch. . Flavonoids ngn chn v c ch cc gc t do (Havsteen, 1983, Meddleton, 1984, Kuhnau, 1976, Cody et al, 1986. 4. Quercetin, myrecetin v kaempferol. Cht flavonoids c thm mt cng dng sinh ha khc l khi phn ng ca n hnh thnh th to ra mt mu nu, vic ny ta thng thy nhiu trong cc t-bo thc vt. C cng dng ln nht ca flavonoids l cc cht Kaempferol, quercetin v myricetin.Ty theo v tr vng B, cc v tr 3, 4 v 5, cc v tr trn c thay th bi H hay OH th ta s c cc cht k trn.

24

Camellia sinensis

Tt c u c cng dng ging nhau l cng ngn nga cc cht bo khi b oxid trong cc ng nghim. ng thi cc cht trn cn c cng dng chng li ung th (anticancer) rt c hiu qu trong nhiu ng nghim dng th nghim (J.R Smythies, 1998).

25

Camellia sinensis

Quercetine c chng minh rng n c nhiu hiu qu trong vic chng bnh gout ( bnh thng phong, lai vim khp xng, vi nhiu acid uric trong mu, rt au n), m cn bo v v c ch no l: oxidase ca xanthine ( xanthine oxidase) l sn phm phn hy cc nit ca purine adenosine v guanine, l vt phm trung gian trong vic phn hy nucleic acid thnh uric acid, leukotriene tng hp ( leukoriene synthesis) v neutreuphil accumulation (s quy tu t bo bch huyt). c nhiu hiu qa tc dng tt nht ca quercetine l nn dng n vi mt lai diu t (enxyme) l Bromeline ca khm (pineapple) trong ba n trong vic chng li gout ( thng phong) l do s chuyn ha uric lm acid v mui ( urate) ca n tch t trong mu v khp (Bindili, et al., 1985; Busse, et al .,1984; Yoshimoto, Furukawa and Yamoto., 1983) ng thi n cng c cng dng trong vic chng li bnh nhc na u, hay bn u thng) (migraine headache). Liu lng c ngh l 200-400 mg, cho 4 ln trong ngy (Lewis et el. 1984). Quercetin c nhiu trong cc hnh xanh, hnh , hnh vng, v nht l ti v trong tri nho. Trong vic trng nho, quercetin c c trong bt c lai nho no c trng ngai nng cng chi chang th cng c nhiu quercetin. V th cho nn, tr c trng ngai nng th c nhiu quercetin hn tr c trng trong bng rm. Quercetin cn chu ng nhit nu n bnh thng m khng b tiu hy (Leighton, 1995). 5. a. Cc cht khc c trong tr: Aluminum.

y l cht aluminium mineral u c trong c hai lai tr: tr xanh v tr en,c th chng ta cn mt lng nh ca aluminium tng hp . Hm-lng gi l v hi m c th hp th t 1% ti 3 % (Zittlau, 1999) Vi liu lng nh nh vy, nn aluminium dung lm trung ha cc acid trong bao t (gastric acids). Th nn, tr xanh l v thuc rt hiu nghim trong vic tr chng bnh khng tiu phi hp vi s au nng bng vng trn bng v di lng ngc.
b.

Fluoride.

Trong tr xanh c cha nhiu hm-lng fluoride. Theo Zittlau (1999) cho rng trong lt nc tr c cha khang 1 miligram fluoride. l liu lng cn thit cho ngi trng thnh . Ngai ra, Fluoride cng c coi l rt quan trng cho s pht trin v vng chc ca xng v rng. Trong mt nc m dn chng ca nc , thng dng tr vi liu

26

Camellia sinensis

lng ln, th nha s s b , v t bnh nhn n khm v trm su rng hay nh rng h hn l nhng nc m dn khng hoc t ung tr, th bnh su, h v trm rng nhiu hn (Zittlau, 1999). Nhiu nc thuc M quc, thng thm fluoride vo nc ung l cch coi nh l chng li bnh su rng. iu ny th khc vi cc nc thuc pha Ty bn cu nh nc c (Germans) chng hn, m ngi dn ca cc nc cho rng l mt s bt buc phi dng thuc. Tuy nhin, gii quyt vn trn rt l n gin l ch c ung tr.
c. Manganese.

L tr xanh c cha mt lng kh tt v manganese. Manganese l mt cofactor cho enzyme chuyn ha glucose.Nhng ngi b bnh tiu ng cho thy rng h ch c mt na lng manganese so vi ngi bnh thng. Manganese c bit nh l lm tng s hat ng ca SOD c ngha l tng thm s hat ng ca cht chng oxid ha (Pasquier et al, 1984 ; Rosa et al., 1980) . Manganese l mt thnh phn cn cho rt nhiu cc enzymes. Manganese gip v cng c s min dch, gip tim hat ng tt v iu ha p huyt ng mch. Cng dng ca n trong thn th ca chng ta c coi l quan yu trong cc chc v nh bin i cht bo v protein, lm gch ni kt vi cc t bo vi nhau. Thm na, n gup cho cc calcium t cc thc n, i thng vo xng. S nghin cu ca mt nhm Texas cho bit rng, nhng ngi b bnh long xng th lng manganese trong xng ca h ch c khang 29% thp hn lung manganese ca ngi c sc khe khc. Tr xanh, c coi l ngun cung cp lng manganese cn thit v quan trng cho con ngi ngn nga v cha bnh long xng. d. Carotene. Cht ny l antioxidant lm gim i lng cholesterol trong mu, nga ng cao v cao huyt p, nhng s nhim trng v di ng do thc n m ra, v lm hi th c thm tho. Nu tiu th nhiu beta carotene vo c th, th gim t l ung th thuc cc dng biu b ( Handler. 1985; Pizzorno and Murray., 1986). Cc cuc nghin cu mi y cng cho bit rng, carotene cn ngn nga cc ung th v lm cho tui th c lu di hn. Nhu cuc xt nghim cho thy rng nu cc t bo c cha carotene trong th l mt yu t quan trng bit rng cc ng vt c v hay c con ngi s c tui th cao hn nhng ng vt v ngi m t bo ca h trong khng c hay c rt t carotene

27

Camellia sinensis

(Cutker .,1985). Y hc nghin cu rng chnh carotene gip h thng min nhim tt hn,v ng thi lm tng thm mt s t bo T-helper cells ( Alexander.et al, 1985) e. Nhiu sinh t khc. Trong tr c nhiu sinh t nh: vitamin B2 (riboflavin), vitamin C v vitamin A. Vitamin B2 hin din coi nh rt t trong tr. Cn Vitamin C th c hiu nh l mt cht chng ung th hu hiu, chng li cc suy thai ca t bo. Vitamin C th t c trong tr en v b oxi ha ht trong giai an ln men (fermentation),. Vitamin E c cha nng chng oxidation ca cc t bo trong thn th chng ta, ngay c cc s suy thai chng khi chng bin dng tr thnh ung th. N cng l mt vitamin c nng lc lm chm li tui gi cho c n b v n ng. (Rosen., 1998).
IV.

Tr v ng dng v khoa hc V Tr xanh mang nhiu li ch cho con ngi, nn cc nh khoa hc nghin cu v tr, nghin cu c v th nhng ni m cy tr sinh trng, v cho l lm tr. H ghi nhn rng cy tr hp th cc cht b dng di t xuyn qua r ca n, n tiu th rt nhiu nc v cht nitrates c trong t. That u, cc nh khoa hc ngh rng chnh r ca n c nhng b phn to thnh nhng phn ng sinh ha vi nc rt cn trong vic ngn cn s bin i ca cht nitrates do r hp th khng tr thnh cht nitrosamines l cht to ra ung th cho con ngi (J. Zittlau, 1999). V sau, cc nh khoa hoc khm ph rng chnh l tr c sn tnh cht sinh ha hc c ch s thnh hnh ca nitrosamine, ngha l c cha sn cht ngn nga v c ch cc ung th trong c th chng ta, m cn chng li cc cc gc t do na ( J Zittlau, 1999). chnh l nhng gi l th cho cc nh khoa hc x nghin cu y cc tnh cht khc ca tr. Theo Takuo Okuda, (1997) th s nghin cu ca ng cng vi cc trung tm nghin cu khc a ng kt lun nh sau: 1-polyphenol l antioxidant bo v, c ch s thnh hnh ca cc gc t do, v lm cho cc hnh thi ca oxygen hat ng 2- ngn chn cc lai bu (lnh hoc d), ung th ,va manh nha v ang tng trng.

28

Camellia sinensis

Nhiu tnh cht sinh ha c ngha ca polyphenol ca cy tr m ta bit c l do Rubin v Artsikhovskaya, (1960) cng b s nghin cu v cho bit rng cc enzymes gi mt vai tr rt quan trng trong vic ca cy chng li khng nhng s xm nhp bi siu vi trng (virus), vi trng (bacteria), nm (fungi) m cn hn na l do nhng yu t do c kh lm h hi. Di nhng iu kin hat ng ca enzymes lm tng thm s sn xut ca mt cht khng tan polymers cht ny c nhim v nh l thnh tr chng mi nguyn do bnh trng lm cy b nhim trng. Mt vic m ai cng khng th ph nhn c l cc cht trung gian ca oxidative polymers ca polyphenols ngn nga v lm gim i mi s nhim trng cho cy bng cch lm v hiu ha mi hat ng ca virus, hoc che ch cho cc enzymes khng sc chng chi mi s tn cng t ngai . 3-Lm gim i cc lai bu lnh v d nh ung th trong cc ni: bao t, phi, thc qun, thp nh ch trng c ghi nhn qua cc cuc th nghim: S c ch ca EGCG trn N-methyl-Nnitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG) lm gim i s to thnh ung th bao t do carcinogenesis ca lai chut c dung th nghim (Yamane T et al., 1995), s ch s bnh trng ca N-nitrosodiethylamine lm pht trin nhng bu trong bao t v trong phi ca lai chut v N-4-(methyl-N- nitrosoamino)-1(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK) lm c ch s pht trin bu trong phi ca lai chut ( Katiyar et al., 1993; Shi et al., 1994, Wang ., 1992). . Cn vic dng tr xanh ung th tr xanh n c ch s thnh hnh ca cc lai bu lnh hay d. Ung tr xanh c ch cht N-nitrosodiethylamine trong forestomach v cc bu trong phi ca cc lai chut c th nghim (Wang et al, 1992), cht 4( methyl-N-nitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK) lm gin i cc bu trong phi ca lai chut (Wang et al 1992; Shi et al., 1994; Xu et al., 1992) v cht Nnitrosomethylbenzamine (NMBzA) lm gim i cc bu ca thc qun (esophageal) ca lai chut. Wang et al, 1995). Nhiu thnh phn catechins ca tr xanh u c nhng kt qa tng t. Ung tr xanh, cht EGCG c ch bi cht N-ethyl-N-nitrosoguanidine (ENNG) cho cc bu ti thp nh ch trng (duodenal) (Fujita et al., 1989) v EGCG c ch NNK- cho cc bu ti phi ( Xu et al, 1992; Shi et al., 1994)

29

Camellia sinensis

Kt qu v cc th nghim sau y do Nakachi et al, (1997) thc hin gia nhng ngi c tui tc khc nhau, vi lung tr tr xanh tiu th mi ngy, v xt kt qa v ci cht lin quan n ung th nh sau:

i tng

Tui v s ly tr xanh tiu th mi ngy: 3 cups 4-9 cups 10 cups

n ng n b ng v B

66.4 1.8 (41) 67.3 2.3 (31) 66.8 1.4 (72)

69.5 1.3 ( 66) 70.7 1.4 (59) 70.1 0.9 ( 125)

70.0 1.5 (46) 75.1 2.6 (19) 71.5 1.3 (65)

( source: Nakachi et el., 1997)

Gii thch : V n ng, ngi ta thy rng c 46 ngi cht, tui trung bnh trn 70 1.5 , ngi ta thy h ung trn 10 ly tr mi ngy. (gii thch: 70 l means, v1.5 l (standard deviation) c ngha l s ngi n ng khang 68.5 ti 71.5). Ngi ta cng nhn thy c 41 ngi cht la tui trung bnh 661.8 , ngi ta cng thy h ung 3 ly t hn.. Cn 66 ngi cht tui trung bnh 69.51.3, ngi ta thy h ung t 4-9 ly. V n b, ngi t thy rng c 19 ngi cht v ung th tui trung bnh l 75.1 2.6 khi thy h ung trn 10 ly, ngi ta nhn thy c 31 ngi cht tui trung bng l 67.3 2.3 khi nhn thy h dng t hn 3 ly, ngi ta nhn thy c 59 ngi cht v ung th tui trung bnh 70.7 1.4 , ngi ta nhn thy h ung t 4 n 9 ly. S d c s khc nhau nh vy, c l c th ca n ng khc n b, v survey cng thy rng khi h ht thuc nhiu th li ung tr cng nhiu. V pha n ng, s ngi cht v ung th l 46

30

Camellia sinensis

khi h ung trn 10 ly, cht v ung th l 66 khi ung t 4-9 ly, bi v, d ung tr xanh nhiu y, nhng h li ht thuc qu nhiu, nn khi thuc l lm gim i hiu qu ca antioxidants do tr mang li Mt cuc kho st khc cho nhng ngi trn 40 tui, gm trn 32,000 ngi trong nm, th t l cht v ung th ( SE), v bi tiu th tr xanh mi ngy nh sau:

i tng

T l cht ung th v s tr xanh (ly/ngy) tiu th 3 140.3 22.3 4-9 114 14.2 10 158.3 25.9

n ng n ng khng bao gi ht thuc b n b

97.0 26.7 72.8 13.3

98.1 20.6 66.2 9.1

64.2 28.5 57.7 15.5

(source: K Nakachi, et al., 1997)


b

n ng khng ht thuc cht v ung th l 14, 25 v 6 theo th t s ly tr ung 3, 4-

9, 10 mi ngy ( The number of cancer death were 14, 25 and 6 for categories of 3, 49, 10 cups/day) The Nakachi K et al 1997 th nh cuc nghin cu trn, nn kt lun rng vo khong 20% tng s cht v ung th li gim i r rt cho nhng n b thng tiu th trn 10 ly tr mi ngy ( bng trn). Ngc li, v pha n ng th khc, rng khng c mt s gim thiu t l cht v ung th khi h tng cng tiu th tr xanh mi ngy. S khc bit trn l v n ng mt mt tng cng thuc ht mi ngy nhiu hn, m khc cng tng cng vi vic tiu th tr na. minh xc r nt lp lun trn, chng ta cn so snh hai nhm n ng: ht thuc v khng bao gi ht thuc. Nhm n ng khng bao gi ht thuc, th qu r. Ngha l cng ung nhiu tr trn 10 ly, th t l cht v ung th gim thiu. Cn n ng th cng ung tr cng nhiu, cng ht

31

Camellia sinensis

thuc nhiu hn, nn nhng li ch ca tr v antioxidants khng cn sc gii quyt cc gc t do t thuc. l l do, d ung trn 10 ly mi ngy, n ng cht vn cao l 158.3 25.9, v t 4-9 ly th t l l 114 14.2 nu so vi uong 3 ly mi ngy th c 140.3 22.3 Kt lun: Do kt qu ghi trn nn d ung cng nhiu tr xanh, ung qu 10 ly mi ngy, nhng cng ht thuc nhiu hn, th n ng c t l cht v ung th cng cao; tri li, n b, th ngc li l cng ung nhiu ly tr trn 10 ly / mi ngy th t l cht v ung th li t i. L do, cng ht nhiu thuc, khi thuc trong phi lm mt i hiu qu antioxidants do tr mang li. 4- EGCG chng li mi s tn thng do cc gc t do gay nn cho DNA, v cc bu trong phi. Ngi ta cng nhn thy rng cht EGCG trong tr xanh lm chn ng s hp thnh ca cht 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-OhdG) (Xu et al., 1992) v cht benzo (a) pyrene (BaP) v N-Nitrosodimethyllamine (NDMA) l nhng cht oxid ha ca chui di truyn DNA trong phi ca lai chut ( Frenkel, 1992, Kada et al., 1985, Fujita et al., 1989). DNA c gi l Deoxyribonucleic acid, l mt nucleic acid, hp thnh bi 2 chui xon vi nhau to thnh mt hnh xon kp v ni vi nhau bng nhng lien kt hydro gia cc base ca nucleotide vi nhau. Bt c nhng thay i ca DNA no s gy ra nhng t bin. Vai tr ca EGCG trong tr xanh l chng li s hat ng ca oxid ha lm tn thng chui di truyn DNA nghi l chng li nhng s dt bin ca DNA v lm c ch s pht trin cc bu trong phi.
Nhng ngi ht thuc l v nhng ngi ht th t khi thuc th d b ung th phi. Lun c trn lm sng t v vic nghin cu v mi lin quan gia ht thuc l v ung th, gia ch n ung cng nh gia ng mch vnh vv tm cch kim sat v phng nga trong tng lai. Bo co cho bit rng s khc bit v ung th phi gia 2 nc Nht v M. L do l dn chng Nht thng dng tr xanh mi ngy. i vi h, tr cn gi l mt o, h ung tr m luyn tm. gi l Tr o. Cn ngi dn M, dng nc gii kht khng nht thit phi l tr. V pha Nam gia M v Nht th ngi Nht t b ung th phi hn ngi M. D cho s lng ht

32

Camellia sinensis

thuc nhiu hay t trong mi ngy gia hai dn M v Nht, th ngi n ng M ht thuc b ung th gp 3 ln nhiu hn ngi n ng Nht ht thuc. Cng mt kt lun bt k v tui tc v k c nhng ngi ht thuc t thu nh.

5- EGCG lm gim i cc t bin v gan. Cht EGCG trong l tr xanh cn c ch s t bin ca gangtrong C3H/HeNCrj ca loi chut v cht PLC/PRF/5 ca lai ngi( Nishida H et al., 1994). 6- EGCG chng li ung th ng rut. Ngai ra cht catechins trong tr xanh li c ch s pht trin ung th ng rut bng cch gim bt cht 1,2-dimethylhydrazine trong lai chut c dung th nghim (Yin P., 1994) 7-EGCG chng li ung th bung trng . Cht catechins trong tr xanhli c ch N-nitrosomethylbenzy- lamine (NMBzA) lm pht trin bu trong bung trng (Katuyar et al., 1993) 8- Tr xanh chng li cc bnh suy thai v tim mch Thm na, tr xanh cn c kh nng chng li mt cch hu hiu nht v s suy thai tim mch (cardiovascular disease); h tim mch hay tun han l chuyn ch cht b dng v dng kh, lm sch cc m v ly i cc cht ph thi. Cc khoa hoc gia Nht cho bit rng nu mi ngy ngi Nht u dung tr xanh th t l cht v bnh ung th v cardiovascular disease li gim i mt cch r rt, v ngc li nu khng dng tr xanh mi ngy (Kei Nakachi et al., 1997). Tht vy sau 9 nm rng r nghin cu cc ng tng ca trn 262 xc cht v ung th, da n kt lun nh sau: Cng ung nhiu tr xanh th t-l cht v ung th li gim i mt cch r rt. Trong trng hp ca ph n, nu cc b tiu th mi ngy trn 10 ly tr xanh mi ngy, th t l cht v ung th gim i 20%, ngc li, nu ung t hn 10 ly mi ngy t l cht s cao hn. S nghin cu ca Beth Israel Deaconess medical Center in Boston bo co rng th l ngi sng v tim mch

33

Camellia sinensis

tng ln 44% cho nhng ngi ung tr mi ngy trn 4 ly, cn nu ung t hn, th t l sng v tim mch t ti a 28%. 9- Tr xanh ( EGCG) c ch hu hiu cc cc gc t do. Nhiu cuc nghin cu v th nghim ca Fujita et al, (1989), Huang et al., (1991) v kh nng c ch (inhibition abilities) ca catechins v theaflavins trn cc lai cc gc t do nh DPPH radical, superoxide v lipoxygenase nh sau: Catechins va theaflavins trong tr xanh (tr xanh) c ch cc lai cc gc t do nhu sau:
Compound DPPH radical* Inhibition (%) 74.8 59.3 36.1 32.0 58.2 43.3 32.3 Superoxide * Lipoxygenase + inhibition IC ( g/ml) 4.6 7.7 6.1 40.6 0.2 22.3 124.7

EGCG EGC ECG EC TF-2 TF-1 TF

inhibition (%) 69.4 39.9 23.9 11.2 70.5 65.2 64.4

* do Fujita et al., (1989) th nghim v cho kt qu

+ do Huang et al., (1991) th nghim v cho kt qu DPPH l (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydracyl) 10- Tr xanh ( EGCG) lm gim i lng ng trong mu. Dr Minowada of Kyoto University bo co trong Journal Med rng ng trong nc tiu ca bnh nhn bnh tiu ng gim i ng k trong thi gian bnh nhn tham d Tea Ceremony. V c Modern science ang nghin cu v xc nh iu . Thm na, ti

34

Camellia sinensis

Department of Microbiology, Chonbuk National University Medical School and Institute for Medicine Sciences, Jeonju 560-756 Korea bo co rng: EGCG c ch s pht trin ca t bo IL-1 beta v IFN-gamma l cht trung gian ca nguyn t RINm5F tc dng ln t bo trong ty tng t bo sn sinh insulin. EGCG lm cho nh li ca t bo IL1- beta v IFN-gamma trong ty tng v s thu nh ca chng s lm gim i lung nitric oxid (NO) sn xut, v lm gim i mc hp thnh Nitric oxid (NO) ca ci tng hp (iNOS) mRNA v mc protein ca t bo RINmF (RINmF cells). C ch m EGCG lm gim i lng iNOS l n v cn bn ca cht liu di truyn trn nhim sc th, gi l gene a n s c ch s hat ng ca NFkappa B. Nhng khm ph trn cho rng EGCG c kh nng tr liu v ngn nga bnh tiu ng pht trin 11- Tr xanh lm gim i bnh tin lit tuyn . Dr Hasan Mukhtar, 2004, ti University of Viscosin in Madison v cc cng s vin ca ng bo co rng: trong tuyn tin lit EGCG lm c ch v ngn chn tn gc nng hormone I ( IGF-I) pht trin mnh gy nn ung th tin lit tuyn, ng thi ngn chn cc dinh dng n nui cc t bo ung th. Cc trung tm nghin cu ti nhiu i hc nh Western University in Cleveland, the Mayo Clinic and Kobe University- Japan, cho rng polyphenols (antioxidants) lm gim t l ngi b bnh ung th tin tuyn lit (prostate cancer) mt cch hu hiu 12- Tr xanh lm gim i cholesterol xu v lm gim i nhng ri ro ca bnh tim mch,t qu bng cch ung 2-4 ly tr xanh mi ngy th nhng ri ro v bnh tim mch gim i 4050%, cn t qu th s gim i c 2/3. Ung tr xanh mi ngy l tng ln lng flavonoids trong mu ca chng ta n 25%, m flavonoids l antioxidants, nhng nu ung tr m pha vi sa, gi l tr sa th tnh cht antioxidants ca n khng cn hiu qu na. (Van .het Hof et al., 1988) 13- Lm cho hi th c thm ( khng hi ming). i hc University of Illinois at Chicago College of Dentistry, cng b rng chnh polyphenols lm tiu i v c ch cc mi hi ca hi th gy ra bi vi-trng trong ming

35

Camellia sinensis

ti 30%. Nu dng tr 4-5 ly mi ngy th ta c c hi th thm tho m khng cn dng bn chi nh rng. 14- Tr xanh gip ta c c mt tr nh tt v lu, chng li bnh Alzheimer. Mt nghin cu ca Medical Plant Research Center ti New Castle University, Northeast England, trong mt journal Phytotherapy Research cho rng catechins trong tr c ch s pht trin ca enzyme gi l butyrylcholinesterese ( BuChE), ci enzyme ny c nhiu trong cc proteins trong c ca nhng bnh nhn b bnh l ln ( Alzheimer), ng thi n cng c ch phn ha t ca acetylcholinesterese (AChE) chnh phn ha t lm phn hy nhanh chng cht dn truyn thn kinh ( neutrotransmitter) ca h giao cm v ch ni thn kinh c.. 15- Tr v ung th kt trng (colon cancer) Kt trng l phn chnh ca rut gi. N khng c chc nng tiu ha nhng li c chc nng hp th s ln nc v cc cht in gii t thc n cha c tiu ha t rut non qua. Kinlen et al., 1988; Heibrun et al., 1986 nghin cu v s lin quan gia ngi dng tr xanh v ung th trc trng, kt lun rng mt s cancer trc trng c hiu qu tt nh dng tr. Vc ny cng ging kt qu qua cuc iu nghin thng k ca dn chng. Cn vic dng tr en th cha xc nh. 16- Nm 1995, Prof Leighton ti Uni Beckely, cho rng quercetin cn v hiu ha tc dng cc hp cht kch thch s pht trin ung th, v trit tiu ung th lc mi manh nha. c bit l ung th rut ga lin b chn ng hay ngn chn pht trin ca n, c trung tm nghin cu ung th ti New York xc quyt (Sloan-Kettering Cancer CenterNewYork). Vi th Vin nghin Cu Ung th Hoa K (US National Cancer Institute) cho rng ngi Trung hoa n nhiu hnh ti (oinon, garlic) nn gim thiu c 30-40% s pht trin ung th ng tiu ha ca h. Trong rut ga ca con ngi, c mt lai vi khun lm chuyn ha quercetin t th bt ng (inactive) sang th hat ng (actice), vi th cho nn, quercetin hat ng rt hu hiu trong vic ngn nga ung th rut gi (Leighton, 1995) . Pharmacokinetic nghin cu vi radioactive v cho rng quercetin

36

Camellia sinensis

hp th vo thnh rut ga vi 3% liu lng dung ca n (Oetrakis et al., 1959) Quercetin cn bo v t bo ca DNA v ngn nga mi bnh lin quan n tim mch (Leighton, 1995). 17- Flavonoids c coi nh l ch du c bit trong vic ch tr v bnh vim rut gi l IBD, (Inflamatory Bowel Disease) k c vim rut mn tnh (chronic inflammatory disorders of the bowel). Nhiu enzymes do flavonoids hay quercetin chuyn ha ra c coi l rt quan trng trong ha trnh lin kt p ng vi chng vim do cc cht vim (histamine) v nhng cht vim trong nhng cells v d nh: basophils (hng huyt cu nhum mu m), neutrophils ( t bo bch huyt) and macrophages ( bch huyt cu c tnh thc bo), migration ( hnh trnh ca trng rng t nan so, qua ng dn trng v n nim mc t cung) v and filtration of leucocytes l lai t bo c c im gip ta nhn thc v phn bit di knh hin vi cc dng nh sau: neutrophiles, eosinophiles, basophile, monocyte, lymphocyte etc ) v s co tht ngn tm thi ca bp tht (and smooth muscle contraction) ( (Middleton E, 1984; Havsteen, B., 1983; Pearce et al., 1984)
V.

MT S CH PHM T TR:

37

Camellia sinensis

Mt s n thuc: 1. Cha ph thng, dng Ch ti 300g nu nc ung, mi ngy 2-3 lt; ung lun 3-4 ngy s kin hiu. 2. Cha a chy hay i l, dng bp ch, bp i, mi th mt nm, sao vng sc ung, hoc nhai mt nm tr hng kh mc. 3. Cha b bng, nu nc ch c gii vo vt bng v ra sch, ri ly lng trng trng g pht vo s chng lnh. B. KT QU THC NGHIM: Phn tch s b thnh phn ha hc:

38

Camellia sinensis

Kt qu nh tnh trn cc dch chit Nhm hp cht Cht bo Carotenoid Thuc th Cch thc hin Nh dd ln giy Carr-Price H2SO4 Tinh du Triterpenoi d t do Alkaloid Coumarin Anthraglyco sid Flavonoid Glycosid tim Anthocyano sid Proanthocy anidin Tannin Bc hi ti cn LiebermannBurchard T/th chung alkaloid Pht quang trong kim KOH 10% Mg/HCl Thuc th vng lacton T/th ng 2desoxy HCl KOH HCl/t
o

Phn ng dng tnh Vt trong m -Xanh Xanh dng hay lc xanh dng C mi thm nu-tm, lp trn c mu xanh lc Kt ta Pht quang mnh hn Dd kim c mu hng ti Dd c mu hng ti Tm mn Xanh Xanh ru hay xanh en Ta bng trng nu-tm, lp trn c mu xanh lc C vng tm nu

Dch chit ete + + + + + -

Dch chit cn Khng Thy thy phn phn

Dch chit nc Khng Thy thy phn phn

Kt qu nh tnh chung Khng c C C C C

+ -

C Khng C

Khng c Khng c

+ +

Khng c

Khng c C C

Dd FeCl3 Dd gelatin mui LiebermannBurchard Tt Liebermann Lc mnh dd nc Na2CO3 T/th Fehling Pha long vi cn 90%

Triterpenoi d thy phn Saponin

+ Si bt Ta gch Ta bng trng vng nu + +

+ -

c C c Khng c

Acid hu c Cht kh Hp cht polyuronic

39

Camellia sinensis

Phn tch vi phu: vi phu thn tr

Hnh 1

Hnh 2

Hnh 3

Vi phu l tr

Hnh 4

Hnh 5

Hnh 6

Hnh 7

Soi bt:
Hnh 8

40

Camellia sinensis

Bt tr

Cng th

Tinh th calci oxalat hnh cu gai

Mnh biu b

Mch vch

Lng che ch n bo

L kh

Hnh 1:tr b v nhng tinh th calci oxalat hnh cu gai.

41

Camellia sinensis

Hnh 2: vi phu thn: biu b vi lp cutin mng,di lp biu b l giao m gc,tip theo l nhu m khuyt,lp tr b bt mu xanh,lp nhu m o,rt nhiu tinh th calci oxalat hnh cu gai,libe-g c cu trc cp 1, phn ty cu to bi nhu m o v nhu m khuyt. Hnh 3:cng th Hnh 4,5:vi phu gn chnh ca l vi lp cutin mng ph trn lp t bo biu b,di l nhu m c,nhu m o,libe-g c cu trc cp 1,rt nhiu tinh th calci oxalat hnh cu gai,c tr b bt mu xanh,v c cng th. Hnh 6,7:phin l c lp cutin mng,di l lp biu b ,m giu,nhu m o,biu b di c ,lng v l kh. Hnh 8:l kh d bo.

C.XY DNG TIU CHUN KIM NGHIM DC LIU TR:


Ch - Camellia sinensis (L.) O.Ktze (Thea sinensis L.), thuc h Ch - Theaceae. M t: Cy nh thng xanh, cao 1-6m. L mc so le, hnh tri xoan, di 4-10cm, rng 22,5cm, nhn gc, nhn t c mi nh, phin l lc non c lng mn, khi gi th dy, bng, mp kha rng ca rt u. Hoa to, vi 5-6 cnh hoa mu trng, mc ring l nch l, c mi thm; nhiu nh. Qu nang thng c 3 van, cha mi mt ht gn trn, i khi nhn nheo. Hoa thng 9-10; qu thng 11-3.

42

Camellia sinensis

B phn dng: L - Folium Camelliae. Thnh phn ho hc: Trong l ch c tinh du, cc dn xut polyphenolic (flavonoid, catechol, tanin) cc alcaloid cafein, theophyllin, theobromin, xanthin. Cn c cc vitamin C, B1, B2, B3 v cc men. Vi phu: Thn vi phu c tit din trn,bn ngoi l mt lp cutin mng,k n l lp t bo biu b,giao m gc,giao m khuyt,c tr b,tip theo l nhu m o,c nhiu tinh th calcioxalat hnh cu gai,libe- g c cu trc cp mt,phn ty c cu to bi nhu m o v nhu m khuyt,c rt nhiu cng th vi nhng hnh dng khc nhau. L:Lp biu b: gm nhng t bo nh, dy v cng xp thnh mt lp: c chc nng bo v l. + Lp m du: gm t 1 - 3 lp t bo sp xp u nhau, cha nhiu dip lc. + Lp t bo m khuyt: chim phn chnh ca l cc t bo sp xp khng u nhau. trong c nhiu thch t bo v tinh th oxalat canxi.

43

Camellia sinensis

Bt: c cc thnh Mnh biu b di mang l kh.

phn sau:

Mnh biu b trn gm cc t bo xp kh u n. Th cng c hnh dng thay i,vch dy c khoang trao i. Lng che ch n bo di v nhn. Tinh th calci oxalat hnh cu gai. Mch vch. nh tnh: Phn ng Murexid:chit dc liu bng nc acid n giai on dch alkaloid base trong chloroform.Dch CHCl3 ny c lm khan bng mt t Na2 SO4 khan c cho vo mt chn s nh.Bc hi dch CHCl3 trn bp cch thy cho n cn kh.Nh ln cn 3 git HCl m c v 2 git H2O2 m c.Bc hi hn hp ny trn bp cch thy cho n cn kh.Thm vaig git NH4OH m c s xut hin mu tm. Chit cafein bng phng php thng hoa:cn khong 10g bt l tr vo mt chn,kim ha bng nc vi trong cho va m, yn 30 pht.un nng trn bp cch ct v dng a thy tinh o u cho bay ht hi nc (ht khi trng c).Khi ht hi nc y ln chn mt phu thy tinh bn trong c cc tua giy nh r xung t cung phu v tip tc un u cho n khi ht khi trng (khng un qu mnh lm dc liu chy cho khi xanh).

44

Camellia sinensis

ngui,ly phu ra v gt nhng tinh th cafein (dng hnh kim mnh bm vo cc tua giy) vo mt chn s khc v nh tnh bng phn ng Murexid nh trn. nh lng: Cn chnh xc 1g bt dc liu cho vo mt bnh nn 250ml.Thm 50ml nc si v un cch thy trong 30 pht ,thnh thong lc.Gn v lc dch lc qua bng vo mt becher 250ml(trnh cc mnh dc liu ri ln bng). Tip tc chit nhiu ln nh trn cho n khi dch chit khng cho phn ng vi thuc th Fe III cholrid 1% hoc phn st amoni). Lm ngui dch chit trong becher v chuyn ton b dch chit (nh trng becher )vo mt bnh nh mc 250ml ri thm nc va ti vch. Ly 10ml dung dch trn(pipet chnh xc) cho vo bnh nn 1000ml,thm 250ml nc v 10ml (buret) dung dch sulfo indigo. nh lng bng dung dch KmnO4 0.1N cho ti khi chuyn sang mu vng. 1ml dung dch KMnO4 0.1N tng ng vi 0.004157g tanin tinh khit . Song song nh lng mt mu trng gm 10ml dung dch sulfo indigo v 250ml nc. Hm lng phn trm tanin trong dc liu c tnh theo cng thc:
(a-b).0,004157.250.100 T= 10.1 %

a:s ml dung dch KMnO4 0.1N dng trong mu th . b:s ml dung dch KMnO4 0.1N dng trong mu trng.

45

Camellia sinensis

Tnh v, tc dng: Ch c v ng cht, tnh mt; c tc dng thanh nhit gii kht, tiu cm, li tiu, nh thn, lm cho u no c th thi, da tht mt m, khi chng mt xy xm, bt mn nht, v cm t l. Ch c s dng hn 2000 nm trc Cng nguyn. Do c cafein v theophyllin, ch l mt cht kch thch no, tim v h hp. N tng cng sc lm vic tr c v ca c, lm tng h hp, tng cng v iu ho nhp p ca tim. N cng li tiu, lm d tiu ho. S c mt ca cc dn xut polyphenolic lm cho tc dng ca ch hi hn hn v ko di hn l cafein. Cc flavonol v polyphenol lm cho ch c tnh cht ca vitamin P. Tuy vy, nu s dng ko di vi liu cao, ch c th gy nhim c mn tnh, biu hin bi s mt ng, s gy yu, mt cm gic ngon ming, c ri lon thn kinh. Cng dng, ch nh v phi hp: Thng c dng trong cc trng hp: Tm thn mt mi, ng nhiu; au u, mt m; st kht nc; tiu tin khng li; ng c ru. Dng ngoi, nu nc ra vt bng hay l lot th chng ra da v ln da non.

46

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