.

Vic iu chnh gc m ca triac c thc hin nh sau:

3.1. NGUYN L IU KHIN TRIAC (TIRISTOR)

Trong thc t ngi ta thng dng hai nguyn tc iu khin: thng ng tuyn tnh v thng ng arcos thc hin iu chnh v tr xung trong na chu k dng ca in p t trn Tiristor cng nh triac. 1. Nguyn tc iu khin thng ng tuyn tnh Theo nguyn tc ny ngi ta dng hai in p. - inp ng b, k hiu Us, ng b vi in p t trn hai u lc ca Tiristor, triac thng t vo u o ca khu so snh. - in p iu khin, k hiu Ucm (in p 1 chiu c th iu chnh c bin ) thng t vo u khng o ca khu so snh. Hiu in th u vo ca khu so snh l; Ud = Ucm - Us. Mi khi Us = Ucm th khu so snh lt trng thi, ta nhn c sn xung ca in p u ra ca khu so snh, sn xung ny thng qua a hi mt trng thi n nh, to ra 1 xung iu khin. Nh vy, bng cch lm bin i Ucm, ngi ta c th iu chnh c thi im xut hin xung ra, tc l iu chnh c gc . Gia v Ucm c quan h nh sau:
= U cm ngi ta ly Ucmmax = Usm. Ssm

Us Ucm

US Ucm

wt Xk wt

Hnh 3.1. Nguyn tc iu khin thng ng tuyn tnh 2. Nguyn tc iu khin thng ng arccos Theo nguyn tc ny ngi ta dng hai in p. - in p ng b US, vt trc UAK = Umsin t ca tiristor mt gc /2 bng US = Um. cos t. - in p iu khin Ucm l in p mt chiu, c th iu chnh c bin theo hai chiu (dng v m). Nu t US vo cng o v UCM vo cng khng o ca khu so snh th khi US = Ucm, ta s nhn c xung rt mnh u ra ca so snh khi khu ny lt trng thi: Umcos = Ucm. Do :
U cm = arecos Um

Khi Ucm = Um th = 0. Khi Ucm = 0 th = 2

Khi Ucm = -Um th = . Nh vy, khi iu chnh Ucm t tr Ucm = +Um, n tr Ucm = -Um, ta c th iu chnh c gc t 0 n . Nguyn tc iu khin thng ng arccos c s dng trong cc thit b chnh lu i hi cht lng cao.
Us UAK UAK Us

Ucm 0

2p

wt

Xk 0

wt a

Hnh 3.2: Nguyn tc iu khin thng ng 3. S khi mch iu khin. thc hin tt c vic iu khin Tiristor, triac th mch iu khin bao gm cc khu c bn sau:
T

ng pha

So snh

Khuch i

Hnh 3.3. S khi mch iu khin

Vi s ny nhim v ca cc khu nh sau: - Khu ng pha c nhim v to ra in p ta Urc (thng gp l in p dng rng ca tuyn tnh) trng pha vi in p anod ca Tiristor. - Khu so snh c nhim v so snh gia inp ta vi in p iu khin Uk, tm thi im hai in p ny bng nhau (Uk = Urc). Ti thi im hai in p ny bng nhau th pht xung u ra gi sang tng khuch i. Khu to xung c nhim v to ra xung ph hp m Tiristor. Xung m Tiristor c yu cu: sn trc dc thng ng, bo m yu cu Tiristor m tc thi khi c xung iu khin (thng gp loi xung ny l xung kim hoc xung ch nht); rrng vi rng xung ln hn thi gian m ca Tiristor, cng sut , cch ly gia mch mch iu khin vi mch ng lc (nu in p ng lc qu ln). - Vi nhim v ca cc khu nh vy ta tin hnh thit k, tnh chn cc khu c bn ca ba khi trn. Chi tit v cc mch ny nh sau: 4. Thit k s nguyn l to ra cc khu: a. Khu ng pha. Mt s khu ng pha c trnh by trn hnh 3.4
-E R2

-E R2 D2 D1 C Ur U1 U2 R1 D

A R1 U1 U2

Ur

a)

b)

-E R2

R1

A R1 R2 + A1 -

Tr C1 A2 +

Uv

Ur

U1

U2

B D1

R3

Ur

c)

d)

Hnh 3.4. Mt s khu ng pha in hnh S hnh 3.4a l s n gin, d thc hin, vi s linh kin t nhng cht lng in p ra khng tt. di ca phn bin thin tuyn tnh ca in p ta khng ph ht 1800. Do vy, gc m van ln nht b gii hn. Hay ni cch khc, nu theo s ny in p ti khng iu khin c t 0 ti cc i m t mt tr s no n cc i. khc phc nhc im v di iu chnh s hnh 3.4a ngi ta s dng s to in p ta bng s hnh 3.4b. Theo s ny, in p ta c phn bin thin tuyn tnh ph ht na chu k in p. Do vy, khi cn iu khin in p t 0 ti cc i l hon ton c th p ng c. Vi s ra i ca cc linh kin ghp quang, chng ta c th s dng s to in p ta bng b ghp quang nh hnh 3.4c. Nguyn l v cht lng in p ta ca hai s b, c tng i ging nhau. u im ca s c ch khng cn bin p ng pha, do c th n gin hn trong vic ch to v lp t. Cc s trn u c chung nhc im l vic m, kho cc Tiristor trong vng in p ln cn 0 l thiu chnh xc lm cho vic np, x t trong vng in p li gn 0 khng c nh mun. Ngy nay cc vi mch c ch to ngy cng nhiu, cht lng ngy cng cao, kch thc gn, ng dng cc vi mch vo thit k mch ng pha c th cho

ta cht lng in p li tt. Trn s hnh 3.4d m t s to in p ta dng khuch i thut ton.
+E R1 D1 D2 TrQ Tr UAT D4 D3 R3 B + A1 R4 -E R6 C1 A2 +

R2

D5

R5

Urc

e. S ng pha to in p ta c chu k

UA

UCL

UB

t
UC

t
Urc

s nguyn l hot ng ca hnh 3.4e.

S e c u im l n gin, kinh t, to c in p ra Urc rng ca trong c chu k. Nhng nhc im l khong in p rng ca bng khng nh khng iu khin c. Nhng i vi ti l dy t in tr th khng cn cht lng in p iu khin cao nn c th dng c s ny. Ngoi ra cn nhc im ca s ny na l in p tht sau transistor khng phi l hnh sin.
+12(V)

VR1 A D1 Uv U p1

U1

R1 R4 R2 + A1 -

Tr1 C1 B D3 R3 A2 + -

Urc

U p2

D2

Hnh 3.4.g. S ng pha to in p ta lin tip hai na chu k

U UA

UCL

U1

t
UB

t
Uc

s nguyn l hot ng ca hnh 3.4 g.

in p chnh lu UA c so snh vi in p U1 ly trn bin tr VR1. Ti thi im UA = U1 th i du in p ra ca khuch i thut ton A1. Kt qu l chng ta c chui xung ch nht khng i xng UB. y c rng xung m caUB , phn dng UB tch phn qua A2 thnh in p ta. Trong vng lm mt xung iu khin, do khng c in p ta. Theo Nguyn tc ny cng gim nh cng tt, m gc mt do U1 quyt nh. V vy c th gim U1 c gc mt vi , sai s vi l hon ton cho php. Vic iu khin triac cn phi to ra in p ta c c chu k s dng s ny l u im hn c. b. Mt s mch thng dng lm khu so snh.

R3 Urc R1 R2 Tr Ura U k

Urc

R1 R2

A3 + Ura

U k

Urc

R1

A3 + Ura

U k

R2

Hnh 3.5. S cc khu so snh thng gp a. Bng transistor; b. Cng mt cng o ca khuch i thut ton; c. Hai cng ca khuch i thut ton

 xc nh c thi im cn m Tiristor chng ta cn so snh hai tn hiu Uk v Urc. Vic so snh cc tn hiu c th c thc hin bng transistor (Tr) nh trn hnh 1.22a. Ti thi im Uk = Urc, u vo Tr lt trng thi t kho sang m (hay ngc li t m sang kho), lm cho in p ra cng b lt trng thi, ti chng ta nh du c thi im cn m Tiristor. Vi mc m bo ho ca Tr ph thuc vo hiu Uk Urc = Ub hiu ny c mt vng in p nh hng mV, lm cho Tr khng lm vic ch ng ct nh ta mong mun, do nhiu khi lm thi im m Tiristor b lch kh xa so vi im cn m ti Uk = Urc. KTT c h s iu kin v cng ln, ch cn mt tn hiu rt nh (c V) u vo, u ra c in p ngun nui, nn vic ng dng KTT trn hnh 3.5b,c rt thng gp trong cc s mch hin nay. u im ca cc s ny l c th pht xung iu khin chnh xc ti Uk = Urc. c. Mt s s khuch i thng dng Vi nhim v to xung ph hp m Tiristor nh nu trn, tng khuch i cui cng thng c thit k bng transistor cng sut nh m t trn hnh 3.6a. c xung kim gi ti Tiristor, ta dng bin p xung (BAX), c th iu kin cng sut ta dng Tr, diode bo v Tr v cun dy s cp bin p xung. Khi Tr kho t ngt, mc d vi nhng s ny khng c dng rng ri, bi v h s khuch i ca transistor loi ny nhiu khi khng ln, khuch i c tn hiu t khu so snh a sang.

+E BAX BAX D R Uv R Tr Uv Tr1 Tr2 D

+E a) BAX D b)

C Uv

R D c)

Tr1 Tr2

Hnh 3.7. S cc khu khuch i thng dng a. Tng transistor cng sut; b. Bng s darlington; c. S c t ni tng. Tng khuch i cui cng bng s darlington nh hnh 3.7b thng hay c dng trong thc t. s ny hon ton c th p ng c yu cu v khuch i cng sut, khi h s khuch i c nhn ln theo thng s ca cc transistor.

Trong thc t xung iu khin ch cn c rng b (c khong 10 - 20 s) m thi gian m thng cc transistor cng sut (ti a ti mt na chu k 0,01s), lm cho cng sut to nhit d ca Tr qu ln v kch thc dy qun s cp bin p ln. gim nh cng sut to nhit Tr v kch thc dy qun BAX chng ta c th thm t ni tng nh hnh 3.7c. Theo s ny, Tr ch m cho dng in chy qua trong khong thi gian np t, nn dng hiu dng ca chng b hn nhiu ln. i vi mt s s mch, gim cng sut cho tng khuch i v tng lng xung kch m, nhm m bo Tiristor m mt cch chc chn, ngi ta hay pht xung chm cho cc Tiristor. Nguyn tc pht xung chm l trc khi vo tng khuch i, ta a chn thm mt cng v (&) vi tn hiu vo nhn t tng so snh v t b pht xung chm nh hnh 3.8.
T so snh Ti khuch i & T chm xung

Hnh 3.8. S phi hp to xung chm Mt s s khu to xung chm m t trn hnh 3.9. Vi mch 555 to xung ng h hnh 3.9a. Cho ta cht lng xung kh tt v s cng tng i n gin. S ny thng gp trong cc mch to chm. Trong thit k mch iu khin, ta thng s dng khuch i thut ton. Do ng dng v linh kin, khu to xung chm c th s dng khuch i thut ton nh cc s trn hnh 3.9b. Tuy nhin, y s dao ng a hi hnh 3.9b c u im hn v mc n gin, do c s dng kh rng ri trong cc mch to xung ch nht.

R1 R2 C1

7 6

8 555 2 a) R1 A +

3 Ura 5

C2

R3 C A1 + R1 R2 c) R4 A2 +

R b)

R2

Hnh 3.9. Mt s s chm xung