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Khi nim ma trn trong i s tuyn tnh c ging dy trong chng trnh Ton i
cng ca hu ht cc trng i hc. y cng l ni dung quy nh ca Hi Ton hc Vit
nam trong cc k thi Olympic Ton hc sinh vin ton quc. Nhm gip Sinh vin chun b
tham gia vo cc k thi Olympic Ton hc sinh vin vng trng v vng quc gia, chng ti
gii thiu mt dng ma trn v nhng tnh cht ca n cc bn sinh vin c thm mt ti
liu n tp.
I.nh ngha v tnh cht
1.nh ngha:
Cho A l ma trn vung cp n, A c gi l ma trn lu linh nu tn ti s nguyn dng q
sao cho A
q
= 0.
Nhn xt: Nu A
q
= 0 th ta cng c A
m
= 0 vi mi s t nhin m tho m q.
S nguyn dng k c gi l cp lu linh ca ma trn A nu A
k
= 0, v A
k-1
0.
Ma trn A c gi l ma trn lu linh n nu A E l ma trn lu linh ( E l ma trn n v
cng cp vi ma trn A ).
2. Mt s tnh cht
1. Nu A l ma trn lu linh th A l ma trn suy bin.
Chng minh: Tht vy A l ma trn lu linh, nn tn ti s nguyn dng q sao cho A
q
= 0.
Ta c:
DetA
q
= det0 = 0 suy ra
det .det ...det
q
A A A
1 4 442 4 4 43
= 0
(detA)
q
= 0
detA = 0 (pcm).
2. Nu A l ma trn lu linh th cc ma trn E A v E + A kh nghch.
Chng minh: Gi s A
k
= 0 ( k1) ta c
E = E A
k
= (E A)(E + A + A
2
++A
k-1
). Nh vy
E A kh nghch v (E A)
-1
= (E + A +
A
2
++A
k-1
).
Tng t ta cng c E + A kh nghch v:
E = E + A
2k+1
= (E + A)(E A + A
2
+A
2k
).
Khi (E + A)
-1
= (E A + A
2
+ A
2k
).
3. Cho A v B l hai ma trn vung cng cp v AB = BA. Khi nu A v B l cc ma
trn lu linh th A + B cng l ma trn lu linh.
Chng minh:
Do A v B l cc ma trn lu linh nn tn ti cc s nguyn dng p,q sao cho
A
p
= 0, B
q
= 0, gi s pq, t m = 2p.
Theo gi thit AB = BA nn ta c khai trin nh thc Newton:
(A + B)
2m
=
0
m
i i m i
m
i
C A B
(A E)
i
B
i
(B E)
2p-i
. Trong 2 s i v 2p-i
phi c mt s khng nh hn p nn (A E)
i
B
i
(B E)
2p-i
= 0. Vy tn ti s nguyn dng 2p
sao cho (AB E)
2p
= 0, tc (AB E) l ma trn lu linh.
Vy ta c pcm.
Ch : Tng t nh khi nim ma trn lu linh ngi ta cng xt khi nim t ng cu
lu linh nh sau.
T ng cu f ca K khng gian vc t V trn trng K gi lu linh nu c s nguyn
dng q
q
f = 0, (
. ...
q
q
f f f f
14243
).
Thm vo nu
1
0
q
f
th q gi l bc lu linh ca f.
T ng cu f ca K khng gian vc t V trn trng K gi lu linh n nu
f Id
V
l lu linh ( Id
V
l t ng cu ng nht trn V).
Chng minh tng t nh ma trn lu linh, ta cng c mt s tnh cht ca ng cu lu
linh nh sau.
1. Nu f v g l hai t ng cu lu linh giao hon c ca K khng gian vc t V trn
trng K th f + g cng lu linh.
2. Nu f v g l hai t ng cu lu linh n giao hon c ca K khng gian vc t V
trn trng K th f . g cng lu linh n.
3. Nu f l t ng cu lu linh ca R khng gian vc t V n chiu trn trng R cc s
thc th mi gi tr ring ca f u bng 0.
4. Nu f l t ng cu lu linh n ca R khng gian vc t V n chiu trn trng R
cc s thc th mi gi tr ring ca f u bng 1.
II. Mt s bi tp ngh:
Bi 1: Chng minh rng nu A l ma trn lu linh th mi gi tr ring ca A u bng 0.
Bi 2: Chng minh rng nu A l ma trn lu linh n th mi gi tr ring ca A u
bng 1.
Bi 3: Cho A v B l hai ma trn vung cng cp v AB = BA. Khi nu A v B l cc
ma trn lu linh th cc ma trn E + (A + B), E (A + B ) l cc ma trn kh nghch. ( thi
Olympic Ton Sinh vin ton Quc ln th XI).
Bi 4: Cho A l ma trn vung tho A
2003
= 0. Chng minh rng vi mi s nguyn
dng n ta lun c:
2
Rank(A) = Rank(A + A
2
+ A
3
+ +A
n
). ( thi Olympic Ton Sinh vin ton
Quc ln th XI).
Bi 5: Cho A v B l hai ma trn vung cng cp tho mn cc iu kin:
i. AB = BA
ii. Tn ti cc s nguyn dng p, q sao cho (A E)
p
= (B E)
q
= 0.
Chng minh rng ma trn tch AB c cc gi tr ring u bng 1.
Bi 6: Cho A l ma trn vung cp n v A
k
= 0 vi k nguyn dng cho trc.
K hiu:
1
2
n
x
x
X
x
1
1
1
1
1
]
M
. Chng minh hai phng trnh
AX = 0 v (A + A
2
+ ... + A
n
)X = 0 tng ng.
( thi Olympic Ton Sinh vin vng trng nm 2003. H An Giang).
Bi 7: Cho A l ma trn vung. Chng minh rng nu
l vc t ring ca A tng
ng vi gi tr ring k th
cng l vc t ring ca A
n
ng vi gi tr ring k
n
, (n
N). (
thi chn i tuyn Olympic Ton Sinh vin 2004 trng H An Giang).
Bi 8:
1.Chng minh ma trn
1 0 1
1 1 3
0 1 2
1
1
1
1
]
l ma trn lu linh.
2. Cho ma trn:
A =
1 0 1 1 0 0
1 1 3 0 1 0
0 1 2 0 0 1
0 0 0 1 0 1
0 0 0 1 1 3
0 0 0 0 1 2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
]
. Tnh A
100
GI TR RING V VC T RING
Gi tr ring v vc t ring ca ma trn l ni dung c quy nh trong k thi
Olympic Ton hc Sinh vin gia cc trng i hc v Cao ng. Bi vit ny nhm gip
Sinh vin c thm mt ti liu n tp, gii quyt c mt s dng bi tp v gi tr ring v
vc t ring ca ma trn thng gp trong cc k thi Olympic Ton nhng nm gn y.
Cho f l php bin i tuyn tnh ca khng gian vc t n chiu V trn trng K (trong
phn ny chng ta xt trng K l trng R hoc C). S k
K c gi l gi tr ring ca f
3
nu tn ti mt vc t 0 sao cho
( ) f k
. Khi vc t
gi l vc t ring ca f ng
vi gi tr ring k. Gi s A l ma trn ca f i vi c s chnh tc cho trong V, th gi tr
ring k ca f l nghim ca phng trnh
det(A kE) = 0. Det(A kE) l mt a thc bc n i vi bin k v c gi l a thc c
trng ca ma trn A. Tm vc t ring ca f ng vi gi tr ring k tc l tm nghim
1 2
( , ,..., ) (0, 0,..., 0)
n
x x x
ca phng trnh A k . Ngi ta cng gi k v
nh ngha
nh trn ln lt l gi tr ring v vc t ring tng ng ca ma trn A. Sau y chng ta
a ra mt s tnh cht lin quan n gi tr ring v vc t ring ca mt ma trn.
nh l 1: Gi tr ring ca mt php bin i tuyn tnh ca khng gian vc t n chiu V trn
trng K khng ph thuc vo c s.
Chng minh: Gi s A l ma trn ca php bin i tuyn tnh f i vi c s
1 2
, ,...,
n
(1)
v vi c s mi
1 2
, ,...,
n
(2), f c ma trn l B. Khi
1
B S AS
trong S l ma trn
chuyn t c s (1) sang c s (2). Ta c
1 1 1 1
( ) . . B kE S AS kS ES S A kE S S A kE S A kE
(pcm). T nh l 1 ta
c h qu sau:
H qu : Nu hai ma trn A v B ng dng th A v B c cng a thc c trng.
Nhn xt: Mnh o ca h qu l sai (nu n 2). V d: Xt hai ma trn
0 0 0 1
,
0 0 0 0
A B
1 1
1 1
] ]
, hai ma trn A v B khng ng dng nhng a thc c trng ca
chng trng nhau:
2
A kE B kE k
.
nh l 2: Cho A l ma trn vung cp n,
1
1 1 0
( ) ...
n n
A n n
k a k a k a k a
+ + + + l a thc c
trng ca ma trn A. Khi :
i. ( 1)
n
n
a
ii.
1
1
( 1) ( )
n
n
a Tr A
'
+ + + + .
nh l 3: (nh l Cayley Hamilton)
Cho A l ma trn vung cp n,
1
1 1 0
( ) ( 1) ...
n n n
A n
k k a k a k a
+ + + + l a thc c trng
ca A. Khi
( ) 0
A
A
.( Phn chng minh nh l Cayley Hamilton bn c c th xem
trong Gio trnh Ton tp 6. i s 2, ca tc gi Jean Maric Monier).
nh l 4: Gi s A l ma trn vung vi phn t l s thc v l ma trn i xng. Khi mi
gi tr ring ca A u l s thc. (Bn c c th xem phn chng minh trong Gio trnh Ton
Cao cp ca tc gi Nguyn nh Tr).
Sau y chng ta gii mt s bi tp lin quan n gi tr ring v vc t ring.
Bi 1: Tm gi tr ring v vc t ring ca ma trn A =
2 1 1
1 2 1
1 1 2
1
1
1
1
]
.
Gii:
2
( ) det( ) ( 3)
A
k A kE k k , do ma trn A c hai gi tr ring l
k = 0, k = 3. ng vi gi tr ring k = 0, gii h phng trnh:
1 2 3
1 2 3
1 2 3
2 0
2 0
2 0
x x x
x x x
x x x
+
'
ta c
nghim tng qut l ( )
3 3 3 3
, , , x x x x
R. Nh vy cc vc t ring ng vi gi tr ring k = 0 l
( , , ), 0 a a a a
. Tng t i vi gi tr ring k = 3 ta c cc vc t ring l
2 2
( , , ), 0 a b a b a b + .
Bi 2: Cho ma trn:
0 1 0
4 4 0
2 1 2
A
1
1
1
1
]
. Tnh f(A), bit rng:
f(x) =
8 7 6 5 4 3 2
6 12 8 6 12 10 1 x x x x x x x x + + + + +
Gii: a thc c trng ca ma trn A l:
3 2
( ) 6 12 8
A
k k k k + + . Chia a thc f(x) cho a thc
3 2
6 12 8 x x x + + c thng l
5
x x + v d l
( ) 2 1 r x x +
. Do :
f(A) = r(A) = 2A + E =
0 1 0 1 0 0 1 2 0
2 4 4 0 0 1 0 8 9 0
2 1 2 0 0 1 4 2 5
1 1 1
1 1 1
+
1 1 1
1 1 1
] ] ]
.
5
Bi 3: Cho ma trn A =
a b c d
b a d c
c d a b
d c b a
1
1
1
1
1
]
, a, b, c, d R. Chng minh:
a.
2 2 2 2
. ( ).
t
A A a b c d E + + +
b.
( )
2
2 2 2 2
( ) ( )
A
k a k b c d + + + , vi mi k R.
Gii: a. Kim tra trc tip.
b. p dng kt qu cu a) i vi cc ma trn (A kE), (A kE)
t
ta c:
(A kE).(A kE)
t
= ( )
2 2 2 2
( ) a k b c d E + + +
, suy ra
( )
2 2 2 2
det ( ).( ) det((( ) ) )
t
A kE A kE a k b c d E + + +
. Ta bit nh thc ca mt ma trn
khng thay i qua mt php chuyn v, do :
2 2 2 2 2 4
(det( )) (( ) ) A kE a k b c d + + + , t suy ra
2 2 2 2 2 4
(( ) )
A
a k b c d + + + , hay
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
(( ) ) (( ) ) 0
A A
a k b c d a k b c d 1 1 + + + + + + +
] ]
. V A l ma trn cp 4 nn
theo nh l 2, h s cao nht ca a thc c trng ca A bng 1, do ta c
2
2 2 2 2
( )
A
a k b c d 1 + + +
]
(pcm).
Bi 4: Gi s a l s thc khc 0. Chng minh rng h phng trnh sau lun c nghim vi
mi b, c, d R
(1 ) (1 )
( 1) ( 1)
(1 ) ( 1)
( 1) (1 )
ax b y cz d t a
b x ay d z ct b
cx d y az b t c
d x cy b z at d
+ + +
+ + +
'
+ + +
+ +
.
b. Tm gi tr ring v vc t ring ca ma trn A.
Bi 2: Cho A l ma trn vung cp n. Gi s A c n gi tr ring l
1 2
, ,...,
n
k k k
. Chng minh
detA =
1 2
. ...
n
k k k
.
Bi 3: Gi s
cng l vc t ring ca ma trn
2
3 5 A A E + . Gi tr ring tng ng l bao nhiu?
Bi 4: Cho A =
0 8 6
1 8 7
1 14 11
1
1
1
1
]
. Tnh A
n
, vi n l s t nhin.
Bi 5: Cho
1999 2
( ) 1 f x x x + , v ma trn C =
4 3 0 0
2 3 0 0
4 9 1 0
1 2 5 2
1
1
1
1
1
]
. Tnh detf(C).
BI TP V MA TRN
I. Mt s kt qu
1) Tnh cht ca php ton trn cc ma trn
)
)( ) ( )
)
) ( ) ( )
)( )
) ( )
)( )
t t t
i A B B A
ii A B C A B C
iii O A A O A
iv A A A A O
v A B A B
vi A B A B
vii A A A
+ +
+ + + +
+ +
+ +
+ +
+ +
+ +
)( )
t t t
viii AB B A
)( )
t t
ix A A
) x
Nu A l ma trn i xng (phn i xng) th ( )
t t
A A A A
* Nu AB = BA th c th khai trin Newton (A + B)
n
.
2) Ma trn kh nghch
7
1 1
1 1
1 1
1 1 1
)( )
)( ) ( )
1
)( ) , 0
)( )
t t
i A A
ii A A
iii A A
iv AB B A
3) nh thc ca ma trn
i) det(AB) = detAdetB.
ii) det(A
1
) = (detA)
1
.
iii) det(
) A
=
n
det A
iv) det A = det
t
A
4) Ma trn ly linh
Cho A l ma trn vung cp n. A gi l ly linh nu tn ti s nguyn dng n sao cho
A
n
= 0 (ma trn khng). Khi A
m
= 0 vi mi mn (nu A
n 1
0 th n gi l bc ly linh
ca A).
Nu A ly linh th detA = 0. V A
k
= 0 (
. .... 0
k
A A A
142 43
) nn detA
k
= 0, suy ra
detAdetA.....detA = 0
detA = 0.
Nu A ly linh th E A v E + A kh nghch v E = E A
k
= (E A)(E + A +.....+ A
k
1
)
det( ) 0 E A
.
* Nu A ly linh, B ly linh v AB = BA th A + B ly linh. Nu A E, B E ly linh
th AB E ly linh.
5) Vt ca ma trn
Cho
11 1
1
( )
n
n
n nn
a a
A M
a a
_
,
K
M O M
L
ta gi ca ma trn A k hiu Tr(A) l mt s c xc nh
bi
1
( )
n
ii
i
Tr A a
II. Bi tp
1. Chng minh rng: nu A ly linh, B ly linh v AB = BA th A + B ly linh.
2. Cho AB =BA, v A E, B E ly linh. Chng minh AB E ly linh.
3. Chng minh rng: nu A ly linh th mi gi tr ring ca A u bng 0.
4. Chng minh rng: nu A E ly linh th mi gi tr ring ca A u bng 1.
8
5. A v B gi l ng dng nu A = T
1
BT. Chng minh rng: Hai ma trn ng dng c
cng a thc c trng.
6. Cho A, B l hai ma trn vung cng cp v A kh nghch. Chng minh AB v BA c
cng gi tr ring.
7. Chng minh hai ma trn ng dng c cng hng.
8. T kt qu bi 7, hy chng minh mnh sau: nu A l mt ma trn kh nghch th
hng ca ma trn B bng hng ca ma trn AB (A, B l hai ma trn vung cng cp).
9. Cho A, B vung cp n, AB = BA v A
p
= B
q
= E vi p, q nguyn dng no . Hy
chng minh A + B + E kh nghch.
10. Cho A, B vung, E AB kh nghch. Chng minh E BA kh nghch.
11. Cho A l ma trn vung, k l gi tr ring ca A. Chng minh k
n
l gi tr ring ca A
n
.
12. Ma trn A c k
1
, k
2
,...., k
n
l cc gi tr ring. Chng minh detA = k
1
k
2
...k
n
.
13. Chng minh rng AB v BA c cng gi tr ring.
14. Cho A c k
1
, k
2
,...., k
n
l cc gi tr ring. Chng minh A cho ha c, ngha l tn ti
ma trn C kh nghch sao cho A = C
1
BC, trong
1
... 0
... ... ...
0 ...
n
k
B
k
_
,
.
15. Cho A, B l hai ma trn vung cp n tha mn cc iu kin sau:
a) AB = BA.
b) Tn ti cc s nguyn dng p, q sao cho
(A E)
p
= (B E)
q
= 0. (ma trn khng)
Chng minh rng ma trn tch AB c cc gi tr ring u bng 1.
16. Cho A vung cp n tha mn A
2
2A + E = 0. Chng minh:
A
3
= 3A 2E, A
4
= 4A 3E.
17. Cho X l mt vect ring ca A ng vi gi tr ring k. Chng minh X cng l gi tr
ring ca 5E 3A + A
2
, tm gi tr ring.
18. Cho A l ma trn vung cp n c tt c cc gi tr ring c gi tr tuyt i nh hn 1.
Chng minh E A kh nghch.
19. Ma trn A c gi l ng dng vi ma trn B nu tn ti mt ma trn khng suy bin
P sao cho B = P
1
AP.
Chng minh rng: nu A l ma trn kh nghch v ng dng vi ma trn B th B cng kh
nghch v (A
1
)
n
ng dng (B
1
)
n
, vi n l mt s nguyn dng cho trc.
20. Cho
2 2
2 2
os sin ( ) ostsint
( ) ostsint asin t + bcos
ac t b t b a c
A
b a c t
_ +
,
. Tnh A
2004
.
9
21. Cho
1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1
A
_
,
. Tnh A
100
.
22. Cho A l ma trn vung cp n sao cho A
1
= 2A. Tnh det(A
2004
A).
23. Tm
0
1
lim lim ( )
n
x n
A E
x
_
,
, vi
1
*
1
x
n
A n
x
n
_
.
24. Cho
, , ,
0
a b
A a b c
c
_
,
. Tm a, b, c
1 0
0 1
n
A
_
,
, (n l mt s t nhin no ).
25. Gi s a, b, c l nghim phng trnh: x
3
+ px + q = 0. Tnh detA, vi
a b c
A c a b
b c a
_
,
.
26. Gi s A l ma trn vung cp n. Chng minh rng: nu A
2
= E th rank(A+E) + rank(A
E) = n.
BI TP N TP TNG HP
Bi 1. Bit rng ma trn vung A cp n c n tr ring l
1 2
, ,....,
n
. Tm cc gi tr ring
ca ma trn A
3
.
Bi 2. Hi c tn ti hai ma trn A v B sao cho AB BA = E (E l ma trn n v)?
Bi 3. Xc nh a ma trn sau c hng b nht
2 2 1 4 3
1 1 3 2
3 0 1 1
6 1 4 4 5
a
a
,
Bi 4. Cho A l ma trn vung cp n, E l ma trn n v cng cp v A
k
= 0 (ma trn
khng),
, 1 k k >
.
Chng minh rng (E A)
1
= E + A + A
2
+....+ A
k 1
.
Bi 5. Cho phng trnh ma trn
10
1 2 1
2 7 2 1 2
3 9 4 1
X
_ _
+
, ,
.
a) Gii phng trnh trn khi 0.
b) Tm phng trnh trn c v s nghim.
Bi 6. Chng t rng tng cc nghim ca phng trnh
x
5
+ x
4
+ x
3
+ x
2
+ x +1 = 0
bng 1.
Bi 7. Gi s a
3
+ b
3
+ c
3
= 3abc. Chng minh rng tn ti ma trn 0 X (ma trn khng)
tho mn
0
0 .
0
a b c
b c a X
c a b
_ _
, ,
Bi 8. Cho
1 3
, .
3
n
n
i
z n
i
_
+
+
,
Tm n nh nht sao cho Re(z
n
) = 0.
Bi 9. Tm gi tr ln nht ca cc nh thc cp 3 m cc phn t ch c th l 1 hay 1.
Bi 10. Cho ma trn
0 0 1
1 0 0 .
0 1 0
J
_
,
a) Tnh J
n
( ). n
b) Hy biu din ma trn
, , ,
a b c
M b a c a b c
c b a
_
,
theo cc ma trn E, J v
J
2
(E l ma trn n v), t suy ra ma trn M
2
theo E, J v J
2
.
Bi 11. Cho phng trnh ma trn
1
2 , , .
1 1
a b b
b a a X a b
a b b
_ _
, ,
+ + +
'
+ + +
+ +
Bi 13. Cho
3 0 2
0 1 2
2 2 2
A
_
,
a) Tm vect ring v tr ring ca A.
b) Tm mt ma trn kh o V sao cho
1
2 0 0
0 1 0 .
0 0 5
V AV
_
,
Bi 14. Tm tn ti ma trn X sao cho
2 1 3 6
1 0 5 6
,
3 2 1
0 1 3 2
X
_ _
, ,
sau tm X.
Bi 15. Chng minh rng nu
1
2sin , , z
z
+ th
4
4
1
2 4
k
k
z cos k
z
+ vi 0 k
nguyn.
Bi 16. Cho A l ma trn vung thc. Chng minh rng nu A khng c gi tr ring thc
th detA > 0.
Bi 17. Chng minh rng tng bnh phng cc nghim ca phng trnh
7
1 0 x bng 0.
Bi 18. Cho A l mt ma trn vung thc cp n c det 0 A v A
t
l ma trn chuyn v ca
A. Chng minh rng, vi x
1
, x
2
,...., x
n
l cc s thc
[ ]
1
2
1 2
, ,...., 0
...
t
n
n
x
x
x x x A A
x
1
1
1
1
1
]
khi v ch khi x
1
= x
2
=.......= x
n
= 0.
Bi 19. Tm gi tr ring v vect ring ca ma trn
2 0 0
2 3 1
3 2 2
A
_
,
v tm ma trn U sao cho U
1
AU l mt ma trn ng cho.
12
Bi 20. a) Cho
1
2
3
0 0 0 0 0
0 0 , 0 0 1 , , 1,3
0 0 0 0 0
i
K J i
_ _
, ,
. Tnh K
2
, J
2
, KJ, JK.
b) Tnh A
n
, n > 0 nguyn, vi
2 0 0
0 3 1 .
0 0 3
A
_
,
Bi 21. Cho a thc f(x) = 3x
3
2x + 5. Tnh f(A) trong
1 2 3
2 4 1 .
3 5 2
A
_
,
Bi 22. Chng minh rng cc gi tr ring ca ma trn A
2
bng cc bnh phng ca cc gi
tr ring tng ng ca ma trn A.
Bi 23. Cho A l mt ma trn vung thc. Chng minh rng nu detA < 0 th A lun c tr
ring thc.
Bi 24. A l ma trn vung sao cho A
3
= 0 (ma trn khng). Hy tnh (E + A)
n
vi n nguyn
> 0, E l ma trn n v.
Bi 25. Cho A l ma trn vung sao cho A
2
= A. Hy tnh (E + A)
n
, vi n nguyn > 0, E l
ma trn n v.
Bi 26. Chng minh rng cc tr ring ca ma trn nghch o A
1
bng nghch o cc gi
tr ring ca ma trn A.
Bi 27. Cho
2k 2k
os sin , , .
n n
k
a c i k n
+ Tnh
0 1 1
... , .
m m m
n
S a a a m
+ + +
Bi 28. Cho
0 0
0 ,
0 0
a
A b a
a
_
,
vi
, . a b
Tm ma trn , .
n
A n
Bi 29. Cho
1 0
0 1 .
0 0
a
A a
a
_
,
Tm A
100
.
Bi 30. Cho
0 0
0 0 .
0
a
A a
b a
_
,
vi
, . a b
Tm , .
n
A n
Bi 31. Cho
1 0
0 1 .
0 0
a
A a
a
_
,
Tm A
1000
.
13
Bi 32. Chng minh rng nu ma trn vung A tho mn A
4
+ E = 0, th cc gi tr ring
ca A khng th l s thc.
Bi 33. Tm hng ca ma trn sau ph thuc vo m
1 1 1 1 1
2 1 2 1
.
1 1 1 1
2 3 1 2 1
m
A
m
_
,
Bi 34. Tnh nh thc sau, trong u, v l nghim phng trnh x
2
+ p = 0;
: .
u v u v
v u v u
p
a b c d
p p p p
,
Bi 37. Cho ma trn vung cp 10
0 1 0 ... 0
0 0 1 ... 0
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ... ... 1
1 0 0 ... 0
A
_
,
trong a
10,1
= a
12
= a
23
= ....= a
9,10
= 1, cn nhng phn t khc bng khng. Tnh A
10.
Bi 38. Cho ma trn vung cp 10
0 0 ... 0 1
1 0 ... 0 0
0 1 ... 0 0
... ... ... 0 1
0 0 ... 1 0
A
_
,
trong a
1,10
= a
21
= a
32
= ....= a
10,9
= 1, cn nhng phn t khc bng khng. Tnh A
10
.
Bi 39. Tm mt ma trn vung cp ba
( ), 0, , 1, 2,3
ij ij
B b b i j
sao cho detB = 1998.
14
Bi 40. Tm mt ma trn vung cp ba
( ), 0, , 1, 2,3
ij ij
B b b i j
sao cho detB = 2000.
Bi 41. Tm mt ma trn vung cp hai
( ), 0, , 1, 2
ij ij
B b b i j
sao cho B c 2 tr ring
1 2
2, 5
.
Bi 42. Tm mt ma trn vung cp hai
( ), 0, , 1, 2
ij ij
A a a i j
sao cho A c 2 tr ring
1 2
3, 4.
Bi 43. Tm ma trn nghch o ca ma trn sau:
.
a a a a b
a a a b a
a a b a a
a b a a a
b a a a a
_
,
MT S THI OLYMPIC
THI OLYMPIC TON HC SINH VIN TON QUC 2004
Mn thi: i s
Thi gian lm bi: 180 pht
Cu 1. Cho cc ma trn:
1 3 0 1 3 3
3 2 1 ; 0 2 5
0 1 1 3 1 1
A T
_ _
, ,
a) Tnh B = T
1
AT.
b) Tm gi tr ring v vct ring ca ma trn A.
Cu 2. Chng minh rng vi mi ma trn vung thc cp hai A, B, C ta lun c
(AB BA)
2004
C = C(AB BA)
2004
.
Cu 3. Bit rng cc ma trn vung A, B u l nghim ca a thc f(x)= x
2
x
v AB + BA = 0. Tnh det(A B).
Cu 4. Cho ma trn thc ( )
ij
n n
A a
tho mn iu kin:
0,
1,
ij
i j
a
i j
'
t
0.
15
Cu 5.
a) Xc nh a thc f(x) dng
f(x) = x
5
3x
4
+2x
3
+ax
2
+bx +c
bit rng n chia ht cho a thc (x 1)(x +1)(x 2).
b) Cho P(x), Q(x), R(x) l cc a thc vi h s thc c bc tng ng l 3, 2, 3 tha mn
iu kin (P(x) + Q(x))
2
=(R(x))
2
. Hi a thc T(x)=P(x)Q(x)R(x) c t nht bao nhiu nghim
thc (k c bi ca nghim).
P N
OLYMPIC TON HC SINH VIN TON QUC 2004
Mn thi: i s
Cu 1. Cho cc ma trn:
1 3 0 1 3 3
3 2 1 ; 0 2 5
0 1 1 3 1 1
A T
_ _
, ,
a) Tnh B = T
1
AT.
b) Tm gi tr ring v vct ring ca ma trn A.
Gii.
a) Ta c
1 1
7 0 21 1
1
15 10 5 , 3
70
6 10 2 4
T B T AT
_ _
, ,
.
b) Gi tr ring {1, 3, 4}.
Cu 2. Chng minh rng vi mi ma trn vung thc cp hai A, B, C ta lun c
(AB BA)
2004
C = C(AB BA)
2004
.
Gii.
Tnh ton trc tip ta thy vi cp ma trn vung cp hai A v B bt k, AB v BA c cng
mt vt. T suy ra ma trn D=AB BA c vt bng 0. Vy nn
a b
D
c a
_
,
v D
2
= (a
2
+cb)E.
Do
D
2004
= (a
2
+ cb)
1002
E
v n giao hon vi mi ma trn C.
Cu 3. Bit rng cc ma trn vung A, B u l nghim ca a thc f(x)= x
2
x v
AB+ BA = 0. Tnh det(A B) ?
Gii.
Ta c A
2
=A, B
2
=B nn
16
2 2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2 2
( )
( )
A B A AB BA B A B A B
A B A AB BA B A B A B
+ + + + + +
'
+ + +
t
det( ) , det( ) A B A B +
. Ta c
2 2
2 2
det( ) det( )
det( ) det( )
A B A B
hay
A B A B
+ +
' '
+
Suy ra
( , ) (0, 0), ( , ) (1, 1), ( , ) ( 1, 1).
Vy ta c ba trng hp:
(i) 0 , chng hn khi A = 0, B = 0.
(ii)
1,
chng hn khi A = E, B = 0.
(iii)
1,
chng hn khi
1 0 0 0
, .
0 0 0 1
A B
_ _
, ,
Cu 4. Cho ma trn thc ( )
ij
n n
A a
tho mn iu kin:
0,
1,
ij
i j
a
i j
'
t
,
ta c detA
3
= 0.
b) Xt ma trn
0 1 1 1
1 0 1 1
.
1 1 0 1
1 1 1 0
B
_
,
Ta tnh c detB= 3.
Theo nh ngha ca nh thc th
1 4
1 2 3 4
1 4
( ,..., )
1 2 3 4
( ,..., )
det ( 1)
N j j
j j j j
j j
B b b b b
v
17
1 4
1 2 3 4
1 4
( ,..., )
1 2 3 4
( ,..., )
det ( 1) (*)
N j j
j j j j
j j
A a a a a
R rng l nu tch
1 2 3 4
1 2 3 4
0
j j j j
b b b b
th tch
1 2 3 4
1 2 3 4
0
j j j j
a a a a
v ngc li. Do
det 3 B l mt s l nn s s hng khc 0 trong (*) cng l mt s l v v vy
det 0. A
Cu 5.
a) Xc nh a thc f(x) dng
f(x) = x
5
3x
4
+2x
3
+ax
2
+bx +c
bit rng n chia ht cho a thc (x 1)(x +1)(x 2).
b) Cho P(x), Q(x), R(x) l cc a thc vi h s thc c bc tng ng l 3, 2, 3 tha mn
iu kin (P(x) + Q(x))
2
=(R(x))
2
. Hi a thc T(x)=P(x)Q(x)R(x) c t nht bao nhiu nghim
thc (k c bi ca nghim).
Gii.
a) T gi thit
(1) ( 1) (2) 0, f f f
ta thu c h phng trnh
0
6 0.
4 2 0
a b c
a b c
a b c
+ +
+
'
+ +
+
Tnh
2
lim .
n
n
x
+
Cu 2. Cho hm s f(x) lin tc v dng trn
[0, + ).
Chng minh rng hm s
0
0
( )
( )
( )
x
x
tf t dt
F x
f t dt
ng bin trn
[0, + ).
Cu 3. Cho 0< a < b. Tnh tch phn
[ ]
[ ]
1
0
1
0
) ( ) (1 ) .
) lim ( ) .
a I bx a x dx
b I
19
Cu 5. Cho a thc P(x) tho mn iu kin
( ) ( ) 0 P a P b
vi a < b. t
( ) .
a x b
M max P x
Chng minh rng
3
) ( )( )( ) 2 ( ) ,
1
) ( ) ( ) .
12
b b
a a
b
a
a P x x a x b dx P x dx
b P x dx M b a
P N
OLYPIC TON HC SINH VIN TON QUC 2004
Mn thi: Gii tch
Cu 1. Cho dy s {x
n
} xc nh nh sau:
1
0
0, ( 1) , 1.
2004
n
n
n
x
x x n
+
Tnh
2
lim .
n
n
x
+
Gii.
Ta chng minh cng thc
1
( 1) (2004) 1
.
(2004) .2005
n n
n n
x
Tht vy, t
( )
,
(2004)
n n
h n
x
ta thu c
1
1 1 1
( ) ( 1) ( 1)
(2004) 2004 (2004)
n
n n
h n h n
+
.
Suy ra
( ) ( 1) ( 1) (2004)
n n
h n h n
v
[ ]
1 1
( ) (0) ( ) ( 1) ( 1) (2004) .
n n
i i
i i
h n h h i h i
Do
0
(0) 0 x h
nn
1
1
1 ( 1) (2004) 1
( 1) (2004) .
(2004) (2004) .2005
n n n
i i
n n n
i
x
Suy ra
2
2
2004
lim .
2005
n
n
x
+
_
,
Cu 2. Cho hm s f(x) lin tc v dng trn
[0, + ).
Chng minh rng hm s
20
0
0
( )
( )
( )
x
x
tf t dt
F x
f t dt
ng bin trn
[0, + ).
Gii.
Ta c
0 0
2
0
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) .
( )
x x
x
xf x f t dt f x tf t dt
F x
f t dt
_
,
V
2
( )
0
( )
x
x
f x
f t dt
>
_
,
v
0 0 0
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 0
x x x
x f t dt tf t dt x t f t dt >
vi
( ) 0, f t x t >
nn
( ) 0 F x
khi x > 0. Do
vy F(x) l mt hm ng bin trong [ ) 0, . +
Cu 3. Cho 0< a < b. Tnh tch phn
[ ]
[ ]
1
0
1
0
) ( ) (1 ) .
) lim ( ) .
a I bx a x dx
b I
Gii.
a) t
(1 ) , bx a x t +
ta c
[ ]
1
0
1 1
1
(1 )
1 1 1
.
1 1
b
a
b
a
t
bx a x dx dt
b a
b a
t
b a b a
+ +
+
+
+ +
b) T a) suy ra
[ ]
1
1 1
1
1
1
( ) .
( 1)
b a
I
b a
+ +
_
,
+
21
Suy ra
[ ]
1
1
1
0
lim ( ) .
b
b a
a
b
I e
a
,
Cu 4. Xc nh cc hm s f(x) tho mn ng thi cc iu kin sau:
2004
( ) ( ) , .
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ), , .
x
i f x e x
ii f x y f x f y x y
+
Gii.
t
2004
( ) ( ).
x
f x e g x Theo gi thit (i) th
( ) 1 g x
vi mi . x Th vo iu kin (ii),
ta thu c
200( ) 2004 2004
( ) ( ) ( ),
x y x y
e g x y e g x e g y
+
+
hay
( ) ( ) ( ), , . g x y g x g y x y +
Vi x= y= 0 ta thu c
[ ]
2
(0) (0)
(0) 1.
(0) 1
g g
g
g
'
Suy ra
1 (0) ( ( )) ( ) ( ) 1, . g g x x g x g x x +
Do
( ) 1 g x
v
2004
( ) .
x
f x e
Cu 5. Cho a thc P(x) tho mn iu kin
( ) ( ) 0 P a P b
, vi a < b. t
( ) .
a x b
M max P x
Chng minh rng
3
) ( )( )( ) 2 ( ) ,
1
) ( ) ( ) .
12
b b
a a
b
a
a P x x a x b dx P x dx
b P x dx M b a
Gii.
a) Ta chng minh
( )( )( ) 2 ( ) (1)
b b
a a
P x x a b x dx P x dx
Tht vy, s dng cng thc tch phn tng phn, ta thu c
22
[ ]
[ ] [ ]
( )( )( ) ( ) ( )( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 2 ( ) .
b b
a a
b b b
a a a
P x x a b x dx P x x a b x dx
P x b x x a dx P x b x x a dx P x dx
b) T (1) ta thu c
1
( ) ( )( )( ) .
2
b b
a a
P x dx P x x a b x dx
Suy ra
1
( ) ( ) ( )( ) .
2
b b
a a
P x dx P x x a b x dx
V a x b nn
( )( ) ( )( ) x a b x x a b x
v
3
( ) ( )( ) ( ) .
2 12
b b
a a
M M
P x dx x a b x dx b a
THI OLYMPIC TON HC SINH VIN TON QUC 2005
Mn thi: i s
Thi gian lm bi: 180 pht
Cu 1. Xt ma trn c dng
2
1 1 2 1 3 1 4
2
1 2 2 2 3 2 4
2
1 3 2 3 3 3 4
2
1 4 2 4 3 4 4
1
1
,
1
1
x x x x x x x
x x x x x x x
A
x x x x x x x
x x x x x x x
_ +
+
+
+
,
Chng minh rng nh thc ca A l mt a thc i xng theo cc bin
1 2 3 4
, , , . x x x x
Tnh
nh thc ca A khi
1 2 3 4
, , , x x x x
ln lt l 4 nghim ca a thc
4 3 2
4
( ) 5 1. P x x x x +
Cu 2. Cho ma trn
2 2
.
1 3
A
_
,
Tm ma trn B c cc gi tr ring dng sao cho B
2
=A.
Cu 3.
1) Tn ti hay khng a thc P(x) tho mn
( ) ( ) P x P x >
v
( ) ( ), P x P x >
vi mi x?
2) Bit rng a thc Q(x) c tnh cht
( ) ( ), . Q x Q x x >
Chng minh rng
( ) 0, . Q x x >
23
Cu 4. Cho ma trn
2 1 0
0 1 0 ,
0 0 2
M
_
,
t { }
, 1,2,3.
( ) ( , 2).
n
ij
i j
M b n n n
Tnh
3 3
1 1
( ).
n ij
i j
S b n
+ + + +
+ + +
'
+ + +
P N
OLYMPIC TON HC SINH VIN TON QUC 2005
Mn: i s
Cu 1. Xt ma trn c dng
2
1 1 2 1 3 1 4
2
1 2 2 2 3 2 4
2
1 3 2 3 3 3 4
2
1 4 2 4 3 4 4
1
1
,
1
1
x x x x x x x
x x x x x x x
A
x x x x x x x
x x x x x x x
_ +
+
+
+
,
Chng minh rng nh thc ca A l mt a thc i xng theo cc bin
1 2 3 4
, , , . x x x x
Tnh
nh thc ca A khi
1 2 3 4
, , , x x x x
ln lt l 4 nghim ca a thc
4 3 2
4
( ) 5 1. P x x x x +
Gii.
Ta c
24
1 1 1 1
1
2 2 2 2
2
1 2 3 4
3 3 3 3
3
4 4 4 4
4
2
1
2
2 2 2 2 2
1 2 3 4
2
3
2
4
1
1
det .det
1
1
1
1 1 1 1
1
1 1 1 1
.det
1
1 1 1 1
1
1 1 1 1
x x x x
x
x x x x
x
A x x x x
x x x x
x
x x x x
x
x
x
x x x x
x
x
_
+
+
+
+
,
_
+
+
+
+
,
2
1
2
2
2 2 2 2
1 2 3 4
2 2
3 3
2 2
4 4
2 2
1 1
2 2
2 2
3
2
4
1 1 1 1 1
0 0 0
1
0 0 0
1 1 1 1
det det 1 1
0 0 0 0 0 0
1 1
0 0 0 0 0 0
1 1
0 0 0 0 0 0
1 1
0 0 0 0 0 0
det det
1 1 1 1 1
0 0
1
0 0 0
x
x
x x x x
x x
x x
x x
x x
x
x
_ _
+ +
'
, ,
_
+ +
,
2
1
2
2
2
3 2
2
4
1
0 0 0
1
0 0 0
det
1
0 0 0
0
1
0 0 0
1 1 1 1
x
x
x
x
_
_
+
;
,
25
`
( )
( )
2 2 2 2
1 2 3 4 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
2 3 4 1 3 4 1 2 4 1 2 3 1 2 3 4
2
2 2 2 2
1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4
1 2 1 3 1 4 2 3 2 4 3 4
1 1 1 1 1
1
2 1.
x x x x
x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x
x x x x x x x x
x x x x x x x x x x x x
_
+ + + +
,
+ + + + + + +
+ + + + + +
V
1 2 3 4
, , , x x x x
l nghim ca a thc
4 3 2
4
( ) 5 1 P x x x x + nn:
1 2 3 4 1 2 1 3 1 4 2 3 2 4 3 4
1; 5. x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x + + + + + + + +
Vy detA= 1 2.(5) +1=12.
Cu 2. Cho ma trn
2 2
.
1 3
A
_
,
Tm ma trn B c cc gi tr ring dng sao cho B
2
=A.
Gii.
Cho ho ma trn A:
1
1 0
,
0 4
D P AP
_
,
trong
1
2 1 1 3 1 3
, .
1 1 1 3 2 3
P P
_ _
, ,
Ma trn C c cc gi tr ring dng sao cho C
2
=D l ma trn
1 0
.
0 2
C
_
Cn tm B=QCQ
1
sao cho B
2
=QC
2
Q
1
=A=PDP
1
?
1 1 1 1
( ) ( ) . QDQ PDP D Q P Q P D
,
1 0 1 0
. .
0 2 0 2
_ _ _ _
, , , ,
2
2 2 2
_ _
, ,
0, 0, ,
khc 0 tu ! Vy ta c:
26
1 1 1
1
1 1 1
1
1 1 1
1
0 0 2
0 0
3 3 4 3 2 3 0
.
3 2 3 1 3 5 3 0
Q P Q P
Q P B QCQ
_ _ _
, , ,
_ _ _
, , ,
Ghi ch: Nu th sinh chn lun ma trn
1
4 3 2 3
1 3 5 3
B PCP
_
,
th vn cho im ti a.
Cu 3.
1) Tn ti hay khng a thc P(x) tho mn
( ) ( ) P x P x >
v
( ) ( ), P x P x >
vi mi x?
2) Bit rng a thc Q(x) c tnh cht
( ) ( ), . Q x Q x x >
Chng minh rng
( ) 0, . Q x x >
Gii.
1) D dng thy khng tn ti cc a thc bc 0, 1, 2:
0 1 2
( ), ( ), ( ) P x P x P x
tho mn iu
kin u bi.
Xt trng hp 3. n Gi s tn ti a thc bc
: ( )
n
n P x
tha mn iu kin:
( ) ( ), (1)
( ) ( ) (2)
n n
n n
P x P x
P x P x x
>
>
T (1) ( ) ( ) 0
n n
P x P x x n
> chn.
T (2) ( ) ( ) 0 ( 1)
n n
P x P x x n
> chn.
V l!!
2) T gi thit suy ra n - chn (n - bc ca a thc Q(x)). Gi s ngc li,
0 0
: ( ) 0 x Q x
c t nht 2 nghim (
k c nghim bi)
( )
( ) 0
x
e Q x
c nghim. Tc l ( ) ( ) 0
x x
e Q x e Q x
+ c nghim
( ) ( ) 0 Q x Q x
c nghim
V l!!
Cu 4. Cho ma trn
2 1 0
0 1 0 ,
0 0 2
M
_
,
t { }
, 1,2,3.
( ) ( , 2).
n
ij
i j
M b n n n
Tnh
3 3
1 1
( ).
n ij
i j
S b n
Gii.
Ta c M= E +D vi
27
1 0 0 1 1 0
0 1 0 , 0 0 0 .
0 0 1 0 0 1
E D
_ _
, ,
D dng thy rng , , ( 2).
n n
E E D D n n Khi
0 1 1
( ) .
n n n
n n k n k k k n k k k
n n n
k k k
M E D C E D C E D E C D E
+ + +
Mt khc
1 1
1
1
0
0 0 0
0 0
n n
k k
n n
k k
n
k
n
k
n
k
n
k
C C
C D
C
_
,
v
1
2 1.
n
k n
n
k
C
Do :
2 2 1 0
0 1 0 .
0 0 2
n n
n
n
M
_
,
T y suy ra 3.2 .
n
n
S
Cu 5. Gii h phng trnh
1 2 1
1
2 1 2
1 1
.....
2004
.....
2005 1
.................................. ...................
...
2005 1
n n
n n
n
n n
a
x x x x
a x
x x x
a x x
x
+ + + +
+ + +
'
+ + +
Gii.
Cng thm biu thc
1 2 1
...
i
x x x
+ + +
vo c hai v phng trnh th
( 2) i i
ca h
cho. Vi
2,3,..., , i n
ta c
1
1 2 1
1 2 1 1 2
...
... .... ...
2005 1
i
i
i i n i
a x x x
x x x x x x x x
+ + + +
+ + + + + + + + + +
28
1 2 1
1 2 1
1
( ... ) 1
2004 2005 1 2005 1
2005 2005
... .
2005 2004
i i i
i
i i
a a
x x x
a
x x x
_
+ + + + +
,
_
+ + +
,
Vy vi
2,3,..., 1: i n
1 2 1 2 1
1
1
( ... ) ( ... )
2005 2005 2005 2005
.
2005 2004 2005 2004 2005
i n i
i i
i i i
x x x x x x x
a a a
+
+
+ + + + + +
_ _
, ,
Ly phng trnh th nht tr i phng trnh th hai ta c
1
.
2005
a
x Vy
1
( 1, 2,..., 1); .
2005 2004.2005
i n i n
a a
x i n x
THI OLYMPIC TON HC SINH VIN TON QUC 2005
Mn thi: Gii tch
Thi gian lm bi: 180 pht
Cu1. Cho dy s {x
n
}
( 1, 2,3,.....) n
c xc nh bi cng thc truy hi sau:
2
1 1
2, 5.
n n
x x x
+
Tm gii hn
2
1
1 2
lim( ) .
...
n
n
n
x
x x x
+
< <
29
Chng minh rng khi trn on
0,
2
1
1
]
, phng trnh
( ) 0 f x
c duy nht nghim.
Cu 4. Cho hm s f lin tc trn on [0, 1] v tho mn iu kin
[ ]
1 2
1
( ) , 0,1 .
2
x
x
f t dt x
Hy chng minh
[ ]
1 1
2
0 0
( ) ( ) . f x dx xf x dx
Cu 5. Gi s f(x) l hm s c o hm cp 2 lin tc trn v tho mn iu kin
(0) (1) . f f a
Chng minh rng
[ ]
{ }
x 0,1
max ( ) 8( ) f x a b
,
vi
[ ]
{ }
0,1
min ( ) .
x
b f x
Gii.
Theo gi thit ta c
2 2 2 4 2 2 2 2 2 2
1 1 1
2 2 2 2 2
1 1 1 1 2
4 ( 2) 4 4 ( 4) ( 4)
.... ... ( 4) 21( .... ) .
n n n n n n n n n
n n n
x x x x x x x x x
x x x x x x x
+
Suy ra
2
1
2
1 2 1 2
4
21 .
... ( ... )
n
n n
x
x x x x x x
+
_
,
D dng chng minh c (vi d: bng qui np!)
2, 1.
k
x k >
Do vy
30
2
1
1 2
lim 21.
...
n
n
n
x
x x x
+
,
Cu 2. Cho hm s f(x) xc nh v lin tc trn on [a, b] (a < b) v tho mn iu kin
( ) 0.
b
a
f x dx
Gii.
Xt hm s
2005
( ) ( ) .
t
t
a
F t e f x dx
Khi
( ) ( ) 0 F a F b
v
2005 2005
( ) 2005 ( ) ( ).
t
t t
a
F t e f x dx e f t
+
Theo nh l Rolle, tn ti
( , ) c a b
sao cho
( ) 0, F c
ngha l
2005 2005
2005 ( ) ( ) 0.
c
c c
a
e f x dx e f c
+
< <
1
1
]
, phng trnh
( ) 0 f x
c duy nht nghim.
Gii.
Ta c
31
2 2 2
2
0
0 0 0
2 2
0 0
( )sin ( ) cos cos ( ) ( )cos
(0) ( )cos (0) cos (0) .
f x xdx f x d x xf x f x xdx
f f x xdx f a xdx f a
+
+ + +
Suy ra
2
0
(0) ( )sin 0. f f x xdx a
<
Gi s
( 2) 0. f <
T gi thit
( ) 0 f x a >
suy ra
( ) f x
ng bin trn on [ ] 0, 2 .
Khi
[ ] ( ) 0 0, 2 . f x x <
Do vy [ ] ( )sin 0 0, 2 , f x x x <
hay
2
0
( )sin 0. f x xdx
<
Hy chng minh
[ ]
1 1
2
0 0
( ) ( ) . f x dx xf x dx
Gii.
Ta c
[ ] [ ]
[ ]
1 1 1 1
2 2
2
0 0 0 0
1 1
2
0 0
0 ( ) ( ) 2 ( )
1
( ) 2 ( ) .
3
f x x dx f x dx xf x dx x dx
f x dx xf x dx
+
+
Suy ra
[ ]
1 1
2
0 0
1
( ) 2 ( ) . (1)
3
f x dx xf x dx
t
32
1 1
0
( ) .
x
A f t dt dx
_
,
Ta c
1 1 1 2
0 0
1 1
( ) .
2 3
x
x
A f t dt dx dx
_
,
Mt khc
1
1 1 1 1 1
0 0 0
0
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) .
x x
A f t dt dx x f t dt xf x dx xf x dx
_
+
,
Do
1
0
1
( ) .
3
xf x dx
(2)
Thay (2) vo (1) suy ra iu phi chng minh.
Cu 5. Gi s f(x) l hm s c o hm cp 2 lin tc trn v tho mn iu kin
(0) (1) . f f a
Chng minh rng
[ ]
{ }
x 0,1
max ( ) 8( ) f x a b
,
vi
[ ]
{ }
0,1
min ( ) .
x
b f x
+
Hay
2
2
2( )
( (0)) 0.
2( )
( (1)) 0.
(1 )
a b
f
c
a b
f
c
(s dng bt ng thc
2 2
1
(1 )
16
c c vi
[0,1]) c
.
T suy ra iu phi chng minh.
M rng i vi on [ ] ,
:
[ ]
2
x ,
8( )
max {f (x)}
( )
a b
.
Ghi ch: Nu th sinh a ra c phn v d khi a = b th c th xt thng im.
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
34
kim tra i tuyn (Ngy 17/4/2006)
Bi 1: Tm gii hn
1
1 1
2
1
lim 0 1
3
1
0 0
5
n
n
_
,
Bi 2: Cho ma trn A cp
n
c dng
1 0 ... 0 0
0 1 ... 0 0
...
0 0 0 ... 1
0 0 0 ... 0
a
a
a
a
_
,
Tm tng cc phn t ca dng u ca ma trn , .
m
A m n
Bi 3: Chng minh rng nu a thc
3 2
( ) f x x ax bx c + + + c 3 nghim thc phn bit th a thc
3 2 2
1
( ) ( )
4 8
ab c
g x x ax a b x
+ + + + cng c 3 nghim thc phn bit.
Bi 4: Cho
, ( )
n
A B M
, t C AB BA , gi s rng C giao hon c vi
, . A B
Chng
minh
1
, .
k k k
AB B A kB C k
Gi s C B . Tnh det . B
Bi 5: Cho
, ( )
n
A B M
, chng minh rng nu
, A B
lu linh th uA vB + lu linh vi mi
, . u v
Bi 6: Chng minh rng h phng trnh sau c nghim khc khng:
2 2 2 2
1 2 3 2005
2 2 2 2
1 2 3 2005
2 2 2 2
1 2 3 2005
2 2 2
1 2 2005
1 2 3 ... 2005 0
2 3 4 ... 2006 0
3 4 5 ... 2007 0
..................................
2005 2006 ... (2.2005 1) 0
x x x x
x x x x
x x x x
x x x
+ + + +
+ + + +
+ + + +
'
+ + +
35