MC LC

MC LC ............................................................................................................. 1
MC LC HNH ................................................................................................... 2
MC LC BNG .................................................................................................. 3
DANH MC T VIT TT .................................................................................. 4
CHNG I ............................................................................................................ 6
TNG QUAN V M TURBO .............................................................................. 6
1.1. M knh trong thng tin s ........................................................................... 6
1.1.1. M khi .............................................................................................. 7
1.1.2. M chp ............................................................................................ 10
1.2. S kt ni m v ra i ca m Turbo (TURBO CODE) .............................. 16
1.3. B m ha tch chp h thng quy RSC .................................................. 17
1.3.1. M tch chp h thng v khng h thng ........................................... 17
1.3.2. M tch chp quy v khng quy ................................................ 18
1.3.3. B m tch chp h thng quy ....................................................... 18
1.4. Quyt nh cng v quyt nh mm ........................................................... 19
1.5. M ha m turbo PCCC (parallel concatenated convolutional code) ............. 20
1.5.1. B m ha ........................................................................................ 20
1.5.2. K thut punturing ............................................................................ 22
1.5.3. B ghp xen (interleaver) .................................................................. 22
1.6. Gii m Turbo ............................................................................................ 29
1.6.1. Tng quan v cc thut ton gii m .................................................. 29
1.6.2. Gii thut MAP ................................................................................. 32
1.6.3. Nguyn l ca b gii m viterbi u ra mm ..................................... 33
Kt lun ........................................................................................................... 36
CHNG II ........................................................................................................ 37
M TURBO TRONG H THNG W-CDMA ...................................................... 37
2.1. Cng ngh W - CDMA ............................................................................... 37
2.2. Kin trc cho cng ngh WCDMA theo 3GPP ............................................ 38
2.2.1. Thit b ngi s dng ....................................................................... 40
2.2.2. Mng truy nhp v tuyn UMTS ........................................................ 40
2.2.3. B iu khin mng v tuyn ............................................................. 41
2.2.4. Node B ............................................................................................. 42
2.2.5. Mng li ........................................................................................... 42
2.3. M ho Turbo trong W-CDMA ................................................................... 45
2.3.1. B m ho Turbo .............................................................................. 45
2.3.2. Kt thc trng thi ca m Turbo ....................................................... 46
CHNG III ....................................................................................................... 47
M PHNG NH GI CHT LNG M TURBO ....................................... 47
3.1. Chng trnh m phng h thng W CDMA ............................................ 47
3.2. Kt qu m phng theo t l gia BER v E
b
/ N
0
vi ma trn sinh G(13, 15). 48
KT LUN.......................................................................................................... 53
2

MC LC HNH
Hnh 1.1. S phn loi m knh ................................................................................ 6
Hnh 1.2. S to m chp ....................................................................................... 10
Hnh 1.3. B to m chp ............................................................................................. 11
Hnh 1.4. M chp (2,1,3) ............................................................................................. 13
Hnh 1.5. S hnh cy ca b m (2,1,3) ................................................................. 14
Hnh 1.6. S hnh li b m chp (2,1,3) v b pht m (7,5). ............................. 15
Hnh 1.7. S trng thi ca b m chp (2,1,3) ....................................................... 15
Hnh 1.8. M kt ni ni tip ........................................................................................ 16
Hnh 1.9. M kt ni song song .................................................................................... 16
Hnh 1.10. B m ha tch chp h thng .................................................................... 17
Hnh 1.11. B m tch chp khng h thng ................................................................ 18
Hnh 1.13. B m ho RSC vi r=1/2 k=1 .................................................................. 19
Hnh 1.14. B m ho PCCC tng qut ........................................................................ 21
Hnh 1.15. M PCCC tc 1/3 gm 2 b m ho chp h thng quy .................. 21
Hnh 1.16. B ghp xen lm tng trng s m ca b m ho RSC2 so vi RSC1 ..... 23
Hnh 1.17. V d minh ha kh nng ca b ghp xen ................................................ 23
Bng 1.10. Cc gi tr x
1
n x
15
c c ra theo ng cho .................................. 25
Hnh 1.18. B ghp xen gi ngu nhin vi di chui u vo L= 8 ...................... 26
Hnh 1.19. B ghp xen dch vng vi L=8, a=3, s=0 ................................................. 26
Bng 1.12. B ghp xen khi 3x3 ................................................................................ 27
Hnh 1.19. Tng quan cc thut ton gii m ............................................................... 30
Hnh 1.20. B gii m lp MAP ................................................................................... 32
Hnh 1.21. B gii m SOVA kt ni ........................................................................... 33
Hnh 1.22. S khi b gii m SOVA ..................................................................... 34
Hnh 1.24. B gii m SOVA lp ................................................................................. 34
Hnh 2.1. Kin trc mng 3G trong 3GPP pht hnh nm 1999 .................................. 39
Hnh 2.2. Cu trc ca b m ho Turbo 8 trng thi (K=4) ....................................... 45
Hnh 3.1. S khi m phng h thng W CDMA s dng m Turbo ................. 47


3

MC LC BNG
Bng 1.1. M khi tuyn tnh (6,3) ................................................................................ 9
Bng 1.3 Bng trng thi ca b m 00, 01, 10, 11 ..................................................... 15
Bng 1.4. Cc chui u vo v u ra ca b m ha trong hnh 1.17 ...................... 24
Bng 1.7. Chui vo x
1
n x
18
c vit vo theo ma trn......................................... 25
Bng 1.8. Chui d liu x1 n x18 vit ra theo hng ................................................. 25
Bng 1.9. Chui d liu x
1
n x
15
c c vo theo ct........................................... 25
Bng 1.11. B ghp xen chn l vi L=9 ..................................................................... 27
Bng 1.13. Cc bit chn ca chui c
3
c lu tr vi chui tin x .............................. 28
Bng 1.14. Chui tin x v chui m ha c ghp .................................................... 28


4

DANH MC T VIT TT
AuC Authentication Center Trung tm nhn thc
BER Bit Error Rate T l li bit
CDMA Code Division Multipe Access a truy nhp phn chia theo m
CN Core Network Mng li
CRC Cyclic Redundance Check Kim tra cc bit d theo chu k
CS Circuit Switch Chuyn mch knh
E
b
/N
0
Energy of a Bits/Noise
Nng lng bt/ Mt cng sut tp
m
EIR Equipment Identity Register B nhn dng thit b
GGSN Gateway GPRS Support Node cng h tr dch v GPRS
GMSC Gateway MSC Trung tm chuyn mch di ng cng
HCCC
Hybrid Concatenated Convolutional
Code M chp kt ni hn hp
HLR Home Location Register Thanh ghi nh v thng tr
HLR Home Location Register Thanh ghi nh v thng tr
IMEI
International Mobile Equipment
Identity
S nhn dng thit b di ng
quc t
IMSI
International Mobile Subsscriber
Identity
S nhn dng thu bao di ng
quc t
MAP Maximum A Posteriori Thut ton cc i hu nghim
ME Mobile Equipment Thit b di ng
ML Maxium Likelihood Kh nng cc i
MSC Mobile Switching Center Trung tm chuyn mch di ng
PCCC
Parallel Concatenated Convolutional
Code M chp kt ni song song
PDP Packet Data Protocol Giao thc s liu gi
PS Packet Switch Chuyn mch gi
RNC Radio Network Controller B iu khin mng v tuyn
RSC
Recursive Systematic Convolutional
Code M chp h thng quy
SCCC
Serial Concatenated Convolutional
Code M chp kt ni ni tip
SGSN Serving GPRS Support Node Nt h tr dch v GPRS
SISO Soft Input Soft Output u vo mm, u ra mm
SLVA Serial List Viterbi Algorithm Thut ton Viterbi lit k ni tip
SOVA Soft Output Viterbi Algorithm Thut ton Viterbi u ra mm
SRN Signal to Noise Ratio T s tn hiu trn tp m
SRN Signal to Noise Ratio T s tn hiu trn tp m
TC Turbo code M Turbo
TE Terminal Equipment Thit b u cui
UE User Equipment Thit b thu bao
5

UMTS
Universal Mobile Telecommunication
System
H thng vin thng di ng ton
cu
USIM UMTS Subcriber Identity Module Module nhn dng thu bao UMTS
UTRAN UMTS Terrestrial Radio Network
mng truy nhp v tuyn mt t
UMTS
VA Viterbi Algorithm Thut ton Viterbi
VLR Visitor Location Register Thanh ghi nh v tm tr
WCDMA Wideband CDMA CDMA bng rng


6

CHNG I
TNG QUAN V M TURBO
Sau 50 nm k t khi Shannon a ra l thuyt thng tin s, ln u tin cc nh
nghin cu v m ho mi tm c mt phng php m ho tip cn c gn ti
dung lng ca knh Gaussian, chnh l pht hin ra m Turbo vo nm 1993. Vic
kt hp gia m ho vi ghp xen pha pht v gii m lp pha thu cho nhng
kt qu bt ng. Tuy nhin, c s l thuyt cho m Turbo vn cha c hon thin.
V vy, vic tm hiu v m Turbo c ngha khoa hc cao.
Chng ny trnh by:
- M knh trong thng tin s.
- S kt ni cc m v s ra i ca m Turbo (TC).
- Gii thiu v m chp h thng quy (Recursive Systematic
Convolutional Code_RSC), l c s ca vic to ra m TC.
- Chi tit cu trc b m ha PCCC.
- Thut ton gii m Turbo.
1.1. M knh trong thng tin s
M knh thng c chia lm hai loi, l m dng sng (Waveform) v m
chui c cu trc (Structured sequence).

Hnh 1.1. S phn loi m knh
M knh
M chui c cu trc M dng sng
M i cc
M trc giao
M li
M tn hiu a mc
M khi
M chp
M lin kt
7

M khi l b m khng nh (chui bit nhn c u ra ca b m ch ph
thuc vo bn tin u vo hin hnh m khng ph thuc vo bn tin trc ). Tri
ngc vi m khi l m chp, y l b m c nh (chui bit nhn c u ra ca
b m khng ch ph thuc vo bn tin u vo hin hnh m cn ph thuc vo mt
vi bn tin trc ). M lin kt l s kt hp ca hai b m vng trong v vng
ngoi c phn bit bi b xo trn.
Nm 1967, Forney a ra s m ho gm m vng trong l m chp v m vng
ngoi l m khi Reed-Solomon. Sau , nm 1993 Berrou a ra b m Turbo c cu
trc gm hai b m chp kt ni song song thng qua xo trn. Nm 1996, Benedetto a
ra s m gm hai m chp lin kt ni tip. Cc b m ny u s dng thut ton gii
m lp v c cht lng tin ti gii hn Shannon.
B m Turbo l mt b m c nh, c cu trc gm hai b m chp lin kt song
song PCCC thng qua xo trn v khi xem xt m Turbo x l theo tng khi bit
thng tin th c th coi b m Turbo nh mt b m khi. Do vy, trong phn ny s
cp ti b m khi (block code), b m chp (convolutional code) v b m Turbo
(Turbo code).
1.1.1. M khi
a) Cu trc m khi
M khi l mt b m (n, k) nhn mt bn tin u vo k k hiu v bin i thnh
mt chui n k hiu ti u ra c gi l t m. c trng quan trng nht ca b m
khi l t m u ra ch ph thuc vo bn tin u vo hin hnh m khng ph thuc
vo cc bn tin trc . Do , m khi l mt b m khng nh. Nu bn tin u
vo v t m u ra l cc k hiu nh phn th b m khi c gi l b m khi nh
phn, b m ny thng c s dng v c phc tp va phi. Trong m khi (n,
k) nh phn, c 2
k
bn tin c di k bit u vo khc nhau c b m khi sp xp
thnh 2
k
t m c di n bit u ra khc nhau v tc m l R = k/n.
Mt b m khi c gi l tuyn tnh khi tho mn c hai iu kin l n cha
mt t m ton 0 v tng modul 2 ca hai t m thnh phn l mt t m khc. Mt
m khi tuyn tnh (n, k) c th c to ra t mt tp k cc vc t c lp tuyn tnh
8

di n l g
0
, g
1
,..., g
k-1
. Cc t m nhn c l t hp tuyn tnh ca k vc t ny. Do
, t m ng vi bn tin c = (c
0
, c
1
, ..., c
k-1
) c th biu din l:
v = c
0
.g
0
+ c
1
.g
1
+ ...+ c
k-1
.g
k-1
vi php cng modul-2 theo tng phn t.
Nu sp xp k vc t theo hng trong ma trn k n sau:

Vi g
i, j
= 0 hoc 1 th G c gi l ma trn sinh ca m (ma trn to m).
T m v ng vi bn tin c c biu din l:
v = c.G = c
0
.g
0
+ c
1
.g
1
+... + c
k-1
.g
k-1
.
V d 1.1: Cho m khi tuyn tnh (6, 3) vi ma trn sinh l:
(
(
(

=
(
(
(

=
1 0 0 0 1 1
0 1 0 1 0 1
0 0 1 1 1 0
2
1
0
g
g
g
G (1. 1)
Bn tin c = ( 1 0 1 ) c m nh sau :
v = c. G = 1 . (011100) + 0 . (101010) + 1 . (110001)
= (011100) + (000000) + (110001) = (101101).
Cc t m u ra b m khi tuyn tnh tng ng vi cc bn tin u vo trong v
d 1.1 c lit k trong bng 1.1.
Cc bn tin
(c
0
, c
1
, c
2
)
Cc t m
(v
0
, v
1
, v
2
, v
3
, v
4
,
v
5
)
9

(000)
(100)
(010)
(110)
(001)
(101)
(011)
(111)
(000000)
(011100)
(101010)
(110110)
(110001)
(101101)
(011011)
(000111)
Bng 1.1. M khi tuyn tnh (6,3)
V cu trc, b m khi h thng tuyn tnh gm hai phn: phn u l chui
kim tra c di n-k-1 ch s, phn tip theo l bn tin c di k ch s (chnh l
bn tin u vo). Cu trc t m c biu din nh sau:
( )

m T
tin n B tra kim Chui
tin n B
1 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 0
, , , , , , , , , ,


k k n k
c c c v v v c c c
Ma trn sinh ca m khi h thng tuyn tnh c dng: G = [P I
k
].
Trong , P l ma trn k (n-k) v I
k
l ma trn n v k k.
T v d 1.1 trn ta c:

k k
I P
g
g
g
=
(
(
(

=
(
(
(

=
1 0 0 0 1 1
0 1 0 1 0 1
0 0 1 1 1 0
3
1
0
G (1. 2)
b) Khong cch cc tiu ca m khi
Xt m khi tuyn tnh (n, k). Ta thy ngoi tham s tc m cn c tham s
quan trng khc l trng s Hamming (hay trng s) ca t m v, tc l s cc phn t
khc 0 (vi m nh phn l tng cc bit 1) trong t m. Mi t m c mt trng s
xc nh, tp hp tt c cc trng s ca cc t m trong b m lp thnh phn b
trng s ca b m. Khi tp M = 2
k
t m c trng s bng nhau th b m c gi
l b m c trng s khng i hay b m c trng s c nh.
10

Khong cch Hamming gia hai t m v v u c k hiu l d
v,u
, vi v = u, n >
d
v,u
> 0 v c nh ngha l s cc v tr khc nhau gia hai t m. V d, nu hai t
m l v = (100111) v u = (010001) th khong cch Hamming gia chng l 4.
Khong cch Hamming gia hai t m cng chnh l trng s ca tng modul-2 ca
hai t m .
Khong cch Hamming cc tiu hay cn gi l khong cch cc tiu ca b m,
k hiu l d
min
, c nh ngha l khong cch Hamming nh nht gia hai t m
khc nhau trong b m. Nh vy, khong cch cc tiu ca m khi tuyn tnh chnh l
trng s nh nht ca mt trong cc t m m khng phi l t m ton 0. im
quan trng ca tham s khong cch cc tiu l trong thc t n xc nh kh nng
pht hin v sa li ca b m.
T v d 1.1 trn, xt cc t m trong bng 1.1, th khong cch Hamming cc
tiu (hay l khong cch cc tiu) ca b m l 3.
1.1.2. M chp
a) Gii thiu m chp
M chp l mt loi m sa li trong mi k hiu k bit (chui k bit) c m
ha thnh mt k hiu n bit (n k). Mi ln u vo dch k bit s cho n bit u ra. Tc
m ha l r = k/n.
D liu vo c lu gi trong b m c di xc nh. u ra l mt t hp ca
d liu vo v cc d liu trong b m. Vic m ha c tin hnh lin tc theo cc
bc dch vo ca dng d liu m khng theo tng cm nh m khi

Hnh 1.2. S to m chp
11

Ti mi thi im, u ra khng ch ph thuc k bit li vo m cn ph thuc vo
k(N - 1) bit trc trong b m. S trng thi trong b m l 2
k(N-1)
.
N c gi l di rng buc ca m chp. B to m chp hu hn trng thi
gm M tng thanh ghi c cc ng c nh trc vi n b cng modul 2 v b hp
knh cc li ra ca b cng modul 2 ny .
Khi bn tin L bit to nn n(L/k +N) bit li ra, tc ca b m ho l :
n
k

) (
~
+
=
N
k
L
n
L
r , khi L >> N
di rng buc l s dch m qua mt bit n (mt nhm bit) c th nh
hng ln u ra. Trng hp dch 1 bit, thanh ghi dch c M tng nn N = M + 1 l
di rng buc.
V d 1.2: n = 2, N = 4, k = 1 nn tc m l r = , khi a mt dy d liu
u vo 1 bit s cho ta 2 bit d liu u ra, a thc to m l G(11, 13).

Hnh 1.3. B to m chp
Mt b m chp thng c nh ngha theo v tr ca dy to m (a thc sinh)
g
1
(i)
, g
2
(i)
, g
M
(i)
. thnh phn ca nhnh th i ca dy g
j
(1 j kN, 1 i
n) s l 1 nu thnh phn ca thanh ghi c ni n b t hp li ra li ra i, s l
0 nu khng c ni.
g
(i)
(D) = g
0
(i)
+ g
1
(i)
D + g
2
(i)
D
2
+ + g
N
(i)
D
N
(1.4)
Trong : D l phn t tr.
B m ho y th hin a thc sinh G nh sau :
12


(
(
(
(
(
(

=
) (
...
) (
) (
2
1
D
D
D
G
g
g
g
n
(1.5)
Hnh 1.3 c 2 nhnh: nhnh 1 c a thc sinh l (1, 0, 1, 1), nhnh 2 l (1, 1, 0 , 1).
Do ta c a thc sinh l :
(

=
1 0 1 1
1 1 0 1
G
Tng ng ta c g
(1)
= 1 + D
2
+ D
3
v g
(2)
= 1 + D + D
3
.
Vi bn tin li vo l (1 0 0 1 1) th biu din a thc bn tin li vo l :
M(D) = 1 + D
3
+ D
4

Tng t nh bin i fourier, php nhn tch chp trong min thi gian tng t
nh php nhn trong min D. Do li ra ca a thc nhnh 1 l:
c
(1)
(D) = g
(1)
(D)M(D) = (1 + D
2
+ D
3
)(1 + D
3
+ D
4
) = 1 + D
2
+ D
4
+ D
5
+ D
7

Do , li ra 1 l 10101101.
Tng t, li ra 2 s l:
c
(2)
(D) = g
(2)
(D)M(D) = (1 + D + D
3
)(1 + D
3
+ D
4
) = 1 + D + D
5
+ D
6
+ D
7

Hay li ra 2 l 11000111.
Cui cng hp knh 2 li ra ny ta c dy m li ra l :
c = (11, 01, 10, 00, 10, 11, 01, 11).
Vi bn tin L = 5 to dy m di n(L + N 1) = 16 bit.
thanh ghi tr v trng thi zero ban u th phi c N 1 = 3 zero ti cui bn
tin. Dy N 1 zero ny gi l ui bn tin.
b) Biu din m chp
13

C ba phng php biu din m chp l: s li, s trng thi, v s
hnh cy. lm r phng php ny ta tp trung phn tch da trn v d hnh 1.4
vi b m (2,1,3), a thc sinh (7,5).

Hnh 1.4. M chp (2,1,3)
S hnh cy
T v d hnh 1.4, gi thit trng thi ban u ca cc thanh ghi dch trong b m
u l trng thi ton 0. Nu bit vo u tin l bit 0 th u ra ta nhn c chui
00, cn nu bit vo u tin l bit 1 th u ra ta nhn c chui 11. Nu bit
vo u tin l bit 1 v bit vo tip theo l bit 0 th chui th nht l 11 v
chui th hai l chui 10. Vi cch m ho nh vy, ta c th biu din m chp
theo s c dng hnh cy (xem hnh 1.5). Vi hng ln l hng ca bit 0 i vo
b m, nhnh i xung biu hin cho bit 1 c dch vo. T s hnh cy ta c th
thc hin m ho bng cch da vo cc bit u vo v thc hin ln theo cc nhnh
ca cy, ta s nhn c tuyn m, t ta nhn c dy cc chui u ra.
14

00
10
0
1
00
10
01
11
00
10
01
11
00
10
01
11
00
00
11
00
11
00
10
01
10
01
11
11
00
01
10

Hnh 1.5. S hnh cy ca b m (2,1,3)
S hnh li
Do c tnh ca b m chp, cu trc vng lp c thc hin nh sau: chui n bit
u ra ph thuc vo chui k bit u vo hin hnh v (N-1) chui u vo trc
hay (N-1) k bit u vo trc . T v d hnh 2.4 ta c chui 2 bit u ra ph
thuc vo 1 bit u vo l 1 hoc 0 v 4 trng thi c th c ca hai thanh ghi dch,
l 00; 01; 10; 11. T s hnh cy trn, ta thy rng ti tng th 3, c mi
trng thi 00, 01, 10, 11 u c 2 nhnh n t cc trng thi trc ty thuc vo bit
c dch vo b m l bit 0 hay bit 1. Vi tnh cht ta c th biu din m chp
bng s c dng hnh li gn hn, trong cc ng lin nt c k hiu cho
bit u vo l bit 1 v ng t nt c k hiu cho cc bit u vo l bit 0
(xem hnh 1.6). Ta thy rng t sau tng th hai hot ng ca li n nh, ti mi
nt c hai ng vo nt v hai ng ra khi nt. Trong hai ng i ra th mt ng
vi bit u vo l bit 0 v ng cn li ng vi bit u vo l bit 1.
15

T=1 T=0
State
00
State
01
State
10
State
11
00
11
T=2
11
00
10
01
T=3
11
00
10
11
00
01
10
01
T=4
11
00
10
11
00
01
10
01
T=5
11
00
10
11
00
01
10
01

Hnh 1.6. S hnh li b m chp (2,1,3) v b pht m (7,5).
S trng thi
S trng thi c thc hin bng cch n gin s 4 trng thi c th c
ca b m (00, 01, 10 v 11) v trng thi chuyn tip c th c to ra t trng thi
ny chuyn sang trng thi khc, qu trnh chuyn tip c th l:
Next State/output symbol
Current State Input = 0 Input = 1
00 00/00 10/11
01 00/11 10/00
10 01/10 11/01
11 01/01 11/10
Bng 1.3 Bng trng thi ca b m 00, 01, 10, 11
Kt qu ta thu c s trng thi trong hnh 1.7 nh sau:

Hnh 1.7. S trng thi ca b m chp (2,1,3)
16

T s trng thi hnh 1.7, cc ng lin nt c k hiu cho bit u vo l bit
0 v ng t nt c k hiu cho cc bit u vo l bit 1. So vi s hnh
li v s hnh cy th s trng thi l s n gin nht.
1.2. S kt ni m v ra i ca m Turbo (TURBO CODE)
M Turbo l s kt ni gm hai hay nhiu b m ring bit to ra mt m tt
hn v cng ln hn. M hnh ghp ni m u tin c Forney nghin cu to ra
mt loi m c xc sut li gim theo hm m ti tc nh hn dung lng knh
trong khi phc tp gii m ch tng theo hm i s. M hnh ny bao gm s kt
ni ni tip mt b m trong v mt b m ngoi.
Forney s dng mt b m khi ngn hoc mt b m tch chp vi gii thut
gii m Viterbi xc sut ln nht lm b m trong v mt b m Reed-Salomon di
khng nh phn tc cao vi thut ton gii m sa li i s lm b m ngoi.
Mc ch lc u ch l nghin cu mt l thuyt mi nhng sau ny m hnh
ghp ni m tr thnh tiu chun cho cc ng dng cn li m ln. C hai kiu
kt ni c bn l kt ni ni tip (hnh 1.8) v kt ni song song ( hnh 1.9).

Hnh 1.8. M kt ni ni tip
B m ho 1 c gi l b m ngoi, cn b m ho 2 l b m trong.
i vi m kt ni ni tip, tc m ho: R
nt
=k
1
k
2
/n
1
n
2
.
i vi m song song, tc m ho l: R
ss
=k/(n
1
+n
2
).

Hnh 1.9. M kt ni song song
Trn ch l cc m hnh kt ni l thuyt. Thc t cc m hnh ny cn phi s
dng thm cc b ghp xen gia cc b m ho nhm ci tin kh nng sa sai.
B m ho 1
r = k
1
/n
1

B m ho 2
r = k
2
/n
2

Ng vo

Ng ra
17

Nm 1993, Claude Berrou, Alain Glavieux, Puja Thitimajshima cng vit tc
phm Near Shannon limit error correcting coding and decoding: TURBO CODE
nh du mt bc tin vt bc trong nghin cu m sa sai. Loi m m h gii
thiu thc hin trong khong 0.7dB so vi gii hn ca Shannon cho knh AWGN.
Loi m ny c gi l m Turbo, thc cht l s kt ni song song cc b m tch
chp c bit cng vi cc b ghp xen. Cu hnh ny gi l: Kt ni song song cc
m tch chp ( Parallel Concatenated Convolutional Code- PCCC) .
Ngoi ra cng c kt ni ni tip cc m tch chp (Serial Concatenated
Convolutional Code_SCCC) v dng kt ni hn hp cc b m tch chp (Hybrid
Concatenated Convolutional Code_HCCC). Cc loi m ny c nhiu c im tng
t nhau v cng xut pht t m hnh ca Berrou nn gi chung l: Turbo code (TC).
1.3. B m ha tch chp h thng quy RSC
Trong b m TC s dng mt b m tch chp c bit: m tch chp h thng
quy (Recursive Systematic Convolutional Code_RSC ).
1.3.1. M tch chp h thng v khng h thng
M tch chp c tnh h thng l m tch chp m c mt phn t m u ra
chnh l dy tin u vo, tc l u vo ca dy tin c a trc tip n mt trong
nhng u ra ca b m. S ca b m tch chp h thng nh hnh 1.10.

Hnh 1.10. B m ha tch chp h thng
i vi m chp h thng th ta c th d dng xc nh t m u ra hn so vi
m chp khng h thng. Do cu trc nh vy nn yu cu ca b m ha v gii m t
phc tp hn so vi m khng h thng.
18

M chp khng h thng c t m u ra khng phn nh c dy tin u vo,
tc l u ra ca b m khng ni trc tip n dy tin u vo. S ca b m chp
khng h thng nh hnh 1.11.

Hnh 1.11. B m tch chp khng h thng
1.3.2. M tch chp quy v khng quy
M tch chp quy c t m u ra c a hi tip tr li dy tin u vo.
S nh hnh 1.12.

Hnh 1.12. B m tch chp quy
M tch chp khng quy c t m u ra ca b m khng c a hi tip
tr li u vo. S nh hnh 1.11.
1.3.3. B m tch chp h thng quy
m t b m ha m chp ngi ta a ra cc thng s ca b m ha nh sau:
(n, k, N) trong :
k : s u vo
19

n: s u ra
N: chiu di constraint lengths (s ngn ln nht trn thanh ghi).
Trong k < n ta c th thm d vo lung d liu thc hin pht hin
sai v sa sai.
Mt b m tch chp thng thng c biu din qua cc chui g
1
= [1 1 1] v
g
2
= [ 1 0 1] v c th c vit l G = [ g
1
,g
2
]. B m ho RSC tng ng b m ho
tch chp thng thng c biu din l G = [ 1, g
2
/g
1
] trong ng ra u tin
(biu din bi g
1
) c hi tip v ng vo, c
1
l ng ra h thng, c
2
l ng ra
feedforward. Hnh 1.13 trnh by b m ho RSC.

Hnh 1.13. B m ho RSC vi r=1/2 k=1
Mt b m ho tch chp quy c khuynh hng cho ra cc t m c trng s
tng so vi b m ho khng quy, ngha l b m tch chp quy cho ra t t m
c trng s thp v cng dn n vic thc hin sa sai tt hn.
i vi m Turbo, mc ch ca vic thc hin cc b m ho RSC l tn dng
bn cht quy ca cc b m ho v tn dng b m ho l h thng.
1.4. Quyt nh cng v quyt nh mm
Chui tin sau khi truyn qua knh truyn v c gii iu ch th s c a n
b gii m. Tn hiu ti u ra ca b gii iu ch v u vo ca b gii m s quyt
nh qu trnh gii m l cng hay mm .
Nu tn hiu n ca b gii iu ch v c b iu ch ra quyt nh tng bt l
bt 0 hay 1 th gi l quyt nh cng. V d xt mt h thng s dng tn hiu ng
D
+
+
x

c
2
c
1
+ D
g
1
g2
20

dy l bipolar NRZ vi bin l 1V. Nu gi tr nhn c l 0,8V hoc 0,03V th
u c quyt nh l bit 1. Cn nu gi tr nhn c l -0,7V hoc -0,02 th u
c quyt nh l bit 0. Nh vy ta thy c phng php sai st ca quyt nh
cng l d 0,8V hay 0,03V th b gii m cng nhn c bt 1 trong khi gi tr 0,8V
c xc sut ng l bit 1 cao hn nhiu so vi 0,03V. Nh vy, b gii m khng c
thng tin no v chnh xc ca quyt nh t b gii iu ch. Vic ny s lm cho
cht lng ca b gii m khng ch ph thuc vo b gii m m cn ph thuc vo
b gii iu ch v cht lng khng cao. Tuy nhin quyt nh cng d dng hn cho
vic gii m.
Nu b gii iu ch khng t quyt nh xem gi tr ly mu nhn c l bit 0
hay bit 1 m a thng cho b gii m b gii m c y thng tin v bit sau khi
qua knh truyn th vi cu trc ph hp b gii m s cho cc quyt nh chnh xc
hn, tc l cht lng cao hn. B gii m s tnh ton cc gi tr xt tin cy ca
tng gi tr v cui cng mi quyt nh. iu ny s lm gim kh nng c th xy ra
li v li m tng cng c th tng 2,5 dB so vi gii m cng i vi mi trng
c SNR thp. Tuy nhin, t c li m ny th b gii m mm s c phc
tp cao hn rt nhiu so vi b gii m cng.
1.5. M ha m turbo PCCC (parallel concatenated convolutional code)
1.5.1. B m ha
M PCCC l s kt ni song song ca hai hay nhiu m RSC. Thng thng ngi
ta s dng ti thiu hai b m ho tch chp. S khi m PCCC tng qut nh hnh
1.15.
Mi b m ho RSC
i
c gi l cc b m thnh phn (constituent code). Cc b
m thnh phn c th khc nhau, tc m khc nhau nhng c cng c khi bit u
vo l k, cc chui m ho ng ra bao gm mt chui h thng (chui bit vo). cc
b m ho th hai tr i, chui bit nhn vo m ho trc ht phi qua mt b ghp
xen. Tt c cc chui m ho ng ra s c hp li thnh mt chui bit duy nht n bit
trc khi truyn .
21


Hnh 1.14. B m ho PCCC tng qut
Tc m ho (code rate) ca b m ho PCCC l: r = k/n.
Mi bit thng tin u vo s tr thnh mt phn ca t m ng ra (tnh h thng)
v s c km theo bng (1/r - 1) bit (gi l bit parity) sa li nu c. Nu r cng
nh tc s bit parity i km s ln v dn n kh nng sa li cao hn rt nhiu
nhng tc truyn gim i, s bit truyn nhiu hn c ngha l bng thng ln hn
v tr tng ln. Theo khuyn co ca cc t chc nh chun th gi tr r ch nn nh
nht l 1/6 .
Trong qu trnh hp cc chui m ho thnh mt chui m ho duy nht ta c th
dng mt k thut kh mi m l k thut puncturing.
Mt m Turbo tiu biu l loi c kt ni theo kiu PCCC. S khi c
biu din trong hnh 1.15.

Hnh 1.15. M PCCC tc 1/3 gm 2 b m ho chp h thng quy
c
3
B m ho
RSC
1
B m ho
RSC
2
B ghp
x
c
2
c
1

22

B m ho Turbo c bn c thit k bng cch kt ni song song hai b m ho
h thng quy tch chp li vi nhau, hai b m ho thnh phn c phn cch nhau
bi mt b ghp xen (interleaving). Ch c mt trong ba u ra ca hai b RSC trn l
u ra ca h thng, u ra ca h thng c c bng cch thay i th t v tr ca
bit u vo. Tc m ho ca b m ny l r =1/3, b m ho RSC u tin cho ra
chui h thng c
1
v chui chp quy c
2
, trong khi b m ho RSC th hai th b qua
chui h thng ca n v ch cho ra chui chp quy c
3
.
1.5.2. K thut punturing
K thut punturing l k thut dng tng tc m ca mt b m ho m
khng lm thay i cu trc ca b m ho. Tc m cng thp th cht lng cng
cao nhng bng thng tng. V d b m tc 1/3 c th tr thnh b m ho tc
1/2 bng cch thay v 1 bit ng vo s c tng ng 3 bit ng ra m ho th ta cho u
ra m ho ch cn 2 bit. Bn cht ca k thut puncture l lm gim n theo mt quy
lut no tc m ho r tng ln.
V d:
B m trong hnh 1.16, nu chui h thng c
1
vn gi nguyn v cc chui c
2
v c
3

s c ly xen k. Chui c
2
s ly cc bit l v chui c
3
ly cc bit chn th b m ha
s c tc 1/2. Khi b gii m nhn c chui bit n th n s thm vo chui ny
cc bit 0 ti nhng ch b xo bt. Nh vy c th lm sai lch bit parity nn gim
cht lng.
1.5.3. B ghp xen (interleaver)
i vi m Turbo, c th c mt hay nhiu b ghp xen c s dng gia cc b
m ho thnh phn. B ghp xen c s dng ti b m ho nhm mc ch hon v
tt c cc chui u vo c trng s thp thnh chui ra c t m u ra trng s cao
hay ngc li. Lun m bo vi mt chui u vo th u ra mt b m ho s cho
t m trng s cao cn b m ho kia s cho ra t m trng s thp lm tng khong
cch t do ti thiu.
B ghp xen khng nhng c s dng ti b m ho m n cng vi b gii
ghp xen (deinterleaver) c trong b gii m ng mt vai tr quan trng. Vai tr ca
23

b ghp xen ti b gii m mi bc l ht. Mt b ghp xen tt s lm cho cc u
vo ca b gii m SISO t tng quan vi nhau tc l mc hi t ca thut ton
gii m s tng ln, ng ngha vi vic gii m chnh xc hn.

Hnh 1.16. B ghp xen lm tng trng s m ca b m ho RSC2 so vi RSC1
V d b ghp xen c s dng tng trng s ca cc t m nh trong hnh
1.16.
T hnh 1.16, i vi b m ho RSC1 th chui u vo x cho ra chui m tch
chp quy c trng s thp c
2
. trnh b m ho RSC2 cho ra chui u ra quy
khc cng c trng s thp, b ghp xen hon v chui u vo x thnh 1 chui mi
vi hi vng cho ra chui m tch chp quy c trng s cao c
3
. V vy, trng s m
ca m PCCC l va phi, n c kt hp t m trng s thp ca b m ho 1 v
trng s cao ca b m ho 2. Hnh 1.17 l mt v d minh ha.

Hnh 1.17. V d minh ha kh nng ca b ghp xen
Theo hnh 2.11 chui u vo x
i
cho ra cc chui ng ra c
1i
v c
2i
tng ng. Cc
chui u vo x
1
v x
2
l cc chui hon v khc nhau ca x
0
. Bng 2.1 trnh by kt
qu ca cc t m v trng s ca cc t m.
c
2
M trng s thp
M trng s cao
M h thng
B m ho RSC 1
B m ho RSC 2 B ghp xen
x c
1
c3
24

Chui ng vo
x
i
Chui ng ra
C
1i

Chui ng ra
C
2i
Trng s ca t m
i
i = 0 1100 1100 1000 3
i = 1 1010 1010 1100 4
i = 2 1001 1001 1110 5
Bng 1.4. Cc chui u vo v u ra ca b m ha trong hnh 1.17
T bng trn cho thy trng s ca t m c th tng bng cch s dng b ghp
xen. B ghp xen nh hng n vic thc hin m v n nh hng trc tip n c
tnh khong cch ca m. Bng cch trnh cc t m c trng s thp, BER ca m
Turbo c ci tin ng k. V vy c nhiu b ghp xen khc nhau c nghin cu
thit k. Phn sau y trnh by cc b ghp xen tiu biu thng s dng trong vic
thit k m Turbo.
a) B ghp xen ma trn (b ghp xen khi)
B ghp xen ma trn l b ghp xen thng c s dng nht trong cc h thng
lin lc. N vit vo theo ct t trn xung di, t tri sang phi v c ra theo hng
t tri sang phi v t trn xung di. hoc c th vit vo theo hng v c ra theo
ct nh hnh di y:

x
1
x
7
x
13

x
2
x
8
x
14

x
3
x
9
x
15

x
4
x
10
x
16

25

x
5
x
11
x
17

x
6
x
12
x
18

Bng 1.7. Chui vo x
1
n x
18
c vit vo theo ma trn
Vi chui vo (x
1,
x
2
, x
3
, x
17
, x
18
) dng ma trn b ghp xen 63 trn
th chui ra l:
x
1
x
7
x
13
x
2
x
8
x
14
x
12
x
18
Bng 1.8. Chui d liu x1 n x18 vit ra theo hng
b) B ghp xen helical
Tng t b ghp xen ma trn (hng ct ), b ghp xen helical cng ghi vo theo
hng (hoc ct) nhng li c ra theo ng cho.
V d : Cc gi tr c vo nh bng sau:
x
1
X
6
x
11

x
2
X
7
x
12

x
3
X
8
x
13

x
4
X
9
x
14

x
5
X
10
x
15

Bng 1.9. Chui d liu x
1
n x
15
c c vo theo ct
Cc gi tr c ra l:
X
5
X
9
X
13
X
3
X
7
X
11
X
1
X
10
X
14
X
15

Bng 1.10. Cc gi tr x
1
n x
15
c c ra theo ng cho
Mt iu cn lu l ma trn ghp xen helical c s hng l.
c) B ghp xen gi ngu nhin
B ghp xen gi ngu nhin s dng tnh ngu nhin c nh tc l sp xp cc
chui u vo theo mt th t hon v. Gi thit di ca chui u vo l L. Hnh
sau trnh by b ghp xen ngu nhin vi L = 8.
26


Hnh 1.18. B ghp xen gi ngu nhin vi di chui u vo L= 8
B ghp xen gi ngu nhin s dng tnh ngu nhin c nh v sp xp chui
u vo theo th t hon v. Nh hnh trn b ghp xen vit vo [01011011] v c ra
[00011111].
d) B ghp xen dch vng
Php hon v p ca b ghp xen dch vng c nh ngha:
P(i)= (ai+ s)mod L
Yu cu a < L, a gn bng L v s < L trong i l ch s, a l kch c ca bc
v s l phn b (offset). Hnh 2.13 trnh by b ghp xen dch vng vi L = 8, a=3 v
s=0.

Hnh 1.19. B ghp xen dch vng vi L=8, a=3, s=0
T hnh trn b ghp xen vit vo [01101001] v c ra [00011110]. Vic tch bit
ln cn l 3 hay 5. B ghp xen ny c a ra hon v cc chui u vo c trng
s 2 c cc trng s t m thp thnh cc chui u vo trng s 2 c cc trng s t
m cao. Tuy nhin, bi v tnh quy tc vn c ca b ghp xen ny, s kh hon v cc
chui u vo trng s cao hn c cc trng s t m thp thnh cc chui u vo
khc c cc trng s t m cao.
0 1 0 1 1 0 1 1
1 3 6 8 2 7 4 5
0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1
Vit vo
Hon v ngu nhin c nh
c ra
0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1
0 3 6 1 4 7 2 5
0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0
Vit vo
Hon v dch
vng
c ra
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Ch s
27

e) B ghp xen chn l
B ghp xen chn l l c trng cho m PCCC r = 1/2. Mt m PCCC r =1/2
c ly bng cch kt hp 2 chui ng ra ca m PCCC r = 1/3 thnh mt chui ng
ra ca m PCCC r = 1/2. Tuy nhin, bng cch kt hp 2 chui u ra c m ha
ny, c th mt bit thng tin s khng c cc bit m ha ca n (hoc c hai bit m ha
kt hp li cho ra sa sai cho cng mt bit tin). Cng c th mt bit tin c mt hay c
hai bt c m ha ca n. V vy, nu mt li xy ra cho bit tin khng c bo v
(khng c mt bit no ca n c m ha ca n), th cht lng ca b b gii m
TC c th b gim hay BER ca n c th tng.
B ghp xen chn l c th khc phc c vn ny bng cch cho php mi
bit tin c mt trong cc bt c m ha ca n mt cch chnh xc. Nh kt qu ca
b ghp xen ny, kh nng sa sai ca m c phn b ng nht trn tt c cc bt
tin. Thc s b ghp xen ny ging nh mt cch ci tin ca k thut punture.
V d b ghp xen chn l sau:
Chui tin x = c
1
ca L = 9 sau khi i qua b m ho RSC1 th cho ra chui m ha
c
2
. T chui c
2
, ch c cc bit m ho v tr l c lu tr nh trong bng. Ch s
di l v tr bit trong chui bit.
x
1
x
2
x
3
x
4
x
5
x
6
x
7
x
8
x
9
c
21
- c
23
- c
25
- c
27
- c
29
Bng 1.11. B ghp xen chn l vi L=9
Mt b ghp xen khi 33 c dng hon v chui tin tc x cho b m ha
RSC
2
nh sau:
x
1
x
4
x
7
x
2
x
5
x
8
x
3
x
6
x
9
Bng 1.12. B ghp xen khi 3x3
28

Chui tin tc x c vit theo ct v c ra theo hng. Chui tin c hon v cho
ra chui m ha c
3
. T chui c
3
ch c cc bit m ho v tr chn c lu tr nh
trong bng di.
Cc bit m ha chn ca chui c
3
c lu tr vi chui tin hon v x
x
1
x
4
x
7
x
2
x
5
x
8
x
3
x
6
x
9
- c
34
- c
32
- c
38
- c
36
-
Bng 1.13. Cc bit chn ca chui c
3
c lu tr vi chui tin x
i vi m ho PCCC r = 1/2, cc chui bit m ho sau phi c ghp vi
nhau nh trong bng sau:
x
1
x
4
x
7
x
2
x
5
x
8
x
3
x
6
x
9
c
21
c
34
c
27
c
32
c
25
c
38
c
23
c
36
c
29
Bng 1.14. Chui tin x v chui m ha c ghp
T bng trn ta thy mi bit tin c bit m ha ring ca n.
f) B ghp xen khung
Nu b ghp xen simile cn s dng thm tail bit li c hai b m ho n cng
mt trng thi th b ghp xen khung li khng cn tail bit. Mi mt b RSC do tnh
hi quy ca n c th c trng bng mt a thc sinh chu k L. Trong trng hp ny
N bit thng tin sau khi c ghp xen s c lu hai ln trong b nh kch thc 2N
ti nhng a ch m vic c chng ra sau ny b ngn cch bng mt khong thi
gian bng vi s nguyn ln ca L. Bng cch ny, nu b m ha bt u bng mt
trng thi zero th s kt thc ti mt trng thi zero m khng cn thm bt k mt
ui bit no.
Kt lun:
Trn y lit k mt s cc kiu ghp xen c s dng trong m TC. Vi cng
mt chui tin u vo, c th i vi b ghp xen ny s cho ra cc t m c trng s
cao nhng vi b ghp xen kiu khc li cho ra cc t m c trng s thp hn. Trong
thc t c BER thp ngi ta khng s dng thun tu mt kiu ghp xen m ngi
29

ta thit k mt b ghp xen mi bng cch kt hp cc u im ca cc b ghp xen
khc nhau. Cc cch thit k ny lm tng ng k cht lng ca m TC i vi tng
h thng c th.
1.6. Gii m Turbo
Phn ny s trnh by v :
- Thut ton gii m MAP
- Thut ton gii m SOVA
- So snh cht lng m PCCC vi cc loi m ra i trc.
1.6.1. Tng quan v cc thut ton gii m
Ngoi s kt ni cc b m tch chp cng vic s dng mt thnh phn c bit l
cc b ghp xen, cn mt thnh phn quan trng khc trong cht lng Turbo l quy
trnh gii m mm c thc hin lp i lp li v phc tp ch tng tuyn tnh theo
kch thc khung. M PCCC c cu trc m ho kt ni song song tuy nhin qu trnh
gii m PCCC li da trn s gii m kt ni ni tip. M Turbo s dng b gii m
kt ni ni tip v s kt ni ni tip c kh nng chia s thng tin gia cc b gii
m kt ni, trong khi cc b gii m c s kt ni song song ch yu gii m c
lp nhau. Cc thng tin ny nh c tnh mm, c trao i, khai thc nhiu ln qua
cc vng lp s lm tng ng k cht lng gii m.
Trong khi thc hin mt vng lp gii m cc thng tin mm c trao i gia
cc b gii m thnh phn, Forney chng minh c rng u ra mm ti u cho b
gii m phi l xc sut hu nghim (APP) l xc sut ca mt bit no c truyn
da trn tn hiu nhn c. V phc tp ca cc m TC ch yu l do b gii m
lp nn iu cn thit trc nht l tm hiu cc thut ton gii m v tm ra cch tt
nht gii m m khng lm gim cht lng.
Pht trin cc thut ton gii m hiu qu l mi quan tm hng u khi ci tin
m TC. Hnh 1.19 trnh by ci nhn tng quan v cc h thut ton gii m da trn s
trellis.
30


Hnh 1.19. Tng quan cc thut ton gii m
H th nht l h cc thut ton MAP cn gi l thut ton BCJR (Bahl-Cocke-
Jelinek-Raviv, tn bn ngi tm ra thut ton ny). Thut ton ny lin quan n
cc thut ton gii m kh nng xy ra ln nht (ML) nhm lm gim ti a xc sut
li bit. H ny bao gm cc thut ton symbol-by-symbol MAP, l phng php ti u
tnh cc thng tin APP, y l thut ton dng tch, phc tp rt cao. Trong h
ny cn c hai loi thut ton lm gn ng thut ton MAP tr thnh thut ton
dng tng, phc tp t hn m cht lng gii m gn nh tng ng l Log-
MAP v phin bn gn ng ca Log-MAP l Max-log-MAP.
Mt h thut ton gii m khc l mt h thut ton da trn vic sa i thut
ton Viterbi (VA) c s dng thm metric b sung v VA truyn thng khng tnh cc
thng tin APP, metric b sung lm iu . H thut ton gii m ny bao gm thut
ton ni ting l thut ton Viterbi u ra mm (SOVA) v thut ton t c bit n
hn l thut ton Viterbi u ra lit k ni tip (SLVA). Ngoi hai h thut ton gii
m ny cn c mt s k thut gii m lp khc.
Tuy cng l cc thut ton u ra mm da trn s trellis nhng khc vi VA l
mt thut ton gii m trellis ML v gim thiu xc sut li t m, thut ton MAP li
nhm ti gim ti a xc sut li bit. MAP l mt phng php ti u c on cc
trng thi v ng ra ca cc qu trnh Markov trong iu kin nhiu trng. Tuy nhin
MAP t kh nng c ng dng thc t bi cc kh khn v s hc lin quan n vic
Cc thut ton gii m da trn
Trellis
Viterbi
Max-Log-MAP
SOVA ci tin
SOVA
Log-MAP
MAP
31

biu din xc sut, cc hm phi tuyn cng mt s cc php nhn v cng khi tnh ton
cc gi tr ny.
Log-MAP l mt bin th ca MAP, cht lng gn nh tng ng m khng
gp tr ngi trong vic ng dng trong thc t. Log-MAP c thc hin hon ton
trong min logarit, nh php nhn chuyn thnh php cng v ta c c mt hm
tng i d thc hin hn.
Max-Log-MAP v SOVA l thut ton gn ti u dng gim bt phc tp
tnh ton nhng trong knh nhiu Gauss th cht lng hai loi ny cng khng cao,
c bit trong vng SNR thp. Max -Log-MAP hu nh ging vi Log-MAP ch c
duy nht mt im khc l s dng mt hm n gin hn rt nhiu. Cc nghin cu
cho thy Max-Log-MAP lm gim cht lng khong 0.5 dB so vi MAP/Log-MAP
trong knh nhiu Gauss.
Cc khc bit trong vic thc hin gia cc thut ton gii m ny c th gip gii
thch c s khc bit v cht lng. Ti mi bc th k trong mt trellis, MAP/Log-
MAP chia tt c cc ng ra thnh hai tp, mt tp cc ng khi bit thng tin ng
vo bng 1 v mt tp cc ng khi bit thng tin ng vo bng 0. MAP/Log-MAP s
tnh t s xc sut log (LLR) ca hai tp ny theo cng thc. Ngc li Max -Log-
MAP s tm trong tt c cc ng chn cc ng thch hp, mt ng c kh
nng ln nht cho bit thng tin ng vo bng 0. Ng ra mm ca Max-Log-MAP l
LLR ca hai ng ny.
Cn SOVA th b sung vo VA mt s gi tr thc v lu gi . Thut ton ny ch
tm ng tn ti v mt ng cnh tranh vi ng tn ti . V bn cht,
SOVA s dng cng mt loi metric v c quyt nh cng nh Max-log- MAP. Mc
d, SOVA lun tm ng c kh nng ln nht nhng ng cnh tranh tt nht c
th b loi ra trc khi kt hp vi ng ML. Kt qu l ng ra mm ca SOVA c
th b sai ng so vi ng ra mm ca Max-Log-MAP v cht lng ca b gii m
lp SOVA km hn Max -Log-MAP.
Mc d thut ton MAP tt hn thut ton SOVA nhng n c cu trc phn cng
v qu trnh tnh ton gii m li phc tp hn nhiu.
32

1.6.2. Gii thut MAP
B gii m l s kt hp ca nhiu b gii m (thng l hai b gii m) v gii
m lp (interatively). Phn ln tp trung gii thut Viterbi cung cp gi tr ra mm
(soft output or reliability information) cho mt b so snh gi tr ra mm c dng
quyt nh bit u ra. Mt gii thut khc cng c quan tm l symbolby- symbol
Maximum A Posteriori (MAP) ca Balh c cng b.

Hnh 1.20. B gii m lp MAP
Gii thut gii m c thc hin nh sau:
Tch tn hiu nhn ra thnh 2 chui tng ng cho b gii m 1 v b gi m 2 .
vng lp u tin, thng tin tin nghim ca b gii m 1 c a v 0. Sau
khi b gii m 1 a ra c thng tin ngoi lai th s c ghp xen v a ti b gii
m 2 ng vai tr l thng tin tin nghim ca b gii m ny. B gii m 2 sau khi
a ra thng tin ngoi lai th vng lp kt thc. Thng tin ngoi lai ca b gii m th
2 s c gii ghp xen v a v b gii m 1 nh l thng tin tin nghim.
Qu trnh gii m gii m c lp li nh vy cho n khi thc hin s ln lp
qui nh.
Sau vng lp cui cng, gi tr c on c c tnh bng cch gii ghp xen
thng tin b gii m th 2 v a ra quyt nh cng.




Hard
decision
Deinter
Deinter.
Inter.
Inter. DEC1 DEC2
( ) I ; c
) (1

( ) I ; c
) ( 2

( ) I ; c
) (1

( ) I ; c
) ( 2

) O ; u (
A
k 1

) u (
k e 1
A
) u (
k e 2
A
) O ; u (
A
k 2

) (
1 k a
u A ) u (
k e 2
A
E E
33

1.6.3. Nguyn l ca b gii m viterbi u ra mm
i vi cc m tch chp th thut ton Viterbi cho ra chui u ra ML. Cn i
vi cc m Turbo, chng ta gp hai tr ngi khi s dng cc b gii m Viterbi thng
thng. Th nht, b gii m Viterbi bn trong cho ra mt lot li bit lm gim i vic
thc hin ca cc b gii m Viterbi bn ngoi. Th hai, b gii m Viterbi bn trong
cho ra cc u ra quyt nh cng lm ngn chn b gii m Viterbi bn ngoi nhn
c cc li im ca cc quyt nh mm. C hai tr ngi ny c th c khc phc
v vic thc hin gii m c th c ci tin mt cch ng k nu cc b gii m
Viterbi c th cho ra cc gi tr tin cy. Cc gi tr tin cy ny i qua cc b gii m
Viterbi tip sau v c xem nh l mt thng tin u tin nhm ci tin vic
thc hin gii m. B gii m Viterbi b sung ny c tham kho nh l b gii m
thut ton Viterbi u ra mm (SOVA).

Hnh 1.21. B gii m SOVA kt ni
Trong hnh trn y biu din cc gi tr knh nhn c, u biu din cc gi tr u
ra quyt nh cng, L biu din cc gi tr tin cy lin kt.
S khi ca b gii m SOVA
B gii m SOVA c th c thc hin theo nhiu cch khc nhau. Nhng c l
theo khuynh hng tnh ton th d dng thc hin b gii m SOVA cho cc m c
chiu di bt buc K ln v kch c khung di bi v s cn thit cp nht tt c cc
ng sng st. Do th tc cp nht ch c ngha cho ng ML, nn vic thc hin
ca b gii m SOVA ch thc hin th tc cp nht i vi ng ML c trnh by
trong hnh 1.23.
34


Hnh 1.22. S khi b gii m SOVA
B gii m SOVA ly ng vo l L(u) v Lcy, l gi tr tin cy v gi tr nhn
c qua cn bng tng ng, v cho ra u v L(u), tng ng l cc quyt nh bit
c on v cc thng tin a posteriori L(u). Vic thc hin b gii m SOVA ny bao
gm hai b gii m SOVA ring bit. B gii m SOVA u tin ch tnh cc metric
ca ng ML v khng tnh (gi li) cc gi tr tin cy. Cc thanh ghi dch c s
dng m cho cc ng vo trong khi b gii m SOVA u tin ang x l ng
ML. B gii m SOVA th hai (c thng tin ng ML) tnh li ng ML v cng
tnh v cp nht cc gi tr tin cy. Ta thy rng phng php thc hin ny lm gim
phc tp trong tin trnh cp nht. Thay v truy ngc v cp nht 2m ng sng
st, th ch c m ng ML cn c x l.
Mt s chi tit ca mt b gii m SOVA lp c trnh by hnh 1.24.

Hnh 1.24. B gii m SOVA lp
35

B gii m x l cc bit knh nhn c trn mt khung c bn. Nh c trnh
by trong hnh 1.24, cc bit knh nhn c tch thnh dng bit h thng y
1
v hai
dng bit parity y
2
v y
3
t cc b m ha 1 v 2 tng ng. Cc bit ny c cn bng
bi gi tr tin cy knh v c ly ra qua cc thanh ghi CS. Cc thanh ghi trnh by
trong hnh c s dng nh cc b m lu tr cc chui cho n khi chng ta
cn. Cc kha chuyn c t v tr m nhm ngn nga cc bit t cc khung k
tip i x l cho n khi khung hin hnh c x l xong.
B gii m thnh phn SOVA cho ra thng tin a posteriori L(u
t
) v bit c c
on u
t
( thi im t). Thng tin a posteriori L(u
t
) c phn tch thnh 3 s hng:
L(u
t
)=L(u
t
) + L
c
y
t,1
+ L
e
(u
t
) (1.6)
- L(u
t
) l gi tr tin nghimv c sinh ra bi b gii m thnh phn SOVA
trc .
- L
c
y
t,1
l gi tr knh h thng nhn c qua cn bng.
- L
e
(u
t
) l gi tr ngoi laic sinh ra bi b gii m thnh phn SOVA
hin ti. Tin tc i xuyn qua gia cc b gii m thnh phn SOVA l gi
tr ngoi lai.
L
e
(u
t
)=L(u
t
) L
c
y
t,1
L(u
t
) (1.7)
Gi tr tin nghimL(ut) c tr i t s b tr l thng tin a osteriori L(ut)
ngn nga tin tc i ngc li b gii m m t sinh ra n. Cng vy, gi tr knh
h thng nhn c qua cn bng L
c
y
t,1
c tr i nhm xa tin tc thng
thng trong cc b gii m thnh phn SOVA. Hnh 1.24 trnh by b gii m m
PCCC l s kt ni theo th t vng kn ca cc b gii m thnh phn SOVA. Trong
s gii m vng kn ny, mi mt b gii m thnh phn SOVA c on chui tin
bng cch s dng dng bit parity qua cn bng. Hn na, b gii m PCCC thc
hin gii m lp nhm cho ra cc c on tin nghim tin cy ng tin tng hn
t 2 dng bit parity qua cn bng khc nhau, vi hy vng thc hin gii m tt hn.
Thut ton m Turbo lp vi ln lp th n nh sau:
B gii m SOVA1 c ng vo l chui L
c
y
1
(h thng), L
c
y
2
(parity), v cho ra
chui L
e2
(u). i vi ln lp u tin, chui L
e2
(u)=0 bi v khng c gi tr tin
36

nghim(khng c gi tr ngoi lait SOVA2). Thng tin ngoi lait SOVA1 c tnh
bng
L
e1
(u)= L
1
(u) - L
e2
(u)- L
c
y
1
(1.8)
Trong :
1.
rate N
E
Lc
o
b

= 4
2. Cc chui L
c
y
1
v L
e1
(u) c ghp xen l I{(L
c
y
1
)}

v I{L
e1
(u)}.
B gii m SOVA2 c ng vo l cc chui L
c
y
1
(h thng), v I(L
c
y
3
)(parity
c ghp xen b gii m) v I{L
e1
(u)} (thng tin a priori) v cho ra cc chui
I{L
2
(u)} v I{u} .
Thng tin ngoi lait SOVA2 c ly l:
I{L
e2
(u)} = I{L
2
(u)} - I{L
e1
(u)} - I(L
c
y
1
)
Cc chui I{L
e2
(u)} vI{u} c gii ghp xen v l L
e2
(u) v u.
L
e2
(u) c hi tip v SOVA1 nh l thng tin tin nghimcho ln lp k tip v
u l ng ra ca cc bit c c on cho ln lp th n.
Kt lun
Kt qu nghin cu c ca chng I :
Tm hiu c v 2 loi m knh c bn l m khi v m chp trong h thng
thng tin s.
Tm hiu c cu trc m Turbo tng qut v b m Turbo in hnh PCCC l
s ghp ni ca hai hay nhiu b m RSC c kt hp k thut ghp xen.
Tm hiu c 2 thut ton gii m Turbo l SOVA v Logmap.

37

CHNG II
M TURBO TRONG H THNG W-CDMA
2.1. Cng ngh W - CDMA
WCDMA (Wideband CDMA) l mt cng ngh pht trin ca GSM tng
tc truyn nhn d liu bng cch s dng k thut CDMA hot ng bng rng
thay th cho TDMA. Trong cc cng ngh thng tin di ng th h th ba th
WCDMA nhn c s ng h ln nht nh vo tnh linh hot ca lp vt l trong
vic h tr cc kiu dch v khc nhau c bit l dch v tc bt thp v trung
bnh.
Mt s c im ca W - CDMA:
- L h thng a truy nhp phn chia theo m tri ph trc tip, c tc bit
cao (ln n 2 Mbps).
- Tc chip 3,84 Mcps vi rng sng mang 5 MHz, do h tr tc
d liu cao em li nhiu li ch nh li a phn tp.
- H tr tc ngi s dng thay i lin tc. Mi ngi s dng c
cung cp mt khung, trong khung tc d liu gi c nh nhng tc
c th thay i t khung ny n khung khc.
- H tr hai m hnh v tuyn FDD v TDD. Trong m hnh FDD sng
mang 5 Mhz s dng cho ng ln v ng xung, cn trong m hnh
TDD sng mang 5 Mhz chia s theo thi gian gia ng ln v ng
xung.
- WCDMA h tr hot ng khng ng b ca cc trm gc, do d
dng pht trin cc trm gc va v nh.
- WCDMA s dng tch sng c tham chiu n sng mang da trn
knh hoa tiu, do c th nng cao dung lng v vng ph.
- WCDMA c thit k tng thch vi GSM m rng vng ph
sng v dung lng ca mng.
- Lp vt l mm do d tch hp c tt c thng tin trn mt sng
mang.
38

- H s ti s dng bng 1.
- H tr phn tp pht v cc cu trc thu tin tin.
2.2. Kin trc cho cng ngh WCDMA theo 3GPP
xy dng tiu chun cho h thng thng tin di ng th h 3 cc t chc quc
t sau y c hnh thnh di s iu hnh chung ca ITU:
a) 3GPP (3rd Generation Partnership Project): n ca cc i tc th h ba).
Bao gm cc thnh vin sau:
- ETSI chu u.
- TTA Hn Quc.
- ARIB, TTC Nht.
- T1P1: M
b) 3GPP2 (3rd Generation Partnership Project 2: n ca cc i tc th h ba
th hai). Bao gm cc thnh vin sau:
- TIA, T1P1: M
- TTA: Hn Quc
- ARIB,TTC: Nht
Hin nay hai tiu chun c chp thun cho IMT-2000 l:
- W-CDMA c xy dng t 3GPP.
- cdma2000 c xy dng t 3GPP2.
Mng di ng th h 3 c xy dng theo cc pht hnh chnh c gi l R3,
R4, R5 v R6. Trong R3 v R4 c mng li bao gm hai min chuyn mch:
Min CS (Circuit Switch: Chuyn mch knh) v PS (Packet Switch: Chuyn
mch gi). Vic kt hp ny ph hp vi giai on u khi PS cha p ng tt cc
dch v thi gian thc nh thoi v hnh nh. Khi min CS s thc hin cc dch v
thoi, cn cc dch v s liu c truyn trn min PS. R4 pht trin hn R3 ch
CS chuyn sang chuyn mch mm, v th ton b mng truyn ti gia cc nt chuyn
mch u trn IP.
Lch trnh nghin cu trong 3GPP:
39

- Pht hnh 1999 (R3) thng 12/1999.
- Pht hnh 4 (R4) thng 03/2001.
- Pht hnh 5 (R5) thng 02/2001.
- Pht hnh 6 (R6) thng 12/2004.
Trong bo co ch trnh by c th kin trc ca h thng W - CDMA R3. y l
kin trc mng 3G s dng cng ngh W - CDMA trong 3GPP nm 1999, tp tiu
chun u tin cho h thng UMTS.

Hnh 2.1. Kin trc mng 3G trong 3GPP pht hnh nm 1999
Mng UMTS R3 c h tr c chuyn mch knh v chuyn mch gi. Tc
thng tin ln ti 384 Kbps trong min chuyn mch knh v 2 Mbps trong min
chuyn mch gi. Cc kt ni tc cao ny m bo cung cp mt tp cc dch v
mi cho ngi s dng di ng gm: in thoi c hnh (hi ngh Video) m thanh
cht lng cao (CD) v tc truyn cao ti u cui.
Mng UMTS R3 gm ba phn chnh l: Thit b di ng (UE: User
Equipment), mng truy nhp v tuyn mt t UMTS (UTRAN: UMTS Terrestrial
Radio Network) v mng li (CN: Core Network).
40

2.2.1. Thit b ngi s dng
Thit b ngi s dng (UE): L u cui mng UMTS ca ngi s dng. l
phn c nhiu thit b nht v s pht trin ca n s nh hng ln ln cc ng dng
v cc dch v kh dng.
- Thit b u cui (TE: Terminal Equipment): Trong mng 3G, thit b
u cui khng n thun dnh cho in thoi m cn cung cp dch v s
liu mi.
- Thit b di ng (ME: Mobile Equipment): L u cui v tuyn giao
tip vi mng qua ng v tuyn.
- Module nhn dng thu bao UMTS (USIM: UMTS Subcriber Identity
Module L mt th thng minh cha thng tin nhn dng thu bao. USIM
cha cc hm v s liu cn nhn dng, nhn thc thu bao v c th
gi cc kha nhn thc cng mt s thng tin thu bao cn thit cho thit
b u cui. Ngi s dng phi t mnh nhn thc i vi USIM bng
cch nhp m PIN. iu ny m bo rng ch ngi s dng ch thc
mi c truy nhp UMTS, v mng cng ch cung cp dch v cho ngi
no s dng u cui da trn nhn dng USIM c ng k.
2.2.2. Mng truy nhp v tuyn UMTS
Mng truy nhp v tuyn UMTS ( UTRAN: UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access
Netwok): L mng lin kt gia ngi s dng v mng li. N bao gm mt hay
nhiu h thng con mng v tuyn RNS (Radio Network Subsystem), trong mt RNS
gm mt RNC v gm mt hay nhiu nt B (node B).
UTRAN c nh ngha gia hai giao din: Giao din Iu gia UTRAN v
mng li (CN) gm hai phn l IuPS cho min chuyn mch gi v IuCS cho min
chuyn mch knh v giao din Uu gia UTRAN v thit b ngi dng (UE).
Cc c tnh chnh ca UTRAN:
- H tr UTRAN v tt c cc chc nng lin quan. c bit l cc nh
hng chnh ln vic thit k l yu cu h tr chuyn giao mm (mt u
41

cui kt ni qua hai hay nhiu tch cc) v cc thut ton qun l ti
nguyn c th WCDMA.
- m bo tnh chung nht cho vic x l s liu chuyn mch knh v
chuyn mch gi bng mt ngn xp giao thc giao din v tuyn duy nht
v bng cch s dng mt giao din kt ni t UTRAN n c hai vng
PS v CS ca mng li.
- m bo tnh chung nht vi GSM khi cn thit.
- S dng truyn ti ATM l c ch truyn ti chnh UTRAN.
Hai thnh phn ca UTRAN l b iu khin mng v tuyn (RNC) v node
B.
2.2.3. B iu khin mng v tuyn
B iu khin mng v tuyn (RNC: Radio Network Controller): L mt phn t
mng, chu trnh nhim cho mt hay nhiu trm gc v iu khin ti nguyn cho
chng. y cng chnh l im truy nhp dch v m UTRAN cung cp cho mng li
(CN). N c ni n CN bng hai kt ni, mt cho min chuyn mch gi n
SGSN v mt n chuyn mch knh n MSC.
Cc chc nng chnh ca RNC:
- iu khin ti nguyn v tuyn
- Cp pht knh
- Thit lp iu khin cng sut
- iu khin cng sut vng h
- iu khin chuyn giao
- Phn tp Macro
- Mt m ha
- Bo hiu qung b
42

2.2.4. Node B
Trong h thng UMTS, trm gc c gi l node B v nhim v ca n l thc
hin kt ni v tuyn vt l gia u cui vi n. N nhn tn hiu trn giao din Iub
t RNC v chuyn n vo tn hiu v tuyn trn giao din Uu. N cng thc hin
mt s thao tc qun l ti nguyn v tuyn c s nh iu khin cng sut vng
trong. Tnh nng ny l phng nga vn gn xa, ngha l khi tt cc u cui
u pht cng mt cng sut, th cc u cui gn node B nht s che lp tn hiu t
cc u cui xa. Node B kim tra cng sut thu t cc u cui khc nhau v
thng bo cho chng gim cng sut hoc tng cng sut sao cho node B lun thu
c cng sut nh nhau ti tt c cc u cui.
2.2.5. Mng li
Mng li CN (Core Network) ca h thng UMTS chia thnh hai phn: Chuyn
mch knh v chuyn mch gi. Thnh phn chuyn mch gi gm nhng nt h tr
dch v GPRS (SGSN: Serving GPRS Support Node) v cng h tr dch v GPRS
(GGSN: Gateway GPRS Support Node). Thnh phn chuyn mch knh l MSC v
GMCS. Mt s thnh phn ca mng nh HLR v AuC c chia s cho c hai phn.
Cu trc ca mng li c th c thay i khi cc dch v mi v cc c im mi
ca h thng c a ra. Cc phn t chnh trong mng li:
SGSN (Serving GPRS Support Node): L nt chnh ca min chuyn mch gi.
N ni n UTRAN thng qua giao din IuPS v n GGSN thng qua giao din Gn.
SGSN chu trch nhim cho tt c kt ni PS ca tt c cc thu bao. N lu hai kiu
d liu thu bao: Thng tin ng k thu bao v thng tin v tr thu bao.
S liu thu bao lu trong SGSN gm:
- IMSI (International Mobile Subsscriber Identity: S nhn dng thu bao
- di ng quc t).
- Cc nhn dng tm thi gi (P-TMSI: Packet - Temporary Mobile
- Subscriber Identity: S nhn dng thu bao di ng tm thi gi).
- Cc a ch PDP (Packet Data Protocol: Giao thc s liu gi).
- S liu v tr lu trn SGSN:
43

- Vng nh tuyn thu bao (RA: Routing Area)
- S VLR
- Cc a ch GGSN ca tng GGSN c kt ni tch cc
GGSN: Khi mt GGSN (Gateway GPRS Support Node) kt ni vi mng s liu
khc. Tt c cc cuc truyn d liu t thu bao n cc mng ngoi u qua GGSN.
Cng nh SGSN, n lu c hai kiu s liu: Thng tin thu bao v thng tin v tr.
S liu v thng tin thu bao:
- IMSI
- Cc a ch PDP
S liu v v tr: a ch SGSN hin thu bao ang ni n.
MSC (Mobile Switching Center) thc hin chc nng kt ni chuyn mch knh
gia thit b u cui v mng. N thc hin cc chc nng bo hiu v chuyn mch
cho cc thu baoo trong vng qun l ca mnh. Chc nng ca MSC trong
UMTS ging chc nng MSC trong GSM, nhng n c nhiu chc nng hn. Cc kt
ni chuyn mch knh c thc hin trn giao din chuyn mch knh gia UTRAN
v MSC. Cc MSC c ni n cc mng ngoi qua GMSC.
GMSC (Gateway MSC): chu trch nhim thc hin cc chc nng nh tuyn
n vng c MS. Khi mng ngoi tm cch kt ni n PLMN ca mt nh khai thc
khc, GMSC nhn yu cu thit lp kt ni v hi HLR v MSC hin thi qun l
MS.
VLR (Visitor Location Register): L bn sao ca HLR, d liu thu bao cn thit
cung cp cc dch v thu bao c ly t HLR v lu y. C MSC v SGSN
u c VLR ni vi chng.
HLR (Home Location Register): L mt c s d liu c nhim v qun l cc
thu bao di ng. Mt mng di ng c th c nhiu HLR ty thuc vo s lng thu
bao, dung lng ca tng HLR v t chc bn trong mng. HLR v AuC l hai nt
mng logic nhng thng c thc hin trong cng mt nt vt l. HLR lu tr
mi thng tin v ngi s dng v ng l thu bao nh: Thng tin tnh cc, cc dch
44

v no c cung cp v cc dch v no b t chi, thng tin chuyn hng cuc gi,
s ln chuyn hng cuc gi.
Trung tm nhn thc
Trung tm nhn thc (AuC: Authentication Center) lu gi ton b s liu cn
thit nhn thc, mt m ha v bo v thng tin ca ngi dng. N lin kt vi
HLR v c hin cng vi mt nt vt l.
B nhn dng thit b
B nhn dng thit b (EIR: Equipment Identity Register) chu trch nhim lu
cc s nhn dng thit b di ng quc t (IMEI: International Mobile
Equipment Identity). y l s nhn dng duy nht cho thit b u cui. C s d liu
ny c chia thnh ba danh mc: Danh mc trng, xm v en. Danh mc trng
cha cc s IMEI c php truy nhp mng, danh mc xm cha IMEI ca cc u
cui ang b theo di cn danh mc en cha cc s IMEI ca cc u cui b cm
truy nhp mng. Danh mc nay cng c th c s dng cm cc seri my c
bit khng c truy nhp mng khi chng khng hot ng theo tiu chun.
Cc giao din v tuyn
- Giao din Cu: L giao din chun cho cc card thng minh. Trong UE
y l giao din kt ni gia USIM v UE.
- Giao din Uu: L giao din v tuyn m UE truy nhp vo phn c nh
ca mng. Giao din ny nm gia nt B v thit b u cui.
- Giao din Iu: L giao din kt ni UTRAN v CN. Mt CN c th kt
ni vi nhiu UTRAN, nhng vi mi UTRAN th ch c th kt ni vi
- mt im truy nhp CN.
- Giao din Iur: y l giao din gia RNC vi RNC. Giao din ny c
cc tnh nng c bn sau:
- Di ng gia cc RNC.
- Lu thng knh ring.
- Lu thng knh chung.
- Qun l ti nguyn ton cc.
45

- Giao din Iub: Giao din Iub ni nt B vi RNC. UMTS l h thng in
thoi di ng u tin tin hnh chun ha giao tip m rng gia trm iu
khin v trm gc. Giao din ny to iu kin cnh tranh cho cc nh sn xut
thit b.
2.3. M ho Turbo trong W-CDMA
2.3.1. B m ho Turbo
i vi cc dch v s liu i hi cht lng dch v nm trong khong (10
-3
, 10
-
6
) BER th b m ha Turbo vi cch ghp 2 b m chp song song PCCC (Parallel
Concatenated Convolutional Code) 8 trng thi c s dng.
Hm truyn t ca b m Turbo thnh phn 8 trng thi l:
G(D) =
1,
( )
( )
n D
d D

(
(2.1)
Trong : d(D) = 1+D
2
+D
3
, n(D) = 1+D+D
3

S khi ca b m ha Turbo trong trng hp ny c cho hnh 3.10.

B xo trn
trong m Turbo
X(t)
X(t)
Y(t)
X(t)
Y(t)
B m ho thnh phn th nht
B m ho thnh phn th hai

Hnh 2.2. Cu trc ca b m ho Turbo 8 trng thi (K=4)
Gi tr khi u cc thanh ghi dch ca b m ho Turbo l "ton 0". u ra ca b
m ho Turbo c trch b to ra cc bit tng ng vi t l m cn thit. i vi
m c t l 1/3, cc bit chn l v h thng khng b trch b v chui u ra l:
K K K
Y Y X Y Y X Y Y X ' , , , , ' , , , ' , ,
2 2 2 1 1 1


46

2.3.2. Kt thc trng thi ca m Turbo
kt thc trng thi ca li trong khi gii m th c thc hin bng cch ly
cc bit ui t mch hi tip thanh ghi dch sau khi tt c cc bit thng tin c m
ho. Cc bit ui c a thm vo sau khi m ho cc bit thng tin.
Ba bit ui u tin s c s dng kt thc b m ho thnh phn th nht
(lc v tr o mch pha trn trong hnh 2.2 c bt xung) trong khi b m
ho thnh phn th hai khng c php (b cm). Ba bit ui cui cng s c s
dng kt thc b m ho thnh phn th hai (lc v tr o mch pha di trong
hnh 2.2 c bt xung) trong khi b m ho thnh phn th nht khng c
php (b cm).
Cc bit c pht i cho vic kt thc trng thi li c dng sau:
3 3 2 2 1 1 3 3 2 2 1 1
' , ' , ' , ' , ' , ' , , , , , ,
+ + + + + + + + + + + + K K K K K K K K K K K K
Y X Y X Y X Y X Y X Y X



Kt lun:
Kt qu nghin cu chng II:
Tm hiu c mt s c im ca h thng W - CDMA v c bn kin trc
h thng W CDMA.
Tm hiu c trong h thng W CDMA s dng m Turbo vi ma trn sinh
l g(13,15) cng s m ha.



47

CHNG III
M PHNG NH GI CHT LNG M TURBO
3.1. Chng trnh m phng h thng W CDMA
nh gi cht lng m Turbo trong h thng thng tin di ng th h 3 ( W
CDMA) ta dng phng php m phng. Chng trnh m phng h thng thng
tin di ng th h 3 W CDMA c xy dng chun trong th vin Simulink ca
phn mm Matlab Simulink phin bn 6.5 v 7.01 ang c hin nay. Nhng, trong
cc phn mm Matlab Simulink ny ngi ta cha a m Turbo v h thng W
CDMA m ch xy dng h thng cho hai trng hp khng s dng m knh v c
s dng m knh l m chp ( Convoluotional). S khi m phng h thng W
CDMA s dng m Turbo c a ra trong hnh 3.1. Trong , ta m ha Turbo cho
ch hai knh: Knh lu lng dnh ring ( DTCH)v knh iu khin ginh
ring(DCCH).

Hnh 3.1. S khi m phng h thng W CDMA s dng m Turbo
48

Sau y l kt qu m phng vic s dng m chp v khng s dng m chp
trong h thng W CDMA.

Hnh 3.2. Cht lng h thng thng tin di ng W- CDMA khi s dng m chp v khng
m.
3.2. Kt qu m phng theo t l gia BER v E
b
/ N
0
vi ma trn sinh G(13, 15).
Chng trnh chnh
chy chng trnh ta vo file: mophong.m nhp cc thng s u vo,
nh:
+ Chn thut ton: hm Ttgiaima = 0 l ta chn thut ton Log-Map.
hm Ttgiaima = 1 l ta chn thut ton SOVA.
+ Chn kch thc khung bng hm L_f = ? bao gm thng tin v bit ui.
+ Chn ma trn sinh: ta mc nh ma trn sinh g = [1 1 0 1; 1 1 1 1].
+ Chn dng k thut xo hay l khng:
Hm kt_xoa = 0 l dng k thut xo
49

Hm kt_xoa = 1 l khng dng k thut xo.
+ Chn s ln lp ca mi khung bng hm: lan_lap = ?
+ Nhp s khung b li kt thc chng trnh bng hm: ket_thuc = ?
+ Nhp gi tr E
b
/N
0
bng hm: EbN0db = ?

50

Lu thut ton
Start
M ha
Cng nhiu Gauss
Gii m Turbo
m li
S khung li =
thit lp
Chn thut ton
gii m, thit lp
ma trn sinh, s
khung li, chn
k thut xa,
chn s ln lp
Sai
Hin th kt qu
ng


51

3.3. Kt qu m phng
3.3.1. Kt qu m phng cht lng h thng thng tin di ng W CDMA s
dng m Turbo vi cc ln lp khc nhau.
C th trong trng hp ny l 9, 6 v 3 ln lp vi cng mt thut ton gii m
SOVA.

Hnh 3.3. Cht lng m Turbo vi cc ln lp khc nhau
T kt qu m phng ta thy b m ha c BER gim khi t s E
b
/N
0
tng. Khi
E
b
/N
0
nh hn 1dB th b m ha c BER gn nh khng thay i. Khi Eb/N0 ln hn
1dB th ta thy b gii m Turbo c s ln lp ln s cho ta kt qu li BER thp hn,
tc l b m ha c s ln lp ln hn s c hiu qu hn.

52

3.3.2. Kt qu m phng cht lng h thng thng tin di ng W CDMA s
dng m Turbo vi cc thut ton gii m khc nhau
C nhiu thut ton gii m Turbo nhng trong phn m phng ny, ch thc
hin m phng 2 loi thut ton gii m SOVA v Logmap. Kt qu m phng nh
sau:

Hnh 3.4. Cht lng m Turbo vi 2 thut ton gii m khc nhau
Theo nh kt qu l thuyt th thut ton gii m SOVA tt hn thut ton gii
m Logmap. Kt qu m phng cng chng t iu . Vi cng gi tr Eb/N0 th
thut ton SOVA cho kt qu BER thp hn hn so vi thut ton Logmap.
Kt lun:
Trong chng ny nghin cu c nhng vn nh sau:
M phng v nh gi hiu nng ca h thng W CDMA khi s dng
m ha chp v khng s dng.
M phng v nh gi hiu nng m Turbo s dng trong h thng W
CDMA vi hai thut ton gii m khc nhau l SOVA v LogMap.
M phng v nh gi hiu nng m Turbo vi cc ln lp gii m khc
nhau.
53

KT LUN
H thng thng tin di ng th h 3 W-CDMA v ang c trin khai ti
nhiu nc trn th gii. m bo h thng truyn dn v tuyn c tin cy cao
v t c tc nh mong mun th m Turbo c khuyn ngh s dng trong
h thng ny. Lp m ny thc s l mt bng chng sng ng v thc t chng
minh tnh ng n ca hai nh l thng tin ni ting c Shannon d on t
nm 1948. iu ny c bit quan trng i vi cc knh thng tin c th b rng
buc c v mt cng sut cng nh bng thng, m knh thng tin di ng th h ch
l mt trng hp c th.
Trc m Turbo, cha c mt s iu ch hay k thut m ho no mi li
cho php ci thin cng sut ln c hng chc dB nh m Turbo. V vy song song
vi pht trin cc phn tch c tnh l thuyt, hng lot cng trnh dn trng tm
nghin cu vo cc kha cnh thc tin nhanh chng c th thng mi ha ngay
cc h thng thng tin mi c s dng m haTurbo.
Khng ch c vy m Turbo cn lm sng li nguyn l x l lp vn b b
qun cng vi m Gallagher trong mt thi gian rt di k t nm 1962 ti tn nm
1993. i vi gii nghin cu l thuyt thng tin, y mi l thnh tu ln nht ca
m Turbo v nguyn l x l lp qu thc l mt cng c rt mnh trong vic phn
tch v thit k h thng thng tin. Khng ch dng li ngnh m sa sai, nguyn l
x l lp cn vn sang v tr thnh mt phng php lun mi cc lnh vc khc
nh d on v cn bng knh, tch sng a truy nhp, m ho ngun/knh kt hp,
phn tp dng Turbo... Chc chn m hnh thng tin tng lai s s dng cc cu trc
tin tin ny v n cho php c s gn kt cht ch gia cc yu t cu thnh h thng
nh lin tc trao i, lc thng tin theo cc vng phn hi kn.
ti ny tp trung tm hiu v h thng thng tin di ng th h 3 W-
CDMA, cu trc m knh trong h thng v cu trc ca m Turbo t tm hiu
v m hnh m phng h thng W-CDMA trong MATLAB. Kt qu m phng trong
chng 3 cho thy M Turbo t c cht lng tt ti BER thp v trong cc
thut ton gii m Turbo (SOVA, Log-MAP,) c xy dng th thut ton gii m
SOVA c cht lng tt hn c. Khi s dng thut ton SOVA vi s lng cc ln
54

lp khc nhau th kt qu m phng cng cho thy khi s ln lp tng ln th cht
lng h thng cng tng song tr gii m li ln. T ta c th kt lun rng khi
p dng m Turbo trong h thng thng tin di ng th h 3 (W-CDMA) th cht
lng knh truyn c ci thin ng k, nhng m bo c v tc v cht
lng h thng th s ln lp gii m ch gii hn t 4-6 ln.
Qua y, mt ln na em xin cm n thy gio Huy Khi hng dn v
gip em hon thnh nghin cu ny. V thi gian c hn, phng tin tm hiu v
nghin cu cn thiu thn, cng vi kinh nghim v kin thc ca bn thn cn nhiu
hn ch nn khng th trnh khi nhng thiu st. Em xin trn trng tip thu nhng
kin ng gp ca cc thy c gio cng cc bn bi bo co ca em hon chnh
v y hn.








55

TI LIU THAM KHO
1. Matthew C. Valenti, Turbo Codes and Iterative Processing, Mobile and
Portable Radio Reseach Group Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State
University Blacksburg, 1999.
2. Jakob Dahl Andersen, A Turbo Tutorial, Department of Telecommunication
Technical University of Denmark, 2005.
3. Gio trnh thng tin di ng, Hc vin bu chnh vin thng c s 2, TP H Ch
Minh.
4. Nguyn Thu Vn, L thuyt m, NXB Khoa Hc v K Thut H Ni, 1999.
5. KS. Nguyn Vn Thun, H thng thng tin di ng WCDMA, Hc vin Cng
Ngh Bu Chnh Vin Thng, 2004.
6. Phm Vn Ngc, Bi ging Thng tin di ng, i hc Cng Ngh Thng Tin v
Truyn Thng, 03/2010.
7. Nguyn Hong Hi - Nguyn Khc Kim - Nguyn Trung Dng - H Trn c,
Lp trnh Matlab, NXB Khoa Hc v K Thut, H Ni 2003.
8. http://vntelecom.org/.