Nitragin

NI DUNG NI DUNG ........................................................................................................... 1 1. Tng quan phn m vi sinh ......................................................................... 2 Tnh hnh s dng phn m vi sinh trn th gii ............................................... 3 Tnh hnh s dng phn m vi sinh Vit Nam ................................................ 4 2. Tng quan v nitragin ...................................................................................... 5 3. Cng ngh sn xut nitragin............................................................................. 7 Chng ging ....................................................................................................... 7 Mi trng nui cy nghin cu v nhn ging s cp ....................................... 9 Thit b v qu trnh ln men ............................................................................ 10 Chun b cht mang .......................................................................................... 12 Bao gi, bo qun v s dng ........................................................................... 13 4. Thng phm nitragin v hiu qu nng sut ................................................. 14 a. Ch phm Nitragin s dng cho ng: .......................................................... 14 b. Nitragin trn u tng:.............................................................................. 17 5. Kt lun nh gi ........................................................................................... 18 6. Ti liu tham kho ......................................................................................... 20

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1. Tng quan phn m vi sinh Trong t nhin, nit l nguyn t dinh dng quan trng khng ch vi cy trng m ngay c i vi vi sinh vt. Ngun d tr nit trong t nhin rt ln, ch tnh ring trong khng kh nit chim khong 78,16% th tch. Ngi ta c tnh trong bu khng kh bao trm ln mt ha t ai cha khong 8 triu tn nit, lng nit ny c th cung cp dinh dng cho cy trng hng chc triu nm nu nh cy trng ng ha c chng. Trong c th cc loi sinh vt cha khong 4.1015 t tn nit. Nhng tt c ngun nit trn cy trng u khng t ng ha c m phi nh vi sinh vt. Thng qua hot ng ca cc loi sinh vt, nit nm trong cc dng khc nhau c chuyn ha thnh d tiu cho cy trng s dng. Hng nm cy trng ly i t t hng trm triu tn nit. Bng cch bn phn con ngi tr li cho t c khong > 40%, lng thiu ht cn li c bn c b sung bng nit do hot ng sng ca vi sinh vt. V vy vi sinh vt ng vai tr quan trong trong t nhin gp phn duy tr mi quan h cn bng cc cht trong h sinh thi. Hin nay c hai hng chnh sn xut phn m vi sinh: c nh nit cng sinh gia vi khun nt sn (Rhizobium) v cy b u; v vi khun c nh nit t do: azotobacter v Clostridium. R cy b u nhim vi khun nt sn hnh thnh mi quan h cng sinh ngha l quan h m c hai bn u cn c nhau v da vo nhau pht trin, trong vi khun nt sn tng hp m t nit c trong kh quyn cung cp cho cy v ngc li cy trng cung cp cc dng cht cn thit vi khun nt sn sinh trng pht trin. Azotobacter, mt loi vi khun ho kh, sng t do v c mt hu ht cc loi t v h sinh thi nng nghip vi s lng khc nhau c kh nng c nh nit v c kh nng sinh tng hp hot cht kch thch sinh trng thc vt, mt s vitamin v hot cht c ch s sinh trng, pht trin ca mt s
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vi nm gy bnh vng r mt s cy trng. Do nhng tnh cht v li ch ca vi sinh vt trong vai tr c nh m trong t m nhng nghin cu v phn m vi sinh, loi phn bn s dng tc nhn vi sinh vt lm yu t tc ng lm tng qu trnh c nh m trong t, c nghin cu pht trin nhiu quc gia trn th gii t nhng nm 1890s v cho n hin nay vic nghin cu, s dng ngun m sinh hc ny c xem l mt gii php quan trng trong nng nghip, c bit trong s pht trin nn nng nghip bn vng ca th k 21 ny. Tnh hnh s dng phn m vi sinh trn th gii Phn bn vi sinh do Noble Hiltner sn xut u tin ti c nm 1896 v c t tn l Nitragin. Sau pht trin sn xut ti mt s nc khc nh M (1896), Canada (1905), Nga (1907), Anh (1910) v Thy in (1914). Nitragin l loi phn c ch to bi vi khun Rhizolium do Beijerink phn lp nm 1888 v c Fred t tn vo nm 1889 dng bn cho cc loi cy thch hp h u. T cho n nay c rt nhiu cng trnh nghin cu nhm ng dng v m rng vic sn xut cc loi phn bn vi sinh c nh nit m thnh phn cn c phi hp thm mt s vi sinh vt c ch khc nh mt s x khun c nh nit sng t do Frankia spp, Azotobacter spp, cc vi khun c nh nit sng t do clostridium, pasterium, Beijerinkiaindica, cc x khun c kh nng gii cellulose, hoc mt s chng vi sinh vt c kh nng chuyn ha cc ngun d tr phospho v kali dng kh ho tan vi s lng ln c trong t mn, than bn, trong cc qung apatit, phosphoric v.v... chuyn chng thnh dng d ho tan, cy trng c th hp th c.Trong nhng nm gn y, nhiu nc trn th gii, ngi ta t chc sn xut cng nghip mt s loi phn vi sinh vt v em bn th trng trong nc. Mt s loi phn vi sinh vt c bn rng ri trn th trng th gii. Phn vi sinh vt
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c nh m. C nhiu loi vi sinh vt c kh nng c nh N t khng kh. ng ch c cc loi: to lam (Cyanobacterium), vi khun Azotobacter, Bradyrhizobium, Rhyzobium; x khun Actinomyces, Klebsiella. Tnh hnh s dng phn m vi sinh Vit Nam Trong nhng nm 1990 - 2000, nng lm nghip Vit Nam c nhng bc pht trin vt bc. T mt nc nng nghip thng xuyn phi nhp khu lng thc, n nm 2000 Vit Nam tr thnh nc xut khu go th 2 th gii, trong phn bn ni ring v cc sn phm ha hc ni chung c nhiu ng gp tch cc. Khng c phn bn ha hc th khng th c nn nng nghip thm canh vi nng sut cao. S liu thng k trong hai chc nm qua cho thy mc tng ca sn lng lng thc hu nh t l thun vi mc tng ca phn khong. Do s thiu cn i trong vic bn cc yu t dinh dng cng nh cc yu t ngoi cnh khc nn hiu qu s dng phn bn ha hc khng cao, gy lng ph v nh hng xu n mi trng. S liu thng k cho thy, lng s dng phn khong Vit Nam cha cao so vi mt s nc trn th gii, song do bn phn khong khng cn i, thiu hp l v khng ng b, nn hiu qu s dng phn bn thp. iu lm gia tng s mt cn i v dinh dng i vi cy trng, trong khi lng ht cc cht dinh dng cng vi sn phm thu hoch vt qu lng dinh dng bn vo. Bn phn khng cn i dn n tnh trng va tha va thiu dinh dng ng thi gy nn hin tng chai cng, gim ph, thay i tnh cht vt l, ha hc v sinh hc ca t trng. Thc t sn xut nng nghip trn th gii v Vit Nam khng nh, phn bn trong giai on va qua c nhiu ng gp tch cc, song mt khc, vic s dng gia tng phn bn ha hc trong s mt cn i nghim trng gia cc yu t dinh dng gy ra nhiu nh hng xu n hiu qu sn xut v mi trng sinh thi. pht trin nng nghip bn vng, cn phi
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c chin lc an ton dinh dng cho t v cy trng: l bo m cung cp liu lng cn thit cc cht dinh dng thit yu ng lc cy cn, theo t l cn i gia cc cht trong phn bn ph hp vi yu cu tng loi cy trn cc vng t trng di cc iu kin thi tit, kh hu khc nhau: An ton dinh dng cho cy v t trng cng c ngha bo m v pht trin h sinh thi t. t trng khng ch cha dinh dng cung cp cho cy trng m cn thng qua cc hot ng ca sinh vt sng, t trng mi c iu kin hi phc v cn bng. Trong nhiu nm qua qu trnh nghin cu v th nghim phn vi khun nt sn ti Vit Nam cho thy: Phn vi khun c tc dng, nng cao nng sut lc v t 13.8-17.5% cc tnh pha Bc v min Trung v 22% cc tnh min Nam. Cc kt lqu nghin cu cng cho thy s dng phn vi khun nt sn kt hp vi lng m khong tng 30-40 kgN/ha mang li hiu qu kinh t cao, nng sut lc trong trng hp ny c th t tng ng nh khi bn 60 v 90kgN/ha. Hiu lc ca phn vi khun nt sn c th hin c bit r

nt trn vng t ngho cht dinh dng v vng t mi trng cy b u. Li nhun ca phn, vi khun nt sn c xc nh t 442.000 VN/ha vi t l li xut/1 ng chi ph t 9,8 ln(Ng Th Dn v Ctv.,2001).

2. Tng quan v nitragin Nitragin l sn phm thng mi ha nghin cu pht trin bi cc nh khoa hc M v ng dng th nghim trn nhiu quc gia khc: Canada, Achentina, Nhng nghin cu kho nghim cho thy rng ngay c trong iu kin kh cy trng b hn ch nc v nhit lm cho sc sng ca r v l km th Nitragin vi chng vi sinh vt Rhizospheric c tuyn chn vn c tc ng kch thch tng trng v lm pht trin h r cng nh l,
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lm tng kh nng tip cn ca r n dinh dng v ci thin nng sut cy trng cao hn v sinh khi v kh nng tng hp cc bon cng nh quang hp. c bit vi ch phm xy dng cho ring la m v ng cc ht ging c x l v kch thch ny mm ca ht. c bit Nitragin xy dng nhng sn phm c bit dnh ring cho cc loi cy nh la m, ng cc, u tng. Cc phn bn dng lng c cha cht kch thch sinh trng v cha nng thch hp ca vi khun ngay c iu kin ngy ht hn s dng vn cha 107 T bo/ml. Khi s dng vi liu lng 10ml/kg ht ging c th chu c vi cc thuc bo v thc vt khc nh thuc dit nm (triticonazole, carbendazim + thiram), thuc tr su (tiametoxan, Imidacloprid) m khng cn b sung cht ph tr. Vic x l ht vi phn bn Nitragin Bonus to nn nhn tn hiu nh hng tch cc n trao i cht ca t bo thc vt, kch hot cc yu t lm tng s trao i cht ca t bo thc vt, kch hot s tng trng gc v cc phn trn mt t ca cy. S tc ng ca nitragin c th c tm tt: 1. Tng cng hp th nit v cc cht dinh dng khc. 2. Mt cao hn v di ca lng r 3. Cao hn t l xut hin ca r. 5. Kh nng chu hn tt nht va 4. Tng sinh khi. 7. Tng s lng ht/ m2 6. Tng hiu sut. nh gi Nitragin c tc ng tt trong giai on u (giai on sinh trng) c bit, nhng hn ch v tc tng trng ca cy trng la m trong thi gian tc ng ny nh sau: - s tng trng ngho ca chi v r
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- cc ht ging km phm cht lm cho hnh thnh c th km phm cht ngay t khi hnh thnh cng nh mi trng ngho dinh dng. V vy rt quan trong trong vic thc y h tr qu trnh giai on u pht trin h r v cy trng cho s sinh trng pht trin tin v sau. thc hin iu ny, cn thit phi lm cho cy trng: 1. c thnh lp m khng c gim s lng cy trng (ph hp cy), 2. Pht trin tc tng trng khng suy gim ca cc b phn trn khng (l v chi) v mt t (r). 3. Hon thnh s hnh thnh ca cc thnh phn nng sut

3. Cng ngh sn xut nitragin Chng ging Theo nhng nghin cu trn Rhizobium japonicum ca Arya K. Bal v cng s nm 1977 v cu to ca vi khun vng r v mi lin quan n vic pht trin ca chng trn vng r , vic nui cy chng R. japonicum Nitragin 61A76 c pht trin nghin cu nui trn mi trng dinh dng nc chit nm men- manitol (Ultrastructure of Rhizobium japonicum in Relation to its attachment to root hairs Arya K.Bal, S.Shantharam, and S. Ratnam- Canada A1B3X9-1977).S pht trin ca chng trn mi trng nc chit nm men- mannitol trong iu kin nhit 23oC v pH=7,2 trong thi gian khc nhau cho kt qu tng dn t 1-13h sau tng t t 13h-15h, sau hu nh khng tng.

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Nhng nghin cu tip theo ca cc nh khoa hc M vo nm 1983 cng c tin hnh trn mi trng nc chit nm men- manitol kho st cc yu t cnh tranh ca 31 chng Rhizobium leguminosarum dnh cho cy h u. Nghin cu cho thy c nhiu s tc ng nh hng ln cc chng, trong c s tng thch gia cc chng vi sinh vt v cy ch. Tuy nhin t hai nghin cu ny c th thy vic nui cy chng vi khun vng r sinh nt sn c th c tin hnh trong mi trng nc chit nm men- mannitol. Trong ch phm Nitragin c cha vi khun Bradyrhizobium japonicum c pht trin bi hng sn xut Nitragin ca M kt hp cng pht trin vi Novozyme c th cho u tng, c pht trin bi hai trung tm: Milwaukee, Wisconsin (M) v Pilar, Buenos Aires (Argentina) c chng nhn bi theo tiu chun v cht lng trn th trng. N c kt qu tch
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cc h tr bi nh gi lnh vc k t nm 1991 ti Hoa K, Canada, Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay, Bolivia v Uruguay. Nitragin l cng c tt c nh m ti a v cho nng sut ti a. Cng thc ban u ti mt nng ln hn 5 x 109 cfu / ml, cn li 1000 triu vi khun mi ml vo cui hn v m bo 500 000 vi khun mi ht ging. Mi trng nui cy nghin cu v nhn ging s cp Mc d c nhiu loi vi sinh vt c kh nng c nh m cng nh c th s dng lm phn bn vi sinh nhng hu ht cc loi vi sinh vt vng r Rhizobium s dng mi trng nc chit nm men Mannitol Rhizobium : Yeast extract mannitol broth Mannitol 10.0g K2HPO4 0.5g MgSO4.7H2O 0.2g NaCl 0.1g Yeast 0.5g Agar 20.0g Th tch cui sau khi ha tan v nh mc vi nc : 1000.0ml Thm 10ml Congo (250mg congo trong 100ml nc) vo mi trng c 1lt sau khi pH t c 6.8 v trc khi thm agar.

Nhn ging v chun b th cp: Chun b cc mi trng cho ln men lng th tch tng t 250ml, 500l, 3 lt v 5 lt. Nui thu sinh khi vi khun trong cc bnh 250ml trong iu kin nui lc(250rpm) v thi gian 5-7 ngy.

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Theo di s pht trin ca vi khun n khi mt t bo t nh mi trng cy ging ban u th tip tc nhn ging trn cc mi trng ln hn 500ml, 3l v 5l. Cp ging t l t 1-2% ty thuc vo cht lng ging. Thit b v qu trnh ln men Qu trnh ln men c tin hnh iu kin nhit ti u nh trong qu trnh ln men nhn ging, thit b c iu khin t ng cc thng s iu chnh nh nhit , pH, tc khuy v sc kh. Trong qu trnh ln men kim tra s pht trin ca vi khun v kim tra s nhim tp. Kt thc qu trnh ln men mt t bo trong mi trng t 109t bo /ml. hn ch nhim tp cn tin hnh x l dch ln men trc 24h sau khi ln men v c lu tr lnh 4oC nu cha x l ngay. Trong sn xut phn bn sinh hc cc trang thit b c s h tng chi ph ln c th chim ti 70% vn. Trong quy m sn xut th nghim cc thit b quy m nh c th c s dng nh: ni hp, thit b ln men, t sy, thit b cp kh, Minh ha cc thit b cn thit: Thit b hp thit trng thit b ln men v dng c cy ging cng nh mi trng trong qu trnh sn xut, trong thc tin sn xut c th s dng h thng l cp hi ring bit hoc ha cht tit trng.

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T cy ging

Bung cy c th dng thc hin cy ging cho ln men hoc chuyn mi trng. Thit b n nhit

Thit b n nhit m bo nhit , m cho qu trnh ln men hoc cy ging ban u trn mi trng c hoc mi trng ng nghim. Thit b lc s dng m bo d o trn ca mi trng theo chuyn ng trn, cung cp kh cho s tng trng ca canh trng vi sinh vt. Trong thc t my lc c th c thay bng nhng thit b o trn sc kh hoc thit b lc nhiu tng, Thit b cp kh nng s dng tit trng thit b. Thit b o pH s dng trong qu trnh iu chnh mi trng ln men v kim tra mi trng trong sut qu trnh ln men.
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Thit b bo qun lanh: bo qun cach canh trng ging Thit b ln men

Mt thit b ln men quy m th nghim phng th nghim vi cc thit b cnh khuy, iu chnh nhit , pH, nng oxy ha tan c thit k ch to a vo th nghim. Thit b ln men c th bao gm thit b chng bt hoc s dng cht ph bt trong qu trnh ln men.

Chun b cht mang Nu ch phm dng lng cn thm cc cht kt dnh vi sinh vt c th bm dnh c trn cc ht v r cy. Nu ch phm dng rn cn chun b cht mang, cc cht mang thng dng nht vn l than bn, than non, phn chung tri chn nui x l, hay hn hp bt t x l dng lm vt liu cht mang. Vic la chn cht mang tt nht vn l than bn non, nhng cn xem xt cc yu t v kinh t v hiu qu la chn, v c bn vic la chn da trn cc tiu ch: - Vt liu cht mang r - C sn ti a phng - Hm lng hu c cao
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- Khng c ha cht c hi - Kh nng gi m cao hn 50% - D dng thao tc cng ngh: nghin, sy, ng gi,

Kch thc lt sng kch thc 212micro pH 4-5 T l dinh dng m bo duy tr s sng cho vi sinh vt v c li cho cy trng. M t quy trnh sn xut phn bn vi sinh vt sn xut ch phm dng rn:

Bao gi, bo qun v s dng

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Ch phm th sau qu trnh x l dch ln men v phi trn s c kim tra cc thng s k thut v mt t bo, nng cc cht ph tr v c a vo trong cc can (ch phm lng) hoc cc ti (ch phm rn) m bo c lp v ngn nh sng.

Sn xut phn bn vi sinh v c bn c hai dng chnh l ch phm lng v ch phm dng rn, ch phm dng lng c th p dng s dng theo 3 cch: - X l ht ging - Ngm r - Bn vo t Trong th vic s dng x l ht l thng c s dng nht cho hu ht cc dng ht v d s dng v mang li hiu qu kinh t hn.

4. Thng phm nitragin v hiu qu nng sut a. Ch phm Nitragin s dng cho ng:

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Sn phm c dng thc y tng trng sinh hc, c ng dng c bit l i vi ng. Liu dng khuyn co l 1,2 lt cho mi 100 kg ht ging ( 12ml/kg), s dng trong vng 24 gi trc khi trng.

Tc dng chnh ca sn phm l tng trng trong r v cc b phn pha trn trong giai on u ca ma v, n tc ng ln vng r lm cho qu trnh hp thu nc v cht dinh dng c hiu qu, cng vi vic sn xut cc cht tng cng hot ng ca vi sinh ci thin giai on sinh trng ca cy trng sn lng do cao hn.

nh gi trong nm ma gii (2002-2006) ti 110 l sn xut chng minh li ch ca vic s dng ch phm ny, sn lng ng tngkhong 470 kg / ha sn
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lng ng cc tng ng tng 5,7% v sn lng so vi ng cc khng s dng v 85% cc trng hp l c biu hin tt. Bn cnh vic ci tin c hiu qu i vi tc tng trng ban u ca cy trng c trn khng v gc r ca n.

Hiu sut ca ng l x l ht ging vi 110 l Nitragin ng v s tng trng kch thc b r

Bng s liu so snh sn lng ca cy s dng Nitragin v khng s dng Nitragin

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b. Nitragin trn u tng: Ci thin tng trng ca cy u tngt 5 - 9% tng chiu di r 4 - 6 %. Phng php iu tr ny kch thch r nhnh v kch thc ca nt sn. Kt qu cho thy nt sn tng c v s lng ln kch thc.

Trong nm 2007/2008, nhng th nghim c tin hnh nhng ni khc nhau ca Argentina, Bolivia, Brazin, Paraguay, Uruguay v M nh gi hiu sut ca Nitragin ti u ha ng dng kt hp vi thuc tr su Imidacloprid neonicotinoid. Cn lu rng cc ng dng kt hp thuc tr su cho php gia tng hn na trong vic ci thin nng sut t c bng cch p dng ti u ha Nitragin.

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5. Kt lun nh gi Vic s dng cc ch phm Nitragin c nhng hiu qu tch cc trong nng nghip.ng dng cng ngh ti u ha Nitragin mang li nhng li ch r rt. Nhng li ch ny cho php:

Nng cao hiu qu c nh m kh quyn c s dng hiu qu hn cung cp nc v dinh dng cho cy trng Tng tc tng trng ca cy Tng sn lng ng cc bao ph ca tn cy sm

Nhu cu s dng phn bn hu c vi sinh ngy cng tng v: - S dng phn bn hu c vi sinh s thay th dn vic bn phn ho hc trn ng rung, t trng trt m vn m bo c nng cao nng sut thu hoch. - S dng phn bn hu c vi sinh v lu di s dn dn tr li ph nhiu cho t nh lm tng lng phospho v kali d tan trong t canh tc, ci to, gi bn ca t i vi cy trng nh kh nng cung cp hng lot cc chuyn ho cht khc nhau lin tc do nhiu qun th vi sinh vt khc nhau to ra. - Vic s dng phn bn hu c vi sinh cn c ngha rt ln l tng cng
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bo v mi trng sng, gim tnh c hi do ho cht trong cc loi nng sn thc phm do lm dng phn bn ha hc. - Gi thnh h, nng dn d chp nhn, c th sn xut c ti a phng v gii quyt c vic lm cho mt s lao ng, ngoi ra cng gim c mt phn chi ph ngoi t nhp khu phn ho hc. Phn bn mang li li nhun cho ngi nng dn.Nhng hn ch nhng nh hng ca phn bn n mi trng v sc khe con ngi th nh nng cn hn ch s dng phn bn v c. S dng phn bn cn hn ch hn.Khng lm dng s dng v thc cc loi phn c th gy mt s bnh him ngho nh ung th. Nn s dng mt s loi phn vi sinh tng nng sut nng sn v trnh lm thoi ha t.

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6. Ti liu tham kho [1] Hani Antoun1;2;_, Chantal J. Beauchamp3, Nadia Goussard1;2, Rock Chabot and Roger Lalande41;2- Potential of Rhizobium and Bradyrhizobium species as plant growth promoting rhizobacteria on nonlegumes: Effect on radishes (Raphanus sativus L.) [2] Ultrastructure of Rhizobium japonicum in Relation to its attachment to root hairs Arya K.Bal, S.Shantharam, and S. Ratnam- Canada A1B3X91977 [3] Competition among Rhizobium leguminosarum strains for nodulation of lentils (lens esculenta) Sheila N. May and B. Ben Bohlool Honolulu Hawaii 1982 [4] http://www.nitragin.com.ar/ http://www.fyo.com/general/ampliar.asp?IdNoticia=92851&idtipoinfo rmacion=2

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