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Chuyn phng trnh Bt phng trnh
GV: Nguyn Tt Thu Trng THPT L Hng Phong Bin Ha ng Nai 1

Phng trnh cha n cn thc
V d : Gii phng trnh:
2
2
1 x x x 1 x
3
+ = +
Gii: K 0 x 1 s s .
gii phng trnh ny th r rng ta phi tm cch loi b cn thc. C nhng cch
no loi b cn thc ? iu u tin chng ta ngh ti l ly tha hai v. V hai v
ca phng trnh cho lun khng m nn bnh phng hai v ta thu c phng
trnh tng ng.
( )
2
2
2 2 2 2
2 4 4
(1) 1 x x x 1 x 1 x x (x x ) 1 2 x x
3 3 9
| |
+ = + + + = +
|
\ .
( )
2 2 2 2
2(x x ) x x 0 x x 2 x x 3 0 = =
2
2
0
x x 0
x 0; x 1
3
VN
x x
4
=
= =
.
Kt hp vi iu kin ta c nghim ca phng trnh: x 0; x 1 = = .
Qua li gii trn ta thy c
2
x x s biu din c qua x 1 x + nh vo ng
thc
( )
2
2
x 1 x 1 2 x x + = + (*) .C th nu ta t t x 1 x = + th
2
2
t 1
x x
2
= v khi phng trnh cho tr thnh phng trnh bc hai vi n l

t:
2
2
t 1
1 t t 3t 2 0 t 1; t 2
3
+ = + = = = .
Vy ta c:
2
0
x 1 x 1
2 x x 0
x 0; x 1
VN (VT 2) x 1 x 2

+ =
=
= =
< + =

.
Vic thay th biu thc x 1 x + bng mt n mi l t (m ta gi l n ph) l mt
suy ngh hon ton ph hp vi t nhin ( chng ta nh li l chng ta ang tm cch
lm mt cn thc !). Cch lm nh th ny ta thng gp trong cuc sng hng ngy ca
chng ta, chng hn khi chng ta i xa khng tin cho vic mang theo tin mt ta c th
i qua la, hay th ATM, sc,Cng nh vic chuyn i tin trn, lm mt cn
thc ta tm cch t mt biu thc cha cn thc no bng mt biu thc n mi sao
cho phng trnh n mi c hnh thc kt cu n gin hn phng trnh ban u. t
biu thc cha cn no bng biu thc n mi nh th no l vn quan trng nht,
bc lm ny quyt nh n c c li gii hay khng v li gii tt hay d.
chn c c cch t n ph thch hp th ta cn phi tm c mi quan h ca cc
biu thc tham gia trong phng trnh nh cch gii trn ta to c mi quan h
l ng thc (*). C nhiu cch to ra mi quan h gia cc i tng tham gia
trong phng trnh chng hn phng trnh trn ngoi ng thc (*) ta cn c mi
quan h gia cc biu thc tham gia trong phng trnh:
( ) ( )
2 2
x 1 x x 1 x 1 + = + = (**) m t phng trnh ta rt c mt cn thc qua
cn thc cn li:
3 1 x 3
x
2 1 x 3

=

. Do nu t
3t 3
t 1 x x
2t 3
= =
thay vo
(**) v bin i ta thu c phng trnh
2
t(t 1)(2t 4t 3) 0 t 0, t 1 + = = = hay x 0, x 1 = = l nghim ca phng trnh.
Phng trnh cho ch cha tng v tch ca hai cn thc, ng thi hai cn thc tha
mn (**) do vy ta c th t a x, b 1 x = = th t phng trnh cho kt hp vi
(**) ta c h phng trnh:
2 2
2
1 ab a b
3
a b 1
+ = +
+ =
y l h i xng loi I, gii h ny ta

c nghim ca phng trnh l x=0 v x=1. Bn cht cch gii ny chnh l cch t
n ph t 1 x = m ta gii trn .
Tip tc nhn xt th ng thc (**) gip ta lin tng n ng thc no m ta bit ?
Chc hn cc bn s d dng tr li c l ng thc lng gic:
2 2
sin cos 1 o + o = .
iu ny dn n cch gii sau:
t
2
x sin t, t [0; ]
2
t
= e (iu ny hon ton hp l v x [0;1] e ). Khi phng trnh
cho tr thnh:
2
1 sin t.cos t sin t cos t 3(1 sin t) (1 sin t)(1 sin t)(2sin t 3) 0
3
+ = + + + =
2
x 1 sin t 1 x 1
x 1
x 0
3 1 sin t (3 2sin t) 1 sin t sin t(4sin t 6sin t 8) 0
= = =
=

=
= + + =

.
Qua v d trn ta thy c nhiu cch gii phng trnh v bt phng trnh v t. Mi
phng php u chung mt tng l tm cch loi b cn thc v a phng trnh
cho v phng trnh m ta bit cch gii. Sau y chng ta s i vo tng phng
php gii c th.
I. Phng php bin i tng ng :
Ni dung ca phng php ny l s dng cc tnh cht ca ly tha v cc php bin
i tng ng ca phng trnh, bt phng trnh bin i phng trnh, bt phng
trnh ban u v phng trnh, bt phng trnh bit cch gii.
Ta nh li cc tnh cht ca ly tha v php bin i tng i i vi phng trnh
v bt phng trnh.
1)
n n
( a) a = ( Nu n chn th cn thm iu kin a 0 > ).
2)
2n 2n
a b a b = = vi a v b cng du
3)
2n 1 2n 1
a b a b
+ +
= = vi mi a,b.
4)
2n 2n
a b 0 a b > > > (Ch nu a,b<0 th a b a b > < khi hai v cng
khng m v lc ta mi ly tha bc chn hai v).
5)
2n 1 2n 1
a b a b a, b
+ +
> > e.
V d 1: Gii phng trnh: 2x 1 3x 1 + = + .
Gii: Ta thy VT lun khng m, do nu VP m th phng trnh v nghim nn ta
ch cn gii phng trnh khi
1
3x 1 0 x
3
+ > > . Khi hai v u khng m v bnh
phng ta thu c phng trnh tng ng:
2
2x 1 (3x 1) + = + nu
0
1
x
3
> l
nghim ca phng trnh ny th
2
0 0 0
2x 1 (3x 1) 2x 1 0 + = + + > do vy ta khng cn
t iu kin cho biu thc di du cn. Vy :
2
2
1
1
x
3x 1 0 x
4
3
3 Pt x 0, x
4 9
2x 1 (3x 1)
x 0, x
9x 4x 0
9
>
+ > >

= =

+ = +

= =
+ =
.
Nhn xt: * Phng trnh trn c dng tng qut: f (x) g(x) = , khi gp dng ny ta
bin i tng ng nh sau:
2
g(x) 0
f (x) g(x)
f (x) g (x)
>
=

=
. y v sao ta khng
cn t k f (x) 0? > .
* bi ton trn ta c th gii bng cch t n ph t 2x 1 = + .
V d 2: Gii phng trnh: 4 1 1 2 + = x x x .
Gii: k:
1
4
2
x s s (*)
Pt x 4 1 2x 1 x x 4 1 2x 2 (1 2x)(1 x) 1 x + = + + = + +
2
2
1
2x 1 0 x
2 2x 1 (1 2x)(1 x) x 0
(2x 1) (1 2x)(1 x)
2x 7x 0
+ > >

+ = =

+ =

+ =
i chiu iu kin (*) ta thy x=0 tha mn. Vy nghim ca pt cho l x=0.
Ch : phng trnh trn v sao chng ta li chuyn 1 x qua ri mi bnh phng?
Mc ch ca vic lm ny l to ra hai v ca phng trnh lun cng du sau khi
bnh phng ta thu c phng trnh tng ng.
V d 3: Gii bt phng trnh:
2
2x 6x 1 x 2 0 + + < .
Gii:
Bt phng trnh
2
2x 6x 1 x 2 + < (1)
V VT ca (1) lun khng m nn nu VP(1) 0 s th Bt phng trnh v nghim, do
ta ch gii Bt phng trnh khi x 2 0 x 2 > > . Bnh phng hai v ta c Bpt:
2 2
2x 6x 1 (x 2) + < . Nu
0
x bt phng trnh ny th ta cha th khng nh c
2
0 0
2x 6x 1 0 + > do ta phi t iu kin cho biu thc di du cn. Vy bt
phng trnh cho tng ng vi h gm ba bt phng trnh sau:
2
2 2
2
x 2 x 2
x 2 0
3 7 3 7 3 7 3 7
2x 6x 1 0 x V x x V x
2 2 2 2
2x 6x 1 (x 2)
1 x 3
x 2x 3 0
> >

>

+ +
+ > s > s >

+ <
< <
<

3 7
x 3
2
+
s < l nghim ca bt phng trnh cho.
Nhn xt: Dng tng qut ca bt phng trnh trn l:
2
g(x) 0
f (x) g(x) f (x) 0
f (x) g (x)
>
< >
<
Gii h bt phng trnh ny ta c nghim ca bt phng trnh cho.

V d 4: Gii bt phng trnh :
2
2(x 16) 7 x
x 3
x 3 x 3

+ >

(H Khi A 2004 ).
Gii: K: x 4 > .
Bpt
2 2
2(x 16) x 3 7 x 2(x 16) 10 2x + > > (2)
Ta c VT (2) 0 > nn nu VP(2) 0 x 5 < > th (2) lun ng. Nu VP(2) 0 x 5 > s
th bpt (2)
2 2
2(x 16) (10 2x) > . Nu
0
x bt phng trnh ny th ta c
2
0
2(x 16) 0 > do ta khng cn t iu kin cho biu thc di du cn
Vy gii bt phng trnh (2) ta chia lm hai trng hp
TH1:
x 4 ( k)
x 5.
10 2x 0
>
>
<

TH2:
2 2 2
10 2x 0 4 x 5
10 34 x 5
2(x 16) (10 2x) x 20x 66 0
> s s

< s

> + <

.
Ly hp hai trng hp ta c nghim bt phng trnh l: x 10 34 > .
Nhn xt: Dng tng qut ca bt phng trnh (2) l: f (x) g(x) > . gii bpt ny ta
chia lm hai trng hp:
TH 1:
f (x) 0
g(x) 0
>
<
TH 2:
2
g(x) 0
f (x) g (x)
>
>
V d 5: Gii phng trnh:

2
2x 6x 1 x 1 + + = + .
Gii:
2 2 2 2
x 1 0 x 1
Pt
2x 6x 1 (x 1) 6x 1 x 1
+ > >

+ + = + + = +

2 2 2 4 2
x 1 x 1
x 0, x 2
6x 1 (x 1) x 4x 0
> >

= =

+ = + =

.
2
x(x 1) x(x 2) 2 x + + = .
Gii: K:
x 1
x 2
x 0
>
(*) .
Phng trnh
2 2 2
2x x 2 x (x 1)(x 2) 4x + + + =
2 2 2 2 2 2
2 x (x x 2) x(2x 1) 4x (x x 2) x (2x 1) + = + = (do k (*) ).
2
0
(8 9) 0
9
8
=
x
x x
x
c hai gi tr ny u tha mn (*).
Vy nghim ca phng trnh cho l:
9
0;
4
x x = = .
Ch : 1) Bi ton trn cn c cch gii khc nh sau
* x 0 = l mt nghim ca phng trnh.
* x 1 >
2
PT x 1 x 2 2 x 2 x x 2 2x 1 + + = + =
2 2
9
4x 4x 8 4x 4x 1 x
8
+ = + = (nhn).
* x 2 PT x(1 x) x( x 2) 2 ( x)( x) s + =
2
9
1 x x 2 2 x 2 x x 2 2x 1 x
8
+ = + = + = (loi).
9
0;
4
x x = = .
2) Khi bin i nh trn chng ta sai lm khi cho rng a.b a. b = ! Nn nh ng
thc ny ch ng khi a, b 0 > ! Nu a, b 0 s th ab a. b = .
3 3 3
x 1 x 2 2x 3 + =
.
Gii:
Phng trnh
3 3
3
2x 3 3 (x 1)(x 2)( x 1 x 2) 2x 3 + + =
3 3 3
3
x 1 x 2 2x 3
(x 1)(x 2)(2x 3) 0
+ =
(*)
3
x 1; x 2; x .
2
= = =
Ch :
* Khi gii phng trnh trn chng ta thng bin i nh sau
3 3
3
2x 3 3 (x 1)(x 2)( x 1 x 2) 2x 3 + + =
3
(x 1)(x 2)(2x 3) 0 = !?
Php bin i ny khng phi l php bin i tng ng! V y chng ta
tha nhn phng trnh ban u c nghim !. Do c c php bin i tng
ng th ta phi a v h nh trn. Chng hn ta xt phng trnh sau
3 2 3 3 3 3
1 x 1 x 1 2 3 1 x ( 1 x 1 x) 1 + + = + + + =
3 2
1 x 1 x 0 = = .
Nhng thay vo phng trnh ban u ta thy x=0 khng tha mn phng trnh !
* Vi dng tng qut
3 3 3
a b c = ta lp phng hai v v s dng hng ng thc
3 3 3
(a b) a b 3ab(a b) = ta c phng trnh tng ng vi h
3 3 3
3
a b c
a b 3 a.b.c c
. Gii h ny ta c c nghim ca phng trnh.

V d 8: Gii phng trnh: 4 3 10 3x x 2 = (HSG QG 2000).
Gii:
Phng trnh
2 2
x 2 x 2
4 3 10 3x x 4x 4 4x x 3 10 3x
> >

= + =

4 3 2 3 2
2 x 4 2 x 4
x 8x 16x 27x 90 0 (x 3)(x 5x x 30) 0
s s s s

+ + = + + =

2
2 x 4
x 3
(x 3)(x 2)(x 7x 15) 0
s s
+ + =
.
2 2
4x y y 2 4x y + = + .
Gii:
Phng trnh
2 2
4x y 4x y y 2 = + + +
2 2 2
4x y 4x 4y 2 2 (y 2)(4x y) = + + + + +
2 2 2
1
x
(2x 1) (y 2) 2 (y 2)(4x y) 0
2
y 2
+ + + + + =

.
Th li ta thy cp (x;y) ny tho mn phng trnh.
1
x
2
y 2
.
1)
2
x x 7 7 + + = . 2)
x 3
4x 1 3x 2
5
+
+ = .
Gii:
1) Phng trnh
2
x (x 7) (x x 7) 0 (x x 7)(x x 7 1) 0 + + + + = + + + + =
x 7 x (1)
x 7 x 1 (2)
+ =

+ = +
*
2
x 0
1 29
(1) x
2
x x 7 0
s
.
*
2
x 1
(2) x 2
x x 6 0
>
+ =
.
Vy phng trnh cho c hai nghim
1 29
x 2; x
2
= = .
2) Phng trnh 5( 4x 1 3x 2) (4x 1) (3x 2) + = +
5( 4x 1 3x 2) ( 4x 1 3x 2)( 4x 1 3x 2) + = + + +
4x 1 3x 2 0
x 2
4x 1 3x 2 5
+ =
=
+ + =
.
Nhn xt: *Vi bi 1 ta c th gii nh sau: t y x 7 = + ta c h phng trnh
2
2
y x 7
x y 7
+ =
tr v theo v hai phng trnh ta c: (y x)(y x 1) + . T y gii ra ta

tm c x.
* Cu 1 c dng tng qut nh sau:
2
x x a a + + = .
* Vi bi ton 2 ta cn c cch gii khc nh sau
Phng trnh
x 2
( 4x 1 3) ( 3x 2 2)
5
+ =
x 2
4(x 2) 3(x 2) x 2
3x 2 4x 1 1 1
(*) 5
4x 1 3 3x 2 2
5
( 4x+1 3)( 3x 2 2)
=

=
+
=
+ + +

+ +
V VT(*) 0 < (do

2
x
3
> ) nn (*) v nghim.
1)
2
2
x
x 4
(1 1 x)
>
+ +
2)
2 2
(x 3x) 2x 3x 2 0 > .
Gii:
1) K: x 1 >
* Vi x 0 = ta thy Bpt lun ng
* Vi x 0 1 x 1 0 = + = . Nhn lng lin hp VT ca Bpt ta c
2 2
2
2 2
x (1 x 1)
x 4 (1 x 1) x 4 x 1 3 x 8
(1 x 1) (1 x 1)
+
> + > + < <
+ + +
Vy nghim ca Bpt cho l: T [ 1;8) = .
2) Ta xt hai trng hp
TH 1:
2
1
2x 3x 2 0 x 2, x
2
= = = . Khi BPT lun ng
TH 2:
2
2
1
2x 3 2 0 x V x 2 1
Bpt x V x 3
2
2
x 3x 0
x 0 V x 3
> < >

< >

>

s >
.
Vy nghim ca Bpt cho l:
1
T ( ; ] {2} [3; )
2
= + .
Ch : * bi ton 2 ta thng khng ch n trng hp 1, y l sai lm m chng
ta thng gp trong gii phng trnh v bt phng trnh v t.
* Khi gii bt phng trnh nu ta mun nhn hoc chia hai v cu bt phng trnh cho
mt biu thc th ta phi xc nh c du ca biu thc . Nu cha xc nh c
du ca biu thc m ta mun nhn th ta c th chia lm hai trng hp.
1)
2 2
(x 3) x 4 x 9 + s 2)
2
51 2x x
1
1 x

<
.
Gii:
1)
* Vi x 3 = bt phng trnh ng.
* Vi
( )
2
2
2
x 3 x 3
x 3 Bpt x 3
x 4 x 3
x 4 x 3
> >

> >

+ < +
+ < +

.
* Vi
2
x 3
x 3
5
x 3 Bpt x 3 x 3
6
x 4 x 3
6x 5 0
<
<

< < s <

+ > +

+ <
.
Vy nghim ca bt phng trnh d cho l:
5
x V x 3
6
< > .
2)
* Nu
2
2
2
x 1 x 1
1 x 0 x 1 Bpt 51 2x x 0 1 52 x 1 52
x 25
51 2x x 1 x
< <
> < > s s +

>
<
1 52 x 5 s < .
*Nu x 1 > lun ng v VT 0 1 < < .
Vy nghim bt phng trnh cho l : 1 52 x 5 V x 1 s < > .
V d 12: Tm m phng trnh
2
x 2mx 1 m 2 + = c nghim.
Gii:
* Nu m 2 < phng trnh v nghim
* Vi m 2 > Phng trnh
2 2 2 2
x 2mx 1 m 4m 4 x 2mx m 4m 3 0 + = + + =
Phng trnh c nghim
2
' 2m 4m 3 0 A = + > ng mi m
Vy m 2 > l nhng gi tr cn tm.
V d 13: Tm m phng trnh:
2
2x mx 3 x 1 + = + c hai nghim phn bit.
Gii:
Phng trnh
2
x 1
x (m 2)x 4 0 (*)
>

+ =
.
Phng trnh (*) lun c hai nghim :
2
1
2 m m 4m 8
x 0
2
+ +
= > ;
2
2
2 m m 4m 8
x 0
2
+
= <
Phng trnh cho c hai nghim (*) c hai nghim phn bit 1 >
2
2
2 2
m 4
x 1 4 m m 4m 8 m 2
(4 m) m 4m 8
s
> > + s
> +
.
Vy m 2 s l nhng gi tr cn tm.
V d 14: Tm m phng trnh
2 2
2x mx x 4 0 = c nghim.
Gii:
Phng trnh
2
2 2
2
x 4 0 (1)
2x mx x 4
x mx 4 0 (2)
>
=

+ =
(2) c nghim
2
m 160 0 | m| 4 A = > > (*) . Khi (2) c hai nghim l:
2
1, 2
m m 16
x
2

= .
Nghim
1
x tha mn (1)
2 2 2 2
(m m 16) 16 0 m m m 16 16 0 + > + >
2 2
2
m 4
m 4
m 16( m 16 m) 0
m 4
m 16 m
=
=
+ >

>
>
.
Nghim x
2
tha mn (1)
2 2 2 2
(m m 16) 16 0 m m m 16 16 0 > >
2 2
2
m 4
m 4
m 16( m 16 m) 0
m 4
m 16 m
=
=
>

s
>
.
Vy | m| 4 > th phng trnh cho c nghim.
Ch : Bi ton trn ta c th gii ngn ngn hn nh sau: Nu (2) c nghim th
1
1 2
2
| x | 2
| x x | 4
| x | 2
>
=

>
nn phng trnh cho c nghim 0 | m| 4 A > > .

Bi tp
Bi 1: Gii cc phng trnh sau
1) 3 3 5 2 4 x x x =
2
2) 8 6 1 4 1 0 x x x + + =
3) ( 5)(3 4) 4( 1) x x x + + = 4)
36 4
28 4 x 2 y 1
x 2 y 1
+ =

5)
2
2
4
(1 1 )
=
+ +
x
x
x
6)
2
2 1 ( 1) 0 + = x x x x x x
7) x x 1 x 1 = 8)
4 4 2 2
ax x x a x a(a 1) + + + = +
9) (x 2)(2x 1) 3 x 6 4 (x 6)(2x 1) 3 x 2 + + = + + + .
10)
3 2 4
x 1 x x x 1 1 x 1 + + + + = + . 11)
4 1 5
x x 2x
x x x
+ = + .
12)
3 3 3
2x 1 x 16 2x 1 = + 13) x x 5 5 + + =
14)
4 2 2 2
x 2x x 2x 16 2x 6x 20 0 + + + = .
15)
2 2
4x 5x 1 2 x x 1 9x 3 + + + = .
Bi 2: Gii cc bt phng trnh sau:
1)
2 2
4(x 1) (2x 10)(1 3 2x) + > + + 2) x 2 x 1 x + + s
3) (x 5)(3x 4) 4(x 1) + + > 4) 7x 13 3x 9 5x 27 s
5) 1 x 1 x x + > 6) 3x 4 x 3 4x 9 + + s +
7)
2 2
x 4x 3 2x 3x 1 x 1 + + > 8)
2 2
25 x x 7x 3 + + >
9)
2 2 2
x 8x 15 x 2x 15 4x 18x 18 + + + > + 10)
2x
2x 1 1
2x 9
< +
+
11)
2 2
1 1 2
x x
x
x x
+ + > 12)
2 2 2
x 3x 2 x 4x 3 2 x 5x 4 + + + > +
13)
2
3x x 4 2
2
x
+ + +
< 14)
2
1 2x 1 2x 2 x + + >
Phng php t n ph:
Ni dung ca phng php ny l t mt biu thc cha cn thc bng mt biu thc
n mi m ta gi l n ph, ri chuyn phng trnh n ph va t. Gii phng trnh
n ph tm nghim ri thay vo biu thc va t tm n ban u.
Vi phng php ny ta thng tin hnh theo cc bc sau
B1: Chn cch t n ph, tm iu kin xc nh ca n ph
Bc ny l bc quan trng nht. Ta cn phi chn biu thc thch hp t n ph,
lm tt bc ny ta phi nhn xt c mi quan h ca cc biu thc c mt trong
phng trnh, bt phng trnh. C th l ta phi tm c s biu din ca cc biu thc
cha n trong phng trnh qua mt i lng khc.
B2: Chuyn phng trnh (bpt) ban u v phng trnh (bpt) n ph va t.
Thng thng sau khi t n ph th phng trnh thu c thng l nhng phng
trnh (bpt) m ta bit cch gii. Khi tm c nghim ta cn ch n iu kin ca
n ph chn nhng nghim thch hp.
B3: Gii phng trnh (bpt) vi n ph va tm c v kt lun tp nghim.
C rt nhiu cch t n ph. Ta i xt mt s dng phng trnh (bpt) m ta thng
hay gp.
Dng 1:
n
F( f (x)) 0 = , vi dng ny ta t
n
t f (x) = (nu n chn th phi c iu kin
t 0 > ) v chuyn v phng trnh F(t) 0 = gii phng trnh ny ta tm c t x .
Trong dng ny ta thng gp dng bc hai: af (x) b f (x) c 0 + + = .
V d 1: Gii phng trnh
2 2
1)x x 11 31 + + =
2
2)(x 5)(2 x) 3 x 3x + = +
Gii:
1) t
2
t x 11, t 0 = + > . Khi phng trnh cho tr thnh:

2 2
t t 42 0 t 6 x 11 6 x 5 + = = + = = .
2) Phng trnh
2 2
x 3x 3 x 3x 10 0 + + =
t
2
t x 3x, t 0 = + > . Phng trnh cho tr thnh
2 2 2
3 109
t 3t 10 0 t 5 x 3x 5 x 3x 25 0 x
2

= = + = + = = .
1)
2 2
x 2x 22 x 2x 24 0 + + > 2)
2
x 9 x x 9x 6 + s + +
Gii:
1) t
2
t x 2x 24, ( t 0) = + + >
2 2 2 2
x 2x 24 t x 2x 22 2 t + + = =
Bt phng trnh tr thnh:
2 2
2 t t 0 t t 2 0 0 t 1 > + s s s
2
2
2
4 x 6
x 2x 24 0
x 2x 24 1
x 1 2 6 V x 1 2 6
x 2x 23 0
s s
+ + >

+ + s

s > +
>

4 x 1 2 6
1 2 6 x 6
s s

+ s s
l nghim ca bt phng trnh cho.

2) K: 0 x 9 s s
Bt phng trnh cho
2 2
9 2 9x x x 9x 6 + s + +
2 2
9x x 2 9x x 3 0 >
2 2
9x x 3 x 9x 9 0 > + s
9 3 5 9 3 5
x
2 2
+
s s .
Kt hp vi iu kin ta c nghim ca bt phng trnh l:
9 3 5 9 3 5
x
2 2
+
s s .
V d 3 : Tm m cc phng trnh sau c nghim:
2 2 2
x 2x 2m 5 2x x m + + = .
Gii:
t
2 2
t 5 2x x 6 (x 1) t [0; 6] = = + e v
2 2
x 2x 5 t + =
Khi phng trnh cho tr thnh:
2 2
t 2mt m 5 0 (*) t m 5 + = =
Phng trnh cho c nghim (*) c nghim t [0; 6] e hay
0 m 5 6 5 m 6 5
0 m 5 6 5 m 6 5

s + s s s

s s s s +

.
V d 4: Chng minh rng vi m 0 > th phng trnh sau lun c nghim:
2 2 2 3
5
x (m ) x 4 2 m 0
3
+ + + = .
Gii:
t
2
t x 4 t 2 = + > . Khi phng trnh cho tr thnh
2 2 3
5
f (t) t (m )t m 2 0
3
= + = (*).
V m 0 > (*) lun c hai nghim t phn bit (Do
2 2 3
5
(m ) 4(m 2) 0
3
A = + + > ) v
3 2
4
f (2) (m 2m )
3
= +
Ta s chng minh
3 2
4
m 2m 0 m 0
3
+ > > (1) .
* Nu
3 2
m 2 m 2m 0 (1) > > ng
* Nu
3 2 2 3 2
32 2 4 32
0 m 2 m 2m (m )(m ) 0 m 2m
27 3 3 27
s s + = + > >
3 2
4 32 4
m 2m 0 (1)
3 27 27
> = > ng.
f (2) 0 (*) < lun c mt nghim t 2 > hay phng trnh cho lun c nghim.
Ch : * Nu tam thc
2
f (x) ax bx+c = + tha mn af ( ) 0 o < tam thc lun c
nghim v nu a>0 th nghim > o nu a<0 th nghim < o.
* chng minh
3 2
4
m 2m 0
3
+ > ta c th s dng phng php hm s hoc BT
Dng 2: m( f (x) g(x)) 2n f (x).g(x) n(f (x) g(x)) p 0 + + + = .
Vi dng ny ta t t f (x) g(x) = .Bnh phng hai v ta s biu din c nhng
i lng cn li qua t v chuyn phng trnh (bpt) ban u v phng trnh (bpt) bc
hi i vi t.
V d 1: Cho phng trnh: 3 x 6 x m (3 x)(6 x) + + = + + .
1) Gii phng trnh khi m=3.
2) Tm m phng trnh cho c nghim.
Gii:
t
2
t 3 x 6 x t 9 2 (3 x)(6 x) = + + = + + (*)
p dng BT Csi ta c 2 (3 x)(6 x) 9 + s nn t (*) 3 t 3 2 s s .
Phng trnh cho tr thnh:
2
2
t 9
t m t 2t 9 2m
2
= + = (1)
1) Vi m 3 = ta c phng trnh:
2
t 2t 3 0 t 3 = = thay vo (*) ta c
x 3
(3 x)(6 x) 0
x 6
=
+ =

=
.
2) Phng trnh cho c nghim (1) c nghim t [3;3 2] .
Xt hm s
2
f (t) t 2t 9 vi t [3;3 2] , ta thy f(t) l mt hm ng bin
6 f (3) f (t) f (3 2) 9 6 2 t [3;3 2]
Do vy (1) c nghim
6 2 9
t [3;3 2] 6 2m 9 6 2 m 3
2
.
Vy
6 2 9
m 3
2
l nhng gi tr cn tm.
Ch : Nu hm s xc nh trn D v c tp gi tr l Y th phng trnh f (x) k c
nghim trn D k Y .
V d 2: Gii phng trnh: 2x 3 x 1 3x 2 (2x 3)(x 1) 16 + + + = + + + .
Gii: k: x 1 > .
t
2
t 2x 3 x 1, t 0 t 3x 2 (2x 3)(x 1) 4 (*) = + + + > = + + + +
Khi phng trnh tr thnh:
2 2
t t 20 t t 20 0 t 5 = = =
Thay t 5 = vo (*) ta c:
2
2 2
1 x 7
21 3x 2 2x 5x 3
441 126x 9x 8x 20x 12
s s
= + +

+ = + +
2
1 x 7
x 3
x 146x 429 0
s s
+ =
l nghim ca phng trnh cho.

3 3 3 3
x 35 x (x 35 x ) 30 + = .
Gii:
t
3
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
t 35
t x 35 x t 35 3x 35 x (x 35 x ) x 35 x
3t
= + = + + = (*)
3
t 35
.t 30 t 5
3t
= = thay vo (*) ta c:
3 3 3 3 6 3
x 3
x 35 x 6 x (35 x ) 216 x 35x 216 0
x 2
=
= = + =

=
.
2 2
2 2
2
1 x 5 1 x x
( ) 2 0
2 x
x 1 x
1 x
+ + + + =

.
Gii: K: 1 x 1 < < .
t
2 2
2
2 2
2
1 x x 1 x
t t 1
x
x 1 x
1 x
= + = + +
.
2
1
2t 5t 2 0 t 2; t
2
+ + = = = .
*
2
2
2
2 2
1 x 0
1 x x 1
t 2 2 x .
1 x
x
2 3
1 x
x 1 x
< <

= + = =
+ =

*
2
2
2
2 2
1 x 0
1 x x 1
t 2
1 x 3
x 2
1 x
4
x 1 x
< <

= + =

+ =

v nghim.
Vy phng trnh cho c nghim duy nht
1
x
2
= .
2
7x 7 7x 6 2 49x 7x 42 181 14x + + + + s .
Gii: K
6
x
7
>
t
2 2
t 7x 7 7x 6, (t 0) 14x 2 49x 7x 42 t 1 = + + > + + =
Bt phng trnh cho tr thnh:
2 2
t t 1 181 t t 182 0 0 t 13 + s + s s s
7x 7 7x 6 13 + + s (*)
V hm s f (x) 7x 7 7x 6 = + + l hm ng bin v f (6) 13 (*) x 6 = s
Kt hp vi iu kin ta c nghim ca bt phng trnh :
6
x 6
7
s s .
5 1
5 x 2x 4
2x
2 x
+ < + + .
Gii: K: x 0 > .
Bpt
1 1
5( x ) 2(x ) 4
4x
2 x
+ < + + .
t
2
1 1
t x , (t 2) x t 1
4x
2 x
= + > + = v bt phng trnh tr thnh:
2 2
5t 2(t 1) 4 2t 5t 2 0 t 2 < + + > > (do t 2 > )
2
3 2 2
0 x
1
2
t 2 x 3 4x 12x 1 0
4x
3 2 2
x
2

< <
> + > + >
+
>
l nghim ca bt phng
trnh cho.
Bi tp
Bi 1: Gii cc phng trnh sau
1)
2
3x 2 x 1 4x 9 2 3x 5x 2 + = + +
2)
x 1
(x 3)(x 1) 4(x 3) 3 0
x 3
+
+ + + =
3)
2 2
x x 2 x x + + = +
4)
4
2 2
x x 1 x x 1 2 + + = 5)
2
x x 7 2 x 7x 35 2x + + + + =
6)
2 2 2
x x 4 x x 1 2x 2x 9 + + + + + = + + 7)
4 1 5
x x 2x
x x x
+ = +
8)
2
4x 3 2x 1 6x 8x 10x 3 16 + + + = + + +
9)
3 2 2
18x 18x 5 3 9x 9x 2 + = +
10)
2
x x 12 x 1 36 + + + = .
Bi 2: Gii cc bt phng trnh sau:
1)
2 2
5x 10x 1 7 2x x + + > 2)
2 2
2x x 5x 6 10x 15 + > +
3)
2
x 2x 8 4 (4 x)(x 2) 0 + + > 4)
3
24 x 12 x 6 + + s
5)
2
2x 1 x x + > + 6)
2
2
1 3x
1
1 x
1 x
>

7)
2 2
2 2
2
1 x 5 1 x x
( ) 2 0
2 x
x 1 x
1 x
+ + + + >

9)
12 x x 2 82
(12 x) (x 2)
x 2 12 x 3

+ <

Dng 3:
n n
F( f (x), g(x)) 0 = , trong F(t) l mt phng trnh ng cp bc k.
Vi dng ny ta xt hai trng hp:
TH1: g(x)=0 thay vo phng trnh ta kim tra,
TH2: g(x) 0 = chia hai v phng trnh cho
k
g (x) v t n
f (x)
t
g(x)
= ta c phng
trnh
1
F (t) 0 = l phng trnh a thc bc k.
Ta thng gp dng: a.f (x) b.g(x) c. f (x)g(x) 0 + + =
3 2
5 x 1 2(x 2) + = + .
Gii: K: x 1 > .
Phng trnh
2 2
5 (x 1)(x x 1) 2(x x 1) 2(x 1) + + = + + +
2 2
x 1 x 1
2 5 2 0
x x 1 x x 1
+ +
+ =
+ +
(Do
2
x x 1 0 x + > ).
t
2
x 1
t , t 0
x x 1
+
= >
+
, ta c phng trnh:
2
t 2
2t 5t 2 0
1
t
2
=
+ =
.
*
2
2
x 1
t 2 4 4x 5x 3 0
x x 1
+
= = + =
+
phng trnh v nghim.
*
2
2
1 x 1 1 5 37
t x 5x 3 0 x
2 4 2
x x 1
+
= = = =
+
.
Nhn xt: Qua cch gii trn ta thy c c s ca phng php gii dng ton ny v
cng l con ng sng tc ra nhng bi ton thuc dng trn l xut pht t phng
trnh ng cp hai n dng
2 2
a ab b 0 o + | + = (c th bc cao hn) ta thay th a,b bng
cc biu thc cha x v bin i i cht t che du i bn cht sao cho phng trnh
thu c d nhn v mt hnh thc v mi quan h gia cc i tng tham gia trong
phng trnh cng kh nhn ra th bi ton cng kh. Do vi dng ton ny chng ta
cn bit nhn xt mi quan h gia cc biu thc c mt trong phng trnh. Tuy nhin
nu kho lo giu i mi quan h th vic tm ra li gii l mt vn ht sc kh
khn. Ta xt v d sau.
2 2
5x 14x 9 x x 20 5 x 1 + + = + .
Gii: K x 5 > .
Phng trnh
2 2
5x 14x 9 x x 20 5 x 1 + + = + +
2 2 2
5x 14x 9 x 24x 5 10 (x 1)(x x 20) + + = + + + +
2 2
2x 5x 2 5 (x 1)(x x 20) 5 (x 1)(x 4)(x 5) + = + = + +
2 2
2(x 4x 5) 3(x 4) 5 (x 4x 5)(x 4) + + = +
2 2
x 4x 5 x 4x 5
2 5 3 0
x 4 x 4

+ =
+ +
.
t
2
x 4x 5
t , t 0
x 4

= >
+
, ta c phng trnh:
2
3
2t 5t 3 0 t 1; t
2
+ = = = .
*
2
5 61
x 5 (n)
2
t 1 x 5x 9 0
5 61
x 5 (l)
2
+
= >
= =

= <
.
*
2
x 8 (n)
3
t 4x 25x 56 0
7
2 x (l)
2
=
= =
Vy phng tnh cho c hai nghim:

5 61
x ; x 8
2
+
= = .
Ch : Trong nhiu bi ton ta c th a vo nhng n ph khc lm n gin hnh
thc bi ton v t ta d dng tm c li gii.
2 2
x 2x 2x 1 3x 4x 1 + + = + + .
Gii: t
2 2 2 2
a x 2x, b 2x 1 3x 4x 1 3a b = + = + + =
Phng trnh tr thnh:
2 2 2 2
a b 3a b a ab b 0 + = =
2
1 5 1 5
a b x 2x 2x 1
2 2
+ +
= + = . Gii phng trnh ny ta c nghim
1 5
x
2
+
= v y l nghim duy nht ca phng trnh cho.
2 2 2
(x 6x 11) x x 1 2(x 4x 7) x 2 + + = + .
Gii: K: x 2 > . t
2
a x 2;b x x 1 = = + , ta c:
2 2 2 2
x 6x 11 (x x 1) 5(x 2) b 5a + = + =
2 2 2 2
x 4x 7 x x 1 3(x 2) b 3a + = + =
Do vy phng trnh cho tr thnh:
2 2 2 2
(b 5a )b 2(b 3a )a =
3 2 2 3 3 2
a
6a 5a b 2ab b 0 6t 5t 2t 1 0 (t )
b
+ = + = =
1 1
t 1, t , t
2 3
= = = .
*
2
t 1 a b x 2x 3 0 = = + = phng trnh v nghim.
*
1
t b 2a
2
= = v nghim do a, b 0 > .
*
2
1
t b 3a x 10x 19 0 x 5 6
3
= = + = = .
i chiu vi iu kin ta c nghim ca phng trnh l: x 5 6 = .
Nhn xt: Xut pht t phng trnh : (a b)(2a b)(3a b) 0 + = ta thay
2
a x 2;b x x 1 = = + v bin i ta thu c phng trnh trn.
2 4 3 2
18x 13x 2 3(81x 108x 56x 12x 1) + = + + .
Gii:
Ta c:
2 2 2
18x 13x 2 2(2x 1) x 2a x (a (3x 1) ) + = = =
4 3 2 4 2 2 2
81x 108x 56x 12x 1 (3x 1) 2x a 2x + + = + = +
Vy phng tnh cho tr thnh:
2 2
2 2
a 2x
a 2x
2a x 3(a 2x )
a x; a 5x
a 4ax 5x 0
>
>
= +

= =
=

*
2
x 2x
a x
9x 5x 1 0
>
=

+ =
v nghim.
*
2
5x 2x
11 85
a 5x x
18
9x 11x 1 0
>

= =
+ =
.
Vy phng trnh cho c hai nghim:
11 85
x
18
= .
V d 6: Tm m phng trnh sau c nghim:
4 2
4 4
1 x 1 x
1 m 1 m 2 1- m
1 x 1 x
+
+ + =
+
.
Gii: K: 1 x 1 < < .
t
4 4
1 x 2
t 1 t (0; )
1 x 1 x
= = e +
+ +
v phng tnh tr thnh:
2 4 4
4
1 m.t 2 (1 m)(1 m).t 1 m 0 1 m.t 1 m + + + = + =
4
1 m
t
1 m
=
+
.
Phng trnh cho c nghim
4
1 m
0 1 m 1
1 m
> < <

+
.
V d 7 (H Khi A 2007 ): Tm m phng trnh sau c nghim:
4 2
3 x 1 m x 1 2 x 1 + + = .
Gii: K: x 1 > .
* x=1 l nghim phng trnh m 0 = .
* x 1 = chia hai v phng trnh cho
4 2
x 1 ta c:
4 4
x 1 x 1
3 m 2
x 1 x 1
+
+ =
+
.
t
4 4
x 1 2
t 1 0 t 1 t 1
x 1 x 1
= = < < >

+ +
v phng trnh tr thnh:
2
m
3t 2 3t 2t m
t
+ = = (*) .
Phng trnh cho c nghim (*) c nghim t (0;1) e .
V
2
1
3t 2t 1 t (0;1)
3
s < e (*) c nghim t (0;1) e
1 1
m 1 1 m
3 3
s < < s .
Vy
1
1 m
3
< s l gi tr cn tm.
Qua cc v d trn ta thy vic t biu thc no bng n ph l mu cht ca bi ton.
chn c biu thc t n ph thch hp th sau khi t ta phi biu din c cc
biu thc cha x khc trong phng trnh , bt phng trnh cho qua n ph va t.
Tuy nhin trong nhiu trng hp chng ta khng th biu din ht cc biu thc cha x
c mt trong phng trnh , bt phng trnh qua n ph c ( Chng hn phng
trnh :
2 2
2(1 x) x 2x 1 x 2x 1 + = ) m ta ch biu din c mt phn no qua
n ph v phng trnh thu cl mt phng trnh hai n gm n c v n ph va
t. Ta xt dng ton sau.
Dng 4: a.f (x) g(x) f (x) h(x) 0 + + = . Vi phng trnh dng ny ta c th t
t f (x) = , khi ta c phng trnh theo n t:
2
at g(x)t h(x) 0 + + = , ta gii phng
trnh ny theo t, xem x l tham s (Tc l trong phng trnh va c t va c x) nn ta
thng gi dng ny l dng t n ph khng trit .
2 2
2(1 x) x 2x 1 x 2x 1 + = .
Gii:
t
2
t x 2x 1 = + , ta c phng trnh:
2
t 2(1 x)t 4x 0 = y l phng trnh
bc hai n t c
2
' (x 1) A = + , do phng trnh ny c hai nghim: t 2, t 2x = = .
*
2 2
t 2 x 2x 1 2 x 2x 5 0 x 1 6 = + = + = = .
*
2
2
x 0
t 2x x 2x 1 2x
3x 2x 1 0
s
= + =

+ =
h ny v nghim.
Vy phng trnh cho c hai nghim x 1 6 = .
2
12 8x
2x 4 2 2 x
9x 16
+ =
+
.
Gii: K: 2 x 2 s s (*).
Ta c:
2 2
12 8x 2(2x 4 4(2 x)) 2[( 2x 4) (2 2 x) ] = + = +
Phng trnh:
2
( 2x 4 2 2 x)(2 2x 4 4 2 x 9x 16) 0 + + + + =
2
2x 4 2 2 x 0 (1)
2 2x 4 4 2 x 9x 16 (2)
+ =

+ + = +
Ta c:
2
(1) 2x 4 8 4x x
3
+ = = tha mn (*).
2 2 2 2 2
(2) 48 8x 16 8 2x 9x 16 4(8 2x ) 16 8 2x x 8x 0 + = + + =
t
2
t 2 8 2x , t 0 = > , ta c:
2 2
t x
t 8t x 8x 0
t x 8
=
+ =

=
.
*
2
2 2
0 x 2
4 2
t x 2 8 2x x x
3
32 8x x
s s
= = =
.
*
2
t x 8 2 8 2x x 8 0 = + + = phng trnh ny v nghim (do (*)).
2 4 2
x ; x
3 3
= = .
3 2 3
3x 13x 30x 4 (6x 2)(3x 4) + = + (1).
Gii: K:
4 1
x V x
3 3
> s .
Ta c
2 2 2
3x 13x 30x 4 2(6x 2) (x 3x 2)(3x 4) + = + + +
* Nu
1
x VT(1) 0 VP (1)
3
s < < v nghim.
* Nu
4
x
3
> chia hai v phng trnh cho 3x 4 (do
3
x
4
= khng l nghim ca
phng trnh) ta c:
2
6x 2 6x 2
2. (3x 4) x 3x 2 0
3x 4 3x 4
+ +
+ + =

.
t
6x 2
t , t 0.
3x 4
+
= >
Phng trnh tr thnh:

2 2
t x 1
2t (3x 4)t x 3x 2 0
x 2
t
2
=
+ + =

.
*
2
2
4
4
x
x
6x 2
3
3 t x 1 x 1 x 3
6x 2 3x 4
(x 1)
(x 3)(3x x 2) 0
3x 4
>
>
+
= = =

+

=
+ =

*
3 2
x 2
x 2 6x 2 x 2
t
2 3x 4 2
3x 16x 4x 24 0 (*)
>
+
= =

+ =
.
S dng my tnh ta thy (*) c duy nht nghim x 5,362870693 ~ .
Vy phng trnh cho c nghim x 3 = v nghim gn ng x 5,362870693 ~ .
Bi 1: Gii cc phng trnh sau:
1)
2 3
2x 5x 2 4 2(x 21x 20) + = (S:
9 193 17 3 73
x ; x
4 4

= )
2)
2
4 2 2 3
1 x
x 2x 2x 2x 1 (x x)
x
+ + + = + HD:PT ch c nghim khi 0 x 1 < < . t

a x(x 1);b 1 x = + = . S: x 1 2 = + ).
3)
3 2 3
x 3x 2 (x 2) 6x 0 + + = (t y x 2 = + . S: x 2; x 2 2 3 = = )
4)
2 3
2(x 3x 2) 3 x 8 + = + ( x 3 13 = ).
4)
x 1 1 1
2x 1 3 x
x x x
+ = + (
1
t 1
x
= . S:
1 5
x
2
+
= )
5)
2 4 2
1
x 3x 1 x x 1
3
+ = + + ( x 1 = ).
t n ph cc hm lng gic:
Khi gii phng trnh lng gic ta thng t n ph cho cc hm s lng gic v
chuyn v phng trnh i s c bn m ta bit gii. Tuy nhin trong nhiu trng
hp cch lm ngc li t ra kh hiu qu, bng nhng tnh cht ca hm s lng gic
ta s chuyn bi ton i s v bi ton lng gic v gii gii quyt bi ton lng gic
ny.
Chng ta nn lu n nhng tnh cht c trng ca cc hm s lng gic:
Vi hm s sin v csin:
* Tp gi tr ca hai hm s ny l [ 1;1] .
*
2 2 2 2
sin cos 1 1 sin cos o + o = o = o
Vi hai hm s tan v cotan
* Tp gi tr l R
*
2 2
2 2
1 1
1 tan ;1 cot
cos sin
+ o = + o =
o o
Hai tnh cht trn l c s chng ta la chn phng php ny. Ta xt cc v d sau :
2 2
1 1 x 2x + = .
Gii: K: | x | 1 s .
Vi bi ton ny chng ta c th gii bng phng php bnh phng hoc t n ph.
Cch tin hnh hai phng php ny tuy khc nhau nhng cng mt mc ch l lm
mt cn thc. D nhin mt cu hi t ra l ngoi hai cch ni trn cn c cch no
loi b cn thc na hay khng ?. tr li cu hi ny th chng ta cn phi xc nh
l cn lm xut hin g th s loi b c cn thc ? Ta phi bin i
2 2
1 x a = ! ng
thc ny s gi cho chng ta nh n cng thc lng gic gia sin v cosin. iu ny
hon ton hp l v ta thy c iu kin xc nh ca x l on [ 1;1] . Vy ta c cch
gii nh sau: t x cos t, t [0; ] = e t . Khi phng trnh tr thnh:
2 2 2
1
1 1 cos t 2cos t 2sin t sin t 1 0 sin t
2
+ = + = = (do sin t 0 > ).
Vy
2
3
x cos t 1 sin t
2
= = = l nghim ca phng trnh cho.
Nhn xt: C s dn n cch t nh trn l min xc nh ca x [ 1;1] e v cn
bin i
2 2
1 x a = . T y ta c c nhn xt tng qut hn nh sau:
* Nu | u(x) | a s th ta c th thc hin php t u(x) asin t , t [ ; ]
2 2
t t
= e , hoc t
u(x) a cos t, t [0; ] = e t
* Nu u(x) [0;a] e th ta c th t
2
u(x) asin t, t [0; ]
2
t
= e .
3 2 3 2
x (1 x ) x 2(1 x ) + =
Gii: K: | x | 1 s .
t x cos t, t [0; ] = e t . Phng trnh tr thnh:
3 3
cos t sin t 2 cos t sin t (sin t cos t)(1 sin t cos t) 2sin t.cos t + = + =
2 2
3 2
u 1 u 1
u(1 ) 2 u 2u 3u 2 0
2 2

= + = ( u sin t cos t,| u | 2 = + s )
2
(u 2)(u 2 2u 1) 0 u 2;u 2 1 + + = = = +
*
2
u 2 cos(t ) 1 t x cos
4 4 4 2
t t t
= = = = = .
*
2
2 2
x 1 2
u 1 2 x 1 x 1 2
1 x (1 2 x)
= + =

=
2
x 1 2
1 2 2 2
x
2
x (1 2)x 1 2 0
s

=
+ =
.
2 1 2 2 2
x ; x
2 2

= = .
2 2
2 2 1 x x(1 1 x ) = + .
Gii: K: |x| 1 s .
t x sin t, t [ ; ]
2 2
t t
= e . Phng trnh cho tr thnh:
2 2
2 2 1 sin t sin t(1 1 sin t ) 2(1 cos t) sin t(1 cos t) = + = +
2 3
t t t t t
2| sin | 2sin t cos | sin | 2sin cos
2 2 2 2 2
= = (*).
*Nu
3
t t
t [ ;0) (*) sin (2cos 1) 0
2 2 2
t
e + = v nghim .
* Nu
3
3
t 1
cos
t t 2
2
t [0; ] (*) sin (2cos 1) 0
2 2 2 t
sin 0
2
t
e =
+) Vi
3 3
t 1 t 1
cos sin 1
2 2
2 4
= = (do
t
t [0; ] sin 0
2 2
t
e > )
3
t t
x sin t 2sin cos 4 1
2 2
= = = .
+) Vi
t
sin 0 t 0 x sin t 0
2
= = = = .
3
x 4 1; x 0 = = .
Ch : * trn ta thc hin php t x sin t = , ta cng c th t x cos t = tuy nhin
nu t x cos t = th s dn n bi ton bin i phc tp hn.
* V
t
t [ ; ] [ ; ]
2 2 2 4 4
t t t t
e e nn ta cha khng nh c
t
sin
2
dng hay m, do
khi a ra khi cn thc th ta phi c tr tuyt i.
2 2
2
1 2x x 1 2x x
| x 1|
+ + =
.
Gii: K: 0 x 2 s s .
Ta thy
2
0 2x x 1 s s , nn ta t
2
2x x cos t, t [0; ] | x 1| sin t
2
t
= e =
Phng trnh tr thnh:
2
1 cos t 1 cos t
| sin t |
+ + =
3 2
2
4
2(1 sin t) sin t sin t 2 0 sin t 1 cos t 0
sin t
+ = + = = =
2
2x x 0 x 0, x 2 = = = .
Vy phng trnh cho c hai nghim x 0, x 2 = = .
3
x 3x x 2 = + .
Gii: K: x 2 >
* Vi
3 2
x 2 x 3x x x(x 4) x x 2 > = + > > + phng trnh v nghim.
* Vi 2 x 2 s s , t x 2cos t, t [0; ] = e t . Khi phng trnh cho tr thnh
3
t 0
t
8cos t 6cos t 2 2cos t cos3t cos
4 4
2 t ; t
5 7
=
= + =
t t
= =
.
Vy phng trnh cho c ba nghim:
4 4
x 2; x cos ; x cos
5 7
t t
= = = .
3 2
64x 112x 56x 7 2 1 x + = .
Gii: K: x 1 s .
Nu x 0 VT 0 s < m VP 0 > nn phng trnh v nghim. Do vy ta ch gii
phng trnh khi 0 x 1 < s . Do vy ta c th t
2
x cos t, t [0; )
2
t
= e . Khi phng
trnh cho tr thnh:
6 4 2
64cos t 112cos t 56cos t 7 2sin t + = (*).
Mt khc
7 5 3
cos7t 64cos t 112cos t 56cos t 7cos t = + nn
2
t k
18 9
(*) cos7t 2sin t cos t cos7t sin2t cos( 2t)
2 2
t k
10 5
t t
= +
t
= = =

t t
= +
.
V t [0; )
2
t
e nn ta c cc nghim
5 3
t ; t ; t
18 18 10
t t t
= = = .
Vy phng trnh cho c cc nghim l:
2 2 2
5 3
x cos ; x cos ; x cos
18 18 10
t t t
= = = .
Ch : Ta c s biu din cosnx qua cosx nh sau:
n
[ ]
2
n 2k
n, k
k 0
cosnx a .cos x
=
=

. Trong
k n 1 2k k
n, k n k
n
a ( 1) 2 C
n k

.
V d 7: Gii phng trnh :
2 3
2
2
(1 x )
2x 1 x
1 x
+
+ + =
.
Gii: K : x 1 = .
t x tan t, t ( ; ); t
2 2 4
t t t
= e = . Phng trnh cho tr thnh
2 3
2
2
(1 tan t) 2sin t 1 1
2tant 1 tan t cos2t(2sin t 1) 1
cos t cos t.cos2t
1 tan t
+ +
+ + = = + =
2 2
sin t 0
(1 2sin t)(2sin t 1) 1 2sint(2sin t sin t 1) 0
1
sin t
2
=
+ = + =
.
* sin t 0 t 0 x tan t 0. = = = =
*
1 1
sin t t t tan .
2 6 6
3
t t
= = = =
Vy phng trnh c hai nghim: x 0 = v
1
x
3
= .
Bi tp:
1)
2 2
1 1 x x(1 2 1 x ) + = +
2)
2 3
1 x 4x 3x = (
1 2 2
x ; x
4
2
+
= = ).
3)
2 3 3 2
1 1 x [ (1 x) (1 x) ] 2 1 x + = +
4)
2
2
1 x x x 1 x
3
+ = +
5)
2
2
1 2x 1 x
1 2x
2
+
= (
1 2 2
x ; x
2
2

= = ).
6)
3 2 3 2
x (1 x ) x 2(1 x ) + = .
7)
2 2
2
1 x ( x)
3
= .
8)
4 2
729x 8 1 x 36 + = .
9)
2
1 x 3 5
x 2
x 1
+ =
.
10) x 1 8 x 3 (x 1)(8 x) 3 + + + = .
t n ph a v h phng trnh.
V d 1: Gii phng trnh: 3 x 6 x 3 (3 x)(6 x) + + = + + .
Phng trnh ny chng ta c cch gii trn. Ta thy VT ca phng trnh trn l
tng ca hai cn thc, cn VP cha tch ca hai cn thc v ta nhn thy hai cn thc
VT c quan h tng bnh phng ca chng bng 9, do nu ta t a x 3 = + ,
b 6 x = th ta c c h phng trnh
2 2
a b 3 ab
a b 9
+ = +
+ =
. y l h i xng loi I,
gii h ny ta c
a 0 a 3
V
b 3 b 0
= =

= =

.
* a 3 x 0 = = .
* a 0 x 3 = = .
Nhn xt: Dng tng qut ca phng trnh trn l:
n m
F(f (x), a f (x), b f (x)) c + = .
gii phng trnh ny ta t:
n m
u a f (x), v b f (x) = + = , lc ta c h phng
trnh:
n m
f (u, v) c
u v a b
=
+ = +
gii h ny ta tm c u, v. T y ta c c x.
Ch : tm x ta ch cn gii mt trong hai phng trnh:
n
a f (x) u + = hoc
m
b f (x) v = .
3
24 x 12 x 6 + + = .
Gii: K: x 12 s .
t
3 3
u 24 x; v 12 x u 36, v 0 = + = s > , ta c h phng trnh:
3 2 3 2 2
u v 6 v 6 u v 6 u
u v 36 u (6 u) 36 u(u u 12) 0 (*)
+ = = =

+ = + = + =

Phng trnh (*) c ba nghim : u 0;u 4;u 3 = = = tha mn
3
u 36 s .
T y ta tm c: x 24; x 88; x 3 = = = .
Vy phng trnh cho c ba nghim: x 24; x 88; x 3 = = = .
4 4
x 17 x 3 + = .
Gii: K: 0 x 2 s s .
t
4 4
a x; b 17 x; a, b 0 = = > . Ta c h phng trnh
4 4 2 2 2 2 2 2
a b 3 a b 3 a b 3
a b 17 [(a b) 2ab] 2a b 17 a b 18ab 32 0
+ = + = + =

+ = + = + =

a b 3
ab 2 V ab 16
+ =

= =
.
- Vi
a b 3 a 1 a 2 x 1
V
ab 2 b 2 b 1 x 16
+ = = = =

= = = =

.
- Vi
a b 2
ab 16
+ =
h v nghim.
Vy phng trnh cho c hai ngim x 1; x 16 = = .
2 2
3 3
3
(2 x) (7 x) (2 x)(7 x) 3 + + + = .
Gii: t
3 3
a 2 x; b 7 x = = + , ta c h phng trnh
2 2 2
3 3 2 2
a b ab 3 (a b) 3ab 3 a b 3 a 1 a 2
V
ab 2 b 2 b 1
a b 9 (a b)(a ab b ) 9

+ = + = + = = =

= = =
+ = + + =

.
T y gii ra ta c x 1 = v x 6 = .
3 3
2x 1 2 2x 1 + = .
Gii:
t
3 3
y 2x 1 y 1 2x = + = vy ta c h phng trnh :
3
3
x 1 2y
y 1 2x
+ =
+ =
3 3 2 2
x y 2(y x) (x y)(x xy y 2) 0 x y = + + + = =
(Do
2 2 2 2
y 3
x xy y 2 (x ) y 2 0
2 4
+ + + = + + + > )
3 3 2
1 5
x 1 2x x 2x 1 0 (x 1)(x x 1) 0 x 1; x
2

+ = + = + = = = .
1 5
x 1; x
2

= = .
Ch : Dng tng qut ca bi ton trn l: ( )
n
n
f (x) b a af (x) b + = , gii phng
trnh ny ta t
n
t f (x); y af (x) b = = ta c h:
n
n
t b ay
y b at
+ =
+ =
.
2
x 3
2x 4x
2
+
+ = .
Gii: K: x 3 > .
Phng trnh
2 2
(x 1) 2 1 x 1
2(x 1) 2 (x 1) 1 1
2 2 2
+ + +
+ = + = + .
t
2
x 1 t t
t x 1; y 1 1 y 1
2 2 2
+
= + = + = + = , ta c h phng trnh:
2
2
1
t y t 1 y
1
2
(t y)(t y ) 0
1
1 2 y t
y 1 t
2
2
= =

+ + =
*
2 2
t 1 17 3 17
t y t 1 2t t 2 0 t x
2 4 4

= = = = = (tha k x 3 > )
*
2 2
1 1 t 1 13 5 13
y t (t ) 1 4t 2t 3 0 t x
2 2 2 4 4

= + = + = = =
(tha k x 3 > ).
Vy phng trnh cho c bn nghim:
3 17 5 13
x ; x
4 4

= = .
2
4x 7x 1 2 x 2 + + = + .
Gii: K: x 2 >
Phng trnh
2
(2x 1) 3x 2 2(2x 1) 3x + + = +
t
2
t 2x 1; y 2t 3x y 3x 2t = + = + = ta c h phng trnh
2
2
t 3x 2y y t
(t y)(t y 2) 0
y t 2
y 3x 2t
+ = =
+ + =

=
+ =
.
*
2 2
x 1
y t t 2t 3x 0 4x 3x 1 0
1
x
4
=
= + = + =
.
*
2 2
x 1
y t 2 t 3x 2(t 2) 0 4x 11x 7 0
7
x
4
=
= + + + = + + =
.
7 1
x 1; x ; x
4 4
= = = .
2
x x 1000 1 8000x 1000 + = .
Gii: K:
1
x
8000
>
t
2 2 2
ay b 1 8000x a y 12aby b 1 8000x + = + + + = , ta c h phng trnh
2 2
2 2 2 2 2 2
x x 1000(ay b) 1000 x x 1000(b 1) 1000ay
a y 12aby b 1 8000x a y 12aby b 1 8000x

+ = + =

+ + = + + =

.
Ta xc nh a,b:
2 2
a 2
1 1 1000(b 1) 1000a
b 1 12ab 8000
a b 1
=
+
= = =

=

ta c h:
2
2
x x 2000y
(x y)(x y 1999) 0 x y
y y 2000x
+ + = =
(Do x y 1999 0 + + > )

2
x 2001x 0 x 0; x 2001 = = = l nghim ca phng trnh cho.
Ch : * Dng tng qut ca phng trnh trn l:
2
ax b r(u.x v) dx e + = + + + , trong
: u ar d; v br e = + = + . gii phng trnh ny ta t:
ax b u.y v + = + v a v h i xng loi II.
* Tng t ta cng c li gii cho phng trnh :
3 3
ax b r(u.x v) dx e + = + + + , trong
: u ar d; v br e = + = + . gii phng trnh ny ta t:
3
ax b u.y v + = + v a v h i xng loi II.
3 2 3
3x 5 8x 36x 53x 25 = + .
Gii:
Ta c phng trnh
3 3
3x 5 (2x 3) x 2 = +
t
2 3
3x 5 2y 3 (2y 3) 3x 5 = = , khi ta c h phng trnh
3
3 3
3
(2x 3) 2y 3 x 2
a b b a
(2y 3) 2x 3 x 2
= +
= +
(Vi a 2x 3;b 2y 3 = = )
2 2
(a b)(a ab b 1) 0 a b + + + = =
3
(2x 3) 3x 5 =
3 2 2
x 2
8x 36x 51x 22 0 (x 2)(8x 20x 11) 0
5 3
x
4
=
+ = + =

.
Vy phng trnh cho c ba nghim
5 3
x 2; x
4
= = .
3 2 3
2 x 2 x = .
Gii:
3
x 2 s
t
3 2
a 2 x , a 0 = >
3 2 3 2
a 2 x a x 2 = + =
Mt khc t phng trnh ban u
3 3 2
a 2 x x a 2 = + =
Vy ta c h phng trnh:
3 2
3 2
a x 2
x a 2
+ =
+ =
tr hai phng trnh ca h ta c

3 3 2 2 2 2
a x (a x ) 0 (a x)(a ax x a x) 0 = + + = (*)
Ta c:
2 2 2
a ax x a x a (a x)(x 1) + + = + +
* Vi x 1 a x 0 > + >
2
(a x)(x 1) 0 a (a x)(x 1) 0 + > + + >
* Vi
2 2
0 x 1 a 1 a ax x a x a(a 1) ax x(a 1) 0 s < > + + = + + >
* Vi
2
x 0 a x 0 (a x)(x 1) 0 a (a x)(x 1) 0 < + < + > + + >
2 2
a ax x a x 0 x + + >
Do o (*) a x = thay vo h ta c:
3
3
3 2
0 x 2
2 x x x 1
x x 2 0
s s
= =
+ =
.
Vy phng trnh cho c nghim duy nht x 1 = .
4 2 2 6
1 x x x 1 1 x 1 + + + = .
Gii: K:
1 5
x 1
2
+
s s .
t
4 2 2 6
a 1 x , b x x 1,c 1 x;a, b, c 0 = = + = > , ta c h phng trnh :
2 4 6
a b c 1
a b c 1
a, b, c 0
+ + =
+ + =
>
. V
2
4 2 4 6
6
a a
a, b, c 0
0 a, b, c 1 b b a b c 1
a b c 1
c c
>

s s s + + s

+ + =
.
h
2
4
6
a a
b b x 1
c c
= =

2 2
2 x (2 x) = .
Gii: K: 0 x 2 s s .
t a x;b 2 x = = , ta c h phng trnh:
4 4
a b 2
a b 2
+ =
+ =
(I)
p dng BT
2
2 2
a b a b
2 2
+ +
| |
>
|
\ .
, ta c:
2
4
4 4 2 2
4 4
a b a b a b
1 a b 2
2 2 2
| |
+ + +
| |
> > = + >
|
|
|
\ .
\ .
Vy (I) a b 1 x 1 = = = l nghim ca phng trnh cho.
V d 13: Gii phng trnh : x 3 x 4 x 5 x 4 x 3 x 5 x = + + .
Gii: K: 0 x 3 s s .
t a 3 x;b 4 x;c 5 x; a,b,c 0 = = = > , ta c h phng trnh:
2
2
2
ab bc ca 3 a
(a c)(a b) 3
ab bc ca 4 b (b c)(b a) 4 (a b)(b c)(c a) 2 15
(c a)(c b) 5
ab bc ca 5 c
+ + =
+ + =

+ + = + + = + + + =

+ + =
+ + =
3
23
a b 2
a
5
4 15
5 17 671
b c 2 b x
3 240
4 15
7
15
c
c a
4 15 4

+ =
=

+ = = =

=
+ =


1)
2
2x 15 32x 32x 20 + = +
1 9 221
(x ; x )
2 16

= =
2)
4 2 3 3 2
4 4 4
x x(1 x) (1 x) 1 x x x (1 x) + + = + + (S:
1
x 0; x 1; x
2
= = = )
3)
3 3 2 2 3
7x 1 x x 8 x 8x 1 2 + + = .
4)
3
x 2 x 1 3 + + =
5)
3
2 x x 1 1 + =
6)
4 4 4
x x 1 x 1 = +
7)
3 4 8 8
17 x 2x 1 1 =
Phng php lng lin hp
Ta bit
0
x x = l nghim ca phng trnh
0 f
0
x D
f (x) 0
f (x ) 0
e
=

=
.
M theo nh l Bzu nu x=a l nghim ca a thc P(x) th
1
P(x) (x a)P (x) =
T ta c nhn xt: Nu
0
x l mt nghim ca phng trnh f (x) 0 = th ta c th a
phng trnh f (x) 0 = v dng
0 1
(x x )f (x) 0 = v khi vic gii phng trnh
f (x) 0 = quy v gii phng trnh
1
f (x) 0 = . Ta xt v d sau:
V d 1: Gii phng trnh : 3(2 x 2) 2x x 6 + = + + .
Gii: K: x 2 > .
Ta thy x=3 l mt nghim ca phng trnh ( ta ngh n x=3 v khi x-2 v x+6 l
nhng s chnh phng) do ta c th a phng trnh v dng:
1
(x 3)f (x) 0 = nn
ta bin i phng trnh nh sau: 2(x 3) ( x 6 3 x 2) 0 + + = , vn cn li ca
chng ta l phi phn tch x 6 3 x 2 + ra tha s (x-3) (Ch khi x=3 th
x 6 3 x 2 + = ), v nh l Bzu chi p dng cho a thc nn ta phi bin i biu
thc ny v dng c mt a thc, tc l ta a v dng (x 6) 9(x 2) 8(x 3) + =
iu ny gip ta lin tng n ng thc
2 2
a b (a b)(a b) = + nn ta bin i :
( x 6 3 x 2)( x 6 3 x 2) 8(x 3)
x 6 3 x 2
x 6 3 x 2 x 6 3 x 2
+ + +
+ = =
+ + + +
Suy ra phng trnh
8
(x 3)(2 ) 0
x 6 3 x 2
=
+ +
n y ta ch cn gii
phng trnh:
8
2 0 x 6 3 x 2 4
x 6 3 x 2
= + + =
+ +
phng trnh nay c
mt nghim
11 3 5
x
2
= .
Vy phng trnh cho c hai nghim x 3 = v
11 3 5
x
2
= .
Qua v d trn ta thy b cn thc ta c th s dng hng ng thc
n n n 1 n 2 n 2 n 1
a b (a b)(a a b ... ab b )

= + + + +
hai biu thc (a b) v
n 1 n 2 n 2 n 1
(a a b ... ab b )

+ + + + ta gi l hai biu thc lin
hp ca nhau. Nn phng php trn ta gi l phng php nhn lng lin hp.
2
2
x
x 4
(1 1 x)
>
+ +
.
Gii: K: x 1 > .
Ta thy
2 2 2
(1 1 x) (1 1 x) x + + + = nn ta nhn lng lin hp VT
* Vi x 0 = bt phng trnh tr thnh: 0 4 > (ng) x 0 = l mt nghim bpt.
* Vi x 0 1 1 x 0 = + = nn
2 2
2
x (1 1 x)
Bpt x 4 1 2 1 x 1 x x 4 x 1 3 x 8
x
+
> + + + > + < <
Kt hp vi iu kin ta c nghim bt phng trnh : 1 x 8 s < .
Nhn xt: trn ta nhn lin hp vi mc ch l trc cn thc mu. Khi nhn c t
v mu VT vi biu thc 1 1 x + th biu thc phi khc khng nn ta phi chia
lm trng hp nh trn.
2
x 2 4 x x 6x 11 + = + .
Gii: K: 2 x 4 s s
Ta nhn thy phng trnh c nghim x 3 = , ng thi vi x 3 = th x 2 4 x 1 = =
Nn ta bin i nh sau:
2 2
x 3 3 x
Pt x 2 1 4 x 1 x 6x 9 (x 3)
x 2 1 4 x 1

+ = + + =
+ +
1 1
(x 3) (x 3) 0
x 2 1 4 x 1
| |
=
|
+ +
\ .
4 x x 2
(x 3) (x 3) 0
( x 2 1)( 4 x 1)
| |

=
|
+ +
\ .
3(3 x)
(x 3) (x 3) 0
( x 2 1)( 4 x 1) 4 x x 2
| |
=
|
+ + +
\ .
2
3
(x 3) 1 0 x 3
( x 2 1)( 4 x 1) 4 x x 2
| |
= =
|
+ + +
\ .
( V
3
1 0
( x 2 1)( 4 x 1) 4 x x 2
<
+ + +
)
Vy phng trnh c nghim duy nht: x 3 = .
Ch : * Trong cch trn chng ta khng nhn lin hp ngy VT m chng ta thm -1
vo mi cn thc ri mi nhn lin hp, cch lm vy l xut hin tha s chung x-3
c hai v.
* Cch gii trn cha phi l cch gii hay nht i vi bi ton trn nhng n rt t
nhin. Cch gii hay nht i vi bi ton l cch nh gi hai v, c th:
VT 2(x 2 4 x) 2 s + = (*) cn
2
VP (x 3) 2 2 = + > (**). Nn phng trnh
VT VP 2 x 3 = = = . Tuy nhin trong nhiu bi ton th vic s dng lng lin
hp s cho chng ta li gii ti u nht. Ta xt v d sau.
2
x 2 4 x 2x 5x 1 + = .
Gii: K: 2 x 4 s s .
Mi nhn vo phng trnh ta s ngh c th gii phng trnh ny bng cch nh gi !
Nhng ta khng th gii theo cch nh gi v VP 0 > ! Tuy nhin phng trnh trn vn
c nghim x 3 = nn ta gii phng trnh trn bng cch nhn lng lin hp
2
PT x 2 1 4 x 1 2x 5x 3 + =
x 3
x 3 x 3
(x 3)(2x 1)
1 1
2x 1 (*)
x 2 1 4 x 1
x 2 1 4 x 1
=

= +

= +
+ +

+ +
Ta c:
1 1 1
1; 2 1 VT(*) 2 2
x 2 1 4 x 1 2 1
s > = s
+ + +
.
Mt khc x 2 VP(*) 2x 1 5 (*) > = + > v nghim.
Vy phng trnh cho c nghim duy nht: x 3 = .
Nhn xt : * Ta c dng tng qut ca phng trnh trn l:
2 2
2
b a b a a b b a
x a b x (b a)x ( )x ( 2)
2 2 2 2
+
+ = (K: a 2 b + s ).
* Qua bn v d trn ta thy trong phng php ny vic d on nghim ca phng
trnh l khu quan trng, t vic on nghim ny ta mi nh hng c cc php
bin i.
2
2
1 x 2x x
x
1 x
+
=
+
.
Gii: K 0 x 1 < s .
Ta thy phng trnh c mt nghim
1
x
2
= nn ta phn tch ra tha s .
Ta c:
2 2 2
PT (1 x ) 1 x (2x x ) x x ( 1 x x) ( 1 x 2x x) 0 + = + + =
2 3 2 2
x (1 2x) 1 x 4x x (1 2x) (1 2x)(2x x 1)
0 0
1 x x 1 x 2x x 1 x x 1 x 2x x
+ +
+ = + =
+ + + +
2 2
x 2x x 1 1
(1 2x)( ) 0 x
2
1 x x 1 x 2x x
+ +
+ = =
+ +
(Do biu thc trong du () >0).
Vy phng trnh c nghim duy nht
1
x
2
= .
3 3 2 2 3 3
x 2 x 1 2x 2x 1 + + + = + +
Gii: Do VT 1 > nn VP 1 x 1 > > .
Ta thy nu
2
2x x 1 = + th hai v ca phng trnh bng nhau nn ta phn tch ra tha
s
2
2x x 1 .
Ta c:
3 3 2 2 3 3
PT ( 2x 1 x 2) ( 2x x 1) 0 + + + + =
2 2
3 2 2 2 2 4 2 2
3 3 3 3 3
2x x 1 2x x 1
0
(2x 1) (2x 1)(x 2) (x 2) 4x 2x (x 1) (x 1)

+ =
+ + + + + + + + + +
2
2x x 1 0 = (do x 1 > nn khi t
2
2x x 1 lm tha s th biu thc trong
du () lun dng ).
1
x 1; x
2
= = l nghim ca phng trnh cho.
Ch : Bi ton trn c th gii bng cch nh gi nh sau
* Nu
2
1
2x x 1 x 1; x
2
= + = = th hai v cu phng trnh bng nhau.
* Nu
2
2x x 1 VT VP > + < phng trnh v nghim.
* Nu
2
2x x 1 VT VP < + > phng trnh v nghim.
2 2
x x 1 (x 2) x 2x 2 + = + + .
Gii:
Phng trnh
2 2
x 2x 7 3(x 2) (x 2) x 2x 2 0 + + + + =
2
2 2 2
2
(x 2)(x 2x 7)
x 2x 7 (x 2)(3 x 2x 2) 0 x 2x 7 0
x 2x 2 3
+
+ + + = =
+ +
2
2 2
2 2
(x 1) 1 (x 1) x 2
(x 2x 7)(1 ) 0 (x 2x 7)( ) 0
x 2x 2 3 x 2x 2 3
+ +
= =
+ + + +
2
x 2x 7 0 x 1 7 = = l nghim ca phng trnh cho.
Nhn xt: Qua nhng v d trn ta thy sau khi to ra tha s chung, th ta tm cch
chng minh biu thc trong du () cn li lun m hoc luon dng. Tuy nhin khng
phi bi no cng xy ra trng hp . Ta xt bi ton sau.
3
x 24 12 x 6 + + = .
Gii: K x 12 s .
Phng trnh
3
( x 24 3) ( 12 x 3) 0 + + =
2 3 3
x 3 3 x
0
12 x 3
(x 24) 3 x 24 9

+ =
+
+ + + +
2 3 3
(x 3)( 12 x (x 24) 3 x 24 6) 0 + + =
2 3 3
x 3
12 x (x 24) 3 x 24 6 0 (*)
=

+ + =
Kt hp vi phng trnh ban u ta c

(*)
2 3 3
(x 24) 4 x 24 0 x 24, x 88 + + + = = = th li ta thy hai nghim ny u
tha mn phng trnh.
Vy phng trnh cho c ba nghim: x 88; x 24; x 3 = = = .
Nhn xt: gii phng trnh (*) ta phi kt hp vi phng trnh ban u. Ta ch
rng php bin i ny l php bin i h qu do sau khi gii xong ta phi th li
cc nghim loi i nhng nghim ngoi lai.
2 2
2 x 7x 10 x x 12x 20 + = + + .
Gii: K
x 2
x 10
s
>
.
n gin ta t
2 2
a x 7x 10;b x 12x 20 2a b x = + = + = (I)
Ta thy phng trnh c nghim x=1.Ta bin i nh sau:
( )
2 2
PT 2 x 7x 10 (x 1) x 12x 20 (x 2) + + = + +
2 2
18(x 1) 16(x 1)
x 7x 10 x 1 x 12x 20 x 2

=
+ + + + + +
(V 2 phng trnh
2
x 7x 10 x 1 0 + + + = v
2
x 12x 20 x 2 0 + + + = v nghim ).
x 1
9 8
( I)
a x 1 b x 2
=
=
+ + + +
I
.
Kt hp (I) v (II) ta c h phng trnh :
2a b x
5a 4x 5
8a 9b x 10
=
= +
2
2
5
x
15 5 5
4 5 x 7x 10 4x 5 x
2
x 15x 25 0
>

+ = =
+ =
.
Thay vo phng trnh ban u ta thy ch c nghim
15 5 5
x
2
+
= tha mn.
Vy phng trnh cho c hai nghim x 1 = v
15 5 5
x
2
+
= .
Bi tp:
Gii cc phng trnh v bt phng trnh sau:
1)
2 3
5x 1 9 x 2x 3x 1 + = + ( x 1 = ) 2)
6 8
6
3 x 2 x
+ =

(
3
x
2
= )
3)
2 2
(x 1) x 2x 5 4x x 1 2(x 1) + + > + (S: x 1 s )
4)
3 2 3
x 2 x (x 4) x 7 3x 28 0 + = (S: x=8)
5)
2 2
2 x 3 8 2x x x + + =
6)
2 4
2x 11x 21 3 4x 4 + = +
7)
3 2 3
x 1 3x 2 2 3x + + =
8)
3 2
x 4 x 1 2x 3 + = +
9)
2 2
x 9x 24 16x 59x 149 5 x + + = ( x 5; =
10)
2 3
2x 11x 21 3 4x 4 + = ( x=3 )
11)
3 2 4
x 3x 8x 40 8 4x 4 + = + ( x=3 )
12)
3
x 2 x 1 3 + + =
13)
3
2 x x 1 1 + =
14)
3 4 8 8
17 x 2x 1 1 =
Phng php nh gi
Cch 1: Tm mt nghim v chng minh l nghim duy nht.
V d 1. Gii phng trnh:
6 8
6
3 x 2 x
+ =

(1).
Gii: iu kin x 2 s .
Vi phng trnh v t dng ny ta thng d on nghim l cc gi tr ca x m biu
thc di cn thc nhn gi tr l mt s chnh phng. Nhn thy nghim ca (1) phi
ln hn 1. Bng cch th ta thy rng PT c mt nghim l
3
x
2
=
Ta chng minh l nghim duy nht ca phng trnh (1) . Tht vy
*Vi
3 6 6
x 4 2
2 3 x 3 x
< > >

v
8 8
4
3
2 x
2
2
> =

6 8
6
3 x 2 x
+ >

(1) v nghim trong khong
3
( ; )
2
.
* Vi
3
x 2
2
< < chng minh tng t, ta c:
6 8
6 (1)
3 x 2 x
+ <

v nghim
trong khong
3
( ;2)
2
.
Vy PT (1) c nghim duy nht
3
x
2
= .
Nhn xt: *Ta thy gii phng trnh bng cch nh gi ny quan trng l ta on
c nghim ca ca n. on nghim ta nn ch ra khong cha nghim v xt
trng hp c bit tm ra nghim trong .
* Bi ton trn cn c th gii bng cch da vo tnh n iu ca hm s. Ta c VT l
mt hm s ng bin.
V d 2: Gii Phng trnh:
2 2
3x(2 9x 3) (4x 2)(1 1 x x ) 0 + + + + + + + = (2).
Gii:
2 2
PT 3x(2 (3x) 3) (2x 1)(2 (2x 1) 3) 0 + + + + + + + =
2 2
3x(2 (3x) 3) (2x 1)(2 (2x 1) 3) + + = + + + + .
T (2) ta thy PT ch c nghim khi
1
x ( ;0)
2
e v nhn thy nu : 3x 2x 1 =
1
x
5
= th biu thc trong cn hai v bng nhau.Vy
1
x
5
= l mt nghim ca
PT(2) . Ta chng minh
1
x
5
= l nghim duy nht ca PT(2). Tht vy
* Vi
1 1
x
2 5
< < ta c:
2 2
3x 2x 1 0 (3x) (2x 1) < < > +
2 2
2 (3x) 3 2 (2x 1) 3 + + > + + +
T suy ra:
2 2
3x(2 (3x) 3) (2x 1)(2 (2x 1) 3) + + < + + + +
2 2
3x(2 (3x) 3) (2x 1)(2 (2x 1) 3) 0 + + + + + + + <
Vy (2) khng c nghim trong
1 1
( ; )
2 5
.
*Chng minh tng t ta cng i n (2) khng c nghim trong
1
( ;0)
5
.
Vy PT (2) c nghim duy nht
1
x
5
= .
Ch : 1) Bi ton trn c th gii theo nhiu cch khc nhau.
C 2. t a 3x, b (2x 1) a, b 0 = = + < v phng trnh tr thnh f (a) f (b) = , trong

2
f (t) 2t t t 3 = + + c
2
2
2
t
f '(t) 2 t 3 0
t 3
= + + + >
+
nn f(t) l hm ng bin,
do
1
f (a) f (b) a b x
5
= = = .
C 3. Nhn lng lin hp.
2) Thng thng nhng bi ton gii theo cch ny th ta c th gii bng cch s dng
hm s. Tuy nhin cch gii trn li ph hp vi nhng HS cha hc khi nim o
hm .
Cch 2: nh gi hai v
Xt PT: f (x) g(x) = xc nh trn D
Nu
f (x) m(x)
g(x) m(x)
>
x D e th PT: f (x) g(x) = vi x D e

f (x) m(x)
g(x) m(x)
=
.
Trong cch nh gi ny ta thng dng cc bt ng thc quen thuc (nh BT
Cauchy, BT Bunhiacovski, BT cha tr tuyt i ) nh gi hai.
Sau y l mt s th d minh ha.
4 2 2 2
x 2x x 2x 16 2x 6x 20 0 + + + = .
Gii:
Ta c PT
4 2 2 2 2
x 2x x 2x 16 x 2x 16 x 4x 4 0 + + + + + =
2 2
2 2 2 2 x x 2x 16 0
(x x 2x 16) (x 2) 0 x 2
x 2 0
+ =
+ + = =
.
2
4 x 1 x 5x 14 + = + .
Gii:
PT
2 2 2
x 6x 9 x 1 4 x 1 4 0 (x 3) ( x 1 2) 0 + + + + + = + + =
x 3 0
x 3
x 1 2 0
=
+ =

2
4x 1 4x 1 1 + = .
Gii: K
1
x
2
> .
Vi
2
2
1 4x 1 0
x 4x 1 4x 1 1.
2
4x 1 1
>
> + >
>
ng thc xy ra khi
1
x
2
= .
Vy phng trnh cho c nghim duy nht
1
x
2
= .
V du 6: Gii phng trnh:
2 2 4 2
1 2x x 1 2x x 2(x 1) (2x 4x 1) + + = + (3).
Gii: iu kin 0 x 2 s s
t
2
t (x 1) = , ta c 0 t 1 s s . PT (3) tr thnh:
2
1 1 t 1 1 t 2t (2t 1) + + = . Nhn thy
1
t
2
> .
Bnh phng hai v v rt gn ta c :
4 2 2
4 3
1 1
1 t 2t (2t 1) 2(2t 1)
t t t
+ = + =
V
2
4 3
1 1
t 1 2 2(2t 1)
t t t
s + > > . T suy ra t 1 x 2 = = .
Vy nghim ca PT (3) l: x 1 = .
2 2
2x x 1 2x x 1 2 + + + + = .
Gii:
p dng BT Cauchy ta c:
4 2 2 2 2 2 4 2
4 4
VT 2 (2x 1 x)(2x 1 x) 2 (2x 1) x 2 4x 3x 1 2 > + + + = + = + + >
Nn
2 2
2x x 1 2x x 1
PT x 0
x 0
+ = + +
=

2
x 2 4 x x 6x 11 + = + .
Gii: K 2 x 4 s s .
p dng BT
2 2
a b 2(a b ) + s + , ta c: x 2 4 x 2(x 2 4 x) 2 + s + = .
Mt khc
2 2
x 6x 11 (x 3) 2 2 + = + > .
Do
2
x 2 4 x 2
PT x 3
(x 3) 2 2
+ =
+ =
l nghim ca PT cho.
Nhn xt :
Tng t ta c bi tng qut sau:
2
f(x) a b f (x) g (x) 2(b a) + = + , trong
b a > . Khi vic gii PT ny quy v gii h:
a b
f (x)
2
g(x) 0
+
.
2
1 x 1 (x 1)
x 2x 1
2 4 8
+ +
+ < + .
Gii: K:
1
x
2
> .
p dng BT Bunhiacovski ta c:
2
2
1 x 1 1 x 1 (x 1)
VT 1. x 1. 2[x ( ) ] 2x 1 VP
2 4 2 4 8
+ + +
= + s + = + =
ng thc c
2
2
1 x 1 1 x 2x 1
x x x 8x 24 0
2 4 2 16
+ + +
= = + = VN
0
.
Vy nghim ca BPT cho l:
1
x
2
> .
2 2 2 2
1
3x 1 x x x x 1 (7x x 4)
2 2
+ + = + (*)
Gii: iu kin:
1
x 1 x
3
> s
Ap dng BT Bunhia cho hai b s (1,1,-x) v
2 2 2
( 3x 1, x x, x 1) + ta c
VT(*)
2 2
(x 2)(5x x) s + .Du = xy ra khi x=-1
Do
1
x 1 x
3
> s nn 5x
2
-x >0 . Ap dng BT Csi ta c
VP(*)
2 2 2 2
1 1
5x x 2(x 2) .2 (5x x)2(x 2)
2 2 2 2
(
= + + > +

2 2
(5x x)(x 2) = + . Du = xy ra khi x 1 = v
4
x
3
=
T ta c nghim ca PT (*) l x=-1
3 4 4
4
(4 x)(x 2) 4 x x 2 6x 3x x 30 + + + s + .
Gii: K 2 x 4 s s
2 2 2
x 2x 3 2x x 1 3x 3x + = + + (1).
Gii: K:
3 15
x 0
6
1 3 15
x
2 6

s s
+
s s
.
p dng BT Bunhicovski ta c:
2 2 2 2
VT(1) 2(2x x 1 3x 3x ) 2(1 2x x ) 2[2 (1 x) ] 2 s + + = + = s
Du = xy ra x 1 = .
Mt khc :
2
VT(1) (x 1) 2 2 = + > . Du = xy ra x 1 = .
T suy ra phng trnh cho c nghim duy nht x 1 = .
2 2 2 2
17 1
13x 6x 10 5x 13x 17x 48x 36 (36x 8x 21)
2 2
+ + + + + = (2).
Gii: Ta c
VT(2)
2 2 2 2
5 3
(3x 1) (2x 3) (2x ) (x )
2 2
= + + + + +
2 2
x (4x 6) + >

5
3x 1 2x x
2
> + + + .
5 3 3
VT(2) 3x 1 2x x 6x 6x
2 2 2
> + + + = > . Du = xy ra khi
3
x
2
=
Mt khc:
2
1
VP(6) 12x 3 2(4x 12x 9)
2
(
= + =

2
1 1 3
12x 3 2(2x 3) (12x 3) 6x
2 2 2
(
= s =

Du = xy ra khi
3
x
2
= (f)
T ta c nghim ca PT (2) l
3
x
2
= .
Gii cc phng trnh sau
1)
2
4 1 4 1 1 x x + = ;2)
2
4 1 5 4 x x x + = +
3)
2 2
2 2 1 3 4 1 x x x x x + + = + +
4) ( 2) 1 2 1 x x x + + = +
5) ( 2)(2 1) 3 6 4 ( 6)(2 1) 3 2 x x x x x x + + = + + +
6)
2
3
32 4 1 4 (8 1) x x x x + = +
Phng php hm s:
nh l 1: Nu hm s y=f(x) lun b (hoc lun ngb) th s nghim ca pt : f(x)=k
Khng nhiu hn mt v f(x)=f(y) khi v ch khi x=y
nh l 2: Nu hm s y=f(x) lun b (hoc lun ngb) v hm s y=g(x) lun ngb (hoc
lun b) trn D th s nghim trn D ca pt: f(x)=g(x) khng nhiu hn mt
nh l 3: Cho hm s y=f(x) c o hm n cp n v pt
(k)
f (x) 0 = c m nghim, khi
pt
(k 1)
f (x) 0
= c nhiu nht l m+1 nghim

nh l 4: Nu hm s y=f(x) lun ng bin( hoc lun nghch bin) trn D th
f (x) f (y) x y (x y) > > < .
Cc v d:
V d 1: Gii cc phng trnh sau:

3
3
3 3 2 2
3 3
1) 3x 1 x 7x 2 4
2) 5x 1 2x 1 x 4
3) x 2 x 1 2x 1 2x
+ + + + =
+ + =
+ + + = + +
.
Gii:
1) Xt hm s f (x) 3x 1 x 7x 2 = + + + + , ta c:
7
1
3
2 7x 2
f '(x) 0
2 3x 1
2 x 7x 2
+
+
= + >
+
+ +
nn hm s f(x) lun ng bin.
Mt khc: f (1) 4 pt f (x) f (1) x 1. = = =
Vy x=1 l nghim ca phng trnh cho.
2) Phng trnh
3
3
5x 1 2x 1 4 x f (x) g(x) + = =
Vi
3
3
( ) 5 1 2 1 f x x x = + c
2
3 2
3
15x 2
f '(x) 0
2 5x 1 3 (2x 1)
= + >

nn f(x) l hm
ng bin v g(x) 4 x = l hm nghch bin
M f (1) g(1) 3 = = nn phng trnh cho c nghim duy nht x=1.
3) t
3 2
3
u x 1, v 2x = + = th phng trnh cho tr thnh
3 3 3 3
u 1 u v 1 v f (u) f (v) + + = + + = , trong
3 3
f (t) t 1 t = + +
Ta c:
2
3 2
3
t
f '(t) 1 0
(t 1)
= + >
+
nn f(t) l hm ng bin
Do :
2
1
f (u) f (v) u v 2x x 1 x 1, x
2
= = = + = =
Vy phng trnh c hai nghim:
1
x 1, x
2
= = .
V d 2: Gii cc bt phng trnh sau:
3 2
1) 5x 1 x 3 4
5
2) 3 3 2x 2x 6
2x 1
3) (x 2)(2x 1) 3 x 6 4 (x 6)(2x 1) 3 x 2
4) 2x 3x 6x 16 2 3 4 x
+ + >
+ s
+ + s + + +
+ + + < +
Gii:1) k:
1
5
x > .
Xt hm s f (x) 5x 1 x 3 = + + , ta c
5 1 1
f '(x) 0 x .
5
2 5x 1 2 x 1
= + > >

M f (1) 4 bpt f (x) f (1) x 1. = > >
Vy Bpt cho c nghim l 1 x > .
2) k:
1 3
x
2 2
< s . Bpt
5
3 3 2x 2x 6 f (x) g(x) (*)
2x 1
+ s + s
Trong :
5
f (x) 3 3 2x
2x 1
= +
, c
3
3 5
f '(x) 0 f (x)
3 2x ( 2x 1)
= <

l hm ng bin, cn g(x) 2x 6 = + l hm ng bin v f (1) g(1) 8 = =
*Nu x 1 f (x) f (1) 8 g(1) g(x) (*) > < = = < ng
*Nu x 1 f (x) f (1) 8 g(1) g(x) (*) < > = = > v nghim.
3
1 x
2
s s .
3) k:
1
x
2
> .
Khi : Bpt ( x 2 x 6)( 2x 1 3) 4 (*) + + + s
*Nu 2x 1 3 0 x 5 (*) s s lun ng.
*Nu 5 x > , ta xt hm s f (x) ( x 2 x 6)( 2x 1 3) = + + + c:
1 1 x 2 x 6
f '(x) ( )( 2x 1 3) 0
2 x 2 2 x 6 2x 1
+ + +
= + + >
+ +
nn f(x) l hm ng
bin v f (7) 4 = nn (*) f (x) f (7) x 7 s s .
1
x 7
2
s s .
4) k:
3 2
2x 3x 6x 16 0
2 x 4.
4 x 0
+ + + >
s s
>
Khi ,
3 2
Bpt 2x 3x 6x 16 4 x 2 3 f (x) 2 3 (*) + + + < <
Trong :
3 2
f (x) 2x 3x 6x 16 4 x = + + + c
2
3 2
3(x x 1) 1
f '(x) 0
2 4 x
2x 3x 6x 16
+ +
= + >
+ + +
nn f(x) l hm ng bin
M ta c: f (1) 2 3 (*) f (x) f (1) x 1 = < <
Kt hp vi iu kin, ta c nghim ca Bpt cho l: 2 x 1 s < .

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Chuyn phng trnh Bt phng trnh

GV: Nguyn Tt Thu Trng THPT L Hng Phong Bin Ha ng Nai 1

= v khi phng trnh cho tr thnh phng trnh bc hai vi n l

y l h i xng loi I, gii h ny ta

Gii h bt phng trnh ny ta c nghim ca bt phng trnh cho.

V d 5: Gii phng trnh:

. Gii h ny ta c c nghim ca phng trnh.

tr v theo v hai phng trnh ta c: (y x)(y x 1) + . T y gii ra ta

V VT(*) 0 < (do

> < >

> < > s s +

nn phng trnh cho c nghim 0 | m| 4 A > > .

l nghim ca bt phng trnh cho.

l nghim ca phng trnh cho.

> + > + >

Vy phng tnh cho c hai nghim:

> < <

= = < < >

Phng trnh tr thnh:

+ + + = + HD:PT ch c nghim khi 0 x 1 < < . t

(Do x y 1999 0 + + > )

tr hai phng trnh ca h ta c

l nghim ca phng trnh cho.

l nghim ca phng trnh cho.

Kt hp vi phng trnh ban u ta c

x D e th PT: f (x) g(x) = vi x D e

l nghim ca phng trnh cho.

l nghim ca phng trnh cho.

= c nhiu nht l m+1 nghim

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