GIAI BAI TP BNG PHNG PHAP TNG GIAM KHI LNG

0
1. Dang 1: Bai tp v kim loai
a. Kim loai + axit (v c hoc hu c)
Vi du 1: Hoa tan m gam hn hp A gm Fe va kim loai M (hoa tri II) trong dung dich HCl d
thu c 1,008 lit khi (ktc) va dung dich cha 4,575 gam mui khan. Gia tri cua m la:
A. 1,380
B. 1,830
C. 3,180
D. 3,195
Bai giai:
m(g) hhA

Fe
FeCl2
d
+ dd HCl
4,575g mui
M
MCl2
(h.tri 2)

+ 1,008 lit H2 (ktc)

n H2 = 0,045 mol
M + 2HCl
MCl2 + H 2
n M = n H2 = 0,045 mol

1 mol MCl 2

1 mol M

: m tng = ( M + 71) M = 71g

0,045 mol M
0,045 mol MCl 2 : m tng = 0,04571 = 3,195g
Ta co: m mui = m + m tng
m = m mui m tng = 4,575 3,195 = 1,380g

Vi du 2: Cho 1,24g hn hp hai axit cacboxylic tac dung va u vi Na thy thoat ra 336 ml lit
H2 (ktc) va m(g) mui natri. Khi lng mui natri thu c la:
A. 1,93g
B. 2,93g
C. 1,90g
D. 1,47g
Bai giai:
1,24g R(COOH) x + Na
m(g) R(COONa) x + 336 ml lit H2 (ktc)
Tim m?

n H2 = 0,015 mol
2R(COOH) x + 2xNa
2R(COONa) x + xH 2
n R (COOH) =
x

2
0, 03
n H2 =
mol
x
x

1 mol R(COOH) x

1 mol R(COONa) x

: m tng = ( R + 67x) ( R + 45x) = 22x

(g)

0, 03
0, 03
0, 03
mol R(COOH) x
mol R(COONa) x : m tng =
22x = 0,66g

x
x
x
Ta co: m = m axit + m tng = 1,24 + 0,66 = 1,90g

b. Kim loai + ancol

Vi du: Cho 2,02 gam hn hp hai ancol n chc, ng ng k tip tac dung va u vi Na thu
c 3,12 gam mui khan. Cng thc phn t cua hai ancol la:
A. CH3OH, C2H5OH
B. C2H5OH, C3H7OH
C. C3H7OH, C4H9OH
D. C4H9OH, C5H11OH
Bai giai:
2,2g hh ROH

+ Na

3,12g RONa

Goi cng thc phn t chung cho hai ancol la: ROH

2ROH + 2Na
2RONa + H 2
1 mol ROH
1 mol RONa : m tng = ( R + 39) ( R + 17) = 22g
x mol ROH
x mol RONa : m tng = 3,12 2,2 = 1,1g

1,1
= 0, 05 mol
22
2, 02
M ROH =
= 40, 4 g/mol ancol co M < 40,4 la CH3OH
0, 05
ancol ng ng k tip cua CH3OH la C2H5OH.
c. Kim loai + mui
Vi du: Ly mt cy inh st nng 10g nhung vao dung dich CuSO4 bao hoa. Sau mt thi gian
ly ra lam kh, cn inh st nng 10,4884g. Tinh khi lng Cu bam ln cy inh st.
A. 0,4884g
B. 3,4188g
C. 3,9072g
D. 0,9768g
Bai giai:
1 tgian
x =

Thanh Fe nng 10g + dd CuSO4

thanh Fe nng 10,4884g

Tinh lng Cu a bam ln thanh Fe?

Fe + CuSO 4
FeSO 4 + Cu
1 mol Fe
1 mol Cu : m tng = 64 56 = 8g
x mol Fe
x mol Cu : m tng = 10,4884 10 = 0,4884g

x =
m Cu

0, 4884
= 0, 06105 mol
8
= 0, 06105 64 = 3,9072g

2. Dang 2: Bai tp v oxit kim loai

a. Kh oxit kim loai
Vi du: Kh 44,8g hn hp A gm cac oxit CuO, FeO, Fe3O4, Fe2O3 bng V(lit) khi CO nhit
cao, ngi ta thu c 40 gam cht rn X. Gia tri cua V la:
A. 0,672
B. 6,72
C. 2,24
D. 22,4
Bai giai:
CuO
FeO
+ V(lit) CO, t 0
44,8g hhA Fe O
40g rn X.
2 3
Tim V?
Fe3O4

CO 2
Phan ng kh oxit bi CO co th hiu la: CO + [O]oxit
44,8g oxit
40g cht rn : m rn giam = m O (trong oxit) = 44,8 40 = 4,8g
nO = 0,3 mol

CO + [O]oxit
CO 2
(mol)

0,3

0,3

VCO = 0,3 22,4 = 6,72 lit

b. Oxit kim loai + axit
Vi du: Hoa tan hoan toan 2,81 gam hn hp gm Fe 2O3, MgO, ZnO trong 500 ml dung dich
H2SO4 0,1M (va u). Sau phan ng, c can dung dich thi thu c m gam hn hp mui sunfat khan.
Gia tri cua m la:
A. 3,81
B. 4,81
C. 5,81
D. 6,81
Bai giai:

Fe2O3
2,81g hh ZnO
MgO

+ 500 ml dd
H 2SO 4 0,1M

(va u)

m(g)
Tim m?

Fe2(SO4)3
ZnSO4
MgSO4

n H2SO4 = 0,05 mol nSO 24 = 0, 05 mol

1 mol O 2

2
1 mol SO 4

: m tng = 96 16 = 80g

2
0,05 mol SO 4 : m tng = m 2,81 (g)

m 2,81 = 4 m = 6,81g
3. Dang 3: Bai tp v mui
a. Kim loai + mui (a xet trong phn 1.c)
b. Halogen ng trc y halogen ng sau ra khoi mui
Vi du: Hoa tan hoan toan 104,25 gam hn hp X gm NaCl va NaI vao nc c dung dich A.
Suc khi clo d vao dung dich A. Kt thuc thi nghim, c can dung dich thu c 58,5 gam mui khan.
Khi lng NaCl co trong hn hp X la:
A. 29,25g
B. 58,5g
C. 17,55g
D. 23,4g
Bai giai:
NaCl
104,5g hhX NaI

+Cl

58,5g mui NaCl

Cl2 + 2NaI
2NaCl + I 2
1 mol NaI

1 mol NaCl : m giam = 150 58,5 = 91,5g

x mol NaI
x mol NaCl : m giam = 104,25 58,5 = 45,75g
x = 0,5 mol mNaI = 0,5150 = 75g
mNaCl = 104,25 75 = 29,25g
c. Mui cacbonat (mui sunfit) + HCl
Vi du: Cho 3,06 gam hn hp hai mui K2CO3 va MgCO3 tac dung vi dung dich HCl thu c
V lit khi (ktc) va dung dich X. C can dung dich X c 3,39 gam mui khan. Gia tri cua V la:
A. 0,224
B. 0,448
C. 0,336
D. 0,672
Bai giai:
K2CO3
KCl
+ dd HCl
3,06g hh MgCO3

3,39g
MgCl2

+ V(lit) CO2

K 2 CO3 + 2HCl
2KCl + CO 2 +H 2 O
MgCO3 + 2HCl
MgCl2 + CO2 +H 2 O
2
1 mol CO3
2 mol Cl : m rn tng = 35,52 60 = 11g
2
x mol CO3
2x mol Cl : m rn tng = 3,39 3,06 = 0,33g
x = 0,03 mol

n CO2 = n CO2 = 0,03 mol VCO2 = 0,03 22,4 = 0,672 lit

3
d. AgNO3 AgX
Vi du: Cho 31,84 gam hn hp hai mui NaX va NaY (X, Y la hai halogen hai chu ky lin
tip) vao dung dich AgNO3 d thi thu c 57,34 gam kt tua. Tim hai mui NaX va NaY.
A. NaCl va NaBr
B. NaBr va NaI
C. NaF va NaCl
D. NaBr va NaF

Bai giai:
31,84g hh

NaX
NaY

+ dd AgNO

57,34g kt tua.

Tim NaX, NaY?

Goi cng thc trung binh cho hai mui la: NaX

NaX + AgNO3
AgX + NaNO3
1 mol NaX
1 mol AgX : m tng = (108 + X ) (23 + X ) = 85g
x mol NaX
x mol AgX : m tng = 57,34 31,84 = 25,5g

x = 0,3 mol M Na X =

31,84
= 106,13 g/mol
0,3

23 + X = 106,13
X = 83,13
Hai halogen la Brom va Iot.
e. Nhit phn mui nitrat
Vi du: Nhit phn hoan toan 9,4 gam mt mui nitrat kim loai thu c 4 gam oxit rn. Cng
thc mui a nhit phn la:
A. Fe(NO3)3
B. Al(NO3)3
C. Cu(NO3)2
D. AgNO3
Bai giai:
0

4g M2On. Tim CTPT mui nitrat.

t

2M2On + 4nNO2 + nO2

9,4g M(NO3)n
4M(NO3)n

4 mol M(NO3)n
2 mol M2On : m giam = 4(M + 62n) 2(2M + 16n) = 216n (g)
4x mol M(NO3)n
2x mol M2On : m giam = 9,4 4 = 5,4g

5, 4 4
0, 025
=
mol
216n 4
n
9, 4
M M(NO3 ) n =
= 94n g/mol
0, 025
4
n
M + 62n = 94n
M = 32n
Chon n = 2, M = 64 Mui a nhit phn la Cu(NO3)2
f. Nhit phn mui hydrocacbonat
Vi du: Nung 100 gam hn hp gm Na2CO3 va NaHCO3 cho n khi khi lng hn hp khng
i thu c 69 gam cht rn. Phn trm v khi lng cua mi cht trong hn hp ln lt la:
A. 16% va 84%
B. 84% va 16%
C. 26% va 74%
D. 74% va 26%
Bai giai:
x =

t0
100g hh Na2CO3

69g Na2CO3
NaHCO3
Tim % v khi lng mi mui trong hh ban u.
Chi co mui NaHCO3 bi nhit phn:
0

t
2NaHCO3
Na 2 CO3 + CO 2 + H 2 O

2 mol NaHCO3
1 mol Na2CO3 : m giam = 2 84 106 = 62g
2x mol NaHCO3
x mol Na2CO3 : m giam = 100 69 = 31g

 x = 0,5 mol m NaHCO3 = 0,5 2 84 = 84g

m Na 2CO3 = 100 84 = 16g
%m Na 2CO3 =

16 100%
= 16%
100

4. Dang 4: Bai tp v axit cacboxylic, este

a. Phan ng trung hoa
Vi du: trung hoa ht 10,6 gam axit cacboxylic A cn dung va u V ml dung dich NaOH 1M.
C can dung dich sau phan ng thu c 15 gam cht rn. Gia tri cua V la:
A. 100
B. 200
C. 300
D. 400
Bai giai:
10,6g RCOOH + V(ml) dd NaOH 1M (va u)
Tim V?

15g RCOONa

RCOOH + NaOH
RCOONa + H 2 O
1 mol RCOOH
1 mol RCOONa : m tng = (R + 67) (R + 45) = 22g
x mol RCOOH
x mol RCOONa : m tng = 15 10,6 = 4,4g
x = 0,2 mol
nNaOH = nRCOOH = 0,2 mol VddNaOH = 0,2 lit hay 200 ml

b. Phan ng este hoa

Vi du: Trn 40 gam ROH vi CH3COOH d trong binh cu co H2SO4 c lam xuc tac, sau mt
thi gian thu c 36,3 gam este. Bit hiu sut cua phan ng este hoa la 75%. S mol ROH a phan
ng la:
A. 0,3
B. 0,1
C. 0,09
D. 0,15
Bai giai:
1 tgian
40g ROH + CH3COOH d (xt H2SO4 c) 36,3g CH3COOR
H = 75%
Tinh nROH a phan ng.

40 75
= 30g
100

CH 3COOH + ROH
CH3COOR + H 2 O

H = 75% mROH phan ng =

1 mol ROH
1 mol CH3COOR : m tng = (R + 59) (R + 17) = 42g
x mol ROH
x mol CH3COOR : m tng = 36,3 30 = 6,3g
x = 0,15 mol

c. Phan ng xa phong hoa

Vi du: Khi thuy phn hoan toan 0,05 mol mt este A cua mt axit a chc vi mt ancol n
chc cn 5,6 gam KOH. Mt khac thuy phn 5,475 gam este A o thi cn 4,2 gam KOH va thu c
6,225 gam mui. Vy cng thc cu tao cua este la:
A. (COOC2H5)2
B. (COOCH3)2
C. (COOC3H7)2
D. (COOC4H9)2
Bai giai:
0,05 mol R(COOR')n + 5,6g KOH (va u)
5,475g R(COOR')n + 4,2g KOH (va u)
6,225g R(COOK)n
Tim CTPT R(COOR')n ?
+ 0,05 mol R(COOR')n + 5,6g KOH (va u): nKOH = 0,1 mol
Ta co:

n KOH
0,1 2
=
= este hai chc CTPT este la: R(COOR')2
n este A 0, 05 1

+ 5,475g R(COOR')2 + 4,2g KOH (va u)

6,225g R(COOK)2

nKOH = 0,075 mol neste A = 0,00375 mol

R ( COOR ') 2 + 2KOH

R ( COOK ) 2 + 2R 'OH
1 mol R(COOR')2

1 mol R(COOK)2 : m tng = (166 + R) (88 + 2R' + R) = 78 2R' (g)

0,00375 mol R(COOR')2

0,00375 mol R(COOK)2 : m tng = 0,75g
78 2R' = 20
R' = 29 R' la C2H55. Dang 5: Bai tp v aminoaxit
a. Tac dung vi axit
Vi du: Cho 20 gam hn hp gm 3 amin no, n chc, k tip nhau trong day ng ng tac
dung vi dung dich HCl 1M. C can dung dich thu c 31,68 gam hn hp mui. Vy th tich cua
dung dich HCl a dung la:
A. 16 ml
B. 100 ml
C. 32 ml
D. 320 ml
Bai giai:
20g RNH 2 + V(lit) dd HCl 1M

31,68g RNH 3Cl

Tim V?
Goi CTPT trung binh cho 3 amin la RNH 2

RNH 2 + HCl
RNH3Cl
1 mol RNH 2
1 mol RNH3Cl : m tng = ( R + 52,5) ( R + 16) = 36,5g
x mol RNH 2
x mol RNH3Cl : m tng = 31,68 20 = 11,68g

x = 0,32 mol
n HCl = n RNH = 0,32 mol
2

nHCl = 0,32 lit hay 320 ml

b. Tac dung vi baz
Vi du: Trung hoa 2,94 gam aminoaxit A (MA= 147) bng mt lng va u dung dich NaOH.
em c can dung dich sau phan ng thi thu c 3,82 gam mui B. A co tn goi la:
A. Alanin
B. Glyxin
C. Axit glutamic
D. Anilin
Bai giai:
2,94g R(NH2)(COOH)x (A) + dd NaOH (va u)
( aminoaxit, MA = 147)
Tn goi cua aminoaxit A la?
nA = 0,02 mol.

3,84g R(NH2)(COONa)x (B).

R(NH 2 )(COOH) x + xNaOH

R(NH 2 )(COONa) x + xH 2 O
1 mol A

1 mol B : m tng = (67x + 16 + R) (45x + 16 + R) = 22x (g)

0,02 mol A
0,02 mol B : m tng = 3,82 2,94 = 0,88g
x = 2 CTPT A la: R(NH2)(COOH)2
Theo : MA = 147 R + 106 = 147
R = 41 R la C3H5
Vy CTCT cua A la:
HOOC CH2 CH2 CH COOH
NH2

Axit glutamic

6. Dang 6: Bai tp v andehit

a. Andehit axit cacboxylic

Vi du: Oxi hoa hoan toan 2,2 gam mt andehit n chc A thu c 3 gam axit cacboxylic B.
Cng thc cu tao cua A la:
A. CH3CH2CH2CHO B. CH3CHO
C. CH2=CHCHO
D. CH3CH2CHO
Bai giai:
2,2g RCHO (A)
Tim CTCT (A).

3g RCOOH (B)

[O]
RCHO
RCOOH

1 mol RCHO

1 mol RCOOH : m tng = (R + 45) (R + 29) = 16g

x mol RCHO
x mol RCOOH : m tng = 3 2,2 = 0,8g
x = 0,05 mol MRCHO = 44 g/mol
R = 15 R la CH3
CTCT cua A la: CH3CHO.

b. Ancol andehit
Vi du: Oxi hoa 6 gam ancol no, n chc X thu c 5,8 gam andehit. Cng thc cu tao cua X
la:
A. CH3CH2OH
B. CH3CH2CH2OH C. CH3CH(OH)CH3 D. CH3OH
Bai giai:
6g CnH2n+1CH2OH (X)
5,8g CnH2n+1CHO
Tim CTCT cua (X).
Oxi hoa ancol X thu c andehit ancol X la ancol bc I
[O]
CnH2n+1CH2OH
CnH2n+1CHO
1 mol CnH2n+1CH2OH

1 mol CnH2n+1CHO : m giam = (14n + 32) (14n + 30) = 2g

x mol CnH2n+1CH2OH
x mol CnH2n+1CHO : m giam = 6 5,8 = 0,2g
x = 0,1 mol MX = 60 g/mol
14n + 32 = 60
n = 2
Ancol X la: CH3CH2CH2OH

TAI LIU THAM KHAO

[1]. Cao C Giac, Ky thut phn tich va tra li nhanh bai tp trc nghim hoa hoc, NXB ai hoc quc
gia Tp. HCM.
[2]. Nguyn Khoa Thi Phng, Phng phap giai nhanh cac bai toan hoa hoc trong tm, NXB ai hoc
quc gia Ha Ni.
[3]. Tap chi Day va Hoc Hoa hoc.
[4]. Tap chi Hoa hoc va ng dung, s 2/2009.
[5]. Bai tp Hoa hoc 2011, trng D bi ai hoc Tp. HCM.