I HC CNG NGH THNG TIN V TRUYN THNG

KHOA CNG NGH IN T V TRUYN THNG

-----------o0o----------
BO CO THC TP TT NGHIP
TI:
NGHIN CU CC K THUT PHN TP PHT
V NG DNG TRONG THNG TIN V TUYN
Sinh vin thc hin : Nguyn Th Thoa
Lp : CNVT-K7
Gio vin hng dn : ThS. Hong Quang Trung
Thi Nguyn, ngy 4 thng 3 nm 2013
1
MC LC
T VIT TT ................................................................................................................... 3
Hnh 1.1: S khi chc nng h thng truyn tin ......................................................... 9
Hnh 1.2 : M t tp m Gauss ........................................................................................ 10
Hnh 1.3 : Hm mt xc sut Gauss vi .................................................................... 11
Hnh 1.4: a) Hm mt ph cng sut .......................................................................... 12
b) Hm t tng quan ...................................................................................................... 12
Hnh1.5: Hm phn b ca tp m AWGN ..................................................................... 12
Hnh 1.6: M hnh truyn sng a ng ........................................................................ 13
Hnh 1.7: Hm truyn t ca knh ................................................................................. 14
Hnh 1.8. Mt ph ca tn hiu thu ............................................................................. 15
Hnh 1.9. Hin tng tri tr ............................................................................................ 16
Hnh 2.1. B phn tp MRT c N nhnh phn tp vi cc ng phn hi ................... 26
Hnh 2.2. S phn tp pht gi chm vi N nhnh phn tp ...................................... 27
Hnh 2.3. M hnh h thng bng gc ............................................................................. 28
Hnh 2.4. S Alamouti s dng 2 anten pht v 1 anten thu ...................................... 29
Hnh 2.5. S cu trc Alamouti STBC trng hp 2 x2 ............................................ 35
Hnh 2.6. Mi trng lm vic ca MATLAB ................................................................ 41
Hnh 2.7. Cht lng BER ca BPSK trn knh fading Rayleigh khi s dng phn tp
pht 42
Hnh 3.2. Ghp knh khng gian ..................................................................................... 47
Hnh 3.3 . Ghp knh khng gian trong khung hot ng a anten LTE (NL=3, NA=4)
48
Hnh 3.5. M hnh ng dng a anten trong Wimax ....................................................... 50
Hnh 3.7. M hnh 2 anten pht 1 anten thu .................................................................... 53
2
T VIT TT
T VIT
TT
TN TING ANH TING VIT
3GPP Third Generation
Partnership Project
Nhm cng tc 3GPP
AAS Adaptive multi-antenna
systems
H thng a anten thch
nghi
AES Advance Encryption Chun mt m tin tin
3
Standard
ADSL Asymmetric Digital
Subscriber Line
Mng thu bao s bt ng
b
AWGN Additive White Gauss
Noise
Nhiu Gauss trng cng
tnh
BTS Base Transmission Station Trm pht c s
BER. Bit Error Rate Tc li bit
BWA Broadband Wireless Access Truy nhp khng dy bng
thng rng
BPSK Binary Phase Shift Key Kha dch pha nh phn
CCIR Consultative Committee
on international Radio
y ban t vn quc t v
tuyn
DES Data Encryption Standard Chun mt m d liu
DSL Digital Subscriber Line ng dy thu bao s
EGC Equal Gain Combining Kt hp ng li
FEC Forward Error Correction
FDD Frequency division duplex Ghp knh phn chia tn s
FD Frequency Diversity Phn tp tn s
GSM
Global System for Mobile
Communications
Truyn thng di ng cho h
thng ton cu
IEEE Institute of Electrical and
Electronics Engineers
Vin cc k s in, in
t quc t
MMSE Minimum Mean Square
Error
Sai s trung bnh bnh
phng ti thiu
MIMO Multi Input Multi Output a u vo a u ra
MS Mobile Station Trm di ng
MRC Maximal-ratio Combining Kt hp t l ti a
MLD Maximum Likelihood
Detector
Quyt nh kh nng cc
i
MLSE Minimum Likelihood
Sequence Estimator
B san bng c lng
chui ti u
MRT Maximal Rate
Transmission
Phn tp pht t l ti a
MU-MIMO Multi User MIMO MIMO a ngi dng
LTE Long Term Evolution S pht trin trong tng
lai xa
4
LoS Light of Sight Tm nhn thng
N-LOS None Light of Sight Tm khng nhn thng
OFDMA Orthogonal Frequency-
Division Multiple Access
a truy nhp ghp knh
phn chia theo tn s trc
giao
OFDM Orthogonal Frequency-
Division Multiple
Ghp knh phn chia tn s
trc giao
PAM Pulse Amplitude
Modulation
iu ch bin pha
PD Polarization Diversity Phn tp phn cc
PDF Probability Density
Function
Mt phn b xc sut
RD Receiver Diversity Phn tp thu
SC Selective Combining Kt hp la chn
SD Space Diversity Phn tp khng gian
SDMA Space Division
Multiplexing Access
Truy nhp ghp knh phn
chia khng gian
SNR Signal to Noise Ratio T s tn hiu trn tp m
STBC Space Time Block Code M ha khi khng gian
thi gian
STC Space Time Code M ha khng gian thi
gian
SU-MIMO Singer User MIMO MIMO n ngi dng
TTI Transmission Time Interval Khong thi gian truyn
dn
Time Diversity Phn tp thi gian
Tranmission Diversity Phn tp pht
TDD Time division duplex Ghp knh phn chia thi
gian
QoS Quality of Service Cht lng ca dch v
QPSK Quadrature Phase Shift
Keying
Kha dch pha cu phng
Wimax Wordwide Interoperability
for Microware Access
Cng ngh truy nhp
khng dy bng rng
5
DANH SCH HNH V
T VIT TT ................................................................................................................... 3
Hnh 1.1: S khi chc nng h thng truyn tin ......................................................... 9
Hnh 1.2 : M t tp m Gauss ........................................................................................ 10
Hnh 1.3 : Hm mt xc sut Gauss vi .................................................................... 11
Hnh 1.4: a) Hm mt ph cng sut .......................................................................... 12
b) Hm t tng quan ...................................................................................................... 12
Hnh1.5: Hm phn b ca tp m AWGN ..................................................................... 12
Hnh 1.6: M hnh truyn sng a ng ........................................................................ 13
Hnh 1.7: Hm truyn t ca knh ................................................................................. 14
Hnh 1.8. Mt ph ca tn hiu thu ............................................................................. 15
Hnh 1.9. Hin tng tri tr ............................................................................................ 16
Hnh 2.1. B phn tp MRT c N nhnh phn tp vi cc ng phn hi ................... 26
Hnh 2.2. S phn tp pht gi chm vi N nhnh phn tp ...................................... 27
Hnh 2.3. M hnh h thng bng gc ............................................................................. 28
Hnh 2.4. S Alamouti s dng 2 anten pht v 1 anten thu ...................................... 29
Hnh 2.5. S cu trc Alamouti STBC trng hp 2 x2 ............................................ 35
Hnh 2.6. Mi trng lm vic ca MATLAB ................................................................ 41
Hnh 2.7. Cht lng BER ca BPSK trn knh fading Rayleigh khi s dng phn tp
pht 42
Hnh 3.2. Ghp knh khng gian ..................................................................................... 47
Hnh 3.3 . Ghp knh khng gian trong khung hot ng a anten LTE (NL=3, NA=4)
48
6
Hnh 3.5. M hnh ng dng a anten trong Wimax ....................................................... 50
Hnh 3.7. M hnh 2 anten pht 1 anten thu .................................................................... 53
LI M U
Ngy nay, nhu cu truyn thng khng dy cng ngy cng tng. Cc h
thng thng tin tng lai i hi phi c dung lng cao hn, tin cy hn, s
dng bng thng hiu qu hn, kh nng khng nhiu tt hn... H thng thng
tin truyn thng v cc phng thc ghp knh c khng cn c kh nng p
ng c cc yu cu ca h thng thng tin tng lai do vic ra i v ng
dng ca nhng cng ngh mi tin tin hn l iu d nhn thy.
Mt trong nhng gii php a ra nhm nng cao cht lng truyn thng
tin cng nh nng cao tc truyn d liu p ng c nhu cu truy nhp
a phng tin bng rng ngy nay, ngi ta c th s dng nhiu gii php, mt
trong nhng gii php l s dng k thut phn tp anten vo vic thu v pht
tn hiu. ti ny em xin trnh by v ti Nghin cu cc k thut phn
tp pht v ng dng trong thng tin v tuyn k thut pht phn tp l k
thut s dng nhiu anten pha pht pht tn hiu, phng php ny c u
im l nng cao tc truyn dn d liu, gim cng sut pht, bo v ngun
x l v gim chi ph thit k, n gin v d thc hin, tng tin cy ca thng
tin.
Ni dung tm hiu ca ti gm 3 chng s ln lt trnh by cc vn
sau:
Chng 1: Tng quan v thng tin v tuyn
Chng 2: Cc k thut pht phn tp
Chng 3: ng dng k thut pht phn tp trong thng tin v tuyn
Do nhiu mt cn hn ch, ng thi trong qu trnh tm hiu cng mang
nhiu tnh ch quan trong nhn nhn nn ni dung ca ti khng trnh khi
7
nhng sai st. Em rt mong nhn c kin ng gp ca cc thy c v cc
bn c ti ny c hon thin hn.
Cui cng em xin gi li cm n chn thnh n thy gio Thc s Hong
Quang Trung v cc thy c gio trong b mn cng ngh in t v truyn
thng to iu kin gip em trong sut thi gian hc tp v lm ti.
Em xin chn thnh cm n..!
Thi Nguyn, ngy 4 thng 3 nm 2013
Sinh vin
Nguyn Th Thoa
8
Chng 1
TNG QUAN V THNG TIN V TUYN
1.1. Gii thiu
Cc phng tin thng tin ni chung c chia thnh hai phng php
thng tin c bn, l thng tin v tuyn v thng tin hu tuyn. Mng thng tin
v tuyn ngy nay tr thnh mt phng tin thng tin ch yu, thun tin cho
cuc sng hin i. Hnh 1.1 l s khi chc nng ca mt h thng truyn tin
c bn gm ngun tin, knh tin v nhn tin.
Hnh 1.1: S khi chc nng h thng truyn tin
Trong mng thng tin v tuyn ngoi ngun tin v nhn tin th knh truyn
l mt trong ba khu quan trng nht, v c cu trc tng i phc tp. Cht
lng ca h thng thng tin ph thuc ch yu vo knh truyn, ni m cc tn
hiu c truyn t my pht ti my thu. Khng ging nh knh truyn hu
tuyn l n nh v c th d on c, knh truyn v tuyn l hon ton ngu
nhin v khng h d dng trong vic phn tch. Tn hiu c pht i qua knh
truyn v tuyn b cn tr bi cc ta nh, cy ci, ni igy ra phn x, tn
x, nhiu xcc hin tng ny gi chung l fading. V kt qu l my thu ta
thu c rt nhiu phin bn khc nhau ca tn hiu pht. iu ny nh hng
n cht lng h thng thng tin v tuyn. Do vic nm vng nhng c tnh
ca knh truyn v tuyn l yu cu c bn c th la chn mt cch thch
hp cc cu trc ca h thng, kch thc ca cc thnh phn v cc thng s ti
u ca h thng. chng ny chng ta s i tm hiu v cc knh thng tin v
tuyn nh knh AWGN, knh fading a ng, knh fading Rayleigh, knh
Ngun tin Knh tin Nhn tin
9
Ricev cc phng php phn tp trong thng tin v tuyn nhm nng cao
dung lng ca knh truyn v cht lng ca h thng thng tin.
1.2. Knh thng tin v tuyn
1.2.1. Knh tp m AWGN
Tp m l cc tn hiu khng mong mun trong thng tin v tuyn. Tp m
lm gim kh nng tch chnh xc ca cc tn hiu pht, lm gim tc truyn
dn thng tin. Tp m c to t nhiu ngun khc nhau, nhng c phn lm
2 loi chnh l tp m t nhin v tp m nhn to. Tp m nhn to xut hin t
cc ngun nh la, chuyn mch hay cc pht x in t. Tp m t nhin xut
hin trong cc linh kin in t, thit k mch in, thit b hay h thng cho
php loi b hoc gim nh tp m bng cch ni t, chn v tr t thit b hay
dng cc phng php lc. Tuy nhin, c mt ngun tp m t nhin khng th
loi b l tp m nhit. Tp m nhit xut hin do s dao ng ca cc ht
in tch trong linh kin in t nh in tr, dy dn hay cc phn t dn in
khc. S chuyn ng ngu nhin v c lp ca v hn cc in t to nn c
tnh thng k Gauss theo nh l gii hn trung tm. V vy tp m nhit c th
m t nh mt qu trnh ngu nhin Gauss c gi tr trung bnh bng 0. V d :
Tp m Gauss vi gi tr trung bnh bng 0 v phng sai 1
2
c miu t
nh hnh 1.2
Hnh 1.2 : M t tp m Gauss
Hm mt xc sut (PDF: Probability Density Function) ca mt qu trnh
ngu nhin Gauss n(t) c biu din nh sau:
10

,
_

2
2
2
exp
2
1
) (

x
x P
n
Hnh v 1.3 biu din hm mt xc sut PDF Gauss vi gi tr trung bnh
bng khng (
0
) v lch chun
Hnh 1.3 : Hm mt xc sut Gauss vi 1
2

Tp m trng: L mt c tnh quan trng ca tp m nhit, c mt xc
sut nh nhau ti mi tn s. Tc l, n l mt ngun tp m pht ra mt lng
cng sut nh nhau trn mt n v bng tn ti tt c cc tn s bng:
] / [
2
) (
0
Hz W
N
f G
n

nh m t hnh di. H s trong cng thc trn ch bng G
n
(f) l mt hm mt
ph cng sut 2 pha cn N
0
l mt ph cng sut tp m. Tp m vi cng
sut c mt ph u nh vy c gi l tp m trng (white noise).
11
Hnh 1.4: a) Hm mt ph cng sut
b) Hm t tng quan
Hm t tng quan ca tp m trng l php bin i Fourier ngc ca
mt ph cng sut tp m cho bi:
) (
2
) ( )} ( { ) (
0
2 1

N
df e f G f G R
f j
n n n

Nh vy, hm t tng quan ca tp m trng l mt hm xung delta ti

=0 c nhn vi trng s N
0
/2. rng R
n
() = 0 vi mi 0 nn bt k hai
mu khc nhau no ca tp m trng u khng tng quan vi nhau bt k
chng gn nhau n mc no. Do tp m nhit c cng vi tn hiu nn n cn
c gi l tp m cng (additive noise). Tng hp cc c tnh ca tp m nhit
trn chng ta c th tm tt li rng tp m nhit trong cc h thng thng tin l
tp m Gauss trng cng (AWGN: Additive White Gauss Noise).
Hnh1.5: Hm phn b ca tp m AWGN
1.2.2. Knh fading a ng
Fading l hin tng thng ging cng tn hiu ti my thu do tc ng
ca mi trng, nh s thng ging ca tng in ly i vi cc h thng sng
ngn, s hp th gy bi cc phn t nc, kh, mas tn x, khc xlm
nh hng n cht lng ca tn hiu truyn.
12
cc trng hp cn li
=
Hnh v 1.6 m t mt ng lin lc gia anten trm gc (BS: Base
Station) v anten trm di ng (MS: Mobile Station). Xung quanh MS c rt
nhiu vt phn x nh nh, cy, i nitrong khi xung quanh BS li c rt t
hoc khng c cc vt phn x do anten trm gc BS c t trn cao. Cc vt
phn x ny gi chung l vt tn x. Lin lc gia BS v MS thng qua nhiu
ng (path) mi ng chu mt hay nhiu phn x, v tn hiu n my thu l
tn hiu tng hp t tt c cc ng ny. Do cc ng c bin , pha v tr
khc nhau, nn tn hiu truyn qua cc ng c th kt hp vi nhau mt cch
c li hoc khng c li, to nn mt sng ng ngu nhin. Hin tng ny
c gi l truyn sng fading a ng. Knh truyn sng kiu ny c gi l
fading a ng.
Hnh 1.6: M hnh truyn sng a ng
1.2.2.1. Hiu ng Doppler (fading nhanh)
Hiu ng Doppler gy ra do s chuyn ng tng i gia my pht v
my thu nh trnh by hnh 1.7. Bn cht ca hin tng ny l ph ca tn
hiu thu c b x lch i so vi tn s trung tm mt khong gi l tn s
Doppler.
13
cc trng hp cn li
=
Gi thit gc ti ca tuyn n so vi hng chuyn ng ca my thu l
n

,
khi tn s Doppler ca tuyn ny l:
( )
n 0 D
cos f
c
v
f
n
Trong f
0
, v, c ln lt l tn s sng mang ca h thng, vn tc chuyn
ng tng i ca my thu so vi my pht v vn tc nh sng. Nu
n
= 0 th
tn s Doppler ln nht s l:

0 max D,
f
c
f
v
Hnh 1.7: Hm truyn t ca knh
Gi thit tn hiu n my thu bng nhiu lung khc nhau vi cng
ngang hng nhau khp mi hng, khi ph ca tn hiu tng ng vi tn s
Doppler c biu din nh sau:
Ph tn hiu thu c biu din li hnh 1.8
14
2
max
0
1

,
_

f
f f
A
0
cc trng hp cn li
nu
=
Mt ph tn hiu thu b nh hng bi hiu ng Doppler do Jake tm ra
nm 1974. V c gi l ph Jake. ngha ca ph tn hiu ny c gii thch
nh sau: Gi thit tn hiu pht i tn s sng mang f
0
, khi tn hiu thu c
s khng nhn c chnh xc trn tn s sng mang f
0
m b dch i c v hai
pha vi dch l f
D,max
nh hnh 1.8. S dch tn s ny nh hng n s
ng b ca nhiu h thng.
Hnh 1.8. Mt ph ca tn hiu thu
1.2.2.2. Hin tng tri tr
Tr (delay) l thi gian tnh t khi bt u truyn cho ti khi nhn xong mt
tin hay mt tn hiu. Delay spread l lng tng ca tr truyn do tn hiu truyn
i theo nhiu ng khc nhau. V d: Trong thng tin di ng, tn hiu lan
truyn ti im thu theo nhiu ng khc nhau do phn x, nhiu x, tn x ti
cc chng ngi. Gi s u pht pht i mt xung cc hp, ti u thu khi
khng ch nhn c mt xung m l mt cm xung. Lng tri tr delta D nh
trong hnh 1.9:
15
Hnh 1.9. Hin tng tri tr
1.2.3. Knh fading Rayleigh
Hm truyn t ca knh thc cht l mt qu trnh xc sut ph thuc c
thi gian v tn s. Bin hm truyn t ca knh ti mt tn s nht nh s
tun theo phn b Rayleigh nu mi trng truyn dn tha mn cc iu kin
sau:
Mi trng truyn dn khng c tuyn trong tm nhn thng, c
ngha l khng c tuyn c cng sut tn hiu vt tri.
Tn hiu my thu nhn c t v s cc hng phn x v nhiu khc
nhau
Trong trng hp mi trng truyn dn c tuyn truyn dn trong tm
nhn thng th cng sut tn hiu t tuyn ny vt tri so vi tuyn khc. Xc
sut ca bin hm truyn t ca knh s tun theo phn b Rice.
Mobile Station (MS) khng ch nhn tn hiu pht m cn nhn nhiu
phin bn ca tn hiu pht do phn x hoc nhiu x t cc ta nh v cc yu t
khc. Pha ca tn hiu nhn c l tng pha ca cc tn hiu, vi mi pha thay
i ngu nhin trong khong [0, 2

]. T l thuyt gii hn trung tm ta c dng

sng nhn c c c tnh nhiu Gaussian thng di. V vy hm pdf ca cc
thnh phn ng pha v vung pha ca tn hiu nhn c l Gaussian vi trung
bnh bng khng v phng sai ng nht theo nh l gii hn trung tm. Hnh
bao pdf ca chng theo phn b Rayleigh:

'

<

,
_

) 0 ( 0
) 0 (
2
exp
) (
2
2
2
r
r
r r
r p

(1.4)
Vi l gi tr rms (hiu dng) ca in th tn hiu nhn c trc b
tch ng bao (evelope detection).
2
l cng sut trung bnh theo thi gian.
Xc sut ng bao ca tn hiu nhn c khng vt qua mt gi tr R
cho trc c cho bi hm phn b tch ly:
16

,
_

2
2
0
2
exp 1 ) ( ) ( ) (

R
dr r p R r P R P
R
r

Gi tr trung bnh r
mean
ca phn b Rayleigh c cho bi:

2533 . 1
2
) ( ] [
0

dr r rp r E r
mean
V phng sai
2
r
(cng sut thnh phn ac ca ng bao tn hiu):
[ ]
2 2 2
0
2 2 2
2
4292 . 0
2
2
2
) ( ] [

,
_

dr r p r r E r E
r
Gi tr hiu dng ca ng bao l 2 (cn bc hai ca gi tr trung bnh
bnh phng). Gi tr median ca r tm c khi gii phng trnh:

median
r
median
r dr r p
0
177 . 1 ) (
2
1

Hnh 1.10. Hm mt xc sut ca phn b Rayleigh

V vy gi tr mean v median ch khc nhau mt lng l 0.55dB trong
trng hp tn hiu Rayleigh fading. Ch rng gi tr median thng c s
dng trong thc t v d liu Rayleigh fading thng c o trong nhng mi
trng m chng ta khng th chp nhn n tun theo mt phn b c bit no.
Bng cch s dng gi tr median thay v gi tr trung bnh, chng ta d dng so
17
snh cc phn b fading khc nhau (c gi tr trung bnh khc nhau). Hnh 1.10
minh ha hm mt xc sut Rayleigh.
1.2.4. Phn b Rice
Trong trng hp fading Rayleigh, khng c thnh phn tn hiu n trc
tip my thu m khng b phn x hay tn x (thnh phn LoS: light-of-sight)
vi cng sut vt tri. Khi c thnh phn ny, phn b s l Ricean. Trong
trng hp ny, cc thnh phn a ng ngu nhin n b thu vi nhng gc
khc nhau c xp chng ln tn hiu light-of-sight. Ti ng ra ca b tch
ng bao, iu ny c nh hng nh l cng thm thnh phn mt chiu vo
cc thnh phn a ng ngu nhin. Ging nh trong trng hp d sng sin
trong khi b nhiu nhit, nh hng ca tn hiu light-of-sight (c cng sut vt
tri) n b thu cng vi cc tn hiu a ng (c cng sut yu hn) s lm
cho phn b Ricean r rt hn. Khi thnh phn light-of-sight b suy yu, tn hiu
tng hp trng ging nh nhiu c ng bao theo phn b Rayleigh. V vy,
phn b b tr thnh phn b Rayleigh trong trng hp thnh phn light-of-sight
mt i.
Hm mt phn b xc sut ca phn b Ricean:

'

<

,
_

0 0
) 0 , 0 (
) (
2
0
2
) (
2
2
2 2
r
r A
Ar
I e
r
r p
A r

A: Bin nh ca thnh phn light-of-sight.
Io: L hm Bessel sa i loi 1 bc 0.
Phn b Ricean thng c m t bi thng s k c nh ngha nh l
t s gia cng sut tn hiu xc nh (thnh phn light-of-sight) v cng sut cc
thnh phn a ng:
2
2
2
A
k
18
Hay vit di dng

dB:
dB
A
dB k
2
2
2
log 10 ) (

k xc nh phn b Ricean v c gi l h s Ricean.
Khi A

0, k 0 ( dB) thnh phn light-of-sight b suy gim v bin ,
phn b Ricean tr thnh phn b Rayleigh. Hnh 1.8 m t hm mt xc sut
ca phn b Ricean.
Hnh 1.11. Hm mt xc sut ca phn b Rice
1.3. Cc phng php phn tp
Phn tp (diversity) l mt phng php dng trong vin thng, dng
nng cao tin cy ca vic truyn tn hiu bng cch truyn mt tn hiu ging
nhau trn nhiu knh truyn khc nhau u thu c th chn mt trong s
nhng tn hiu thu c hoc kt hp nhng tn hiu thnh mt tn hiu tt
nht. Vic ny nhm chng li fading v nhiu do nhng knh truyn khc nhau
s chu fading v nhiu khc nhau. Ngi ta c th s dng m sa
li FEC (forward error correction) cng vi k thut phn tp. Li dng vic
truyn trn nhiu knh m ta c c li phn tp, thng c o bng dB.
Hay ni chnh xc phn tp l k thut gip cho pha thu (MS hoc BTS) ci
thin cht lng tn hiu thu b suy gim do fading nh vic kt hp tn hiu thu
a ng n t cng mt ngun pht. Ty thuc vo tng cng ngh phn tp
c thc hin MS hoc BTS.
19
Ty theo min (domain) ng dng, cc phng php phn tp s dng trong
thng tin v tuyn c th c phn loi:
- Theo cch thc trin khai:
Phn tp thu (Receiver Diversity)
Phn tp pht (Tranmission Diversity )
- Theo k thut phn tp:
Phn tp thi gian (Time Diversity)
Phn tp tn s (Frequency Diversity)
Phn tp phn cc (Polarization Diversity)
Phn tp khng gian (Space Diversity)
1.3.1. Phn tp thi gian
Do tnh cht ngu nhin ca fading, bin ca mt tn hiu chu nh
hng ca fading ngu nhin ti cc thi im ly mu cch xa nhau ln v
thi gian s khng tng quan vi nhau. V vy, truyn mt tn hiu ti cc thi
im cch bit ln tng ng vi vic truyn mt tn hiu trn nhiu ng
truyn c lp, to nn s phn tp v thi gian. Khong thi gian cn thit
m bo thu c cc tn hiu fading khng tng quan ti my thu ti thiu l
thi gian ng b (coherence time) ca knh truyn. i vi thng tin di ng,
khong thi gian ng b ny l:
T
b
= c/2vf
c
Trong :
c=3x10
8
m/s l tc nh sng
v l tc di chuyn ca my di ng
f
c
l tn s sng mang
V d: Vi cc my di ng lm vic tn s 800Mhz v di chuyn vi tc
50Km/h, thi gian ng b T
c
=13,5ms. =
(nT)
20
to ra M
d
nhnh phn tp, tn hiu cn c truyn i ti M
d
khe thi
gian. V vy, khong thi gian gi chm cn thit truyn i ti M
d
nhnh phn
tp l M
d
.c/2vf
c
. i vi truyn dn tn hiu thoi, tc ly mu cn thit t nht
l 8kHz. ng thi, m bo rng xung truyn nm trong bng tn truyn
dn, chng ta ch c th s dng ti a M
d
= 50 nhnh phn tp. Do thi gian
cch bit t l nghch vi tc di chuyn nn khc vi cc phng php phn
tp khc, phng php phn tp thi gian khng c ngha trong trng hp
my di ng ng yn.
Gn y, trong cc h thng thng tin di ng hin i, m sa li c s
dng kt hp vi phng php xen k tn hiu (interleaving) to nn mt
phng php phn tp thi gian mi. Do thi gian xen k di s gy nn gi
chm gii m ln, nn phng php ny ch thch hp i vi cc knh fading
bin ng nhanh.
Nhc im: ca phng php phn tp thi gian l lm suy gim hiu sut
bng tn do c s d tha trong min thi gian v bn thu phi ch mt khong
thi gian x l tn hiu.
1.3.2. Phn tp tn s
Ging nh phng php phn tp theo thi gian, phn tp theo tn s l
chng ta s dng mt tp hp cc tn s truyn i cng mt tn hiu. Khong
cch gia cc tn s phi ln, vo khong vi bng tn ng b (coherence
bandwidth) m bo fading ng vi cc tn s s dng khng tng quan vi
nhau. i vi thng tin di ng, bng tn ng b o c vo khong 500kHz,
v vy khong cch cn thit gia cc nhnh phn tp tn s t nht l 1-2 MHz.
Trong thng tin di ng hin i, phn tp tn s cn c th nhn c
thng qua vic s dng cc k thut iu ch a sng mang hay s dng phng
php nhy tn.
Nhc im ca phng php phn tp tn s l s tiu tn ph tn. Ngoi
ra do cc nhnh phn tp c tn s khc nhau nn mi nhnh cn s dng mt
my thu pht cao tn ring. m
(nT)
21
1.3.3. Phn tp phn cc
Nghin cu cho thy tn hiu c truyn i trn 2 phn cc trc giao trong
mi trng thng tin di ng c cc tham s thng k c lp. V vy, hai phn
cc ny c th c coi l c s ca hai nhnh phn tp phn cc. Do ch tn ti
hai phn cc sng trc giao nn s lng ti a cc nhnh phn tp c th to
c ch l hai. Ngoi ra, do s hn ch ca cng sut my pht nn cng sut tn
hiu pht cn phi chia u cho hai nhnh, v v vy cht lng tn hiu thu c
cng b suy gim i 2 ln hay 3 dB.
1.3.4. Phn tp khng gian
Phn tp khng gian l k thut s dng nhiu anten hay cc mng anten
c sp xp vi cc khong cch ph hp tn hiu trn cc anten c lp.
Khong cch yu cu thay i ty theo cao anten, mi trng truyn v tn
s. Khong cch gia hai anten t cch nhau na bc sng /2
Hnh 1.12: M hnh phn tp khng gian.
Phn tp khng gian cn c gi l phn tp anten.
Phn tp khng gian gm c:
Phn tp anten pht
Phn tp anten pht l phn tp s dng nhiu anten pha pht, thng tin
c a n tt c cc anten v truyn n pha thu. S dng phn tp pht ta
thu c li phn tp pht, tng dung lng truyn d liu, gim cng sut
pht.
Tn
hiu
vo
x(nT)
x(nT)
x(nT)
combination c
(nT)
Y
1
(nT)
Y
2
(nT)
H
11
H
12
22
Phn tp anten thu
Trong phn tp thu, nhiu anten c s dng my thu thu cc bn sao
c lp ca tn hiu pht. Cc bn sao ca tn hiu pht c kt hp tng
SNR v gim fading a ng.
u im ca phng php phn tp khng gian l khng lm suy gim hiu
sut bng tn, khng tiu tn ph tn s, d s dng, v trn l thuyt khng c
s hn ch v s lng cc nhnh phn tp. Do c cc u im ni trn, phng
php phn tp khng gian c nghin cu rng ri t nm 1927 n tn ngy
nay. Cc nghin cu v phn tp khng gian tp trung ch yu vo cc k thut
kt hp tn hiu phn tp. Trong cc phn tip sau y, chng ta s tm hiu k
hnv phng php phn tp pht.
23
Chng 2
CC K THUT PHN TP PHT
2.1. Gii thiu phn tp
Phn tp l mt phng php dng trong vin thng dng nng cao
tin cy ca vic truyn tn hiu bng cch truyn mt tn hiu ging nhau trn
nhiu knh truyn khc nhau u thu c th chn trong s nhng tn hiu thu
c hoc kt hp nhng tn hiu thnh mt tn hiu tt nht. Vic ny nhm
chng li fading v nhiu l do nhng knh truyn khc nhau s chu fading v
nhiu khc nhau. Ngi ta c th s dng m sa li FEC (forward error
correction) cng vi k thut phn tp. Li dng vic truyn trn nhiu knh m
ta c c li phn tp, thng c o bng dB. Hay ni cch khc, phn
tp (diversity) l k thut gip cho pha thu (trong thng tin di ng l MS hoc
BTS) ci thin cht lng tn hiu thu b suy gim do fading nh vic kt hp tn
hiu thu a ng n t cng mt ngun pht. Phn tp c thc hin ti c
MS ln BTS tu cng ngh c th.
Trong cc h thng thng tin di ng hin nay, nhiu anten thu c s
dng cho cc trm thu pht c s vi mc ch l kh nhiu ng knh v gim
thiu nh hng ca fading, v d trong mng GSM nhiu anten c s dng ti
trm thu c s BTS to ra phn tp thu ng ln, b p cho cng sut
truyn tng i thp t trm di ng. iu ny ci thin cht lng v rng
ca ng ln. Nhng trong trng hp ng xung vic ny rt kh khn, do
cc thit b di ng c thit k rt nh gn, v vy vic ny kh m bo cho
vic lp cc anten m bo iu kin cch nhau na bc sng. i vi ng
xung, s l thc t nu nh xem xt cn nhc vi phn tp pht. S d dng lp
t nhiu anten pht trn trm thu pht v cng d dng s dng cc ngun ngoi
cho nhiu anten pht.
24
Phn tp pht lm gim yu cu ngun x l ca cc b thu v kt qu l
cc cu trc h thng n gin hn, tiu th ngun thp hn v chi ph thp hn.
Hn th na, phn tp pht c th kt hp vi phn tp thu tng cht lng
ca h thng.
Ngc li phn tp thu m chng ta ang s dng rng ri trong cc h
thng di ng t ong, phn tp pht vn cn nhn c rt t s ch do vic
thc hin phn tp anten pht l khc rt nhiu so vi phn tp anten thu v vic
khai thc phn tp pht cng c nhng kh khn:
- Th nht: Cc tn hiu pht t nhiu anten s c trn vi nhau v mt
khng gian trc khi ti c cc b thu, h thng yu cu b sung thm mt s
b x l tn hiu c pha thu v pha pht tch c cc tn hiu thu v li
dng c phn tp.
- Th hai: Pha thu thng c lng c cc knh fading cn pha pht
th khng ging nh pha thu, khng c c cc thng tin tc thi v knh nu
nh khng c thng tin phn hi t pha thu ti pha pht.
Tuy nhin phn tp pht c kh nng lm tng ng k dung lng v cht
lng ca knh.
Trong chng ny, chng ta i tm hiu v cc k thut pht nh k thut
phn tp pht t l ti a MRT, k thut phn tp pht gi chm, k thut phn
tp pht khng gian thi gian i vi trng hp Alamouti 2x1 (2 anten pht v
1 anten thu), v trng hp Alamouti 2x2 (2 anten pht v 2 anten thu), v
chng trnh m phng bng MATLAB so snh cht lng BER v SNR ca
hai trng hp Alamouti 2x2 v trng hp Alamouti 2x1.
2.2. K thut kt hp phn tp khng gian pht
2.2.1. Phn tp pht t l ti a (MRT)
Phng php phn tp pht t l ti a MRT l cc tn hiu trn cc nhnh
phn tp s
k
c nhn vi cc trng s pht tng ng w
n
:
*
.
n n
h C w (n {1,2,3,N})
25
sau truyn tt c cc tn hiu c nhn vi trng s ny thng qua N anten
pht. H s chun ha C c chn sao cho tng cng sut pht i t N anten
pht bng mt gi tr cho trc, thng thng t bng C=
N
1
cho n gin.
Ch : tm c ma trn trng s w
n
ta phi i tm p ng knh truyn
h
n
tm c h
n
ta c cc phng php sau:
My thu c lng h
n
v gi thng tin h
n
v cho my pht. Phng
php ny i hi phi c knh phn hi t my thu v my pht. (Hnh 2.1)
Hnh 2.1. B phn tp MRT c N nhnh phn tp vi cc ng phn hi
S dng tnh cht nghch o ca cc knh truyn ln (uplink) v
knh truyn xung (downlink). Thc t l cc h thng phn chia theo tn s
(FDD) c khong cch tn s thu v pht nh (nh hn rng bng tn ca
knh truyn), th cc h s knh truyn ln v knh truyn xung rt tng quan
vi nhau. Do chng ta c th s dng cc knh truyn h
n
c lng c
knh truyn ln nh l cc h s trng s pht w
n
.
26
B phn tp pht t l ti a MRT cho chng ta v li phn tp. Tuy
nhin, do tng cng sut pht c chun ha thnh n v, nn b tn hao v
phm cht li BER.
2.2.2. Phn tp pht gi chm
Phn tp pht gi chm c thc hin bng cch: Cc bn sao ca tn hiu
s
k
c truyn ti my thu ti cc thi im khc nhau v thng qua cc anten
pht khc nhau.
Hnh 2.2. S phn tp pht gi chm vi N nhnh phn tp
Cc tn hiu gi chm c my thu coi nh cc tn hiu a ng. V vy
tch c cc tn hiu pht, my thu s dng mt b san bng c lng
chui ti u MLSE hay mt b san bng sai s bnh phng trung bnh ti thiu
MMSE t c li phn tp N.
u im: Phng php phn tp pht gi chm cho li phn tp cp N.
M khng yu cu phi m rng bng tn, cng nh cn phn hi t my thu.
Mt u im khc ca phng php ny l n c th p dng trc tip cho cc
knh a ng thu c thm li phn tp ng (path diversity). Phng
php ny c coi l trng hp n gin ca m xon khng gian thi gian
c xut gn y.
27
2.2.3. Phn tp pht khng gian thi gian
2.2.3.1. Alamouti STBC 2x1
K thut phn tp ny v cng n gin, hiu qu khi s dng 2 anten pht
v 1 anten thu c gii thiu bi Alamouti. Phng php ny cn c gi l
m khi khng gian thi gian STBC.
STBC (Space Time Block Code: M ha khi khng gian thi gian):
Phng php ny s dng sp xp trc giao th t ca cc tn hiu ti cc anten
pht (cc tn hiu to thnh cc block).
Chng ta xem xt mt h thng thng tin s dng m khng gian thi gian
trn bng gc vi n
t
anten pht v n
r
anten thu nh hnh 2.3. Cc d liu pht i
c m ha bi b m ha khng gian thi gian.
Hnh 2.3. M hnh h thng bng gc
Tn hiu pht i ca Alamouti ti cc anten pht l cc tn hiu c m
ha thnh cc khi tn hiu sp xp thnh cc matrix khi:
1
]
1

*
0
*
1
1 0
s s
s s
S
Ngha l ti hai thi im khc nhau thi im th t th anten th nht pht
i l s
0
, anten 2 pht s
1
, nhng sang thi im t+T th anten 1 pht
*
1
s v anten 2
28
pht
*
0
s
, tc l cng mt loi thng tin nhng c m ha khc nhau hai anten
khc nhau.
S Alamouti c thit k cho tt c cc kiu anten pht (cc chm k
hiu s
0
, s
1
,,s
n
) khc nhau. n gin, y ch xt BPSK vi truyn 2 bit
trong thi gian hai k hiu .Tuy nhin, mc nht nh c th c tng qut
ha cho nhiu hn hai anten.Trong s m lp cn s dng 4-PAM t c
cng tc bit. t c cng khong cch ti thiu nh cc k hiu BPSK
trong s Alamouti cn tng 5 ln nng lng k hiu. K thut Alamouti
STBC thc hin ba bc sau:
M ha v truyn dn
S kt hp ti my thu
Quy tc quyt nh kh nng cc i ML
Hnh 2.4. S Alamouti s dng 2 anten pht v 1 anten thu
M ha v truyn dn
29
Gi s cho trc hai tn hiu pht ti thi gian th t l:
0
s
,
1
s
.
Trong thi gian k hiu tip theo ti thi gian th (t+T) l:
*
1
s ,
*
0
s
Ti khe thi gian th t anten pht th nht pht i
0
s
, trong khi anten th
hai pht i
1
s
. Ti khe thi gian tip theo, (t+T), anten pht th nht pht i
*
1
s ,
trong khi anten th hai pht i
*
0
s
. Bng cch ny vic m ha c thc hin
theo c khng gian v thi gian.
Bng 1
Quy lut m ha khng gian - thi gian Alamouti
Gi thit knh fading bin i chm ngha l fading khng thay i trong
thi gian gia 2 k t pht:
y = Hs + n
Pha thu: y = [
0
y
,
*
1
y ]
T
p ng knh truyn: H=

,
_

*
0
*
1
1 0
h h
h h

t cc knh truyn t anten pht th nht v th hai ti anten my thu
tng ng l:
h
0
=
0
.e
j
0
h
1
=
1
.e
j
1
Tn hiu pht: s = [s
0
, s
1
]
T
Nhiu Gause: n = [n
0
,
*
1
n ]
T
30
Cc tn hiu thu c ti cc khe thi gian t v t+T l:
Ta c:
y = Hs + n
=>

1
]
1

1
0
y
y
1
]
1

*
0
*
1
1 0
h h
h h
1
]
1

1
0
s
s
+
1
]
1

1
0
n
n
Trong khe thi gian th nht, tn hiu nhn c l:
0
y
=
0
h
0
s
+
1
h
1
s
+
0
n
Trong khe thi gian th hai tn hiu nhn c l:
1
y
=
*
1
h
0
s
-
*
0
h
1
s
+
1
n
Trong :
y
0
, y
1
: tn hiu nhn c trong khe thi gian th nht v th hai
tng ng
h
0
: l knh truyn t anten pht th nht n anten nhn
h
1
: l knh truyn t anten pht th hai n anten nhn
s
0
, s
1
: l cc tn hiu pht
n
0
, n
1
: l nhiu Gausse trn khe thi gian th nht v th hai
Nhn thy ct ca ma trn ch nht trong phng trnh trn trc giao vi
nhau. V th nhim v tch sng s
0
, s
1
c chia thnh hai nhim v v hng
trc giao.
S kt hp ti my thu
Ta s dng s kt hp ti my thu c th c lng c cc du tn
hiu s
0
v s
1
mt cch ti u, chng ta cn phi tch c thng tin v cc du
ny cha trong cc tn hiu thu c y
0
v y
1
.
Gi thit trng thi knh truyn l hon ho. B kt hp s thc hin nhn
vector y vi ma trn chuyn v H
H
.
31
~
s
= n H y H
H H
+
=
1
]
1

0
*
1
1
*
0
h h
h h
1
]
1

0
*
1
1
*
0
h h
h h
1
]
1

1
0
s
s
+
n H
H
=
1
]
1

+
+
2
1
2
0
2
1
2
0
| | | | 0
0 | | | |
h h
h h
. x +
n H
H

Khai trin ra ta c nh sau:
~
0
s
= (
2
0

+
2
1
)
*
1 1 0
*
0 0
n h n h s + +
~
1
s
= (
2
0

+
2
1
)
0
*
1
*
1 0 1
n h n h s +
B kt hp trn hnh to ra hai k hiu kt hp v gi chng n b quyt
nh kh ging cc i.
Nhn xt: Phng php STBC ca Alamouti khi s dng 2 anten pht v 1
anten thu, nhn vo phng trnh trn ta thy c du - y th hin s quay
pha ca cc thnh phn tp m. Tuy nhin, s quay pha ny khng lm suy gim
t s SNR hiu dng u ra.
Quy tc quyt nh kh nng cc i (MLD)
T hai tn hiu u ra b kt hp, nhng tn hiu kt hp ny sau gi n
b quyt nh kh nng cc i (MLD : Maximum Likelihood Detector) v s
chn s
0
v s
1
sao cho:
{
1 0
, s s
} = arg
c
s s
1 0
,
min
{
2 *
1 0
*
0 1 1
2
1 1 0 0 0
| ) ( | | ) ( | s h s h y s h s h y + + }
t A
STBC
=
2 *
1 0
*
0 1 1
2
1 1 0 0 0
| ) ( | | ) ( | s h s h y s h s h y + +
= [ ) (
1 1 0 0 0
s h s h y + ][ ) (
1 1 0 0 0
s h s h y + ]
*

+[ ) (
*
1 0
*
0 1 1
s h s h y ][ ) (
*
1 0
*
0 1 1
s h s h y ]
*

=
*
1 0
*
1 0
2
0
2
0 0
*
0 0
*
1
*
1 0
*
0
*
0 0
2
0
| | | | | | s s h h s h s y h s h y s h y y + +
32
2
1
2
0 0
*
1
*
1 0
*
1
*
1 0 1
*
0
*
0 1
2
0
2
1
*
1
*
0 1 1
*
0 1
0
*
1 1
2
1
2
1
2
1
*
0
*
0 1 1 1
*
0 1
| | | |
| | | |
| | | | | |
s h s h s h
y s h s h s h s h y s h s h y
s h y y s h s h s h s y h
+
+ + +
+ + +
rng
2
0
| | s
v
2
1
| | s l cc thnh phn chung v khng lm thay i lut
quyt nh, v vy chng ta c th b qua chng cho n gin. Ngoi ra cc thnh
phn
*
1 0
*
1 0
s s h h
,
*
0
*
0 1 1
s h s h
t trit tiu ln nhau, do i s A
STBC
tr thnh
A
STBC
= ( )
2
1
2
0
+
2
1
2
1
2
0
2
0
| | ) ( | | s s + +
*
1
*
1 0
*
0
*
1 1 1
*
0 1 0
*
1 1
1
*
0 1 0
*
0 0
*
1
*
1 0
*
0
*
0 0
s y h s y h s h y s h y
s y h s y h s h y s h y
+ +

Nhm cc phn t chung li vi nhau
= (
2
1
2
0
+ )
2
1
2
1
2
0
2
0
| | ) ( | | s s + +
*
1
*
1 0
*
1 0 1 1
*
0
*
0 1
0 1
*
1
*
0 0
*
0
*
1 1 0
*
0
) ( ) (
) ( ) (
s y h h y s y h y h
s y h y h s y h y h

+ +
V v vy:
A
STBC
= (
2
1
2
0
+ )
2
1
2
1
2
0
2
0
| | ) ( | | s s + +
*
1
~
1
*
1
~
1 0
~
*
0
*
0
~
0
s s s s s s s s
= (
2
1
2
0
+ )
2
0
2
~
0
2
0
~
0
2
0
| | | | | | | | s s s s s +

2
1
2
~
1
2
1
~
1
2
1
2
1
2
0
| | | | | | | | ) ( s s s s s + + +

Mt im th v c th nhn thy rng lut quyt nh MLD ng thi cho
c s
0
v s
1
c chia thnh cc lut quyt nh c lp sao cho s
0
v s
1
. Do cc
lut quyt nh s
0
v s
1
l nh nhau, sau khi b qua thnh phn chung |
~
0
s
|
2
chng
ta thu c lut quyt nh chung cho Alamouti STBC
33
} | | | | ) 1 {( min arg
2
~
2 2
1
2
0
_
k k k
s
k
s s s s
c k
+ +

ging nh trong phn tp thu. i vi tn hiu PSK, do nng lng tn hiu, E

s
= |
s
0
|
2
, nh nhau i vi tt c cc thnh phn tn hiu s
0
, lut quyt nh ML ti
gin nh sau:
} | {| min arg
2
~
_
k k
s
k
s s s
c k

Phm cht BER ca phng php ML: nh ngha t s SNR trung bnh
cho mt bit tn hiu trn tng anten l:
2 2
) (
2 ) (
) (
2
2
1
2
2
2
1
2
0
2 2
1
2
0
2 2
1
2
0 b
n
b b
E E E

+
+

E
b
l nng lng ca tn hiu pht
2
0 2
N
vi N
0
l cng sut tp m n bin
2.2.3.2. Alamouti STBC 2x2
S cu hnh ca trng hp Alamouti STBC s dng 2 anten pht v 2
anten thu c m t hnh 2.5:
34
Hnh 2.5. S cu trc Alamouti STBC trng hp 2 x2
Cng nh trng hp Alamouti STBC 2 anten pht v 1 anten thu, th
trng hp Alamouti STBC s dng 2 anten pht v 2 anten thu cng thc hin
ba bc sau:
M ha v truyn dn
S kt hp ti my thu
Quy tc quyt nh kh nng cc i ML
M ha v truyn dn
Gi s cho trc hai tn hiu pht ti thi gian th t l:
0
s
,
1
s
Trong thi gian k hiu tip theo ti thi gian th (t+T) l:
*
1
s ,
*
0
s
Ging nh m ha v truyn dn trng hp Alamouti 2x1. y, cng
ti khe thi gian th t anten pht th nht pht i
0
s
, trong khi anten th hai pht
35
i
1
s
. Ti khe thi gian tip theo, (t+T), anten pht th nht pht i
*
1
s , trong
khi anten th hai pht i
*
0
s
.
M ha v chui pht cc k hiu thng tin trong trng hp ny nh sau:
Bng 2
Quy lut m ha khng gian - thi gian Alamouti
Bng 3
p ng knh truyn gia anten pht v anten thu
Bng 4
Tn hiu thu c ti hai anten thu
Gi s knh fading bin i chm, ta c phng trnh h thng:
y=Hs+n
- Tn hiu thu c pha anten thu l:
T
y y Y ] , [
*
1 0 0

36

T
y y Y ] , [
*
3 2 1

- Tn hiu pht l:
T
s s
s s
s
1
]
1

*
0
*
1
1 0
- p ng knh truyn:
1
]
1

*
0
*
1
1 0
0
h h
h h
H

1
]
1

*
2
*
3
3 2
1
h h
h h
H
- Cho p ng knh truyn ng vi tng anten pht:
0
0 0

j
e h
1
1 1

j
e h
2
2 2

j
e h
3
3 3

j
e h
- Tp m Gauss:
T
n n N ] , [
*
1 0 0


T
n n N ] , [
*
3 2 1

Ti thi im t anten th nht thu c c phng trnh sau:
0 0 0
N s H Y +
=>
1
]
1

+
1
]
1

1
]
1

1
]
1

1
0
*
0
*
1
1 0
*
0
*
1
1 0
1
0
.
n
n
s s
s s
h h
h h
y
y
=>
0 1 1 0 0 0
n s h s h y + +
37
1
*
0 1
*
1 0 1
n s h s h y + +
Ti thi im t+T anten thu c c phng trnh sau:
1 1 1
N s H Y +
=>
1
]
1

+
1
]
1

1
]
1

1
]
1

3
2
*
0
*
1
1 0
*
2
*
3
3 2
3
2
.
n
n
s s
s s
h h
h h
y
y
=>
2 1 3 0 2 2
n s h s h y + +

3
*
0 3
*
1 2 3
n s h s h y + +
S kt hp ti my thu
Cc tn hiu thu c ti cc anten thu th nht v th hai ti cc thi im t
v t+T l:

0 1 1 0 0 0
n s h s h y + +

1
*
0 1
*
1 0 1
n s h s h y + +

2 1 3 0 2 2
n s h s h y + +

3
*
0 3
*
1 2 3
n s h s h y + +
Trong n
n
(n: 0,1,2,3) l cc mu tp m ti anten thu. c lng c
cc du tn hiu pht s
0,
s
1
, chng ta cn phi tch c cc thng tin ca chng
cha trong y
0
, y
1
, y
2
, y
3
. Vic ny c th thc hin bng cch nhn hai v ca
phng trnh vi ma trn chuyn v H
H
:
1 1 1 1 1 1
0 0 0 0 0 0
N H s H H Y H
N H s H H Y H
H H H
H H H
+
+
Sau kt hp hai phng trnh trn vi nhau:
T
s s S ] [
~
1
~
0
~

38
1
]
1

0
*
1
1
*
0
0
h h
h h
H
H
1
]
1

2
*
3
3
*
2
1
h h
h h
H
H
3
*
3 2 2 1
*
1 0 0 1
2
3
2
2
2
1
2
0
~
1
3 3 2
*
2 1 1 0
*
0 0
2
3
2
2
2
1
2
0
~
0
). (
). (
n h n h n h n h s s
n h n h n h n h s s
+ + + + +
+ + + + + + +


Quy tc quyt nh kh nng cc i ML
b kt hp ti my thu chng ta ta tng hp c hai tn hiu
~
1
~
0
, s s
:
3
*
3 2 2 1
*
1 0 0 1
2
3
2
2
2
1
2
0
~
1
3 3 2
*
2 1 1 0
*
0 0
2
3
2
2
2
1
2
0
~
0
). (
). (
n h n h n h n h s s
n h n h n h n h s s
+ + + + +
+ + + + + + +


Sau cc tn hiu kt hp ny c a n b tch sng kh ging cc
i, ti y c tnh cho s
0
c chn cho tiu chun:
Chn s
i
nu v ch nu:
) , ( | | ). 1 ( ) , ( | | ). 1 (
~
0
2 2 2
3
2
2
2
1
2
0
~
0
2 2 2
3
2
2
2
1
2
0 k k i i
s s d s s s d s + + + + + + + +
Hay:
k i s s d s s d
k i
), , ( ) , (
~
0
2
~
0
2
Tng t i vi s
1
, s dng quy tc trn chn s
i
nu v ch nu:
k i s s d s s d
k i
), , ( ) , (
~
1
2
~
1
2
SNR trong trng hp ny c tnh nh sau:
39
2 2
2
2
1
2
2
1
2
1
2
2
1
2
2
2
1
2
2
1
s n
nm
m s
n
nm
m
n
nm
m
E E

,
_

Nh vy, cc tn hiu kt hp t hai anten thu ch l cng n thun cc tn

hiu t tng anten, ngha l s kt hp ging nh trng hp mt anten thu.
2.3. Chng trnh nh gi v m phng
2.3.1. Gii thiu phn mm m phng MATLAB
Matlab (Matrix Laboratory) l mt phn mm khoa hc c thit k
cung cp vic tnh ton s v hin th ha bng ngn ng lp trnh cp cao.
MATLAB cung cp vic tnh ton s v hin th ha bng ngn ng lp trnh
cp cao. MATLAB cung cp cc tnh nng tng tc tuyt vi cho php ngi s
dng thao tc d liu linh hot di dng mng ma trn tnh ton v quan st.
Cc d liu vo ca MATLAB c th c nhp t Command line hoc t
mfile trong tp lnh c cho trc bi MATLAB.
MATLAB cung cp cho ngi dng toolbox tiu chun ty chn. Ngi
dng cng c th to ra cc hp cng c ring ca mnh gm cc mfiles c
vit cho cc ng dng c th. Chng ta c th s dng cc tp tin tr gip ca
MATLAB cho cc chc nng v cc lnh lin quan vi cc toolbox c sn (dng
lnh help)
V d: Command window:>>help plot
khi ng MALAB: ta click p chut vo biu tng MATLAB trn
mn hnh destop.
Sau khi khi ng xong mn hnh s hin th ca s lm vic ca MATLAB
gm 3 phn chnh: Th mc hin thi, Lch s cu lnh, Ca s cu lnh
40
Hnh 2.6. Mi trng lm vic ca MATLAB
M-file
Ngoi phng php g lnh trc tip ca s lnh, chng ta cn c th to
mt script m-file gm tp hp cc lnh g ca s lnh. Bng cch Click vo
File -> Function m file ( y n s hin ra 1 ca s ta c th thao tc cch lnh
trn ca s ny)
2.3.2. Chng trnh m phng
Cc bc thc hin:
- To ra cc chui nh phn ngu nhin +1 v -1
- Nhm chng vo hai k hiu truyn i
- Thm cc nhiu Gauss trng vo tt c cc tn hiu nhn c
- i vi mi tn hiu, tnh ton gi tr trung bnh ca tn hiu nhn c
trn tt c cc chui nhn
- Thc hin gii m v m cc bit b li
- Lp li nhiu gi tr ca E
b
/N
0
trong trng hp anten pht ln lt bng
1, 2, 3, 4 v a ra m phng v kt qu l thuyt
41
Kt qu m phng
Hnh 2.7. Cht lng BER ca BPSK trn knh fading Rayleigh khi s
dng phn tp pht
Nhn xt:
Trong hnh 2.7 chng ta biu din cht lng t l li bit ca phng php
phn tp pht da vo Eb/N0 vi s lng anten pht N
T
khc nhau. ng trn
cng tng ng vi cht lng khi cha s dng phn tp so snh vi ng th
2 trng hp Alamouti 2 anten pht v 1 anten thu ti BER =10^-1 ta thy li
phn tp t c l 4dB. Trng hp s dng 3 anten pht v 4 anten pht cng
s dng 1 anten thu ta cng thy li phn tp tng theo s anten pht them
vo. Khi s dng 4 anten pht so vi trng hp 1 anten pht li phn tp t
c l 6dB. Nh vy ta thy rng cht lng ca tn hiu c ci thin khi tng
s lng anten pht. ng thi ta c th kt hp phn tp pha thu t c
cht lng tn hiu tt hn.
42
Chng 3
NG DNG K THUT PHT PHN TP TRONG
THNG TIN V TUYN
3.1. Pht phn tp trong mng LTE
3.1.1. Gii thiu
LTE l vit tt ca Long Term Evolution (S pht trin trong tng lai xa)
miu t cng vic chun ha ca 3GPP xc nh phng php truy nhp v
tuyn tc cao mi cho cc h thng truyn thng di ng.
LTE l bc tip theo dn n h thng thng tin di ng 4G. Xy dng
trn cc nn tng k thut ca h cc h thng mng t bo 3GPP (bao gm
GSM, GPRS v EDGE, WCDMA v HSPA), LTE cung cp mt con ng tin
ha n cc tc cao hn v tr thp hn. Cng vi s hiu qu hn
43
trong s dng ph tn hu hn ca cc nh khai thc, LTE cho mt mi trng
dch v di ng hp dn v phong ph hn.
3GPP LTE l mt trong s 5 chun khng dy trong 3.9G, cc chun
3.9 G khc l:
3GPP HSPA+
3GPP EDGE Evolution
3GPP2 UMB
Mobile WiMAX (IEEE 802.16m)
Tt c u c chung mc ch v mt ci thin hiu qu s dng ph tn vi
h thng c rng bng ln nht cung cp tc cao nht thng qua vic s
dng cc s iu ch bc cao hn v cng ngh a n ten, t phn tp thu v
pht c bn n phn tp khng gian MIMO.
c im ca LTE
- Hot ng bng tn 700MHz-2,6GHz
- Tc :
Downlink: 100Mbps ( bng thng 20MHz)
Uplink: 50 Mbps vi 2 anten thu v 1 anten pht
- tr: nh hn 5ms
- rng bng thng linh hot: 1,4 MHz; 3MHz; 5MHz; 10MHz;
15MHz; 20MHz. H tr c hai trng hp di bng ln v xung bng nhau
hoc khng.
- Tnh di ng: Tc di chuyn ti u l 0 15 km/h nhng vn hot
ng tt vi tc di chuyn t 15-120 km/h, c th ln n 500 km/h ty bng
tn.
- Ph tn s:
Hot ng ch FDD hoc TDD
ph sng t 5 100 km
Dung lng 200 user/cell bng tn 5MHz
- Cht lng dch v:
H tr tnh nng m bo cht lng dch v QoS
44
VoIP m bo cht lng m thanh tt, tr ti thiu thng qua mng
UMTS
- Lin kt mng:
Kh nng lin kt vi cc h thng UTRAN/GERAN hin c v cc
h thng khng thuc 3GPP cng s c m bo.
Thi gian tr trong vic truyn ti gia E-UTRAN v
UTRAN/GERAN s nh hn 300ms cho cc dch v thi gian thc v 500ms
cho cc dch v cn li.
- Chi ph: chi ph trin khai v vn hnh bo dng gim
Bng thng linh hot trong vng t 1,4 MHz n 20 MHz, iu ny c
ngha l n c th hot ng trong cc di bng tn ca 3GPP. Trong thc t,
hiu sut thc s ca LTE ty thuc vo bng thng ch nh cho cc dch v v
khng c s la chn cho ph tn ca chnh n. iu ny gip ng k cho cc
nh khai thc trong chin lc v kinh t v k thut. Trin khai ti cc tn s
cao, LTE l chin lc hp dn tp trung vo dung lng mng, trong khi ti cc
tn s thp n c th cung cp vng bao ph khp ni. Mng LTE c th hot
ng trong bt c di tn c s dng no ca 3GPP. N bao gm bng tn li
ca IMT-2000 v di m rng (2.5 GHz), cng nh ti 850 900 MHz, 1800
MHz, ph AWS (1,7-2,1 GHz)Bng tn ch nh di 5MHz c nh ngha
bi IUT th ph hp vi dch v IMT trong khi cc bng tn ln hn 5MHz th s
dng cho cc dch v c tc cc cao. Tnh linh hot v bng tn ca LTE c
th cho php cc nh sn xut pht trin LTE trong nhng bng tn tn ti ca
h.
3.1.2. K thut pht phn tp trong LTE
Ngay t u, LTE h tr a anten c trm gc v my u cui di ng
nh mt thnh phn khng th thiu. Trong nhiu kha cnh, vic s dng k
thut a anten rt quan trng t c hiu nng LTE. a anten c th c
s dng trong nhiu cch khc nhau vi mc ch khc nhau.
45
MIMO l mt phn tt yu ca LTE t c cc yu cu y tham
vng v thng lng v hiu qu s dng ph. MIMO cho php s dng nhiu
anten my pht v my thu. Vi hng downlink, MIMO 2x2 (2 anten pht v
2 anten thu) c xem l cu hnh c bn, v MIMO 4x4 cng c cp v
a vo bng c t k thut chi tit. Hiu nng t c ty thuc vo vic s
dng MIMO. Trong k thut ghp knh khng gian v pht phn tp l cc
c tnh ni bt trong cng ngh LTE
Hnh 3.1. M hnh a anten trong mng LTE
Trong h thng MIMO, b pht gi cc dng d liu qua cc anten pht.
Cc dng d liu pht thng qua ma trn knh truyn bao gm nhiu ng
truyn gia cc anten pht v cc anten thu. Sau thu nhn cc vector tn hiu
t cc anten thu, gii m thnh thng tin gc.
i vi tuyn xung, cu hnh hai anten trm pht v hai anten thu
thit b u cui di ng l cu hnh c bn, cu hnh s dng 4 anten ang c
xem xt. y chnh l cu hnh SU-MIMO, v s dng k thut ghp knh khng
gian li th hn cc k thut khc l trong cng iu kin v bng thng s dng
v k thut iu ch tn hiu, SU cho php tng tc d liu bng s ln ca s
lng anten pht.
46
Ghp knh khng gian cho php pht chui bit d liu khc nhau trn
cng mt khi ti nguyn tuyn xung. Nhng dng d liu ny c th l mt
ngi s dng SU-MIMO hoc nhng ngi dng khc nhau MU-MIMO. Trong
khi SU-MIMO tng tc d liu cho mt ngi dng, MU-MIMO cho php
tng dung lng. Da vo hnh 4.3, ghp knh khng gian li dng cc hng
khng gian ca knh truyn v tuyn cho php pht cc d liu khc nhau trn
hai anten.
Hnh 3.2. Ghp knh khng gian
K thut phn tp c bit n t WCDMA release 99 v cng s l
mt phn ca LTE. Thng thng, tn hiu trc khi pht c m ha tng
hiu ng phn tp. MIMO c s dng khai thc vic phn tp v mc tiu
l lm tng tc . Vic chuyn i gia MIMO truyn phn tp v ghp knh
khng gian c th ty thuc vo vic s dng knh tn s.
Trong trng hp tng qut s c hai t m, N
L
lp v N
A
anten vi N
L

2 v N
A
N
L
. Trong hnh v m t trng hp ba lp N
L
= 3 v bn anten N
A
=
4. Ta thy l t m u tin c sp xp vo lp u tin, trong khi , t m
th hai c sp xp vo lp th hai v ba. Do , s k hiu iu ch t m
th hai s gp i t m th nht m bo s k hiu bng nhau trn mi lp.
Tng tin m ha sau s p dng ma trn tin m ha W kch thc N
L
x N
A
cho vector
_
i
v
mi lp.
47
Hnh 3.3 . Ghp knh khng gian trong khung hot ng a anten LTE
(N
L
=3, N
A
=4)
Nhn chung ghp knh khng gian LTE thc hin ch yu l tin m ha
da vo bng m (codebook), c ngha l i vi mt s anten NA v mt s lp
N
L
, s c mt tp cc ma trn tin m ha c a ra la chn cho ph hp.
Bng m cho trng hp hai anten pht ca LTE c a ra trong bng hnh 4.4
48
Hnh 3.4. Bng m tin m ha cho trng hp hai anten pht
Da vo cc thng s o c trn tn hiu tham chiu ng xung cc
anten khc nhau, my u cui di ng quyt nh s lp (hng) thch hp v ma
trn tin m ha tng ng. Sau , cc thng tin ny s c bo co cho mng.
Mng s thu nhn cc thng tin ny nhng khng cn ph thuc vo n khi quyt
nh la chon hng v tp ma trn tin m ha s c s dng cho truyn dn
ng xung thc t. Mng thng quyt nh chn mt tp hp cc ma trn tin
m ha hn l bo co t my u cui di ng, cho nn mng cn bo hiu mt
cch r rng v ma trn tin m ha c s dng.
Mt phng php tng t c s dng vi trng hp to bp a anten
ng xung, da trn cc thng s o c t tn hiu tham chiu ng xung
49
ca cc anten khc nhau, my u cui quyt nh la chn vector tin m ha
(vector to bp) thch hp v bo co cho mng. Mng s thu nhn cc thng tin
ny nhng khng cn ph thuc vo n khi quyt nh la chn vector tin m
ha s c s dng cho truyn dn ng xung thc t. Cng ging nh ghp
knh khng gian, mng phi bo hiu r rng vector to bp sng s dng i
vi my u cui.
3.2. Pht phn tp trong mng Wimax
3.2.1. Gii thiu Wimax
Wimax (Wordwide Interoperability for Microware Access) l mt cng
ngh truy nhp khng dy bng rng (Broadband Wireless Access - BWA) vi
kh nng cung cp ng truyn s liu vi tc ln n 70Mb/s v vi bn
knh ph sng ca mt trm anten pht ln n 50km/s.
Hnh 3.5. M hnh ng dng a anten trong Wimax
Cng ngh Wimax da trn c s tng thch ton cu c kt hp bi
tiu chun 802.16 v ETSI HiperMAN. y l cc tiu chun cho mng Wireless
MAN (mng th khng dy). Wimax c nh v di tr da theo chun
802.16d, Wimax di ng theo chun 802.16e. Chun Wimax c nh h tr tc

50
d liu nh 70Mb/s, m bo tc tiu chun ln hn 30Mb/s. Chun Wimax
di ng cho thu bao di chuyn tc cao h tr truy nhp tc d liu nh
30Mb/s m bo tc tiu chun ln hn 5Mb/s. Wimax c th hot ng trong
tm nhn thng (LOS- Light of Sight) vi di tn 10-66GHz hay khng trong tm
nhn thng (NLOS- None Light of Sight) vi di tn 2-11GHz. Truyn sng
khng nm trong tm nhn thng Nlos th khng yu cu my pht v my thu
phi nhn thy nhau. Trn mt ng truyn Nlos tn hiu thu bng tng ca tt
c cc tn hiu nhn c t cc ng phn x, tn x, nng lng tn xCn
truyn sng trong tm nhn thng Los th yu cu tn hiu truyn t my pht ti
my thu i theo ng trc tip v khng c chng ngi vt gia my pht v
my thu.
Cng ngh ny c th c s dng thay th cc ng chuyn DSL,
ADSL, ng cp hu tuyn bng truy nhp khng dy,lm trm chuyn tip
(backhaul) cho mng Wifi, h tr v b sung cho cc dch v in thoi di ng,
cung cp cc kt ni bng rng di ng vi rt nhiu dch v khc nhau.
3.2.2. c im ca Wimax
- Phm vi ph sng ca mt BS trn l thuyt c th ln ti 50km.
- Tc truyn d liu c th thay i, ti a 70Mb/s.
- Hot ng trong c hai mi trng truyn dn: ng truyn tm nhn
thng LOS v ng truyn khng trong tm nhn thng NLOS.
- Di tn lm vic 2-11GHz cho ng truyn khng trong tm nhn thng
NLOS v t 10-66GHz cho ng truyn trong tm nhn thng LOS.
- Bng thng mm do, c th cho php thay i t 1,75MHz n 20MHz.
- K thut QoS (cht lng dch v) trong Wimax cho php h tr nhiu
loi dch v, m bo cht lng dch v ti u nht.
- Giao din v tuyn s dng cng ngh OFDM (ghp knh phn chia theo
tn s trc giao). OFDM trong Wimax s dng tng cng 2048 sng mang, trong
51
c 1536 sng mang, cho php nhiu thu bao c th truy nhp ng thi mt
hay nhiu knh mt cch linh hot m bo ti u hiu qu s dng bng tn.
- Trn mi sng mang ph s dng phng thc iu ch nhiu mc thch
ng t BPSK, QPSK n 64-QAM kt hp cc phng php sa li d liu nh
ngu nhin ha, vi m ha sa li Reed Solomon, m xon t l m t 1/2 n
7/8 m bo cht lng thng tin.
- a truy nhp OFDMA, ch song cng cho php s dng c hai cng
ngh song cng phn chia theo thi gian TDD (time division duplex) v song
cng phn chia theo tn s FDD (frequency division duplex) cho vic phn chia
truyn dn ca ng ln (uplink) v ng xung (downlink)
- Tnh bo mt cao, h tr chun m mt d liu DES (Data Encryption
Standard) v chun m mt tin tin AES (Advance Encryption Standard) cho
qu trnh bo mt
3.2.3. ng dng a anten pht trong Wimax
M ha khng gian thi gian (STC Space Time Coding) l k thut thc
hin phn tp pht (Transmission diversity). Wimax s dng k thut phn tp
pht trn ng Dowlink phn tp tng phn nhm tng cng cht lng tn
hiu truyn n mt thu bao c th nm ti bt c im no trong di chm tia
anten pht ra.
Mc d cung cp li tn hiu thp hn beam-forming nhng i vi
ngi s dng di ng th s phn tp pht cng cn thit hn bi v n khng
yu cu cc kin thc hiu bit trc v c tnh truyn dn ca knh tn s c
th ca mt thu bao.
Cng ngh STC c bit n nh m ha Alamouti c cng b vo nm
1998 v n hp nht vi chun Wimax.
M ha STC
S Alamouti c bn pht hai k hiu phc s
0
v s
1
, s dng knh a u
vo mt u ra (MISO 2Tx v 1 Rx) hai ln vi cc gi tr knh gi tr h
0
v h
1
.
52

Hnh 3.7. M hnh 2 anten pht 1 anten thu
Trong khe thi gian th nht anten Tx0 pht s
0
v anten Tx1

pht s
1
. Trong
khe thi gian th hai anten Tx1 pht
*
1
s v anten Tx0 pht
*
0
s
.
Bng 1
Quy lut m ha khng gian thi gian
Anten 0 Anten 1
Thi gian t
0
s
s
1
Thi gian t+1
*
1
s
*
0
s
Pha thu, trong khe thi gian th nht tn hiu nhn c l:
0 1 1 0 0 0
n s h s h y + +
1
*
0 1
*
1 0 1
n s h s h y + +
Gii m STC
Trng hp, MISO 2 anten pht, 1 anten thu sau khi bn thu thu c tn
hiu s c gii m nh sau:
~
0
s
= (
2
0

+
2
1
)
*
1 1 0
*
0 0
n h n h s + +
~
1
s
= (
2
0

+
2
1
)
0
*
1
*
1 0 1
n h n h s +
Nhn xt:
53
C nhiu thun li trong vic s dng k thut a anten hn k thut n
anten:
Mng li: li thu c bng cch s dng nhiu anten v vy
tn hiu thm mch lc.
Phn tp li: li thu c bng cch tn dng a ng dn v
vy xc sut mi ng dn u hng t khi xy ra. Thc t, phn tp li c
lin quan ti cng ngh ca my pht v my thu t c a looks ti knh
fading. Cc s ny ang ci thin hot ng bng cch tng tin cy ca
cng tn hiu thu c trong tn hiu v tuyn c fading hin din. Phn tp
c th c khai thc trong khng gian (anten), thi gian, hoc kch thc ph
tn s.
Loi b c can nhiu ng knh (CCIR): y l s loi b cc tn
hiu bng cch s dng knh khc nhau p ng can nhiu.
Mt s chung cho c hai mng li v phn tp li l t hp vi t
s ti a: kt ni a ng thu dn n t s tn hiu trn nhiu (SNR) ln nht.
Chn phn tp, bng cch khc, ch yu gii thiu phn tp li; cc tn hiu
khng c kt ni, ng hn l tn hiu t anten tt nht c chn.
Vi Wimax, h thng MIMO n gin nht thc t l m STC a u vo
mt u ra MISO c gi l m Alamouti. thc hin h thng ny cn 2
anten trm gc (BS). M Alamouti cung cp li phn tp truyn ln nht cho
2 anten. S phn tp truyn khc nhau l phn tp tr chu k. Mt li th chnh
ca phn tp truyn l c th c thc hin ti trm gc, nn chi ph u t tp
trung vo trm gc, vic m rng cc trm thu bao ph s tr nn d dng hn
(u t t, k thut khng phc tp), cho php cc sn phm dng 802.11 thm
nhp vo th trng nhanh chng hn.
Tm tt
Mi cng ngh u c th mnh ring ca n. LTE v Wimax cng vy.
Wimax c th l s la chn ph hp cho vic cung cp Internet bng rng tc
54
cao v mt s dch v cn bng thng khc mt s v tr nht nh no .
Cn vi LTE, li th v tnh k tha th h trc l mt th mnh. V thc t cho
thy rng LTE ang tn dng tt iu . thi im ny c th khng nh rng
LTE ang trn thng th.
PH LC
Chng trnh code m phng
55
clear
N = 10^6 % number of bits or symbols
% Transmitter
ip = rand(1,N)>0.5; % generating 0,1 with equal probability
s = 2*ip-1; % BPSK modulation 0 -> -1; 1 -> 0
Eb_N0_dB = [-3:15]; % multiple Eb/N0 values
nRt = [1 2 3 4]; % so anten phat
for jj = 1:length(nRt)
for ii = 1:length(Eb_N0_dB)
n = 1/sqrt(2)*[randn(nRt(jj),N) + j*randn(nRt(jj),N)];
% Noise addition
y = ones(nRt(jj),1)*s + 10^(-Eb_N0_dB(ii)/20)*n;
% equalization
yHat = sum(y,1)/nRt(jj);
% receiver - hard decision decoding
ipHat = real(yHat)>0;
% counting the errors
nErr(jj,ii) = size(find([ip- ipHat]),2);
end
TheoryBerAWGN(jj,:) =
0.5*erfc(sqrt(nRt(jj)*10.^(Eb_N0_dB/10))); % theoretical ber
end
SimBer = nErr/N; % Simulated ber
close all
figure
semilogy(Eb_N0_dB,TheoryBerAWGN(1,:),'g-^','LineWidth',2);
hold on
semilogy(Eb_N0_dB,TheoryBerAWGN(2,:),'c-<','LineWidth',2);
semilogy(Eb_N0_dB,TheoryBerAWGN(3,:),'y->','LineWidth',2);
semilogy(Eb_N0_dB,TheoryBerAWGN(4,:),'b+-','LineWidth',2);
%semilogy(Eb_N0_dB,SimBer(4,:),'ko-','LineWidth',2);
axis([-3 12 10^-6 0.5])
grid on
legend('(Rt=1,Rx=1)','(Rt=2,Rx=1)','(Rt=3,Rx=1','(Rt=4,Rx=1)');
xlabel('Eb/No, dB');
ylabel('Bit Error Rate');
title('SO SANH BER TRUONG HOP DA ANTEN PHAT ');
TNG KT
56
Sau mt thi gian nghin cu tm hiu cng vi s gip tn tnh ca
thy gio Hong Quang Trung, ti Nghin cu cc k thut phn tp pht
v ng dng trong thng tin v tuyn t c nhng ni dung sau:
Tng quan v thng tin v tuyn: chng ny em i nghin cu v cc
knh thng tin v tuyn nh knh tp m AWGN, knh fading a ng, knh
Rayleigh, knh Rice t c th phn bit c c im ca tng knh vai tr
ca tng knh trong thng tin v tuyn.
Cc k thut phn tp pht: y l chng chnh em i tm hiu v cc k
thut phn tp pht nh phn tp pht t l ti a, phn tp pht gi chm, phn
tp pht khng gian hiu c tng k thut phn tp pht, u im, lm sao
c th nng cao dung lng, tc truyn d liu.
ng dng k thut phn tp pht trong thng tin v tuyn: c th p
ng c nhu cu truy nhp mng a phng tin bng rng cho ngi s dng.
Hng pht trin ca ti Nghin cu cc k thut phn tp pht l ta c
th nghin cu k thut phn tp pht kt hp vi k thut phn tp thu, hay
chnh l MIMO, nng cao khng nhng li phn tp, m cn nng cao
li m ha.
Do thi lng v kin thc cn hn ch nn ti khng trnh khi nhng
sai st, em rt mong c s ng gp kin ca thy c gio v cc bn. Cui
cng em xin gi li cm n c bit n thy gio Thc s Hong Quang
Trung gip tn tnh cho em c th hon thnh ti ny. Em xin cm n
n gia nh v bn b lun bn cnh ng vin.
Em xin chn thnh cm n!
TI LIU THAM KHO
57
[1]. Trn Xun Nam M phng cc h thng x l tn hiu khng gian thi
gian s dng MATLAB B mn Thng tin, Khoa v tuyn in t - hc vin
K thut qun s.
[2]. TS. Phan Hng Phng, KS. Lm Chi Thng K thut phn tp anten
trong ci thin dung lng h thng MIMO
[3]. http://www.dsplog.com/2008/10/16/alamouti-stbc/
[4].http://www.dsplog.com/2009/03/15/alamouti-stbc-2-receive-antenna/
[5].http://www.dsplog.com/db-install/wp-
content/uploads/2008/08/script_ber_bpsk_awgn_receive_diversity.m
[6].KS. Mai Hng Anh - "Phn tp pht s dng m khi khng gian thi gian
cu trc trc giao

NHN XT CA GIO VIN HNG DN
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im ca gio vin hng dn

Thi Nguyn, ngythng 3 nm 2013
Ch k
59