BI TP I S TUYN TNH

CHNG 1: H PHNG TRNH TUYN TNH

1/ Gii cc h phng trnh tuyn tnh thc AX = B di y (nghim duy nht) v tm hng ca A :
a)
2 4 31
2 5 29
3 10
2 7 8
x y z
y z x
z x y
z y x
+ + =

+ + =

+ =

+ =

b)
3 5
2 2
5 7
3 3 2 14
x y z
z x y
y z x
z y x
+ + =

+ + =

+ + =

+ + =

c)
2 3 1
3 2 6
2 3 4
3 2 4
x y z t
y z t x
t x y z
z t x y
+ + + =

+ =

+ =

+ + =

d)
2 3 2 1
2 2 3 2
2 2 3 5
2 3 2 11
x y z t
z x t y
y t x z
t z y x
+ + =

+ + =

+ + =

+ + =

2/ Gii cc h phng trnh tuyn tnh thc AX = B di y (v nghim) v tm hng ca A :
a)
3 1
2 2 1
3
2 3 1
x y z
y z x
z x y
y x z
+ =

+ =

+ + =

+ =

b)
2 1
2 5 1
2 8 3 2 2
3 2 4
x y z t
t x y z
z t x y
y z t x
+ + =

+ + =

+ =

+ + =

c)
2 5 3 5
3 3 7 1
2 6 9 5 7
6 4 3 8
x y z t
z x t y
t z y x
y t x z
+ + =

+ =

+ + =

+ + =

d)
2 2 1
2 2 1
7 5 10 4 5 1
7 2 7 11 14 1
x y z t u
t z u y x
u z y x t
z x t u y
+ + =

+ + =

+ + =

+ + =

3/ Gii cc h phng trnh tuyn tnh thc AX = B di y (v s nghim) v tm hng ca A :
a)
3 2 0
3 2 0
5 4 3 0
4 17 0
x y z
z x y
y z x
z y x
+ =

+ + =

+ + =

+ =

b)
3 4 5 7 0
16 4 11 13 0
3 2 2 3 0
2 3 7 0
x y z t
t x y z
z t x y
y z t x
+ + =

+ + =

+ =

+ + + =

c)
2 3 1
3 2 4 2
4 2 2
2 5 8 2
x y z t
z x t y
y t x z
t z y x
+ =

+ =

+ =

+ + =

d)
3 3 7 3 6 3
4 3 2 2 2
3 5 3 3 2 1
8 2 3 9 2 2
x y z t u
t z u y x
u z y x t
z x t u y
+ + + =

+ + + + =

+ =

+ + + =

e)
2 2 7 3 1
6 5 15 3 4 2
5 2 4 1
20 14 8 16 50 7
x y z t u
y u t x z
t x y z u
u z x y t
+ + =

+ + + =

+ + =

+ + + =

f)
2 2 1
2 2 1
7 5 10 4 5 1
7 11 2 7 14 1
x y z t u
z x t u y
u z y x t
t u x z y
+ + =

+ + =

+ + =

+ + + =

4/ Gii v bin lun cc h phng trnh tuyn tnh thc AX = B di y theo cc tham s thc
m,a,b,c v d ri tm hng ca A :
a)
3 8 3
5 2 5
13 19 5 4 2
x y z t
z x t y m
t z y x
+ + =

+ =

+ =

b)
3 4 4 17 11 7
8 5 27 6 18 10
3 12 2 2 8 5
19 2 5 3 13 8
x y z t m
z x t y m
y t x z m
t z y x m
+ + = +

+ + = +

+ + = +

+ + + = +

c)
2
2 1
3 4 2 2
4
3 4 6 4
x y z t
z x t y
y t x z m
mt z y x m m
+ + =

+ + + =

+ + =

+ + = +

d)
2
2 2 2 3
3 2 1
2 5 2 2 1
x y z t u m
t z x u y m
u x t y z m
z u y x t m
+ + =

+ + =

+ + = +

+ + =

e)
2 2 3
6 13 8 3 5
4 8 5
5 3 2 4 3
x y z t u a
y u t x z b
t x y z u c
u z x y t d
+ + + =

+ + + =

+ + + =

+ =

f)
3 12
2 2 3
2 3 9
2 21
x y z t
z x t y
y x z
mt z y x
+ + =

+ + + =

+ + =

+ + =

g)
1
2 3 3
3 2
x y z
mz x y
my z x
+ =

+ + =

+ + =

h)
2 2
2 1
7 5
x y z t m
t z y x m
y t x z m
+ + =

+ + = +

+ =

i)
1
( 1)
1
x y z m
m z mx y m
my z x
+ + = +

+ + =

+ + =

j)
3 1
2 1
3 2
x y z
mz x y m
my z x
+ =

+ + = +

+ + =

CHNG 2: TNH TON MA TRN V MA TRN VUNG KH NGHCH

1/Cho cc ma trn thc A =
1 0 1
2 1 3
| |
|
\
, B =
1 2
3 1
2 4
4 1
| |
|

|
|
|
\
, C =
1 2 1
3 1 0
2 1 0
| |
|
|
|

\
v D =
1 0 2 1
3 1 0 4
2 3 1 2
| |
|
|
|

\
.
Tnh E = CDBA, F = DBAC v G = ACDB .

2/ Tnh A
k
theo k nguyn 0 nu A l mt trong cc ma trn thc sau :

2 1
3 2
| |
|

\

0
1
a
b
| |
|
\

cos sin
sin cos
x x
x x
| |
|
\
1 1 1
1 1 1
1 1 1
| |
|
|
|
\

1 0 1
0 0 1
1 0 1
| |
|
|
|
\

1 1 0
0 1 1
0 0 1
| |
|
|
|
\

1 1 1
0 1 1
0 0 1
| |
|
|
|
\

0 1 sin
1 0 cos
sin cos 0
t
t
t t
| |
|

|
|

\


3/ Cho a thc thc f(x) = 2x
3
5x
2
+ 4x 3. Tnh ma trn f(A) nu A =
2 4
3 2
| |
|
\
hay A =
1 1
3 2
| |
|

\
.

4/ Gii cc phng trnh ma trn thc sau ( X l ma trn n phi tm ) :

a)
1 1 2
4 0 3
| |
|
\
X =
3 1
4 5
| |
|
\
b) X
1 4
0 2
3 5
| |
|
|
|

\
=
4 1
2 3
| |
|

\
c)
1 2
3 4
| |
|

\
X = X
1 2
3 4
| |
|

\
d) X
2
= I
2


e) X
1 2
2 3
| |
|
\
X
2 1
1 1
| |
|

\
=
1 1
1 0
| |
|

\
f)
2 1
1 2
| |
|
\
X X
1 1
1 1
| |
|

\
=
1 1
1 1
| |
|

\
g) X
2
= X ( X M
2
(R) )
h)
2 3
5 4
| |
|

\
X + X
t

3 1
4 2
| |
|

\
=
7 8
11 8
| |
|

\
i)
3 4
1 2
| |
|

\
X
t
+ X
2 5
3 4
| |
|
\
=
7 11
8 8
| |
|
\


5/ Cho cc ma trn thc A =
0 1
0 0
| |
|
\
, B =
0 0
1 0
| |
|
\
, C =
1 0
0 1
| |
|

\
v D =
1 0
1 1
| |
|

\
.
Chng minh (AB)
n
A
n
B
n
v (CD)
n
C
n
D
n
n nguyn 2.

6/ Cho A, B, C M
n
(R) v s nguyn k 1 .
a) Khai trin (5A 2B + 3C)(6B C 4A)(2C + 3A + B) .
b) Gi s A
2
= A. Khai trin v rt gn (ABA AB)
2
v (ABA BA)
2
.
c) Gi s C
2
= I
n
. Tnh C
k
.
d) Gi s A
2
= A v B = (2A I
n
). Tnh A
k
v B
k
.
e) Gi s A
2
= O
n
v C = (A + I
n
). Tnh C
k
v S
k
= I
n
+ C + C
2
+ + C
k
.
f) Gi s A
k
= O
n
v AB = BA. Tnh (AB)
k
v A
m
vi m nguyn k .
g) Gi s AB = O
n
.Chng minh (BA)
m
= O
n
m nguyn 2. Cho v d thy c th BA

O
n
.
h) Gi s A
3
= O
n
= B
4
v AB = BA. Chng minh (cA + dB)
6
= O
n
c,d R.
Tng qut ha kt qu trn khi c r, s nguyn 1 tha A
r
= O
n
= B
s
v AB = BA.
i) K hiu Tr l hm vt (trace) ly tng cc h s trn ng cho chnh ca mt ma trn vung.
Chng minh Tr(A B) = Tr(A) Tr(B) v Tr(AB) = Tr(BA). Suy ra (AB BA) cI
n
c R \ {0}
.

7/ Dng phng php Gauss - Jordan xt tnh kh nghch ca cc ma trn thc sau v tm ma trn nghch
o ca chng ( nu c ) :

a)
2 0 3
2 1 3
1 2 2
| |
|
|
|
\
b)
2 3 4
2 2 3
3 4 6
| |
|

|
|

\
c)
1 3 1
1 1 3
1 2 1
| |
|

|
|
\
d)
13 8 12
12 7 12
6 4 5
| |
|

|
|

\
e)
1 2 2
2 1 2
3 1 4
| |
|

|
|

\
f)
2 3 3
1 1 2
5 7 4
| |
|

|
|

\

A B C D E F
g) T tnh nhanh (4A)
1
, (A
t
)
1
, (2
1
A
1
)
1
,
(A
3
)
1
, (A
4
)
1
, (BA)
1
, (A
1
B)
1
,
(AB
1
)
1
v (B
1
A
1
)
1
.

8/ Cho A,B M
n
(R) .
a) Gi s A kh nghch. Chng minh (A
1
BA)
k
= A
1
B
k
A k 1.
Chng minh (A + B) kh nghch ( I
n
+ A
1
B ) kh nghch ( I
n
+ BA
1
) kh nghch
b) Gi s A
9
= A
20
= I
n
. Chng minh A = I
n
.
c) Gi s A
2
B
3
= A
3
B
7
= B
8
A
4
= I
n
. Chng minh A = I
n
= B.

9/ p dng ma trn kh nghch gii cc phng trnh ma trn thc sau ( X l ma trn n phi tm ) :

a)
5 2
3 1
| |
|
\
X =
4 0 1
1 2 5
| |
|
\
b) X
3 1 4
4 1 6
2 0 3
| |
|

|
|

\
=
1 8 2
7 0 3
| |
|

\
c)
7 4
5 3
| |
|

\
X
4 3
5 4
| |
|

\
=
1 6
0 2
| |
|
\


d)
2 0 3
2 1 3
1 2 2
| |
|

|
|
\
X =
4 0
1 1
3 2
| |
|

|
|

\
e) X
2 1
5 2
| |
|
\
=
3 3
0 1
2 4
| |
|
|
|

\
f )
2 1 2
1 3 7
7 1 4
| |
|

|
|

\
X
3 4
2 3
| |
|

\
=
3 1
0 2
2 1
| |
|
|
|

\


g)
3 2
4 3
| |
|

\
X
5 1
5 1
| |
|

\
=
4
2 5
6 7

| |
|

\
h)
3
2 3 3
1 1 2
5 7 4
| |
|

|
|

\
X
5
2 3 4
2 2 3
3 4 6
| |
|

|
|

\
=
2
1 3 1
1 1 3
1 2 1
| |
|

|
|
\


10/ Cho A, B, C M
n
(R), s nguyn k 1 v c,d R.
a) Gi s A
k
= O
n
v L = ( I
n
+ A + A
2
+ + A
k 1
).
Chng minh H = ( I
n
A ) kh nghch v H
1
= L.
Suy ra K = ( I
n
+ A ) cng kh nghch v tnh K
1
theo A.
b) Gi s A
2
= cA v cd 1. t Q = ( I
n

1
d
cd +
A ).
Chng minh P = ( I
n
+ dA ) kh nghch v P
1
= Q.
c) Gi s A, B, C kh nghch.
Tm X v Y nu A
5
XB
6
= 7A
3
C
2
B
4
v A
9
C
8
YB
4
C
2
= 2A
9
C
5
A
7
B
1
C
2
.






CHNG 3: NH THC CA MA TRN VUNG

1/ Tnh cc nh thc sau :
a)
2 1 4
6 3 2
4 1 2

b)
3 2 (1 ) 7
4 5(1 ) 2
2 4( 1) 4
m m m m
m
m

c)
2 3 2 1
3 2 1 2
2 1 2 3
1 2 3 2

d)
3 3 5 8
3 2 4 6
2 5 7 5
4( ) 3( ) 5 ( ) 6( )
a
b b ab b
a
b a a b a a b b a






2/ Khi no cc ma trn thc sau c nh thc bng 0 ?
a)
1
1
1
x x
x x
x x

b)
3
2 1 3
3 1 1
x x
x

+
c)
3
3
3
1
1
1
x x
a a
b b
d)
2 3
2 3
2 3
1
1
1
x x
a a
b b
e)
a b c
b c a
c a b
f)
0
0
0
0
a b c
a c b
b c a
c b a

g)
1 1 1
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 0
a
b
c
d
h)
a x x b
x a b x
x b a x
b x x a
i)
2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2
( 1) ( 2) ( 3)
( 1) ( 2) ( 3)
( 1) ( 2) ( 3)
( 1) ( 2) ( 3)
a a a a
b b b b
c c c c
d d d d
+ + +
+ + +
+ + +
+ + +
j)
1
1
1
2
a b c
c a b
b c a
a b b c c a + + +


3/ Dng phng php nh thc xt tnh kh nghch ca cc ma trn thc sau v tm ma trn nghch o
( nu c ) ca chng :

a)
1 5 3
2 1 1
4 2 1
| |
|

|
|
\
b)
2 3 3
1 4 2
1 2 4
| |
|

|
|

\
c)
2 6 6
5 1 4
1 2 2
| |
|

|
|

\
d)
13 12 6
8 7 4
12 12 5
| |
|

|
|

\
e)
5 2 1
7 3 1
4 3 2
| |
|

|
|

\
f)
2 5 8
1 1 5
3 5 3
| |
|

|
|

\


4/ Khi no cc ma trn thc sau kh nghch v tm ma trn nghch ca chng lc :
a)
1 3 2
3 7 5
2 1
m
m m
| |
|
+
|
|

\
b)
3 1 2
1 1
3 3 3
m
m m
m m m
+ | |
|

|
|
+ +
\
c) 1 1 1
a b c
bc ac ab
| |
|
|
|
\
d)
1 1 sin
1 1 cos
sin cos 1
a
a
a a
| |
|

|
|

\


5/ Gii cc h phng trnh tuyn tnh thc sau bng qui tc CRAMER :
a)
1 1 1 11
4 4 1 22
2 3 1 11
| |
|

|
|

\
b)
3 2 0 7
0 3 2 6
2 0 3 1
| |
|

|
|

\
c)
2 1 2 5
4 1 2 1
8 1 1 5
| |
|
|
|

\
d)
2 1 1 1
2 4 5 15
3 5 6 19
| |
|

|
|

\


6/ Gii v bin lun cc h phng tnh tuyn tnh thc sau bng qui tc CRAMER :
a)
1 1
1
m
m m
| |
|
\
b)
2 1
2 1 0
m m m
m
| + + |
|
+
\
c)
1 1 2
1 1 0
m m
m
| + + |
|
+
\
d)
2 5 9
3 4 1
m m
m m
| + |
|

\


e)
1 3 5 1
2 1 2 0
3 1 3 4 2
m
m m
| |
|
|
|
+
\
f)
1 1 3 1
2 4 4 2 1
3 1 9 0
m
m
m
| |
|

|
|
+
\
g)
1 1 3 1
2 1 1
1 3 2
m m
m
| |
|
+
|
|
\
h)
2
1 1 1
1 0
1 1
m
m m
m m
| |
|
|
|

\

CHNG 4: KHNG GIAN VECTOR R
n

1/ Tp hp no di y l khng gian vector con ca R
3
( hay R
4
hay R
5
) ? Ti sao ?
a) W = { X = (x,y,z) R
3
/ 2x | y | + 3z = 0 } b) W = { X = (x,y,z) R
3
/ xy + yz + zx = 0 }
c) W = { X = (x,y,z) R
3
/ y 4x + 3z = 0 = 5x + 8y 7z }
d) W = { X = (x,y,z,t) R
4
/ x y + 9z = 3t x z = 2t 7y 5z = 8x + 4y t }
e) W = { X = (x,y,z,t) R
4
/ x + 5y 2z 4t 0 } f) W = { X = (x,y,z,t) R
4
/ x
2
y + 3z t
3
1 }
g) W = { X = (x,y,z,t) R
4
/ (5x + 4y + z 6t)
2
+ (9x y + 7z + 2t)
2
+ (8x 6y + 3z t)
2
0 }
h) W = { X = (x,y,z,t,u) R
5
/ 3x = 2y = 6z = 9t = 4u }

2/ Khi no = (u,v,w) ( hay = (u,v,w,t)) W = < S > nu
a) S = { X = (1,1,2), Y = (2,3,3) } R
3
b) S = { X = (3,1,1), Y = (1,5,7), Z = (1,2,3) } R
3

c) S = { X = (1,2,1,0), Y = (2,1,0,1), Z = (0,1, 2,1) } R
4

d) S = { X = (2,1,3,1), Y = (1,4,0,3), Z = (3,6,6,5), T = (2,1,3,1) } R
4


3/ Xt tnh c lp tuyn tnh hay ph thuc tuyn tnh ca cc tp hp di y :
a) S = { X = (3,1,1), Y = (1,5,7), Z = (1,2,3), T = (9,0,4) } R
3

b) S = { X = (3,2,7,1), Y = (9,6,21,3) } R
4
c) S = { X = (2,1,0,9), Y = (5,7,3,4) } R
4

d) S = { X = (1,1,7,2), Y = (5,1,1,18), Z = (5,2,8,16) } R
4

e) S = { X = (1,2,3,4), Y = (3,3,5,1), Z = (5,8,13,6) } R
4

f) S = { X = (1,2, 3m + 1), Y = (3,1,m 3), Z = (m + 5, 2,4) } R
3


4/ Tp hp no di y l c s ca R
3
? ( s = sinx v c = cosx )
a) S = { X = (3,2,7), Y = (8,2,3) } b) S = { X = (1,1,7), Y = (5,1,1), Z = (5,2,8), T = (4,0,3) }
c) S = { X = (3,2,1), Y = (2,1,1), Z = (12, 1,1) } d) S = { X = (2,3,1), Y = (4,5,2), Z = (5,7,3) }
e) S = { X = (1,1,c), Y = (1,1,s), Z = (s,c,1) } f) S = { X = (0,1,s), Y = (1,0,c), Z = (s,c,0) }

5/ Tm mt c s T cho khng gian W = < S > V ( V = R
3
hay R
4
) ri cho bit khi no = (u,v,w)
( hay = (u,v,w,t) ) W ? Nu W V, hy b sung thm cc vector vo T c mt c s Z ca V
a) S = { X = (1,2,3), Y = (2,1,4), Z = (3,0,5), T = (2,7,8) } R
3

b) S = { X = (2,3,1), Y = (3,1, 5), Z = (1,5,3) } R
3

c) S = { X = (1,2,4,0), Y = (2,3,3,1), Z = (1,4,2,3), T = (1,9,3,5) } R
4

d) S = { X = (2,17,43,12), Y = (0,5,5,2), Z = (1,11,19,7), T = (1,1,29,3) } R
4


6/ Ch ra mt tp sinh hu hn S cho W thy W V ( V = R
3
hay R
4
) .
Sau tm mt c s T cho W = < S > ri cho bit khi no = (u,v,w) ( hay = (u,v,w,t)) W ?
Nu W V, hy b sung thm cc vector vo T c mt c s Z ca V.
a) W = { X = (a 2b 3c + 2d, 2a b + 7d, 3a + 4b + 5c 8d) / a,b,c,d R }
b) W = { X = (2a + 3b + c, 3a b 5c, a + 5b 3c) / a,b,c R }
c) W = { X = (u + 2v + w t, 2u + 3v 4w + 9t, 4u + 3v + 2w + 3t, 5t v 3w) / u,v,w,t R }
d) W = { X = (2u w + t, 5v 17u + 11w t, 5v + 43u 19w + 29t, 2v 12u + 7w 3t) / u,v,w,t R }

7/ Tm mt c s T cho khng gian W = { X R
n
/ AX = O }( n = 4 hay 5 ) nu A l
a)
1 2 5 7
2 3 3 20
3 7 22 15
| |
|

|
|
\
b)
1 2 1 1 1
2 1 1 2 3
3 2 1 1 2
| |
|

|
|

\
c)
1 6 8 5
2 1 3 3
3 2 4 5
3 8 2 11
| |
|

|
|

|

\
d)
1 3 2 1 7
2 1 1 3 1
3 2 5 8 12
3 1 4 7 9
| |
|

|
|

|

\

Nu W R
n
, hy b sung thm cc vector vo T c mt c s Z ca R
n
.
8/ Kim tra S v T l cc c s ca R
3
ri vit P(S T) v P(T S) .

Tm X, [ X ]
T
, [ Y ]
S
, [ Y ]
T
, Z v [ Z ]
S
nu
a) S = { X
1
= (1,1,2), X
2
= (2,1, 2), X
3
= (1,0,3) }, T = { Y
1
= (2,5,2), Y
2
= (2,1,3), Y
3
= (1,2, 2) }
[ X ]
S
=
2
1
3
| |
|

|
|
\
, Y = (4,1, 2) v [ Z ]
T
=
3
0
1
| |
|
|
|
\

b) S = { X
1
= (1,1,0), X
2
= (0,1,1), X
3
= (1,0,1) }, T = { Y
1
= (1,0,0), Y
2
= (1,1,0), Y
3
= (1,1,1) }
[ X ]
S
=
1
5
1
| |
|

|
|

\
, Y = (3,4,0) v [ Z ]
T
=
2
2
3
| |
|

|
|
\


9/ Cho S = { X , Y , Z } l mt c s ca R
3
v T = { E, F, G } R
3
.
Kim tra T cng l mt c s ca R
3
ri vit P(S T) v P(T S) nu
a) E = 2X 2Y 3Z, F = 3X + 2Y + 4Z v G = 4X + 3Y + 6Z.
b) X = E F + G, Y = 3E F + 2G v Z = E + 3F + G.

10/ Cho S = { X = (a,c), Y = (b,d) } R
2
tha ab + cd = 0 v a
2
+ c
2
= 1 = b
2
+ d
2
.
Chng minh S l mt c s ca khng gian vector R
2
. Tm [ Z ]
S
nu Z = (u,v) R
2
.

11/ Cho V = R
3
( hay V = R
4
) v X = (u,v,w) ( hay X = (u,v,w,t)) V. Xt S,T V v W = < S > V.
Tm iu kin X W ri gii thch S v T l cc c s ca W. Tnh [ X ]
S
( khi X W ) v vit
ma trn P(S T). T suy ra P(T S) v [ X ]
T
.
a) S = { Y = (3,2,1), Z = (1,1,2) } v T = { E = (1,4,5), F = (2,3,3) }
b) S = { Y = (1,1,1,0), Z = (2,3,4,1), U = (1,4,3,2) } v
T = { E = (1,1,1,1), F = (2,7,0,3), G = (3,8,1,3) }

12/ Cho H,K R
4
v cc ma trn thc

A =
2 1 5 1
2 2 7 2
4 3 12 3
4 4 17 4
| |
|
|
|
|
\
B =
1 2 3 5
1 3 13 22
3 5 1 2
2 3 4 7
| |
|

|
|

\
v C =
1 1 5 6
2 2 9 13
3 3 14 19
5 5 23 32
| |
|

|
|

|

\

Tm mt c s cho H, K, ( H + K ) v ( H K ) nu

a) H = < S >, K = < T > , S = { Y = (1,2,0,1), Z = (1,1,1,0) } v T = { E = (1,0,1,0), F = (1,3,0,1) }
b) H = < S >, K = < T > , S = { Y = (1,2,1,0), Z = (2,1,0,1), U = (1,1,1,1), P = (1,1,1,1) } v
T = { E = (1,2,0,1), F = (2,1,3,1), G = (7,8,9,5) }.
c) H = < S >, K = < T > , S = { Y = (1,1,1,1), Z = (1,1,1,1), U = (1,3,1,3) } v
T = { E = (1,2,0,2), F = (1,2,1,2), G = (3,1,3,1) }.
d) H = < S >, S = { Y = (3,6,0,2), Z = (1,1,3,3), U = (2,3,2,4), E = (5,9,2,6) } v
K = { X R
4
/ AX = O }.
e) H = { X R
4
/ BX = O } v K = { X R
4
/ CX = O }.

13/ Cho H, K R
n
. t L = ( H K ) R
n
.
a) Chng minh L R
n
( H K hay K H ) .
b) Cho mt v d c th m trong L khng phi l mt khng gian con ca R
n
.

CHNG 5: NH X TUYN TNH

1/ R
2
, R
3
v R
4
c cc c s chnh tc ln lt l A, B v C.
a) Cho f(u,v,w) = (u2v+3w, vw+3u, 4w2u3v, 5u3v+5w) (u,v,w) R
3
. Gii thch f L(R
3
, R
4
)
v vit [ f ]
B,C
. Tm mt c s cho mi khng gian Im(f) v Ker(f). Khi no Y = (x,y,z,t) Im(f) ?
b) Gii thch D = {
1
= (4,3),
2
= (3,2) } v E = {
1
= (1,2,2),
2
= (3,2,3),
3
= (2,3,3) } ln
lt l cc c s ca R
2
v R
3
. Xt g, h L(R
2
, R
3
) c [ g ]
A,B
=
1 3
0 2
2 1
| |
|
|
|

\
v [ h ]
D,E
=
4 1
2 5
3 0
| |
|

|
|
\
.
Tm biu thc ca g v vit [ g ]
D,B ,
[ g ]
A,E
v [ g ]
D,E
.
c) Vit [ h ]
D,B ,
[ h ]
A,E
v [ h ]
A,B
ri suy ra biu thc ca h.

2/ R
2
, R
3
v R
4
c cc c s chnh tc ln lt l A, B v C.
a) Cho f(u,v,w,t) = (2v+4wu3t, 2u+v2w+5t, 3u+4v+7t) (u,v,w,t) R
4
. Gii thch f L(R
4
, R
3
)
v vit [ f ]
C,B
. Tm mt c s cho mi khng gian Im(f) v Ker(f). Khi no Y = (x,y,z) Im(f) ?
b) Gii thch D = {
1
= (5,2),
2
= (3,1) } v E = {
1
= (5,1,3),
2
= (3,1,2),
3
= (1,0,1) } ln lt
l cc c s ca R
2
v R
3
. Xt g,h L(R
3
, R
2
) c [ g ]
B,A
=
1 1 2
2 3 0
| |
|

\
v [ h ]
E,D
=
3 0 5
1 2 1
| |
|

\

Tm biu thc ca g v vit [ g ]
B,D ,
[ g ]
E,A
v [ g ]
E,D
.
c) Vit [ h ]
B,D ,
[ h ]
E,A
v [ h ]
B,A
ri suy ra biu thc ca h.

3/ R
3
c c s chnh tc l B.
a) Cho f(u,v,w) = (u3w+3v, v+w+2u, 10u12w) (u,v,w) R
3
. Gii thch f L(R
3
) v vit [ f ]
B
.
Tm mt c s cho mi khng gian Im(f) v Ker(f). Khi no Y = (x,y,z) Im(f) ?
b) Gii thch E = {
1
= (1,0,2),
2
= (2,2,1),
3
= (3,3,2) } l mt c s ca R
3
. Xt g, h L(R
3
) c
[ g ]
B
=
1 2 3
1 0 2
2 1 1
| |
|

|
|
\
v [ h ]
E
=
2 1 0
3 2 1
0 3 1
| |
|

|
|

\
. Tm biu thc ca g v vit [ g ]
E
,
B ,
[ g ]
B,E
v [ g ]
E

c) Vit [ h ]
B ,
[ h ]
B,E
v [ h ]
E,B
ri suy ra biu thc ca h. Xc nh cc khng gian Im(h) v Ker(h).

4/ R
3
c c s chnh tc l B.
a) Cho f(u,v,w) = (u+2w+3v, 4v+w+2u, 3u+7v+3w) (u,v,w) R
3
. Gii thch f L(R
3
) v vit [ f ]
B

Tm mt c s cho mi khng gian Im(f) v Ker(f). Khi no Y = (x,y,z) Im(f) ?
b) Gii thch E = {
1
= (3,0,2),
2
= (4,1,3),
3
= (6,1,4) } l mt c s ca R
3
. Xt g, h L(R
3
) c
[ g ]
B
=
3 1 0
2 4 1
2 1 3
| |
|
|
|

\
v [ h ]
E
=
4 1 0
2 3 2
1 0 3
| |
|

|
|

\
. Tm biu thc ca g v vit [ g ]
E
,
B ,
[ g ]
B,E
v [ g ]
E

c) Vit [ h ]
B ,
[ h ]
B,E
v [ h ]
E,B
ri suy ra biu thc ca h. Xc nh cc khng gian Im(h) v Ker(h).

5/ R
3
v R
4
c cc c s chnh tc ln lt l B v C.
a) Gii thch E = {
1
= (2,1,5),
2
= (1,0,1),
3
= (4,2,1) } l mt c s ca R
3
.
Tm [ ]
E
nu = (u,v,w) R
3
.
b) Cho
1
= (2,3,1),
2
= (1,0,3) v
3
= (3,4,1) R
3
.
Tm f L(R
3
) tha f(
j
) =
j
j = 1,2,3 ( dng [ ]
E
hay [ f ]
E
,
B
) .
c) Cho
1
= (1,1,0,1),
2
= (2,1,3,0) v
3
= (3,0,4,1) R
4
.
Tm g L(R
3
, R
4
) tha g(
j
) =
j
j = 1,2,3 ( dng [ ]
E
hay [ g ]
E
,
C
) .