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A system has three conducting surfaces which extend from 1 to +1 in the z direction. The rst lies in the xz plane extending from y = 0 to y = 1 and is maintained at potential = 0. The second, parallel to this is at x = L and also extends from y = 0 to y = 1 and is maintained at = 0. The third surface lies between these in the xz plane and has potential (x; 0; z ) = f (x). Find the surface charge density on the face at x = 0.
Solution:
The solution for the potential in the region between conductors was found in the text to be
An sin nLx e n n=1 2ZL where An = L f (x) sin nLx u1 (x; y) = u2 = constant
1 X
y=L
The potential inside the conductors (for example where x < 0) is The surface charge density along the face x = 0 is given by (0; y) =
+ (En En )
where En are the normal components of the eld on the -(+) sides of the y axis. Using (1) and (3) in (4) we obtain = = 2 where An = L ( @u1 @x
x=0 1 X n An cos n=1 L Z L n
+ @u2 @x
f (x) sin
n x e L x L
1
x=0
)
n y=L x=0
n An e n=1 L
1 X
n y=L
L n=odd e
n y=L
We can simplify further by summing the in nite, geometric series to obtain = = 2 L sinh Ly 4 e y=L L 1 e 2 y=L
Solution:
a) The solution for the potential in the region between conductors was found in the text to be X A1 ( )e x + A2 ( )e x (5) u(x; y; z) =
2 + 2 + 2 =0
B1 ( )e y + B2 ( )e C1( )e z + C2 ( )e
y z
When we have no z dependence then = 0. If we take = i and then the solution can be written as ih i Xh u(x; y) = a1 ( )ei x + a2 ( )e i x b1 ( )e y + b2 ( )e y (9) (10)
Introduce boundary condition that u(x; 0) = 0 and we see that b1 ( )+ b2 ( ) = 0 and so the solution becomes i Xh u(x; y) = a ei x + b e i x sinh y (11) where we absorb b1 and b2 into a and b . The boundary condition u(x; a) = 0 then gives = in =a where n is an integer in the range 0 to 1. So we have
u(x; y) =
Xh
An e
n x=a + B en x=a n
sin na y
(12)
u(0; y) = u(a; y) = +
= =
X X
(An + Bn ) sin na y
An e
+ Bn en sin na y
The coe cients in (13) and (13) are found from 2 Z a sin n y dy = 2 (cos n 1)13) ( A n + Bn = a a n Z a 2 1) sin na y dy = n (cos n (14) Ane n + Bnen = +2 a For n even, both An and Bn = 0. For n odd, solving we obtain An sinh n = 4 e+n =2 cosh n2 ; An = 8 e+n =2 sinh n2 n n 4 e n =2 cosh n ; B = + 8 e n =2 sinh n Bn sinh n = + n n 2 n 2 Finally, substitute into (12)
u(x; y) = 2
n odd
Ex =
= =
@u @x x=y=:5a
x a n
2
sin na y
Ey = Ez =
1) 2
1 sinh n2
x=y=:5a
Solution:
Start with Laplace's equation
r u(x; y; z) = 0
2
d2 X (x) = dx2
= 0
2 Y ; d dy(y) = 2
2 Z ; d dz(z ) = 2
(18) (19)
Solving each of the equations (18) we obtain the most general solution of this type:
u(x; y; z) = P + + = 0; ; 1; ; 1; ; 1
1 2
x2 + 1 x +
2
y + 1y + 1 2 z + 1z + 2
1 2
(20)
u = A + B ln 1 X + Am
m + Bm m
+ Dm sin m )
where m is a positive integer and covers its whole possible range. (Hint: u must be single valued.)
Solution:
This is a problem in cylindrical coordinates with no z dependence. Laplace's equation in cylindrical coordinates is
@u + 1 @ 2 u + @ 2 u = 0 (24) 2 @ 2 @ @z2 Planar problems with no z dependence omit the z term. Take a solution of the form u( ; ) = R( ) ( ). Insert this into Laplace's equation, divide through by u and multiply by 2 d dR + d2 = 0 (25) Rd d d 2
r u = 1 @@
2
For this to hold at all and both terms in (25) must be constant. De ne the constant to be m2 and obtain
d Rd
dR d
= m2 ; d d = e im 7
2 2
= m2 (26)
Since u must be single valued then ( +2n ) = ( ) where n is any integer. This means that m must also be an integer in the range 0 to 1. Turning to the R equation we have
d d
For m = 0 this is
dR d
m2 = 0
(27)
d d
dR d
dR = K a constant d
P+1
(n2 m2 ) n n = 0 so that n =
m
(Cm cos m + Dm sin m )
u( ; ) = K ln +
1 X
m=0
Am
m + Bm m
Solution:
a) This is a problem in cylindrical coordinates with no z dependence. The most general solution for the potential u is therefore
u( ; ) = K ln + constant +
1 X
m=0
Am
m + Bm m
u( = a; =2 u( = a; =2
Condition (30) leads immediately to K = 0 and Bm = 0 for all m so that u( = 0) is nite. We may also choose the constant to be zero so we have a solution
u( ; ) =
1 X
m=0
m (E cos m m
+ Fm sin m )
(31)
u( = a; cos > 0) = u( = a; ) =
1 X
m=0
(32) (33)
Em am
= =
=2 =2
cos m d
u( ; ) = 4
( 1)(m 1)=2
modd
cos m
~ ru
=0
^ a x
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Solution:
a) The current density (A m 2 ) is ~ J = A(x3 x + y3 y + z3 z ) ^ ^ ^ so the units for A are A m 5 . b) The equation of continuity gives
2
At the point (2,-1,4) this is 63A. c) The total charge within a sphere centred at the origin with radius a is
~ ~ r J + @ =0 @t @ = r J = 3A(x + y + z ) ~ ~ so that @t
2 2
Q = @t
(x; y; z )d
= =
@t Z 2 2 2 2 d 3A (x + y + z )d = 3A
Z
+1 1
d cos
r2 r2 dr
Solution:
This is a problem with a steady current in a l.i.h. conducting medium so that Laplace's equation holds for the potential u within. We rst nd the ~ ~ potential and then Jf = ( ru). We have a problem with symmetry about the z axis. r2u(x; y; z) = 0 in sherical coordinates with no dependence. The general solution is of the form
u(r; ) =
1 X
l=0
There are two regions. u1 is the potential inside the sphere and u2 is the potential outside. For this problem we only need to nd u1 . The boundary conditions are that: u1 (a; ) = u2 (a; ) = cos (34) u1 = nite everywhere (35) u2 = 0 at r ! 1 (36) (35) clearly makes all Bl = 0 and (34) makes
Therefore
Al = 0 (l 6= 1) ; A1 = a Therefore u1 (r; ) = ar = az ~ Jf =
^ a z 12
J ~ ~ w = Jf E = E 2 = f
is integrated over the total volume of a uniform conductor, the total rate of production of heat can be written as I 2 R.
Solution:
The rate of production of heat was written as
J ~ ~ w = Jf E = E 2 = f
~ ~ where for a l.i.h. conductor Jf and E are parallel. Integrating over the volume of the conductor we get W=
Z
wd
~ ~ Jf Ed
W =
= I 2R
13
Solution:
We have (for l.i.h. materials):
~ ~ ~ ~ D = E and J = E
therefore the ratio = has the same dimensions as
~ D ~ J ~ J has units C s
1
m 2 and ~ ~ r D =
f
~ This last equation tells us that D has units C m 2 . Therefore the ratio = 2 1 2 has units (C m )/(C s m )=s.
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