Giao trnh CP THOAT NC

Nguyn nh Hun = 9 = HBKN

l l l l NHU LRU B TlEU LHURN 0UNU NUUL NHU LRU B TlEU LHURN 0UNU NUUL NHU LRU B TlEU LHURN 0UNU NUUL NHU LRU B TlEU LHURN 0UNU NUUL
1/ NHU CU DUNG N C :
Khi thit k cac HTCN cho mt i tng cu th cn phai nghin cu tnh toan tho a
man cac nhu cu dung nc cho cac muc ch sau y:
- Nc dung cho sinh hoat (n ung, tm ra, git du,...) trong cac nha va trong ca c
XNCN.
- Nc dung ti ng, quang trng, vn hoa, cy canh,...
- Nc dung san xut cua cac XNCN ong trong a ban khu vc o.
- Nc dung cha cha y.
- Nc dung cho cac nhu cu c bit khac (k ca n c dung cho ban thn nha may
nc, nc dung cho ca c h thng x ly nc tha i, nc do r va nc d phong cho cac nhu
cu kha c cha tnh ht c...).
2/ TIU CHUN DU NG NC & CA CH XA C NH TIU CHUN DUNG NC:
Tiu chun dung nc la lng nc bnh qun tnh cho mt n v tiu thu trn mt
n v thi gian hay mt n v san phm, tnh bng l/ngi-ngay, l/ngi-ca san xut hay
l/n v san phm.
Tiu chun dung nc sinh hoat cho khu dn c co th xac nh theo i tng s
dung nc , theo mc trang b thit b v sinh (mc tin nghi) hay theo s tng nha.
Theo tiu chun 20 TCN 33-85 th tiu chun dung nc sinh hoat cho dn c co th xac nh
theo cac bang di y:
Bang 1: Tiu chun dung nc sinh hoat theo i tng s dung:
DI TUONG SU DU NG TIU CHUN BINH
QUN (l/nguoi-ngay)
H S KHNG
DIU HOA GIO
(Kgio)
Tha nh ph ln, thanh ph du lch, ngh mat, khu
cng nghip ln
200 - 250 1,5 - 1,4
Thanh ph, th xa va va nho, khu cng nghip nho 150 - 200 1,7 - 1,5
Th trn, trung tm cng nng nghip, cng ng
nghip
80 - 120 2,0 - 1,7
Nng thn 25 - 50 2,5 - 2,0
Giao trnh CP THOAT NC
Nguyn nh Hun = 10 = HBKN
Bang 2: Tiu chun dung nc sinh hoat theo mc tin nghi cac nha :
MUC D TI N NGHI CAC NHA O TIU CHUN BINH
QUN (l/nguoi-ngay)
H S KHNG
DIU HOA GIO
(Kgio)
Nha co voi nc ring, khng co cac thit b v sinh 60 - 100 2,0 - 1,8
Nha co thit b v sinh, tm hng sen va h thng
thoat nc bn trong
100 - 150 1,8 - 1,7
Nha co thit b v sinh, chu tm va h thng thoat
nc bn trong
150 - 250 1,7 - 1,4
Nh trn va co nc nong tm cuc b 200 - 300 1,3 - 1,5
Khi cha co s liu cu th v mt dn c phn loai theo mc tin nghi, co th ly
tiu chun bnh qun nh sau:
+ Nha 1, 2 tng : 80 - 120 l/ngi-ngay.
+ Nha t 3 - 5 tng : 120 - 180 l/ngi-ngay.
+ Khu du lch, ngh mat, khach san cao cp va cac khu c bit khac, tuy theo mc
tin nghi ly t 180 - 400 l/ngi-ngay.
+ i vi nhng khu dung nc voi cng cng: 40 - 60 l/ngi-ngay.
+ i vi ca c im dn c nng nghip co mt 350 ngi/ha vi s dn di 3000
ngi: 40 - 50 l/ ngi-ngay. Vi s dn trn 3000 ngi ly tiu chun: 50 - 60 l/ngi-ngay.
Cho phep thay i tiu chun dung nc sinh hoat cua im dn c trong khoang 10 -
20% tuy theo iu kin kh hu, mc tin nghi va ca c iu kin a phng khac nhau.
Trong ca c tiu chun a nu, co hai gia tr gii han: gii han di (thp) se ap dung cho ca c
vung cao, mt phn vung trung du va mt phn nho vung ng bng ngheo nc, con gii han
trn ap dung cho cac khu dn c mi xy dng, vung ng bng, trung du, duyn hai, vung
anh hng cua gio nong co nhit trung bnh cao, cac th xa, tha nh ph,...
Tiu chun dung nc cho nhu cu n ung va sinh hoat cho cng nhn trong cac
XNCN phu thuc vao lng nhit toa ra nhiu hay t trong cac phn xng san xut , xac nh
theo bang 3 sau y:
Bang 3 : Tiu chun dung n c cho cng nhn.
LOAI PHN XUONG TIU CHUN
(l/nguoi-ngay)
H S KHNG
DIU HOA GIO
(Kgio)
Phn xng toa nhit > 20 Kcal/m
3
gi 45 2,5
Cac phn xng khac 25 3,0
Tiu chun dung nc t m sau ca san xut c qui nh la 300 l/gi cho mt b voi
tm hng sen vi thi gian tm la 45 phut. S vo i tm tnh theo s lng cng nhn trong ca
ng nht va c im v sinh cua qua trnh san xut, co th ly theo bang 4 di y:


Giao trnh CP THOAT NC
Nguyn nh Hun = 11 = HBKN
Bang 4 : S voi tm theo s lng cng nhn.
NHOM QUA
TRINH SAN
XUT
DC DIM V SINH CUA QUA TRINH
SAN XU T
S NGUOI SU DUNG TINH CHO
MT B VO I HUONG SEN
(Nguoi)
I a/ Khng lam bn qun ao, tay chn 30
II b/ Co lam bn qun ao, tay chn 14
c/ Co dung nc 10
d/ Thai nhiu bui va cac cht bn c 6
Tiu chun dung nc ti phu thuc vao loai mt ng, cy trng, c im kh
hu, phng tin ti (c gii, thu cng) ly t 0,3 - 6 l/m
2
cho mt ln ti theo bang 5 di
y. S ln ti cn xa c nh theo iu kin tng a phng. Khi thiu ca c s liu qui hoa ch
(ng i, cy xanh, v n m...) th lu lng nc dung ti co th tnh theo dn s, ly
khoang 8 -12% tiu chu n cp nc sinh hoat (tuy theo iu kin kh hu, ngun nc, mc
hoan thin cua cac khu dn c va cac iu kin t nhin khac).
Bang 5 : Lu lng dung ti, ra.
MUC DICH DUNG NUOC DON VJ TINH TIU CHUN (l/m
2
)
Ra c gii mt ng va quang trng a hoan
thin
1 ln ra 1,2 - 1,5
Ti c gii mt ng, quang trng a hoan
thin
1 ln ti 0,3 - 0,4
Ti thu cng (co ng mm) va he, mt ng
a hoan thin
1 ln ti 0,4 - 0,5
Ti cy xanh th 1 ln ti 3,0 - 4,0
Ti tham co va bn hoa 1 ln ti 4,0 - 6,0
Ti cy trong vn m cac loai 1 ngay 6,0
Tiu chun dung n c cho san xut cua cac XNCN c xa c nh theo n v san
phm (1 tn kim loai, 1 tn si, 1 tn lng thc,...) do cac chuyn gia cng ngh, thit k hay
quan ly cac XNCN o cung cp hoc co th tham khao cac tai liu a co v nganh cng
nghip o vi cung mt qui trnh cng ngh va cng sut tng t. Tuy nhin cung mt loai x
nghip nhng do dy chuyn cng ngh va trang thit b khac nhau, lng nc dung cho nhu
cu san xut co th khac nhau. Mt kha c, khi lp k hoach cho mt khu cng nghip nao o
th cac s liu v cng sut cua cac x nghip trong cac khu cng nghip cung nh qui trnh
cng ngh cua no thng cha co; do o tiu chun nc cho cac nganh san xut co th tnh
s b qua ln v din tch t c qui hoach cho tng loai nganh.
Bang 6: Tiu chun dung nc cho nhu cu san xut:
NGANH SAN XU T DON VJ DO TIU CHUN
(m
3
/1 don vj do)
CHU THICH
Nc lam lanh trong cac nha may nhit in 1000 KW/h 3 - 5
Tr s nho dung cho cng sut
nhit in ln
Nc cp cho ni hi nha may nhit in 1000 KW/h 0,015 - 0,04
Khai thac than 1 tn than 0,2 - 0,5
Lam giau than 1 tn than 0,3 - 0,7
Giao trnh CP THOAT NC
Nguyn nh Hun = 12 = HBKN
Nc vn chuyn than theo mang 1 tn than 1,5 - 3,0
Lam ngui lo Mactanh 1 tn the p 13 - 43
Cac xng can cng, uc thep 1 tn thep 6 - 25
Nc xy cac loai gach 1000 vin 0,1 - 0,2
Nc ra soi, cat btng 1 m
3
1 - 1,5
Nc phuc vu 1 m
3
btng 1 m
3
2,2 - 3,0
Nc san xut gach ngoi 1000 vin 0,7 - 1,2
Cac nha may c kh vi ng c izel m
3
/ha-gi 30 - 140
Xac nh theo ln din tch
cua loai XNCN
Cac nha may c kh khng co ng c izel - 5 -11 -
Nha may xa phong - 9 - 30 -
Dt nhum - 30 - 43 -
Ch bin sa dung nc tun hoan - 32 - 42 -
Ch bin nng san - 35 - 47 -
Ch bin thc phm - 25 - 42 -
San xut xy - 25 - 42 -
San xut, ch bin giy (25 M
3
/t) - 25 - 27 -
X nghip banh keo - 3 - 6 -
Dt si - 1,2 -
Nha may ng hin ai - 0,24 -
Nha may in sach bao - 1,4 - 2,0 -
...
Tiu chun cp nc ch a chay phu thuc vao qui m dn s, s tng nha, bc chu
la va ap lc cua mang li ng ng cp n c cha chay, co th ly t 10 - 80 l/s theo
TCVN 2622-78 bang 7 di y.
Bang 7: Tiu chun cp nc cha chay
S dn S dam Luu luong nuoc cho 1 dam chay (l/s)
(1000 nguoi) chay
dng
thoi
Nha 2 tng tro xung voi
bc chju lua
Nha hn hop cac
tng khng
phu thuc
Nha 3 tng tro
ln khng
phu thuc
I II III IV V bc chju lua bc chju lua
n 5 1 5 5 10 10
10 1 10 10 15 15
25 2 10 10 15 15
50 2 15 20 20 25
100 2 20 25 3 35
200 3 20 30 40
300 3 40 55
400 3 50 70
500 3 60 80
Lu lng nc dung cho ban thn nha may nc ly t 5 - 10% cng sut tram x ly
(tr s nho dung cho cac tram co cng sut ln hn 20000 m
3
/ngay). Nc do r, d phong co
th ly t 20 - 30% cng sut HTCN.


Giao trnh CP THOAT NC
Nguyn nh Hun = 13 = HBKN
ll ll ll ll LHE 0UNU NUUL LHE 0UNU NUUL LHE 0UNU NUUL LHE 0UNU NUUL HE 5 KHNU lEU HUR HE 5 KHNU lEU HUR HE 5 KHNU lEU HUR HE 5 KHNU lEU HUR
1/ CH DUNG N C:
Ch dung nc hay lng nc tiu thu tng gi trong ngay hoc tng ngay trong
nm la nhng thng s quan trong la chon cng sut may bm ca c tram bm va xa c
nh dung tch cac b cha cung nh ai nc trong HTCN. No c xy dng trn c s iu
tra thc nghim cho tng i tng hoc tng khu vc cp n c. Ch dung nc cu a ca c
th hoc khu dn c lun dao ng, khng iu hoa theo thi gian.
2/ H S KHNG IU HOA:
biu th s dao ng trong ch dung nc cua ca c th va khu cng nghip
ngi ta dung HSKH
1
, ky hiu la K va c phn thanh HSKH ngay va HSKH gi ln
nht va nho nht.
HSKH ngay ln nht (K
ngay.max
) va HSKH ngay nho nht (K
ngay.min
) la t s gia
lng nc tiu thu cua ngay dung n c ln nh t va nho nht so vi nga y dung nc trung
bnh trong nm. Con HSKH gi ln nht (K
gi.max
) va nho nht (K
gi.min
) la t s gia lng
nc tiu thu trong gi dung nc ln nht hay nho nht so vi gi dung nc trung bnh
trong ngay.
i vi cac th va khu dn c, HSKH c xa c nh nh sau:
K
ngay.max
= Q
max.ngay
/ Q
tb.ngay
= 1,2 1,4.
K
ngay.min
= Q
min.ngay
/ Q
tb.ngay
= 0,7 0,9.
K
gi.max
= Q
max.gi
/ Q
tb.gi
=
max
.
max
= 1,4 3,0
K
gi.min
= Q
min.gi
/ Q
tb.gi
=
min
.
min
= 0,04 0,6
Q
max
, Q
min
: Lu lng tnh toan nhiu nht va t nht cua ngay hoc gi trong nm.
Q
tb.ngay
: Lu lng nc tnh toan trong ngay dung nc trung bnh trong nm.
: H s k n m c tin nghi cua khu dn c va cac iu kin a phng khac nhau, co
th nh sau:
max
= 1,4 - 1,5 va
min
= 0,4 - 0,6.
: H s k n s dn trong khu dn c (phu thuc s dn), ly theo bang 8.
Bang 8: H s
S dn
(1000ng)
1 2 4 6 10 20 50 100 300 1000

max
2,0 1,8 1,6 1,4 1,3 1,2 1,15 1,1 1,05 1,0

min
0,1 0,15 0,2 0,25 0,4 0,5 0,6 0,7 0,85 1,0
HSKH phu thuc vao cach t chc i sng xa hi, ch lam vic cua cac x
nghip cng nghip , mc tin nghi cua khu dn c va s thay i ch dung nc cua
tng ni. Tiu chun dung nc cang cao th h s khng iu hoa cang th p.

1
HSKH: h s khng iu hoa
Giao trnh CP THOAT NC
Nguyn nh Hun = 14 = HBKN
i vi cac x nghip cng nghip , nc dung cho sinh hoat hang ngay c coi nh
thng xuyn iu hoa, nn HSKH ngay ly b ng 1 (K
ngay
= 1), con trong mt ngay th cac
gi trong ca khng u nhau nn HSKH gi kha c nhau va co th ly K
gi
= 2,5 - 3,0.
Nc dung cho san xut phu thuc vao dy chuyn cng ngh san xut nn HSKH
c xac nh cho tng x nghip mt.
Ch dung nc tng ngay co th biu din bng biu bc thang, biu tch
phn hoc bang thng k phn trm lu lng da vao HSKH gi. Biu phn b lu
lng tinh toan theo tng gi trong ngay c l p vi gia thit rng lu lng nc s dung
trong tng gi la khng thay i, tc la khng tnh n s thay i lng nc s dung trong
khoang mt gi. iu nay co th cho phep thc hin c v trong tnh toan thit k xy dng
cac cng trnh cp n c a co tnh n kha nng d tr mt lng nc nht nh, am bao
thoa man c nhu cu cua ngi tiu thu trong sut thi gian hoat ng cua cng trnh n
khi cai tao, m rng.
Bang 9: Phn b % lu lng theo gi trong ngay:
Gio trong Ch d dung nuoc (% Q ngay dm)
ngay Kgio 1,25 Kgio 1,35 Kgio 1,50 Kgio 1,70 Kgio 2,0
0-1 3,35 3,00 1,50 1,00 0,75
1-2 3,25 3,20 1,50 1,00 0,75
2-3 3,30 2,50 1,50 1,00 1,00
3-4 3,20 2,60 1,50 1,00 1,00
4-5 3,25 3,50 2,50 2,00 3,00
5-6 3,40 4,10 3,50 3,00 5,50
6-7 3,85 4,50 4,50 5,00 5,50
7-8 4,45 4,90 5,50 6,50 5,50
8-9 5,20 4,90 6,25 6,50 3,50
9-10 5,05 5,60 6,25 5,50 3,50
10-11 4,85 4,90 6,25 4,50 6,00
11-12 4,60 4,70 6,25 5,50 8,50
12-13 4,60 4,40 5,00 7,00 8,50
13-14 4,55 4,10 5,00 7,00 6,00
14-15 4,75 4,10 5,50 5,50 5,00
15-16 4,70 4,40 6,00 4,50 5,00
16-17 4,65 4,30 6,00 5,00 3,50
17-18 4,35 4,10 5,50 6,50 3,50
19-20 4,30 4,50 4,50 5,00 6,00
20-21 4,30 4,50 4,00 4,50 6,00
21-22 4,20 4,80 3,00 3,00 3,00
22-23 3,75 4,60 2,00 2,00 2,00
Giao trnh CP THOAT NC
Nguyn nh Hun = 15 = HBKN
23-24 3,70 3,30 1,50 1,00 1,00

Trn thc t, biu s dung nc trong ngay phan anh rt ro nhng s kin khac
nhau xay ra trong thanh ph hoc khu dn c, v du trong thi gian co ca c bui truyn hnh
hoc cac trn thi u th thao, trong cac ngay ngh l, ngh cui tun... lng nc c s
dung cung thay i nhiu.
Phn ln cac XNCN, l ng nc s dung hu nh iu hoa trong ngay. Vi c thay i
lng nc s dung thng xay ra theo mua do nhit cua ngun nc thay i va s cn
thit phai am bao hiu qua lam lanh cua cac thit b theo yu cu.

lll lll lll lll LNU 5URT LUR HTLN B LUU LUUNU TlNH TURN LNU 5URT LUR HTLN B LUU LUUNU TlNH TURN LNU 5URT LUR HTLN B LUU LUUNU TlNH TURN LNU 5URT LUR HTLN B LUU LUUNU TlNH TURN
Cng sut cua HTCN la tng lng nc do h thng phat ra cho tt ca ca c i tng
tiu thu trong mt ngay m (khng k lng n c dung cho ban thn nha may nc va lng
nc ro r), c xac nh theo cng thc:
Q
ht
= Q
sh.max
+ Q
k.max
, [m
3
/ngay].
Q
sh.max
: Tng lng nc dung cho sinh hoat trong ngay dung nc ln nht (nu thanh ph co
nhiu khu vc khac nhau th nhu cu cua thanh ph se la tng nhu cu cu a cac khu v c).
Q
k.max
: Tng lng nc du ng cho ca c nhu cu khac:
Q
k.max
= (Q
sx.max
+ Q
t i
+ Q
cc
+ ...)
Lu lng nc tnh toan (Q
tt
) la lng n c nga y ln nht trong nm, bao gm lu
lng nc dung cho sinh hoat cua khu dn c, lng nc dung cho sinh hoat cua cng nhn
trong cac XNCN, nc tm cua cng nhn sau ca lam vic, nc dung cho san xut cua cac
XNCN va nc dung cho cac nhu cu kha c. Tng loai c tnh nh sau:
al
II
rho sInh hoaI rua khu dn ru.
Q
sh.max
= K
ngay.max
.Q
tb.ngay
, [m
3
/ngay].
K
ngay.max
: HSKH ngay ln nht.
Q
tb.ngay
: Lu lng nc tnh toan trung bnh ngay trong nm cho nhu cu sinh hoat th,
c xac nh bng cng thc:
Q
tb.ngay
= (q
i
.N
i
/ 1000) , [m
3
/ngay].
q
i
: Tiu chun dung n c trung bnh cu a khu v c i (xac nh theo tiu chun 20 TCN33-85) ,
[l/ngi-ngay].
N
i
: Dn s tnh toan khu vc i , [ngi].
bl
II
rho nhu ru sInh hoaI rua rng nhn Irong rar Xh6h.
Q
tt.ngay
= 0,045.N
1
+ 0,025.N
2
, [m
3
/ngay].
N
1
, N
2
: S cng nhn trong cac phn xng nong, lanh cua XNCN, [ngi].
Giao trnh CP THOAT NC
Nguyn nh Hun = 16 = HBKN
rl Iuu Iuong nuor Im sau ra rua rng nhn Irong rar Xh6h.
Q
tm
= 0,3.n.c , [m
3
/ngay].
n : S b voi tm hng sen, phu thuc vao s ngi va iu kin v sinh trong XNCN.
c : S ca lam vic trong ngay.
dl Iuu Iuong nuor Inh Ioan rho rar nhu ru kha r (san xuI, IuoI, rhua rhay...).
Q
k.max
= q
i
.n
i
/1000 , [m
3
/ngay].
q
i
: Tiu chun nc cho mt n v san phm hay mt n v tnh noi chung (1/san phm).
n
i
: S san phm hay s n v tnh cua tng loai nhu cu trn.
Trong HTCN, i vi t ng hang muc cng trnh co lu lng tnh toan khac nhau. i
vi tram bm cp I va tram bm x ly phai tnh thm lng nc dung cho ban thn nha may
nc va lng nc ro r, tc la phai cng thm vao lu lng cua h thng 25-30% n a.
Tram bm cp II thng co lu lng nho hn tram bm cp I v no lam vic khng iu hoa
trong ngay va thng ba m sat nhu cu dung nc cua i tng tiu thu tn in nng
nn gia chung co b cha, do o lu lng tnh toan cho tram bm cp II va mang phn phi
thng c tnh cho 3 trng hp: khi h thng dung nc nhiu nht (Q
max
), khi h thng
dung nc t nht (Q
min
) va khi h thng co chay (Q
cc
). Lu lng tnh toan cua h thng khi
co chay se bng tng lu lng cua h thng trong trng hp dung nc nhiu nht cng vi
lu lng cha chay, trong o lu lng nc cha chay xa c nh theo cng thc:
Q
cc
= 3,6.n.q
c
, [m
3
/h]
n : S am chay xay ra ng thi.
q
c
: Tiu chun nc cho mt am chay, [l/s].

lV lV lV lV RP LUL LRN THlET LUR HE THNU LRP NUUL RP LUL LRN THlET LUR HE THNU LRP NUUL RP LUL LRN THlET LUR HE THNU LRP NUUL RP LUL LRN THlET LUR HE THNU LRP NUUL









Hnh Hnh Hnh Hnh 2 22 2. .. .1 11 1: : : : Ap lc cn thit cua nha Ap lc cn thit cua nha Ap lc cn thit cua nha Ap lc cn thit cua nha . .. .

H
c
t

H
h
h

H

H
t
d

h
1

h
2

h
3

Giao trnh CP THOAT NC
Nguyn nh Hun = 17 = HBKN
Mun xac nh ap lc cua h thng cp nc th cn phai xa c nh ap lc cua ngi
nha bt li nht (nm v tr cao nht, xa nht so vi tram bm cp II). i vi ngi nha bt
l i, am bao vn cp nc c bnh thng th ap lc n c cu a ng ng bn ngoai
phai co ap lc u a nc ln thit b dung nc cao nht cua nha. A p lc cn thit cu a
ng ng bn ngoai nha c xac nh theo cng thc:
H
ct
= H
hh
+ H
td
+ H , [m]
H
hh
: Chiu cao hnh hoc cua thit b ly nc v tr bt li cua ngi nha b t li:
H
hh
= h
1
+ (n-1).h
2
+ h
3
, [m].
h
1
: Chiu cao nn nha t ng 1 so vi ng ng bn ngoai, [m].
h
2
: Chiu cao tng tng nha , [m].
h
3
: Chiu cao t thit b v sinh so vi nn nha tng cao nht, [m].
n : S tng nha.
H
t
: Ap lc t do (tran d) cua thit b v sinh v tr bt li nht, [m].
H : Tn tht a p lc t im ly nc n thit b v sinh bt li, [m].
Theo tiu chun 20TCN 33-85, nha 1 tng phai co H
ct
>=10, trong trng hp c bit
cho phep H
ct
>=7m; nha 2 tng H
ct
=12m; nha 3 tng H
ct
=16m va tip tuc o khi tng 1 t ng th
ap lc cn thit tng thm 4m na.
Ngoai ra, co th xac nh H
ct
theo cng thc thc nghim: H
ct
= 4.(n+1).
Ap lc cn thit cu a XNCN san xut c xa c nh theo yu cu cng ngh san xut.
Thng thng, H
ct
se do tram bm cp II tao ra. i vi HTCN co ai i din, ap lc
cn thit nay se do ca tra m bm cp II va ai nc tao ra.

V V V V - -- - LlEN HE VE MRT R LlEN HE VE MRT R LlEN HE VE MRT R LlEN HE VE MRT RP LUL UlUR LRL L P LUL UlUR LRL L P LUL UlUR LRL L P LUL UlUR LRL LNU NU NU NU TRlNH TRUNU HE TRlNH TRUNU HE TRlNH TRUNU HE TRlNH TRUNU HE
THNU LRP NUUL THNU LRP NUUL THNU LRP NUUL THNU LRP NUUL
Gia cac cng trnh trong HTCN ngoai mi lin h v mt lu lng nh a nu
trong cac mu c trn con co s lin h cht che v mt ap lc. am bao cung cp n c c
lin tuc th ap lc cua bm hoc chiu cao ai nc phai u a nc ti v tr bt li nht
cua mang, tc la ngi nha xa nht, cao nht so vi tram bm, ai nc, ng thi phai co
mt ap lc t do cn thit a nc n ca c thi t b v sinh v tr bt li nht cu a ngi nha
(tc la am bao ap lc c n thit cua ngi nha bt li).
Ta se khao sat mi lin h v mt ap lc gia ngi nha bt li, ai nc va tram bm
cp II 3 tr ng hp sau y: - Khi ai nc u mang li.
- Khi ai nc cui ma ng li.
- Khi h thng co chay.



Giao trnh CP THOAT NC
Nguyn nh Hun = 18 = HBKN
1/ KHI AI NC U MANG LI:
Khi ai nc u mang li th nu bm a c nc ln ai th hoan toan cp
c nc cho ngi nha bt li, v vy ch cn xac nh ap lc nc cua bm a ln ai. Con
i vi ai nc phai co u cao cn thit c p cho ngi nha bt li dung nc mt cach
bnh thng.















Hnh Hnh Hnh Hnh 2 22 2. .. .2 22 2: : : : Ap lc h thng cp nc khi ai u mang Ap lc h thng cp nc khi ai u mang Ap lc h thng cp nc khi ai u mang Ap lc h thng cp nc khi ai u mang. .. .
T s trn ta co th tnh c chiu cao t ai (H

) va ap lc cng tac cua may

bm tram bm II (H
b
) theo cng thc sau:
H

= H
ct
+ h
1
+ Z
nh
- Z

, [m].
H
b
= H

+ h

+ h
2
+ h
3
+ Z

- Z
b
, [m].
H
ct
: Ap lc cn thit cu a ngi nha bt li, [m].
Z
nh
, Z

, Z
b
: Ct mt t cua ngi nha bt li, ni t ai va ni t tram bm, [m].
h
1
: tn tht ap lc trn ng ng t ai n ngi nha bt li, [m].
h
2
: tn tht ap lc trn ng ng t bm n ai, [m].
h
3
: tn tht ap lc trn ng ng hut (t b cha n tram bm), [m].
h

: chiu cao phn ch a nc trong bu ai, [m].

ai thng t nhng im cao, cang cao so vi im A th cang kinh t v gia
thanh xy dng se giam, tn tht ap lc se t hn va nng lng bm cung se t hn. Khi tnh
toan, nu chon c im t ai nc ma co H

= 0 th luc o ai nc se la mt b cha t
st trn mt t.
2/ KHI AI NC CUI MANG LI:
Co hai trng hp phai tnh toan: o la khi h thng dung nc nhiu nht vao ca c gi
cao im (Q
max
) va khi h thng dung nc t nht (Q
min
).
h
2

h

h
1

H
b

Nha bt
li
H

H
ct

Z

Z
nh

Z
b
0.00
B
Bm
ai
h
3

Giao trnh CP THOAT NC
Nguyn nh Hun = 19 = HBKN
al khI h Ihng dung nuor nhIu nhI (
max
).
Khi thanh ph dung nhiu nc, bm va a i cung co nhim vu cp nc cho nha. Tai
v tr bt li a, nc c cp t hai pha: t tram bm II va t ai. Mang li c chia thanh
hai phn theo mt ranh gii khng c nh do ch tiu thu nc thay i theo thi gian.
Khi tnh toan cn chon ngi nha bt li trn ng ranh gii o tm ap lc cn thit cua no
(H
ct
).










Hnh Hnh Hnh Hnh 2 22 2. .. .3 33 3: : : : Ap lc h thng cp nc khi ai cui mang Ap lc h thng cp nc khi ai cui mang Ap lc h thng cp nc khi ai cui mang Ap lc h thng cp nc khi ai cui mang. .. .
Sau khi xac nh c tn tht ap lc trong mang, bit ct mt t im bt li, ni
t ai va tram bm cp II, ta co th xac nh c chiu cao cua ai (H

) va ap lc cu a may
bm tram bm cp II (H
b
) theo cac cng th c sau:
H

= H
ct
+ h
1
+ Z
nh
- Z

, [m].
H
b(Qmax
)

= H
ct
+ h
2
+ h
3
+ Z
nh
- Z
b
, [m].
h
1
: tn tht ap lc t ai n nha bt li, [m].
h
2
: tn tht ap lc t bm n nha bt li, [m].
h
3
: tn tht ap lc trn ng ng hut t b n bm, [m].
Z
nh
, Z

, Z
b
: ct mt t cua nha, ai va bm, [m].
bl khI h Ihng dung nuor I nhI (mIn).
Khi thanh ph dung t nc (ban m), mt phn nc do tram bm cp cho sinh hoat
cua thanh ph con mt phn d tha chay xuyn qua mang ln ai d tr . Bm phai co u
ap lc a nc ln ai, ng o ap se la mt ng dc lin tuc t tram bm n ai, luc
o ap lc cua bm se la:
H
b(Qmin)
= H

+ h

+ h
4
+ Z

- Z
b
, [m].
h
4
: tn tht ap lc trong mang t tram bm n ai, [m].

H
b
(
Q
m
i
n
)

h

h
2

H

H
b
(
Q
m
a
x
)

H
ct

Z

Ct qui
Z
b

Z
nh

a
h
1

0,00
h
3

h
4

Giao trnh CP THOAT NC
Nguyn nh Hun = 20 = HBKN
3/ TRNG HP H THNG CO CHAY:
Khi xet mi lin h v mt ap lc gia cac cng trnh trong h thng khi co chay ta
cung phai xem ai u hay cui mang li va h thng cp nc cha chay la a p lc cao
hay thp.
H thng thng cp nuoc chua chay ap luc cao la h thng ma khi co chay th ap lc
cn thit cac hong cha chay ngoai ph phai u sc trc tip dp tt cac am chay im
cao va xa nht trong nha bt li, tc la h thng phai co ap lc thng c sc can trong ca c
ng vai ga va tao ra c ct nc c co ap lc ti thiu 10m u voi phun cha chay tai v
tr bt li nht cua h thng. Ap lc nay se do cac bm cha chay t sn tram bm cp II
tao ra. H thng na y t dung v khng kinh t, chi ph in nng cao, ng ng ln,... i khi
s dung trong cac h thng cp nc cng nghip.
H thng cp nuoc chua chay ap luc thp la h thng ma khi co chay th ap lc cn
thit dp tt ca c am chay se do cac may bm cha chay cua ca c i lu ng cha chay
tao ra, con ap lc cac hong cha chay ngoai ph ch cn 10m (trong trng hp c bit
cho phep >7m) giup bm cha chay thng c sc can thuy lc ban u va tranh vic tao
ra chn khng trong ma ng li ng ng, nc bn se chui vao... i vi cac khu dn c
thng s dung h thng cha chay ap lc thp na y.
Theo qui nh chung, khi thit k HTCN, cac am chay c tnh trong nhng gi cao
im vi gia thit la xay ra im bt li nht cua h thng. ng knh cac ng trong mang
li c tnh toan vi ch cng tac bnh thng. Khi cung cp thm lu lng cha
chay th vn t c chuyn ng cua n c trong ng se tng ln va nh vy tn tht ap lc trong
mang cung se tng ln.
Ta ch khao sat di y ch cng ta c cu a h thng cha chay ap lc th p.
al khI 4aI o 4u mang IuoI.












Hnh Hnh Hnh Hnh 2 22 2. .. .4 44 4: : : : Ap lc h thng cp nc khi co chay, ai u mang Ap lc h thng cp nc khi co chay, ai u mang Ap lc h thng cp nc khi co chay, ai u mang Ap lc h thng cp nc khi co chay, ai u mang. .. .
Gia s trong trng hp bnh thng, tai im bt li a cn ap l c cn thit la H
ct
.
ng o ap la ng 1. Cho rng tai im a co cha chay se ly n c hong cha chay cung
h

1
2
3
H

H
ct

a
H
cc
=10m
Z
a

Z
b

Z

0,00
Giao trnh CP THOAT NC
Nguyn nh Hun = 21 = HBKN
tai im a vi ap lc H
cc
la 10m. V trong thi gian co chay lu lng nc trong h thng
tng ln, tn tht ap lc trong ng va trong mang tng ln, kt qua la tng tn tht trong mang
khi co chay se ln hn tng tn tht khi bnh thng, ng o ap 2 se dc hn ng 1.
Phu thuc vao mi lin h gia ap lc cn thit H
ct
luc bnh thng va ap lc cha
chay H
cc
cung nh phu thuc vao tng tn tht ap lc trong mang gia hai trng hp o,
ng o ap 2 co th n m cao hn hoc thp hn ai nc.
Nu cao hn th ai phai ong lai, nu khng th may bm se khng tao ra c ap lc
cn thit chng chay ma ap lc cao nht cua mang luc o la mc nc trong ai.
Nu ng o ap tnh toan khi co chay nm di mc nc trong ai ( ng 3) th ai
se khng phai ong lai.
Con ap lc bm ch a chay lu ng (H
b.cc
) phu thuc vao chiu cao ni xay ra chay,
vao ap lc cn thit H
ct
cua mang, vao tn tht ap lc trong mang khi bnh thng va khi co
chay. No co th ln hn, bng hoc i khi thp hn ap lc cua h thng khi bnh thng.
Trong thi gian co chay tram bm phai cung cp cho h thng lng nc u thoa
man ca nhu cu sinh hoat va nhu cu cha chay. Lng nc d tr ch a chay thng cha
trong b cha n c sach.
bl khI 4aI o ruI mang IuoI.









Hnh Hnh Hnh Hnh 2 22 2. .. .5 55 5: : : : Ap lc h thng cp nc khi co chay, ai cui mang Ap lc h thng cp nc khi co chay, ai cui mang Ap lc h thng cp nc khi co chay, ai cui mang Ap lc h thng cp nc khi co chay, ai cui mang. .. .
Trong h thng co ai i din, cac im bt li khi co chay thng nm gn ai.
V ap lc cha chay H
cc
< H
ct
< H

(do lu lng tng ln, tng tn tht ap lc tng ln) nn

khi co chay, ai se dc ht nc trong thi gian u. V th tram bm phai cung cp u lu
lng tng cng dung cho sinh hoat ln nht va lu lng cha chay, t c la :
Q
TB2
= Q
SH.max
+ Q
cc

H
b
= H
cc
+ h
cc
+ Z
cc
- Z
b
, [m].
Q
TB2
: lu lng do tram bm 2 cung cp.
h

H
b

H

Khi Qmax
Khi co
Hct
a
Z
cc

Z
b

Z

H
cc

H
ct

0,00
h
cc

Giao trnh CP THOAT NC
Nguyn nh Hun = 22 = HBKN
Q
SH.max
: lu lng dung cho sinh hoat ln nht.
Q
cc
: lu lng dung cha chay.
H
b
: ap lc cu a tram bm cp 2, [m].
H
cc
: ap lc cha chay, [m].
h
cc
: tn tht ap lc khi co chay, [m].
Z
cc
, Z
b
: Ct mt t ni co chay va ni t may bm tram bm 2, [m].