Giao trnh CP THOAT NC

I - NGUN NC CUNG C
CP
Thng co 3 loai sau:
- Ngun nc ngm.
- Ngun nc mt.
- Ngun nc ma.
1/ NGUN NC NGM:
Nc ngm c tao bi nc ma hoc nc sng thm qua cac lp t tao thanh,
cac hat vt liu trong t se loc sach ngun nc, o la cac hat cat, soi, cui,... Tuy nhin cung
co nhng hat vt liu can nc nh t set, t tht.
A

Lp t can nc
Lp t cha nc

Chiu chay nc ngm

Hnh 3.1: Nc ngm.

Tuy theo su cua ging ma se thu c 2 loai nc ngm sau:

Nc ngm khng ap: Khi ging co su 3-10m, la nc ngm mach nng (v

tr A). Loai nay tr lng t, chu nhiu anh hng cua thin nhin, hay b nhim bn.

Nc ngm co ap: Khi khoan su trn 20m, tr lng nc nhiu hn, cht

lng tt hn. Tai B va C se co ap, tai v tr D se co ging phun do ap lc t 2 pha.

Nguyn nh Hun

= 23 =

HBKN

Giao trnh CP THOAT NC

Nc ngm co u im rt trong sach (ham lng cn nho, t vi trung...) x ly n
gian nn gia thanh re . Nhng vic thm do thng lu, kho khn, i khi cha nhiu st va
i vi cac vung ven bin th thng b nhim mn nn x ly phc tap.
 Hin nay nc ngm thng c u tin chon lam ngun nc cp cho sinh
hoat, n ung.
2/ NGUN NC MT:
Nc mt cung do ma cung cp. mt s ni th do hin tng tan tuyt tao ra.
Thng co cac loai sau:

Nc sng: thng co lu lng ln, d khai thac, cng va ham lng st nho.

Nhng ham lng cn cao, nhiu vi trung nn gia thanh x ly t. No thng co s thay i
ln theo mua v nhit , lu lng, mc nc va nhit .
soi.

Nc sui: Mua kh rt trong, lu lng nho, mua lu lu lng ln, co nhiu cat

Nc h, m: tng i trong, tuy nhin chung co mau kha cao do anh hng

cua rong, ru va cac thuy sinh vt.

3/ NGUN NC MA:

La loai nc c s dung nhiu nht cac vung cao, cac hai ao. Nc ma tng
i trong sach, cht lng phu thuc vao sach khng kh, no co th mang theo bui hoc
mang tnh axt do hoa tan mt s kh nhim. Nc ma thiu cac mui khoang cn thit cho
s phat trin c th con ngi va suc vt.

II - CNG TRNH THU NC NGM

1/ GING KHI:
Ging khi la cng trnh thu nc ngm mach nng, co ng knh 0,8-2m va chiu
su 3-20m, phuc vu cp nc cho mt gia nh hay mt s i tng dung nc nho. Khi cn
lng nc ln hn th co th xy dng mt nhom ging khi ni vao ging tp trung bng
cac ng xi phng, hoc ging co ng knh ln vi cac ng nan quat co l, t trong lp t
cha nc tp trung nc v ging.
Nc chay vao ging co th t ay hoc t thanh bn qua cac khe h thanh hoc
qua cac ng b tng xp dung lam thanh ging. Thanh ging co th xy bng gach, b tng x,
b tng a hc, a ong... tuy theo vt liu a phng. Khi gp t d sut l ngi ta dung cac
khu ging bng b tng, gach, ng sanh... vi chiu cao 0,5-1m ri anh tut tng khu ging
xung cho nhanh chong va an toan. Cac khu ging ni vi nhau bng va ximng.
tranh nc ma chay trn mt keo theo cht bn chui vao ging, phai lat nn va
xy b xung quanh ging cao hn mt t chng 0,8m ng thi phai boc t set day 0,5m

Nguyn nh Hun

= 24 =

HBKN

Giao trnh CP THOAT NC

xung quanh thanh ging t mt t xung ti su 1,2m. V tr ging nn chon gn nha
nhng phai cach xa chung nui suc vt, h x ti thiu la 7-10m.
2/ NG HM NGANG THU NC:
o la loai cng trnh thu nc ngm mach nng vi cng sut ln hn t vai chuc
n vai trm met khi ngay.
No gm mt h thng ng thu nc nm ngang t trong lp cha nc, co dc
t chay v ging tp trung.
Trn ng ng c khoang 25-50m lai xy dng mt ging thm kim tra nc
chay, ly cn va thng hi. ng thu nc thng ch tao bng sanh hoc b tng co l
d=8mm hoc khe vi kch thc 10-100mm. Ngoai ra co th xp a dm, a tang thanh hanh
lang thu nc, xung quanh co lp boc bng a dm, cui, soi ngn cat chui vao.
t nguyn
th

t set

Cat

a/ Bng a dm,
cui soi

b/ Bng ng
khoan l

c/ Bng a tang
xp

Hnh 3.2: ng hm ngang thu nc.

3/ GING KHOAN:
Ging khoan la cng trnh thu nc ngm mach su vi cng sut ln t 5-500 l/s su
vai chuc n vai trm met, co ng knh 100-600mm.
Ging khoan co th la ging hoan chnh (khoan n lp t cach nc); ging khng
hoan chnh (khoan n lng chng lp t cha nc); ging co ap va ging khng ap...
Khi cn thu lng nc ln ngi ta dung mt nhom ging khoan. Trong trng hp
nay cac ging se b anh hng ln nhau khi lam vic ng thi.
Ging khoan thng co cac b phn chnh sau y:

 Ca ging hay ming ging: Dung theo doi, kim tra s lam vic cua ging.

Trn ca ging la ng c va ng y a nc ti cng trnh x ly, ngoai ra con co nha bao

che, bao v.

 Thn ging (con goi la ng vach): la cac ng thep khng g ni vi nhau bng

mt bch, ren hoc han. Ngoai ra con dung ng b tng ct thep ni vi nhau bng ng lng.
Nguyn nh Hun

= 25 =

HBKN

Giao trnh CP THOAT NC

ng vach co nhim vu chng nhim bn va chng sut l ging. Bn trong ng vach pha
trn la cac gung bm ni vi ng c in bng truc ng. Co th dung t may bm va ng
c nhung chm.
3

 ng loc: hay con goi la b phn loc cua

ging khoan: t trc tip trong t cha nc

thu nc vao ging va ngn khng cho bun cat chui
vao ging. ng loc c ch tao nhiu kiu vi cac
kt cu khac nhau.

1- ng c in
2- ng y
3- Nha bao che
4- ng vach
5- ng loc
6- ng lng

1- ng thep khoan
l hoc khe
2- Dy ng
3- Li an

Hnh 3.4: ng loc.

khoan..
Hnh 3.3: Ging khoan

Trn hnh ve 3.4 gii thiu mt kiu ng loc thng thng ap dung cho tng cha
nc la cat th, c hat 0,5-1mm. No bao gm mt ng thep co cac l khoan d=5-25mm va
chiu dai gp 15-20 ln chiu rng. Bn ngoai ng la lp dy ng ngn cach co ng knh
d=2-6mm, qun theo hnh xon c va ngoai cung boc li an bng ng hoc thep khng g
co d=0,25-1mm.
Khi lp t cha nc la cui soi, cat to th khng cn li boc ngoai, ngc lai khi
lp t cha nc la cat mn th ngoai li an con phai boc soi pha ngoai.
Thay cho ng thep khoan l co th dung ng bng cac thanh thep han lai hoc dung
ng phibr ximng, ng cht deo co chm l hoc khe lam ng loc.

 ng lng: cui ng loc dai 2-10m gi lai cn cat chui vao ging. Khi thau ra

ging lp cn, cat nay se c a ln khoi mt t.

tranh nhim bn cho ging bi nc mt thm vao, ngi ta thng boc t set
xung quanh ng vach day khoang 0,5m vi chiu su ti thiu la 3m k t mt t xung.
Ngi ta con dung ging khoan ng knh nho (d=42-49mm) lp bm tay, bm in
vi lu lng 2m3/h.

Nguyn nh Hun

= 26 =

HBKN

Giao trnh CP THOAT NC

III - CNG TRNH THU NC MT

Thng o la cng trnh thu nc sng, phai c t u ngun nc, pha trn
khu dn c va khu cng nghip theo chiu chay cua sng. V tr hp ly nht la ni b sng va
long sng n nh co iu kin a cht cng trnh tt, co u su cn thit ly nc trc
tip t sng khng phai dn i xa. Thng cng trnh thu c b tr pha lom cua b sng,
tuy nhin pha lom thng b soi l nn cn phai gia c b.
Cng trnh thu nc sng thng chia ra cac loai sau y:
- Cng trnh thu nc b sng.
- Cng trnh thu nc long sng.
- Cng trnh thu nc hnh u.
1/ CNG TRNH THU NC B SNG:
Ap dung khi b dc, nc b su va thng xy dng chung vi tram bm cp I
nn con goi la cng trnh thu nc loai kt hp . Khi iu kin a cht b xu th tram bm
cp I t tach ri xa b va goi la cng trnh thu nc loai phn ly .
1

Mc nc mua
ma

7
9

4
Mc nc mua kh

6
5

1- Nha bao che

2-Ngn thu nc
3- Ngn hut
4- Ca thu nc mua lu
5- Ca thu nc mua kh

3
6- Li chn rac
7- Tram bm
8- ng hut
9- ng y

sng..
Hnh 3.5: Cng trnh thu nc b sng

Cng trnh thu nc b sng thng chia ra nhiu gian am bao cp nc lin tuc
khi thau ra, sa cha. Mi gian chia ra ngn thu, ngn hut. Nc t sng vao ngn thu qua
cac ca thu nc: ca pha trn thu nc ma lu, ca pha di thu nc mua kh. Ngn thu
con goi la ngn lng v y mt phn cac hat cn, cat, phu sa trong nc c gi lai. ca
thu nc co t cac song chn lam bng cac thanh thep d=10-16mm cach nhau 40-50mm
ngn cac vt ni trn sng (rac ri, cui, cy...) khoi i vao cng trnh thu. T ngn thu nc
Nguyn nh Hun

= 27 =

HBKN

Giao trnh CP THOAT NC

qua cac li chn vao ngn hut la ni b tr cac ng hut cua may bm. Li chn thng
lam bng cac si dy thep d=1-1,5mm vi kch thc mt li t 22 n 55mm gi cac
rac ri, rong ru co kch thc nho trong nc. Tc nc chay qua song chn thng t
0,4 n 0,8m/s, qua li chn t 0,2 n 0,4m/s.
2/ CNG TRNH THU NC LONG SNG:
Cng trnh thu long sng ap dung khi b thoai, nc nng, mc nc dao ng ln.
Khac vi loai cng trnh thu nc loai b sng, cng trnh thu nc long sng khng
co ca thu nc b ( hoc ch thu nc b vao mua lu), ma a ra gia sng, ri dung ng
dn nc v ngn thu t b. Ca thu nc long sng con goi la hong thu nc thng la
phu hoc ng loe, u bt song chn va c c nh di ay sng bng h thng coc g
hoc b tng.
ch b tr hong thu phai co phao c bao hiu tranh cho tau be i lai khng va
cham vao.
1
11
8

1
7

1- Nha bao che

2-Ngn thu nc
3- Ngn hut
4- Hong thu nc
5- Gi
6- ng dn nc

7- Li chn rac
8- C bao hiu
9-Tam bm
10- ng hut
11- ng y

sng..
Hnh 3.6: Cng trnh thu nc long sng

Nguyn nh Hun

= 28 =

HBKN