Chuong 4

Giao trnh CP THOAT NC
Nguyn Lan Phng = 29 = HBKN

l ll l - -- - TlNH LHRT NUUL TH TlNH LHRT NUUL TH TlNH LHRT NUUL TH TlNH LHRT NUUL THlEN NHlEN VR LRL lEN NHlEN VR LRL lEN NHlEN VR LRL lEN NHlEN VR LRL TEU LRU VE LHRT TEU LRU VE LHRT TEU LRU VE LHRT TEU LRU VE LHRT
LUUNU NUUL LUUNU NUUL LUUNU NUUL LUUNU NUUL
1/ TNH CHT CUA NC:
al V phuong dIn Iy hor.
Nhit : ph thuc vo ma v loi ngun
- Nc mt: 4 40
0
C, ph thuc vo t
0
khng kh v s thay i theo su ngun
nc.
- Nc ngm: C nhit tng i n nh 17 27
0
C
Nhit c xc nh bng nhit k.
c : Biu th lng cc cht l lng (ct, st, bn, cc hp cht hu c) c trong
nc. n v: mg/l.
trong :
- o bng phng php Sneller: nc vo bnh thy tinh cao 30cm, y c ch
tiu chun mu en.
- o bng phng php Diener: bnh thy tinh cao 350mm, y c ch thp en
rng 1mm, trn nn trng, c chiu sng bng 1 bng in 300W.
trong c o bng ct nc ti a m qua n t trn nhn xung ngi ta c
c ch tiu chun hoc du thp.
mu :
Do cc cht gumid, hp cht keo ca st, do nhim bn bi cc loi nc thi hay do
s pht trin ca rong to.
mu c xc nh bng phng php so mu theo thang Platin coban v tnh
bng .
Mi v v :
- Mi: do ngun t nhin to ra nh mi bn, t st, vi sinh vt ph du c di hay xc
sc vtc th do ngun nhn to nh clo, phenol, nc thixc nh bng ngi.
- V: do cc cht ha tan trong nc to ra. Xc nh bng nm. Phn bit lm 5 cp:
rt yu, yu, r, rt r, mnh.
bl V phuong dIn hoa hor.
Cn ton phn (mg/l): bao gm tt c cc cht v c v hu c c trong nc, khng k
cc cht kh. Xc nh bng my o nhanh hoc un cho bay hi 1 dung tch nc ngun nht
nh nhit 105 110
0
C cho n khi trng lng khng i.
cng ca nc (mgl/l): cng ca nc do hm lng Ca
2+
v Mg
2+
ha tan trong
nc to ra.
- cng cacbonat do mui Ca(HCO
3
)
2
, Mg(HCO
3
)
2

- cng khng cacbonat do mui SO
4
2-
, Cl
-
, NO
3
-
ca Ca
2+
, Mg
2+

cng c o bng c (1 c tng ng vi 10mg CaO hay 9,19mg MgO
trong 1 lt nc).
pH : c trng bi ion H
+
trong nc ( pH = - lg[H
+
])
pH < 7: nc c tnh acid
pH = 7: nc c tnh trung ha
pH > 7: nc c tnh baz
kim (mg l/l): c trng bi cc mui nh bicacbonat, gumat, cacbonat, hyratphn
bit kim theo tn gi ca mui.
oxy ha (mg O
2
/l): c trng bi nng cc cht hu c ha tan v 1 s cht v c d
oxy ha.
Hm lng st v mangan:
Cc hp cht Nit: NH
3
, NO
2
-
, NO
3
-
s c mt ca cc hp cht ny chng t v mc
nhim bn ca nc thi vo ngun nc.
Cc cht c: As, Cu, Pb, Zn
rl V phuong dIn vI Irung.
Vi trng hiu kh (con/l).
Vi trng k kh (clostridia).
Ch s coli (Eschirichia col): biu th c hay khng c vi trng gy bnh ng rut trong
nc.
V d: Nc dng cho sinh hot
- Mi, v 20
0
C: khng
- mu theo thang mu Platin coban: 10
0

- c, hm lng cn: 5mg/l
- pH: 6,5 8,5
- Hm lng st: 0,3mg/l
- Hm lng mangan: 0,2mg/l
- cng: 12
0
c
1/ YU CU V CH T LNG NC:
- Nc cp cho sinh hot v n ung phi trong sch, khng c hi, khng cha cc
vi trng gy bnh.
- Yu cu cht lng nc cp cho cc nhu cu sn xut a dng ty thuc vo tnh
cht ca qu trnh sn xut.
ll ll ll ll - -- - LRL PHUUNU PHRP LRL PHUUNU PHRP LRL PHUUNU PHRP LRL PHUUNU PHRP VR LRL 5U VR LRL 5U VR LRL 5U VR LRL 5U LNU NUHE LRM LNU NUHE LRM LNU NUHE LRM LNU NUHE LRM 5RLH 5RLH 5RLH 5RLH
NUUL NUUL NUUL NUUL
1/ CAC PHNG PHA P X LY NC:
Trn thc t ngi ta thng phi thc hin cc qu trnh x l nh lm trong v kh
mu, kh st, kh trng v cc qu trnh x l c bit khc nh lm mm, lm ngui, kh
mui
Cc qu trnh x l trn c th thc hin theo cc phng php sau:
- Phng php c hc: Song v li chn rc, lng t nhin, lc qua li.
- Phng php l hc: Kh trng bng tia t ngoi, lm ngui nc.
- Phng php ha hc: Keo t bng phn, kh trng bng clor, lm mm nc bng
vi.
2/ CAC DY CHUYN CNG NGH X LY NC:
Tp hp cc cng trnh v thit b thc hin qu trnh x l nc theo mt hoc
mt s phng php gi l dy chuyn cng ngh x l nc. Ty thuc vo cht lng nc
ngun v yu cu cht lng nc cp m c cc dy chuyn cng ngh sn xut khc nhau.
al 8o 4 rng ngh dung hoa rhI 4 keo Iu, dung b Ior rhm.

Hnh 4.1: S cng ngh khng dng ha cht keo tu

p dng cho ngun nc c hm lng cn l lng nh hn hoc bng 50mg/l, mu
khng ln hn 50
0
coban v cng sut ca trm b khng ln hn mt ngn m
3
/ng. , qun l
th cng hay c gii.
V nguyn tc khng kh c mu.
bl 8o 4 rng ngh dung hoa rhI keo Iu .
S c bn:

Hnh 4.2: S s dng ha cht c bn.

p dng: s trn p dng cho ngun nc c hm lng cn l lng v mu bt
k vi cc trm c cng sut bt k, thng 20.000 m
3
/ng vi cc mc c gii ha khc
nhau, c th t ng hon ton.
B lc chm
B cha nc sch Trm bm cp II

Nc ngun
MLCN
Cl
2
MLCN
B
trn
B phn
ng
B
lng
B lc
trng
lc
B cha
nc sch
Nc ngun
Cl
2
Phn
TB
II
S cng ngh s dng b trn v b lc tip xc:

Hnh 4-3: S s dng b trn ng v b lc tip xc

p dng cho ngun nc c hm lng cn l lng nh hn 150mg/l, mu nh
hn 150
0
coban v trm c cng sut bt k.
rl 8o 4 rng ngh xu Iy nuor ngm.
Kh st bng lm thong n gin v lc nhanh:

Hnh 4-5: Kh st bng lm thong n gin v lc nhanh
Phm vi p dung:
- Hm lng st 15 mg/l
- xi ha [0,15(Fe
2+
).5] mg/l O
2

- NH
+
4
< 1mg/l
- mu 15
0

- PH sau lm thong 6,8
- kim cn li trong nc > (1+ )
28
Fe
2+
mgl/l
S 2: Gin ma - lng tip xc - lc
Phm vi p dng:
+ C
Fe
25 mg/l
+ Nc sau lm thong: PH 6,8; K
i
2mgl/l; H
2
S<0,2mg/l;
NH
4
< 1mg/l
+ Trn x l c cng sut bt k

Hnh 4-6: Kh st bng lm thong , lng tip xc v lc
B lc
tip xc
B cha nc
sch
Trm
bm II

Nc ngun
MLCN
Cl
2
B trn
ng c
tch kh
MLCN
B lc
nhanh
B cha nc
sch
Trm
bm II

Nc ngun
Cl
2
Lm
thong
n
gin
Cl
2
Lm
thong
B lng
tip xc
B lc
trng lc
B cha
nc sch
Nc ngun
TB
II
MLCN
S 3: Thng qut gi - lng tip xc - lc
p dng: Trm x l c cng sut va v ln v c hm lng st cao

Hnh 4-7: Kh st bng thng qut gi , lng tip xc v lc

lll lll lll lll KEU TU B LRL LNU KEU TU B LRL LNU KEU TU B LRL LNU KEU TU B LRL LNU TRlNH KEU TU TRlNH KEU TU TRlNH KEU TU TRlNH KEU TU
1/ KEO TU :
Cn bn trong nc thin nhin thng l ht ct, st, bn, sinh vt ph du, sn phm
phn hy ca cc cht hu c... Cc ht cn ln c kh nng t lng trong nc, cn cn b
trng thi l lng. Trong k thut x l nc bng cc bin php x l c hc nh lng tnh,
lc ch c th loi b nhng ht c kch thc ln hn 10
-4
mm, cn nhng ht cn c d<10
-4
mm phi p dng x l bng phng php l ha.
c im c bn ca ht cn b l do kch thc v cng nh nn c b mt tip xc
rt ln trn mt n v th tch, cc ht cn ny d dng hp th, kt bm vi cc cht xung
quanh hoc ln nhau to ra bng cn to hn. Mt khc cc ht cn u mang in tch v
chng c kh nng lin kt vi nhau hoc y nhau bng lc in t. Tuy nhin trong mi
trng nc, do cc loi lc tng tc gia cc ht cn b hn lc y do chuyn ng nhit
Brown nn cc ht cn lun lun tn ti trng thi l lng.
Bng vic ph v trng thi cn bng ng t nhin ca mi trng nc, s to cc
iu kin thun li cc ht cn kt dnh vi nhau thnh cc ht cn ln hn v d x l
hn. Trong cng ngh x l nc l cho theo vo nc cc ha cht lm nhn t keo t cc
ht cn l lng
* Ha cht s dng:
- Phn nhm : Al
2
(SO
4
)
3
.18H
2
O
- Phn st : FeSO
4
.7H
2
O, FeCl
3
.6H
2
O
* C ch : Khi cho phn vo nc
- Phn nhm :
Al
2
(SO
4
)
3
+ 6H
2
O = 2Al
2+
+ 3SO
4
2-
+ 6H
+
+ 6OH
-
= Al(OH)
3
+ 2H
2
SO
4

Bng kt ta
- Phn st :
Fe
2+
+ 2H
2
O = Fe(OH)
2
+ 2H
+

4Fe(OH)
2
+ O
2
+ 2H
2
O = 4Fe(OH)
3

FeCl
3
+ 3H
2
O = Fe
3+
+ 3Cl
-
+ 3H
+
+ 3OH
-
= Fe(OH)
3
+ 3HCl
Fe(OH)
3
, Al(OH)
3
l cc ht keo nh c kh nng hp ph cc ht l lng v c kch
thc b ln b mt ca mnh, ri dnh kt dn ln to thnh nhng bng cn c th gi li
b lng v lc.

Thng
qut gi
B lng
tip xc
B lc
trng lc
B cha
nc sch
Nc ngun TB
II
MLCN
Cl
2
2/ CAC CNG TRNH KEO TU :

Hnh 4-8: S cc cng trnh ca giai on keo t
al 6ng Irnh rhun b| hoa rhI.
- Thng ha trn phn : ha trn s b phn vi nc.
- Thng dung dch (b tiu th) : Pha theo ng nng tnh ton.
- Thit b nh lng phn
bl 8 Irn.
Mc tiu ca qu trnh trn l a cc phn t ha cht vo trng thi phn tn u
trong mi trng nc trc khi phn ng keo t xy ra, ng thi to iu kin tip xc tt
nht gia chng vi cc thnh phn tham gia phn ng.
Hiu qu ca qu trnh trn ph thuc vo cng v thi gian khuy trn.
Thi gian khuy trn hiu qu c tnh cho n lc ha cht phn tn u vo
nc v hnh thnh cc nhn keo t nhng khng qu lu lm nh hng n cc phn
ng tip theo. Trong thc t thi gian ha trn hiu qu t 3 giy n 2 pht.
Qu trnh trn c thc hin bng cc cng trnh trn, theo nguyn tc cu to v vn
hnh c chia ra:
* Trn thy lc: v bn cht l dng cc vt cn to ra s xo trn trong dng chy
ca hn hp nc v ha cht. Trn thy lc c th thc hin trong:
- ng y ca trm bm nc th
- B trn c vch ngn
- B trn ng
* Trn c kh: dng nng lng ca cnh khuy to ra dng chy ri.
rl 8 phan ung.
Hiu qu qu trnh keo t ph thuc vo rt nhiu yu t. Vi mi ngun nc c th
sau khi xc nh liu lng v loi phn s dng th hiu qu keo t ch ph thuc vo
cng khuy trn G v thi gian hon thnh phn ng to bng cn T. Thc t 2 i lng
ny c xc nh bng thc nghim.
Qu trnh hnh thnh bng cn thng cn c G = 30 - 70s
-1
, thi gian phn ng t 15
- 35.
1- B hoa trn phe n.
2- Thung dung dch
3- Thi t b nh lng phen
4- B hoa trn phe n+nc
5- B pha n ng
6- B l ng bng cn
Thng dng cac b phn ng thy lc (ngn phn ng c vch ngn ngang hoc b
phn ng xoy ngn phn ng kt hp vi b lng ng) hay b phn ng c my khuy.
lV lV lV lV LRNU LRNU LRNU LRNU
Lng l mt khu x l quan trng trong cng ngh x l nc. L giai on lm sch
s b trc khi a nc vo b lc hon thnh qu trnh lm trong nc. Da trn nguyn
l ri theo trng lc, vic lm lng c th loi b t 90-99% lng cht bn cha trong nc.
Nguyn tc : Nc c chy t t qua b lng, di tc dng ca trng lc bn thn
cac ht cn s ri xung y b.
Theo chuyn ng ca nc ngi ta chia lm 3 loi b lng
- B lng ngang
- B lng ng
- B lng ly tm
Ngoi 3 loi b lng trn hin nay ngi ta cn s dng cyclon thy lc lng s b
nc c c theo chu k (tch ct c kch thc ln) hoc s dng b lng trong c tng
cn l lng : nc chuyn ng t di ln trn vi tc thch hp, trong b dn dn hnh
thnh mt tng cn l lng. Tng cn ny c kh nng hp ph cc ht keo, cn trong nc
lm cho nc trong.
1/ B LNG NGANG:
B lng ngang c dng hnh ch nht, c th lm bng gch hoc btng ct thp.
S dng cho cc trm x l c Q > 300 m
3
/ng i vi trng hp x l nc c dng
phn v p dng vi cng sut bt k cho trm x l khng dng phn.

Hnh 4-9: Cu to b lng ngang

(1) ng dn nc t b phn ng sang
(2) Mng phn phi nc
(3) Vch phn phi u b
(4) Vng lng
(5) Vng cha cn
(6) Vch ngn thu nc cui b
(7) Mng thu nc
(8) ng dn nc sang b lc
(9) ng x cn.
(2)
(4)
(5)
(3)
(6)
(7)
(8)
(9)
(1)
B
phn
ng
Sang b lc
3

* Cu to: b ging cha hnh ch nht. Nc chuyn ng trong b theo chiu ngang.
B lng ngang gm 4 b phn chnh :
- B phn phn phi nc vo b
- Vng lng cn
- H thng thu nc lng
- H thng thu x cn B lng ngang thng chia lm nhiu ngn, chiu rng mi ngn
t 3 6m. Chiu di b khng qui nh. Khi b c chiu di qu ln c th cho nc chy
xoay chiu. gim bt din tch b mt xy dng c th xy dng b lng nhiu tng (2,3
tng).
Cc thng s ca b lng ngang.
V
ra

= 5 10 mm/s
u = 0,12 0,6 mm/s
H = 2 3,5 mm/s

H
L
10
2/ B LNG NG:
B lng ng nc chuyn ng theo phng thng ng t di ln trn, cn cc ht
cn ri ngc chiu vi chiu chuyn ng ca dng nc t trn xung.
B lng ng thng c mt bng hnh vung hoc hnh trn, c s dng cho trm c
cng sut nh (Q 3000 m
3
/ng). B lng ng thng kt hp vi b phn ng xoy hnh
tr.
B c th xy bng gch hoc btng ct thp. ng trung tm c th l thp cun hn
in hay b tng ct thp.

Hnh 4-10: Cu to b lng ng

Sang b lc nhanh
(1)
(2)
40-60
o
D
(5)
(6)
(7)
(4)
h
3
H
2
=H
1
h
1
(8)

(3)

Nc t b
trn ti
(1) Nng phn ng xoy
(2) Vng lng
(3) Vng cha cn
(4) ng nc v
(5) Vi phun
(6) Mng thu
(7) ng nc ra
(8) ng x cn
Nguyn tc lm vic: Nc chy vo ng trung tm gia b (ngn phn ng) i xung
di vo b lng. Nc chuyn ng theo chiu t di ln trn, cn ri t trn xung y b.
Nc lng trong c thu vo mng vng b tr xung quanh thnh b v a sang b lc.
Cc thng s ca b:
v = 0,5 0,7 mm/s
D 10 m

H
D
= 1,5 - 2
* p dng cho cc trm c Q 1000 m
3
/ng v x l c dng phn.
3/ B LNG LY TM:
B lng li tm c dng hnh trn, ng knh t 5m tr ln. Thng dng s lng
ngun nc c hm lng cn cao, C
o
> 2000 mg/l. p dng cho trm c cng sut ln Q
30.000 m
3
/ng.

* Nguyn tc lm vic: Nc cn x l theo ng trung tm vo ngn phn phi, phn phi
u vo vng lng. Nc t vng lng chuyn ng t trong ra ngoi v t di ln trn. Cn
c lng xung y. Nc trong th c thu vo mng vng vo mng tp trung theo ng
ng sang b lc.
thu bn c thit b gt cn gm dm chuyn ng theo ray vng trn. Dm treo gin
co thp c cc cnh gt pha di. Nh nhng cnh gt ny, cn lng y c gt vo
phu v x ra ngoi theo ng x cn.
Cc thng s ca b.
D 50 m
H = 1,5 2,5 thnh
H = 3 5 trung tm
Hiu sut lng thp 40 80%

(4)
(2)
(5)
(6)
(1)
Nc t b
trn ti
1. ng dn vo
2. Mng thu nc
3. Cnh gt bn bng cao su
4. H thng co bn
5. ng dn nc sang b lc
6. ng x cn
Hnh 4-11: S cu to b lng ly tm
V VV V LUL LUL LUL LUL
L giai on cui cng ca qu trnh lm trong thc hin trong cc b lc bng cch
cho nc i qua lp vt liu lc thng l ct thch anh dy 0,7 1,3m; c ht 0,5 1mm
hoc than gy p vn hoc ng t ra xit. gi cho ct khi i theo nc vo cc ng
thu nc, di lp ct ngi ta 1 lp bng cui hoc dm.
* Phn loi :
- Theo tc lc
+ B lc chm : tc lc 0,1 0,3 m
3
/h
u im : nc trong, thi gian cng tc lu, 1 2 thng mi ra 1ln
Nhc im : Tc lc chm, kch thc b ln, gi thnh xy dng cao,
qun l vt v.
* p dng cho cc trm c cng sut nh.
+ B lc nhanh : Tc lc nhanh 6 10 m
3
/h. Cc ht cn c gi li nh lc dnh
ca n vi cc ht ct.
u im : Kch thc b nh, gi thnh xy dng r.
Nhc im : Chng bn, phi ty ra lun (1 ngy m phi ra 1 3 ln).
Ra b thng c c gii ha, bm nc cho chy ngc chiu vi vn tc
gp 7 10 ln khi lc vi cng ra 10 15 m
2
din tch.

Hnh 4-12: S cu to ca b lc nhanh trng lc

1. ng dn nc vo b lc; 2. Mng dn nc
3. Mng phn phi ph; 4. Vt liu lc
5.Vt liu ; 6. Tm an c khe l vt liu lc
7.ng dn nc sang b cha nc sch.
8. ng ng cp nc ra b lc; 9. ng ra nc x lc.
10. Van x nc lc u.; 11. Ca qun l.
12. Hm thu nc; 13.ng cp gi ra lc

- Phn loi theo p lc :
+ B lc h trng lc
+ B lc p lc
3
2
4
5
6
1
9
8
13
10
7
12
11
H
d
H
L
H
r
H
b
v
- Phn loi theo chiu dng nc :
+ B lc xui
+ B lc ngc
+ B lc 2 chiu
- Phn loi theo s lng vt liu lc:
+ 1 lp
+ 2 lp
+ nhiu lp
- Phn loi theo ln ht vt liu lc:
+ B lc ht b
+ B lc ht trung
+ B lc ht th
- Phn loi theo nguyn tc:
+ Lc li
+ Lc qua vt liu xp
+ Lc qua vt liu ht

Vl Vl Vl Vl KHU TRUNU KHU TRUNU KHU TRUNU KHU TRUNU
Sau khi qua b lng, b lc phn ln vi trng trong nc a b gi li (90%) v b
tiu dit. Tuy nhin m bo hon ton v sinh phi kh trng nc.
* Cc cch kh trng:
1. Nhit : un nc nhit 75
0
C trong nc
2. Dng tia t ngoi : Dng loi n pht ra tia t ngoi dit trng. Phng php
ny n gin nhng thit b t tin, hay hng v tn in (10 30Kw/1000m
3
).
3. Dng zn : a zn vo nc to [O] dit trng
4. Dng sng siu m : Dng thit b pht ra song siu m tn s 500KHz
Vi trng b tiu dit.
5. Phng php clo ha : S dng clor hoc hp cht ca clor nh clorua vi, zaven
NaOCl.
- a clorua vi vo nc :
2CaOCl
2
Ca(OCl)
2
+ CaCl
2

Ca(OCl)
2
+ CO
2
+ H
2
O CaCO
3
+ 2HOCl acid hypoclorit (oxh mnh)
- a clor vo nc :
Cl
2
+ H
2
O HOCl + HCl
HOCl H
+
+ Ocl
-

ion hypoclorit (oxh rt mnh)
Clor hay clorua vi thng a vo ng ng dn nc t b lc sang b cha nc
ngm vi liu lng 0,5 1 mg/l, lng clor tha khng c vt qu 0,3 0,5 mg/l.
phn ng hon ton xy ra, thi gian tip xc gia dung dch clo v nc ln 30
pht.
in phn mui n NaCl to ra Cl
2
, Cl
2
ha vo dung dch NaOH to thnh nc
zaven i vo kh trng.
NaCl + H
2
O 2H
+
+ Cl
-
+ NaOCl Na
+
+ Cl
-

Vll Vll Vll Vll KHU TRUNU 5RT TRU KHU TRUNU 5RT TRU KHU TRUNU 5RT TRU KHU TRUNU 5RT TRUNU NUUL NU NUUL NU NUUL NU NUUL
1/ KH ST BNG LAM THOANG:
- St trong nc ngm thng dng Fe(OH)
2
. Mun kh st ngi ta cho nc tip
xc vi khng kh oxy ha Fe
2+
thnh Fe
3+
- Dng dn ma (thp tip xc) : Nc t ging khoan bm ln cao cho chy vo
mng rng ca hoc ng chm l to ma. Theo chiu ma ri t cc tm chn, khi nc ri
t cc tm vn trc tip vo nc v qu trnh oxy ha c thc hin.
- Thng qut gi : khng kh vo nh qut gi, thng lm thong nhn to. ng dng
cho trm c cng sut b.
- Nu C
Fe
9 mg/l : thc hin phun ma (lm thong) trc tip trn b lc.
2/ KH ST BNG LAM THOA NG N GIAN & LOC:
Cho nc trn qua ming ng t cao hn b lc chng 0,5m.
p dng C
Fe
9 mg/l , Ph > 6,8 , Fe
3+
/Fe
TP
30%
Trng hp pH thp phi a vi vo kim ha

0,30,4m
0,3 0,4m

Hnh 4-13: Kh st bng lm thong v lc.
2/ KH ST DUNG HOA CHT:
al khu sI bng rhI oxy hoa manh.
Cc cht oxi ho mnh thng s dng kh st l: Cl
2
, KMnO
4
, O
3
Khi cho cc
cht oxi ho mnh vo nc, phn ng din ra:
2Fe
2+
+ Cl
2
+ 6H
2
O = 2Fe(OH)
3
+ Cl
-
+ 6H
+

3Fe
2+
+ KMnO
4
+ 7H
2
O

= 3Fe(OH)
3
+ MnO
2
+ K
+
+ 5H
+

Trong phn ng, oxi ho 1mg Fe
2+
cn 0,64 mgCl
2
hoc 0,94mg KMnO
4
v ng
thi kim ca nc gim i 0,018mgl/l.
So snh vi phng php kh st bng lm thong, dng cht oxi ho mnh phn ng
xy ra nhanh hn, pH mi trng thp hn (pH<6). Trong nc c tn ti cc hp cht nh:
H
2
S, NH
3
th chng s gy nh hng n qu trnh kh st.

bl khu sI bng vI.
Kh st bng vi thng kt hp vi qu trnh lm n nh nc hoc lm mm nc.
Qu trnh kh st bng vi xy ra theo 2 trng hp:
- Trng hp nc c oxi ha tan:
4Fe(HCO
3
)
2
+ O
2
+ 2H
2
O + 4Ca(OH)
2
4Fe(OH)
3
+ 4Ca(HCO
3
)
2

- Trng hp nc khng c oxi ha tan:
Fe(HCO
3
)
2
+ Ca(OH)
2
FeCO
3
+ CaCO
3
+ H
2
O
rl 6ar phuong phap khu sI khar.
Kh st bng trao i cation:
Cho nc i qua lp vt liu lc c kh bng trao i in. Cc ion H
+
v Na
+
c trong
thnh phn vt liu lc s trao i vi ion Fe
2+
c trong nc, kt qu Fe
2+
c gi li trong
lp vt liu lc.
2[K]Na + Fe(HCO
3
)
2
[K]
2
Fe + 2NaHCO
3

2[K]H + Fe(HCO
3
)
2
[K]
2
Fe + H
2
CO
3

Cation c ti sinh bng HCl, NaCl
HCl + [K]
2
Fe [K]H + FeCl
2

NaCl + [K]
2
Fe [K]Na + FeCl
2

Phng php ny em li hiu qu kh st cao, thng s dng cho ngun nc c
cha Fe
2+
dng ha tan. Dng kt hp vi lm mm nc. Chi ph cho kh Fe
2+
bng trao
i cation gi kh t.
Kh st bng in phn: Dng cc m bng st, nhm, cc dng bng ng, bch kim
hay ng m kn.
Kh st bng phng php vi sinh vt: Cy cc mm khun st trong lp ct lc ca b
lc.
Kh st ngay trong lng t: Da trn nguyn tc, cc ion Ca
2+
, Mg
2+
gn trn khong vt
ca tng t cha nc c khnng trao i ion vi cc ion Fe
2+
ca nc ngm.
Vlll Vlll Vlll Vlll KHU MRNURN KHU MRNURN KHU MRNURN KHU MRNURN
Mangan thng tn ti song song vi st dng in Mn
2+
trong nc ngm v dng
keo hu c trong nc mt. Do vic kh mangan thng c tin hnh ng thi vi kh
st.
Mangan dng ha tan Mn
2+
khi b xi ha chuyn dn thnh Mn
3+
v Mn
4+
dng
hyroxit kt ta:
2Mn(HCO
3
)
2
+ O
2
+ 6H
2
O 2Mn(OH)
4
+ 4H
+
+ 4HCO
3

Qu trnh kh mangan ph thuc vo pH ca nc. Thc nghim cho thy nu PH <8
v khng c cht kt xc tc th qu trnh oxi ha Mn
2+
rt chm. PH ti u: 8,5 9,0.
Tng t nh vi st, qui trnh kh mangan c bn cng bao gm cc khu lm
thong, lng, lc. Trong qu trnh lc, ht lc c ph dn 1 lp Mn(OH)
4
din tch m, lp
mn(OH)
4
c tc dng nh cht xc tc hp th cc ion Mn
2+
v i ha n theo phng trnh
Mn(OH)
4
+ Mn(OH)
2
2Mn(OH)
3
4Mn(OH)
3
+ O
2
+ H
2
O 4Mn(OH)
4

Lp ph Mn(OH)
4
li tham gia vo phn ng mi c nh vy to ra 1 chu trnh phn
ng lin tc. Nh vy hiu qu kh mangan li ph thuc vo lp ph Mn(OH)
4
do chnh qu
tnh kh to ra trn b mt ht ct lc.
Trong thc t a b lc vo ch hot ng n nh, cn pha thm nc dung
dch KMnO
4
vi liu ln 1-3mg/l vi ngy u hoc nng PH ln trn 9.
Cng ngh kh Mangan:
1/ KH MANGAN B NG LAM THOANG:
-S 1: lm thong t nhin hoc lm thong cng bc, lng tip xc, lc 1 lp vt
liu lc.
p dng: hm lng mangan trong nc nh v tn ti di dng Mn
2+
ha tan. Vt
liu lc dng ct thch anh dy 1,2 1,5m.
-S 2: lm thong t nhin hoc cng bc - lng tip xc lc 1 hay 2 lp vt liu
lc.
Mt lp

vt liu l ct en dy 1,5m; hoc 2 lp vt liu lc l lp vt liu lc.
Mt lp vt liu lc l ct en dy 1,5m; hoc 2 lp vt liu lc l than Angtraxit v
ct dy 1,5m.
p dng: hm lng Mangan trong nc ngun cao.
- S 3: Lm thong cng bc - lng tip xc - lc 2 bc.
Kh st c thc hin lm thong - lng tip xc - lc. Sau nng PH ln 8 lm
thong - lc b lc bc 2 kh Mangan.
Phng php ny tn km nhng em li hiu qu x l n nh.
2/ PHNG PHAP DU NG HOA CHT:
S dng cc cht c tnh xi ha mnh nh Clo, ozn, Kali permanganat.
Clo xi ha Mn
2+
PH = 7 trong t = 60 90 pht
ClO
2
v zn xi ha Mn
2+
cn 1,35 ClO
2
hay 1,45mg O
3

KMnO
4
xi ha Mn
2+
mi dng tn ti k c keo hu c to thnh Mn(OH)
4

3/ PHNG PHAP SINH HOC:
Cy 1 loi vi sinh vt c kh nng hp th mangan trong qu trnh sinh trng ln b
mt vt liu lc. xc vi sinh vt s to thnh lp mng oxit mangan trn b mt ht vt liu lc
c tc dng xc tc qu trnh kh Mangan.

2Mn(HCO
3
)
2
+ O
2
+ 6H
2
O Mn(OH)
4
+ 4H
+
+ 4HCO
3
-

lX lX lX lX KHU H KHU H KHU H KHU H
I II I
5 BRNU LRM THURNU 5 BRNU LRM THURNU 5 BRNU LRM THURNU 5 BRNU LRM THURNU
pH 5 : to H
2
S
pH = 5 10 : to H
2
S, HS
-
, S
2-

pH > 10 : HS
-
, S
2-

Lm thong pH 5
Kh H
2
S cn li sau qu trnh lm thong bng clor
H
2
S + 4Cl
2
+ 4H
2
O H
2
SO
4
+ 8HCl
HS
-
+ 4Cl
2
+ 4H
2
O SO
4
2-
+ 8Cl
-
+ 9H
+

Chuong 4

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Chuong 4

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Giao trnh CP THOAT NC

Nguyn Lan Phng = 29 = HBKN

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