A.

Gii thiu chung v bo v ng dy

Phng php v chng loi thit b bo v cc ng dy (Z) ti in ph thuc vo rt nhiu yu t nh: Z trn khng hay Z cp, chiu di Z, phng thc ni t ca h thng, cng sut truyn ti v v tr ca Z trong cu hnh ca h thng, cp in p ca Z...

I. Phn loi cc ng dy.

Hin nay c nhiu cch phn loi cc Z, theo cp in p ngi ta c th phn Z h p (low voltage: LV) tng ng vi cp in p U < 1 kV. Z trung p (medium voltage: MV): 1 kV U 35 kV. Z cao p (high voltage: HV): 60 kV U 220 kV. Z siu cao p (extra high voltage: EHV): 330 kV U 1000 kV. Z cc cao p (ultra high voltage: UHV): U > 1000 kV. Thng thng cc Z c cp in p danh nh t 110 kV tr ln c gi l Z truyn ti v di 110 kV tr xung gi l Z phn phi. Theo cch b tr Z c: Z trn khng (overhead line), Z cp (cable line), Z n (single line), Z kp (double line)... bit:

II. Cc dng s c v bo v bo v ng dy ti in.

Nhng s c thng gp i vi Z ti in l ngn mch (mt pha hoc nhiu pha), chm t mt pha (trong li in c trung tnh cch t hoc ni t qua cun dp h quang), qu in p (kh quyn hoc ni b), t dy v qu ti. chng cc dng ngn mch trong li h p thng ngi ta dng cu chy (fuse) hoc aptomat . bo v cc Z trung p chng ngn mch, ngi ta dng cc loi bo v: Qu dng ct nhanh hoc c thi gian vi c tnh thi gian c lp hoc ph thuc. Qu dng c hng. Bo v khong cch. Bo v so lch s dng cp chuyn dng. i vi Z cao p v siu cao p, ngi ta thng dng cc bo v: So lch dng in. Bo v khong cch. So snh bin , so snh pha. So snh hng cng sut hoc dng in. Sau y chng ta s i xt c th cc bo v thng c dng bo v Z trong h thng in.

114

B. Cc loi bo v thng dng bo v ng dy

I. Bo v qu dng
I.1. Bo v qu dng c thi gian (51):
Bo v qu dng c th lm vic theo c tnh thi gian c lp (ng 1) hoc ph thuc (ng 2) hoc hn hp (ng 3;4). Thi gian lm vic ca bo v c c tnh thi gian c lp khng ph thuc vo tr s dng ngn mch hay v tr ngn mch, cn i vi bo v c c tnh thi gian ph thuc th thi gian tc ng t l nghch vi dng in chy qua bo v, dng ngn mch cng ln th thi gian tc ng cng b.

I.1.1. Bo v qu dng vi c tuyn thi gian c lp:

u im ca dng bo v ny l cch tnh ton v ci t ca bo v kh n gin v d p dng. Thi gian t ca cc bo v phi c phi hp vi nhau sao cho c th ct ngn mch mt cch nhanh nht m vn m bo c tnh chn lc ca cc bo v. Hin nay thng dng 3 phng php phi hp gia cc bo v qu dng lin k l phng php theo thi gian, theo dng in v phng php hn hp gia thi gian v dng in.

t (4)

(3) (1) (2) 0 IK I

Hnh 4.1: c tnh thi gian ca bo v qu dng c lp (1), ph thuc (2) v hn hp (3, 4)

I.1.1.1. Phi hp cc bo v theo thi gian:

y l phng php ph bin nht thng c cp trong cc ti liu bo v rle hin hnh. Nguyn tc phi hp ny l nguyn tc bc thang, ngha l chn thi gian ca bo v sao cho ln hn mt khong thi gian an ton t so vi thi gian tc ng ln nht ca cp bo v lin k trc n (tnh t pha ph ti v ngun). tn = t(n-1)max + t (4-1) Trong : tn: thi gian t ca cp bo v th n ang xt. t(n-1)max: thi gian tc ng cc i ca cc bo v ca cp bo v ng trc n (th n). t: bc chn lc v thi gian c xc nh bi cng thc: t = ER.10-2.[t(n-1)max + tn] + tMC(n-1) + tdp 2.10-2.ER.t(n-1)max + tMC (n-1) + tqt + tdp (4-2) Vi:

115

 ER: sai s thi gian tng i ca chc nng qu dng cp ang xt (c th gy tc ng sm hn) v cp bo v trc (ko di thi gian tc ng ca bo v), i vi rle s thng ER = ( 3 5)% tu tng rle. tMC (n-1): thi gian ct ca my ct cp bo v trc, thng c gi tr ly bng (0,1 0,2) sec i vi MC khng kh, (0,06 0,08) sec vi MC chn khng v (0,04 0,05) sec vi MC kh SF6. tqt: thi gian sai s do qun tnh khin cho rle vn trng thi tc ng mc d ngn mch b ct, vi rle s tqt thng nh hn 0,05 sec. tdp: thi gian d phng. i vi rle in c bc chn lc v thi gian t thng c chn bng 0,5 sec, rle tnh khong 0,4 sec cn i vi rle s t = (0,2 0,3) sec ty theo loi my ct c s dng. Gi tr dng in khi ng ca bo v IKB trong trng hp ny c xc nh bi:

I KB =

K at .K mm .I lv max K tv

(4-3)

Trong : Kat: h s an ton m bo cho bo v khng ct nhm khi c ngn mch ngoi do sai s khi tnh dng ngn mch (k n ng cong sai s 10% ca BI v 20% do tng tr ngun b bin ng). Kmm: h s m my, c th ly Kmm= (1.5 2,5). Ktv: h s tr v ca chc nng bo v qu dng, c th ly trong khong (0,85 0,95). S d phi s dng h s Ktv y xut pht t yu cu m bo s lm vic n nh ca bo v khi c cc nhiu lon ngn (hin tng t m my ca cc ng c sau khi TL ng thnh cng) trong h thng m bo v khng c tc ng. Gi tr dng khi ng ca bo v cn phi tho mn iu kin: Ilvmax < IKB < IN min (4-4) Vi: Ilv max: dng in cc i qua i tng c bo v, thng xc nh trong ch cc i ca h thng, thng thng: Ilv max = (1,05 1,2).Im (4-5) Trong trng hp khng tho mn iu kin (4-4) th phi s dng bo v qu dng c kim tra p. IN min: dng ngn mch nh nht khi ngn mch trong vng bo v. Khi yu cu phi ci t gi tr dng khi ng cho rle, gi tr ny s c tnh theo cng thc:

I KR =

(3 K s) .I KB

nI

(4-6)

Trong : nI: t s bin i ca BI. K(3)s:

( 3) h s s , ph thuc vo cch mc s BI K s

sao hon ton hoc sao khuyt th K s

(3)

I (3) T (3) = 1, cn s s 8 th K s = 3 .

I (3) R

. i vi s

I.1.1.2. Phi hp cc bo v theo dng in:

Thng thng ngn mch cng gn ngun th dng ngn mch cng ln v dng ngn mch ny s gim dn khi v tr im ngn mch cng xa ngun. Yu cu t ra y l phi phi hp cc bo v tc ng theo dng ngn mch sao cho rle gn im ngn mch nht s tc ng ct my ct m thi gian tc ng gia cc bo v vn chn theo c

116

Phng php ny tnh theo dng ngn mch pha v la chn gi tr t ca bo v sao cho rle gn im s c nht s tc ng. Gi s xt ngn mch 3 pha N(3) ti im N2 trn hnh 4.3, gi tr dng ngn mch ti N2 c xc nh theo cng thc:

I N2 =

c.U ngun 3(Z ngun+ Z AB )

(4-7)

Trong : Ungun: in p dy ca ngun. c: h s thay i in p ngun, c th ly c = 1,1. Zngun: tng tr ngun, c xc nh bng:

Z ngun=

U2 ngun SNM

(4-8)

vi SNM l cng sut ngn mch ca ngun. HT A 51 1 t 5 B N2 2 51 C N1 7 3 8 t3 t2 t1 t

Vng cht

Zngun

ZAB

ZBC

51

ZCD

D 4

51 PT

l Hnh 4.3: c tuyn thi gian ca bo v qu dng trong li in hnh tia cho trng hp phi hp theo dng in Chng ta nhn thy cc dng ngn mch pha sau im N2 (tnh v pha ti) s c gi tr nh hn IN2(b qua trng hp ngn mch qua mt tng tr ln) do gi tr t ca dng in cho bo v t ti A c th chn ln hn dng IN2. Trong trng hp tng qut, gi tr ca dng in cp th n (tnh v pha ph ti) chn theo phng php phi hp dng in s c tnh theo cng thc:

I Kn =

K at .c.U ngun 3(Z ngun + Z ( n1) max

n=1 m

(4-9)

117

Trong :

Z ( n1) : tng tr Z tnh t ngun n cp bo v th (n -1).

m: s cp bo v ca ton Z. Kat = (1,1 1,3): h s an ton m bo khng ct nhm khi c ngn mch ngoi do sai s tnh dng ngn mch (k n ng cong sai s 10% ca BI v 20% do tng tr ngun b bin ng). Chng ta thy do c h s an ton Kat > 1 nn bo v s tn ti vng cht khi xy ra ngn mch ti cc thanh gp. u im ca phng php ny l ngn mch cng gn ngun th thi gian ct ngn mch cng nh.
n=1

I.1.2. Bo v qu dng cc i vi c tuyn thi gian ph thuc:

Bo v qu dng c c tuyn thi gian c lp trong nhiu trng hp kh thc hin c kh nng phi hp vi cc bo v lin k m vn m bo c tnh tc ng nhanh ca bo v. Mt trong nhng phng php khc phc l ngi ta s dng bo v qu dng vi c tuyn thi gian ph thuc. Hin nay cc phng thc tnh ton chnh nh rle qu dng s vi c tnh thi gian ph thuc do a dng v chng loi v tiu chun nn trn thc t vn cha c thng nht v mt l thuyt iu ny gy kh khn cho vic thm k v kim nh cc gi tr t.
HT A Zngun 51 1 t 5 BV1 t5 ZAB N1 B 51 2 6 ZBC N2 7 t6 C 3 8 BV2 51 ZCD D 51 4 9 BV3 t8 PT

t
t7

t BV4
t9 l

Hnh 4.4: Phi hp c tuyn thi gian ca bo v qu dng trong li in hnh tia cho trng hp c tuyn ph thuc Rle qu dng vi c tuyn thi gian ph thuc c s dng cho cc Z c dng s c bin thin mnh khi thay i v tr ngn mch. Trong trng hp ny nu s dng c tuyn c lp th nhiu khi khng am bo cc iu kin k thut: thi gian ct s c, n nh ca h thng... Hin nay ngi ta c xu hng p dng chc nng bo v qu dng vi c tuyn thi gian ph thuc nh mt bo v thng thng thay th cho cc rle c c tuyn c lp. i vi cc rle qu dng c c tuyn thi gian ph thuc c gii hn loi in c ca Lin X (c) khng c cc ng c tuyn tiu chun thng nht, n thay i theo cc rle. Trong tt c cc rle qu dng s hin nay ca SIEMENS, ALSTOM, SEL, ABB..., u tch hp c hai c tuyn c lp v ph thuc. Gi tr t dng ph thuc thi gian c th c xc nh bng mt trong ba cch sau: Di dng cc bng gi tr s dng - thi gian. Di dng cc th logarit c s 10 (lg). Di dng cc cng thc i s. Hin nay trn thc t tn ti nhiu tiu chun ng cong c tuyn thi gian ph thuc ca bo v qu dng s nh: tiu chun ca U ban k thut in quc t (IEC), ca

118

t t = TD

K m 1
n

; t tv = TD

K1 m2 1

(4-10)

Trong : tt, ttv: tng ng l thi gian tc ng v thi gian tr v ca bo v ng vi bi s dng m. Gi tr m c xc nh bng cng thc: m =

IN I KB

vi IN: gi tr dng ngn mch chy qua bo v. IKB: dng in khi ng ca bo v c xc nh theo gi tr dng in ti, c th tnh theo biu thc:

I KB = (1,1 1,5)

Pdd 3.U. cos

(4-11)

Trong : Pdd: l cng sut tc dng danh nh ca ti chy qua i tng c bo v. U: in p dy danh nh ca li in. TD: h s thi gian (Time Dial) ca mi ng cong trong b ng cong tiu chun v l gi tr t khi ta chn ng cong trong b nh ca rle. K, K1, n: cc gi tr ph thuc vo loi ng cong c tuyn c dc khc nhau. V d tng ng vi cc tiu chun ta c cc gi tr sau: IEC255-3A: K = 0,14, K1 = 1,08, n = 0,02; IEC255-3B: K = 13,5, K1 = - 13,5, n = 1; IEC255-3B: K = 80, K1 = - 80, n = 2. Di y s gii thiu mt s ng cong c tuyn theo tiu chun IEC255: ng cong dc chun SIT (standard inverse time): hnh 4.5.

t t = TD

0,14 m 0,02 1

; t tv = TD

1,08 m2 1
tt (sec) 100

(4-12)

ng cong rt dc VIT (very inverse time) IEC255-3B: hnh 4.6

t t = TD

ng cong cc dc EIT (extremely inverse time): hnh 4.7

13,5 13,5 ; t tv = TD m 1 m2 1 80
;

(4-13)

t t = TD t t

Cn ch l cc h s thi gian t TD thng ch dao ng trong khong (0,05 3), trn th cc c tuyn c cho vi gi tr TD bng (0,1 1). Ngoi ra tiu chun IEC255 cn c cc h c tuyn khc nh h ng cong siu dc UIT, ng cong tc ng nhanh ST (short time)... nhng t c s dng.

m2 1 80 = TD 2 m 1

(4-14)

10

0,03 1 5

TD 1 0,9 0,8 0,7 0,6 0,5 0,4 0,3 0,2 10 (m) 0,1

Hnh 4.5: ng cong dc chun (SIT) theo tiu chun IEC255-3A

119

tt (sec) 100

tt (sec) 100

10 10 1 TD 1 0,9 0,8 0,7 0,6 0,5 0,4 0,3 0,2 10 (m)0,1 TD 1 0,9 0,8 0,7 0,6 0,5 0,4 0,3 0,2 10 (m)

0,1

0,1 1

Hnh 4.6: ng cong rt dc (VIT) theo tiu chun IEC255-3B

Hnh 4.7: ng cong cc dc (EIT) theo tiu chun IEC255-3C

I.2. Bo v qu dng ct nhanh (50):

Chng ta nhn thy rng i vi bo v qu dng thng thng cng gn ngun thi gian ct ngn mch cng ln, thc t cho thy ngn mch gn ngun thng th mc nguy him cao hn v cn loi tr cng nhanh cng tt. bo v cc Z trong trng hp ny ngi ta dng bo v qu dng ct nhanh (50), bo v ct nhanh c kh nng lm vic chn lc trong li c cu hnh bt k vi mt ngun (hnh 4.8) hay nhiu ngun (hnh 4.9) cung cp. u im ca n l c th cch ly nhanh s c vi cng sut ngn mch ln gn ngun. Tuy nhin vng bo v khng bao trm c hon ton Z cn bo v, y chnh l nhc im ln nht ca loi bo v ny. m bo tnh chn lc, gi tr t ca bo v qu dng ct nhanh phi c chn sao cho ln hn dng ngn mch cc i ( y l dng ngn mch 3 pha trc tip) i qua ch t rle khi c ngn mch ngoi vng bo v. Sau y chng ta s i tnh ton gi tr t ca bo v cho mt s mng in thng gp.

I.2.1. Mng in hnh tia mt ngun cung cp:

i vi mng in hnh tia mt ngun cung cp (hnh 4.8), gi tr dng in khi ng ca bo v t ti thanh gp A c xc nh theo cng thc: A I K 50 = Kat.INngoi max (4-15) Trong : Kat: h s an ton, tnh n nh hng ca cc sai s do tnh ton ngn mch, do cu to ca rle, thnh phn khng chu k trong dng ngn mch v ca cc bin dng. Vi rle in c Kat = (1,2 1,3), cn vi rle s Kat = 1,15. INngoi max: dng ngn mch 3 pha trc tip ln nht qua bo v khi ngn ngoi vng bo v. y l dng ngn mch 3 pha trc tip ti thanh gp B.

120

HT

A 1 I 2

50 N

I(3)N = f(l) It 50

lCN

Hnh 4.8: Bo v dng in ct nhanh Z mt ngun cung cp

I.2.2. Z c hai ngun cung cp:

Xt Z c hai ngun cung cp nh hnh 4.9, m bo cho bo v 1 (t ti thanh gp A) v bo v 2 (t ti thanh gp B) tc ng ng th gi tr dng in khi ng ca A B hai bo v ny ( I K 50 , I K 50 ) phi c chn theo iu kin:
A I K 50 = I B 50 = K at .Max{ I A max; I B K Nngoai Nngoai max}

(4-16)

Trong : IA Nngoai max : gi tr dng ngn mch ln nht khi ngn mch 3 pha trc tip ti thanh gp B do ngun HT1 cung cp. IB Nngoai max : gi tr dng ngn mch ln nht khi ngn mch 3 pha trc tip ti thanh gp A do ngun HT2 cung cp.
HT1 A 50 50 B HT2 N2

N1

I(3)NA = f(l) IAK

IB Nngoai max

I(3)NB = f(l) lCNA lCNB

IA Nngoai max

Hnh 4.9: Bo v dng in ct nhanh Z c hai ngun cung cp Nhc im ca cch chn dng in t trong trng hp ny l khi c s chnh lch cng sut kh ln gia hai ngun A v B th vng tc ng ca bo v t ngun c cng sut b hn s b thu hp li rt b thm ch c th tin ti 0. khc phc ngi ta c

121

A I K 50 = K at .I A max Nngoai

(4-17) (4-18)

I B 50 = K at .I B K Nngoai max

T hnh 4.10 chng ta thy chiu di vng ct nhanh ca bo v t ti thanh gp B c m rng ra rt nhiu. Bo v ct nhanh l bo v c tnh chn lc tuyt i ngha l n ch tc ng khi xy ra ngn mch trong vng m n bo v nn khi tnh ton gi tr dng in khi ng, trong biu thc khng c mt ca h s tr v Ktv. V l thuyt, thi gian tc ng ca bo v qu dng ct nhanh c th bng 0 sec. Tuy nhin trn thc t ngn chn bo v c th lm vic sai khi c st nh vo Z gy ngn mch tm thi do van chng st hot ng hoc khi ong MBA khng ti (dng t ho khng ti ca MBA c th vt qu tr s t ca bo v ct nhanh) hoc trong cc ch nhiu lon thnh phn sng hi khc vi sng hi c tn s 50Hz ln, thng thng ngi ta cho bo v lm vic vi thi gian tr khong (0,05 0,08) sec i vi rle c v (0,03 0,05) sec vi rle s.
A HT1 N1 B 50 50 HT2 N2

(3) B I t I NB = f(l) 50

A I t 50

IB Nngoai max

IA Nngoai max
l lCNB

lCNA

Hnh 4.10: Bo v dng in ct nhanh c hng Z c hai ngun cung cp Do vng tc ng ca bo v qu dng ct nhanh khng bao trm c hon ton Z cn bo v nn n khng th lm bo v chnh hoc bo v duy nht. Trong mt s trng hp, v d trong mng hnh tia cung cp cho mt MBA (hnh 4.11a) lm vic hp b (Z-MBA), c th dng bo v qu dng ct nhanh bo v ton b chiu di Z nu ta cho n tc ng khi c s c bn trong MBA. Dng in t ca bo v c chn theo dng ngn mch ba pha cc i khi ngn mch sau MBA (hnh 4.11a). i vi rle qu dng ct nhanh s c tch hp c chc nng ca bo v qu dng thng thng (khi ngi ta gi chc nng ct nhanh l ngng cao cn chc nng qu dng thng thng l ngng thp) nn c th phi hp hai chc nng ny bo v cho Z nh hnh 4.11b.

122

HT

MBA N

HT

INM

INM t It INngoi max l l It tCN

Hnh 4.11: Bo v qu dng ct nhanh cho s hp b Z-MBA (a) v kt hp vi chc nng bo v qu dng thng thng theo thi gian ph thuc (b) trong rle s

Trn thc t bo v qu dng ct nhanh c th kt hp vi cc thit b t ng ng lp li TL va c th ct nhanh s c va tng kh nng t ng ho trong h thng in, m bo yu cu cung cp in. Mt nhc im c bn khc ca bo v qu dng ct nhanh l n khng p dng c nu dng s c qua bo v khi c ngn mch u Z pha ngun (v d ngun HT1 trn hnh 4.9 trong ch cc tiu nh hn dng s c khi ngn mch cui Z trong ch cc i, ngha l: I N1 min < I N 2 max . Khi ta c:

I N 1 max I N 2 max

I N 1 min I N 2 min

<

I N 2 max I N 2 min

(4-19)

iu ny c ngha l bo v khng p dng c nu t s dng ngn mch khi c s c hai u Z trong ch cc i nh hn t s dng u xa ngun trong ch cc i (ng vi Zngun max) v ch cc tiu, tc l: Nh vy, khi ngun in h thng bin ng mnh hay c dao ng in ln trong h thng do ngn mch ngoi, bo v qu dng ct nhanh hoc s khng th tc ng hoc s tc ng khng chn lc tu theo gi tr ci t ca n trong ch lm vic no. Trong trng hp Z qu ngn, nu gi tr dng in khi ng IK 50 theo cng thc (4-15) ln hn dng ngn mch cc i trong Z, tc l: I N1 max I K = K at .I Nngoai (4-20) max vi I N1 max l dng ngn mch cc i ti N1 do ngun HT1 cung cp khi c ngn mch ba pha trn thanh gp A. Khi chc nng qu dng ct nhanh s khng bo v c Z. Nh vy khi s dng cp ct nhanh cn kim tra iu kin (4-19), nu khng tho mn iu kin trn th ch nn t cp qu dng ngng thp (qu dng thng thng) vi c tnh thi gian ph thuc. Vic p dng cc cng thc trn cn ph thuc vo Z c cung cp t mt hay hai ngun v bo v thuc loi c hng hay v hng. Nu gia hai ngun cung cp (hnh 4.9) ngoi Z lin lc chnh cn c Z lin lc ph khc (mch vng) th sau khi bo v mt u tc ng ct my ct, dng ngn mch qua bo v u cn li c th tng ln v bo v s tc ng, ngha l vng tc ng ca bo v ct nhanh u ny c th c m rng ra (hin tng khi ng khng ng thi).

123

I.3. Bo v qu dng c kim tra p:

Trong nhiu trng hp bo v qu dng c thi gian c th khng nhy v dng lm vic cc i chy qua phn t c bo v c tr s qu ln, chng hn khi tch mch vng ca li in, ct mt s Z hoc MBA lm vic song song, khi xy ra qu ti... Trong mt s li in c ngun cng sut ngn mch yu, nu xc nh gi tr dng in khi ng cho bo v theo cng thc:

HT 52 TG BU

BI 51

&
27

Hnh 4.12: Bo v qu dng c kim tra p

I KB =

K at .K mm .I lv max K tv

(4-21)

nhiu khi khng th m bo iu kin v nhy. Khi nng cao nhy ca bo v qu dng c thi gian ng thi m bo cho bo v c th phn bit c ngn mch v qu ti ngi ta thm vo bo v b phn kho in p thp (hnh 4.12). B phn kho in p s dng rle in p gim 27 s phi hp vi b phn qu dng 51 theo lgic V. Khi c ngn mch, dng in chy qua ch t bo v tng cao ng thi in p ti thanh gp b gim thp lm cho u ra ca b tng hp V c tn hiu, bo v s tc ng. Cn khi qu ti, dng in chy qua i tng c bo v c th gi tr tc ng ca rle tuy nhin gi tr in p ti thanh gp t bo v gim khng ln do rle in p gim 27 khng tc ng, bo v s khng tc ng. Nh vy khi dng bo v qu dng c kim tra p, dng in khi ng cho bo v c xc nh theo cng thc:

I KB =

K at .I lv max K tv

(4-22)

r rng khi nhy ca bo v tng ln do trong biu thc IKB khng cn h s Kmm in p khi ng ca b kho in p thp UKR< chn theo iu kin:

U N max U < U KRU < < lv min nU nU

(4-23)

Trong : Ulvmin: in p lm vic ti thiu cho php ti ch t bo v. UNmax: in p d ln nht ti ch t bo v khi c ngn mch cui vng bo v ca bo v qu dng. nU: t s bin i ca my bin in p BU. Thi gian lm vic ca bo v qu dng c kim tra p chn nh i vi bo v qu dng thng thng.

I.4. Bo v qu dng c hng 67:

i vi mt s cu hnh li in nh mng vng, mnh hnh tia c nhiu ngun cung cp..., bo v qu dng in vi thi gian lm vic chn theo nguyn tc bc thang khng m bo c tnh chn lc hoc thi gian tc ng ca cc bo v gn ngun qu ln khng cho php. khc phc ngi ta dng bo v qu dng c hng. Thc cht y cng l mt bo v qu dng thng thng nhng c thm b phn nh hng cng sut pht hin chiu cng sut qua i tng c bo v. Bo v s tc ng khi dng in qua bo v ln hn dng in khi ng IK v hng cng sut ngn mch i t thanh gp vo ng dy. S nguyn l ca bo v qu dng c hng c trnh by trn hnh 4.13a.

124

Ngy nay hu ht cc rle qu dng c hng s c tch hp thm nhiu chc nng nh: chc nng ct nhanh, qu dng vi c tuyn thi gian c lp v ph thuc, nh mt s rle qu dng c hng c c tnh chn lc tuyt i v tng i, ngha l c th va m bo chc nng ct nhanh va ng vai tr nh mt bo v d tr. Mt trong nhng rle va nu trn l rle qu dng c hng ba cp tc ng. hiu r hn v loi rle ny chng ta s i phn tch chn thi gian lm vic v dng in khi ng ca bo v qu dng c hng ba cp tc ng cho mt s mng in in hnh trong h thng in.

I.4.1. Mng in hnh tia c hai ngun cung cp:

Chng ta s xt tng cp tc ng cho s mng in hnh 4.13.

I.4.1.1. Bo v qu dng c hng cp I:

Bo v dng in c hng cp I lm vic nh mt bo v qu dng ct nhanh c hng, do dng in khi ng IK 67 ca bo v rle cho cp ny c xc nh theo cng thc: IK 67 = Kat.INngoi max (4- 24) V bo v cp I c tnh chn lc tuyt i nn thi gian tc ng ca bo v (tIt) c th chn 0 sec. Tuy nhin trnh trng hp bo v c th tc ng nhm khi c st nh vo Z gy ngn mch tm thi hoc ngn mch ngoi vng bo v c xung dng ln ngi ta cho bo v tc ng c thi gian tr khong (0,01 0,05) sec.

I.4.1.2. Bo v qu dng c hng cp II:

Vng bo v cp II ng vai tr d tr cho bo v cp I. Dng in t ca rle IIIt c chn theo s phi hp vi dng khi ng cp I ca bo v k tip (lin k) thng qua h s phn dng Kpd.
HT1 A 1 7 t1 t t8 t7 t t7 t2 t8 t t9 t9 t4 t t6 t3 t t10 t5 t t11 t11 8 B 2 3 9 C 4 5 10 6 D HT2 11

t10

Hnh 4.13: Phi hp thi gian cc bo v qu dng c hng theo c tuyn thi gian c lp cho trng hp Z c hai ngun cung cp. Xt bo v 1 t ti thanh gp A. Dng in khi ng cp II ca bo v ti thanh gp A c chn ph thuc vo s phn b dng in ti thanh gp B.

125

Trng hp ti thanh gp B c r nhnh, dng in khi ng cp II ca bo v 1 xc nh theo cng thc:

I II 67 = K at .K pd .I NT K

(4-25)

Trong : Kpd: h s phn dng. INT: dng ngn mch khi ngn mch sau MBA ti nhnh r thanh gp B. Trng hp ti thanh gp B c ngun cng sut ni vo, dng in khi ng lc c xc nh theo cng thc:

I II 67 = K at .K pdF.I IK ( 3) K
ngun my pht ni vo thanh gp B cung cp. Thi gian tc ng cp II c chn theo iu kin:
II I t tBVi= t tBVi+ t

(4-26)

I vi I t3) : dng in t cp I ca bo v 3 ti thanh gp B; KpdF: h s phn dng do (

(4-27)

Thng thng thi gian t cp II bo v c chn trong khong (0,3 0,5) sec.

I.4.1.3. Bo v qu dng c hng cp III:

Thc cht vng ny bo v lm vic nh mt bo v qu dng cc i c hng d tr cho cp I v cp II. Dng in khi ng cp bo v ny c chn theo cng thc:

I III 67 = K

K at .K mm .I lv max K tv

(4-28)

Vi mng in hnh 4.13. chn thi gian lm vic ca vng bo v cp III, theo hng tc ng chng ta chia ra lm hai nhm: Nhm 1: gm cc bo v c hng tc ng t tri sang phi: 1, 3, 5. Nhm 2: gm cc bo v c hng tc ng t phi sang tri: 2, 4, 6.Thi gian lm vic ca mi nhm c chn theo nguyn tc bc thang ging nh vi mt bo v qu dng thng thng, ngha l thi gian lm vic ca bo v th n c xc nh theo cng thc (4-1).
III t t= t ( n 1) max + t

(4-29)

Trong : III t t : thi gian t ca bo v th n ang xt. t(n-1) max: thi gian lm vic ln nht ca cc bo v lin k trcbo v ang xt. t: bc chn lc v thi gian, vi rle s t = (0,2 0,3) sec. i vi rle s thng tch hp c hai chc nng ca qu dng c thi gian c lp v ph thuc nn tu vo tng trng hp v tng ch vn hnh m chng ta s dng mt trong hai hoc kt hp c hai c tuyn trn cho hp l. Trn hnh 4.13 trnh by phng n phi hp thi gian tc ng cp III cho cc bo v theo c tuyn thi gian c lp.

I.4.2. Mng in vng c mt ngun cung cp:

i vi mng in vng mt ngun cung cp (hnh 4.14) chng ta chn thi gian cho bo v nh vi mng hnh tia hai ngun cung cp, nhng y thi gian tc ng ca bo v 2 v 5 (t2, t5) khng cn phi phi hp thi gian vi bt k bo v khc v khi ngn mch nhnh ngun (nhnh 7) th khng c dng ngn mch chy trong mch vng.

126

Dng in khi ng ca bo v trong trng hp ny phi phi hp vi nhau gia cc bo v cng hng trnh trng hp bo v c th tc ng nhm. V d vi mng in hnh 4.14, dng in khi ng ca cc bo v phi tho mn iu kin: It 1 > It 3 > It 5 It 6 > It 4 > It 2 (4-30) Khi ngn mch xy ra gn thanh gp ngun th c th xy ra hin 8 9 tng khi ng khng ng thi, hin tng ny s lm cho thi gian ct s 2 3 c tng ln. V bo v s dng b phn nh hng cng sut nn tn ti vng cht m khi ngn mch ti gi tr 1 in p a vo bo v thp hn N1 HT ngng in khi ng ti thiu v khi 7 N2 bo v s khng th tc ng. Khi tnh ton dng in khi ng cho bo 6 v trong mng vng phi ch n cc trng hp khi c bt k mt my ct no m, mng s tr thnh s hnh tia mt ngun cung cp, lc s phn 5 4 b cng sut trong mng s khc v bo v c th tc ng nhm. 11 10 Hnh 4.14: Bo v qu dng c hng cho mng in vng mt ngun cung cp

I.4.3. ng dy song song:

A Khi cc bo v c trang b b phn nh hng cng sut vi chiu HT tc ng ng vi lung cng sut i t thanh gp vo Z th khng cn phi hp thi gian tc ng gia bo v 2 v 4 vi bo v 5 (hnh 4.15), v khi ngn mch trn Z D3 (im N3) cc bo v 2 v 4 khng lm vic. Trong trng hp ny bo v 1 v 3 s phi hp thi gian trc tip vi bo v 5: (4-31) t1 = t3 = t5 + t 1

51

67 B N1 2 5 PT 4

3 51 t1 = t3 t2 = t 4 N2 67

t5 l

Hnh 4.15: Bo v qu dng c hng cho Z kp v phi hp thi gian cho cc bo v Ch cn t b nh hng cng sut cho bo v 2 v 4, thi gian tc ng ca bo v 2 v 4 c th chn nh tu (nhng yu cu t2, t4 phi nh hn t1 v t3). Dng in khi ng ca cc bo v c chn phi am bo sao cho khi ct mt Z th dng in lm vic ln nht qua cc bo v ca Z cn li khng lm bo v tc ng, ngha l: IK > Ilv max hay IK = Kat.Ilv max (4-32)

127

Trong : Ilvmax: dng in lm vic ln nht qua bo v khi ch vn hnh mt nhnh Z song song. Kat: h s an ton, Kat = 1,2 1,3.

I.5. Bo v qu dng chm t (50/51N):

ln ca dng chm t ph thuc vo ch lm vic ca im trung tnh h thng in. Trong li in c trung tnh cch in vi t, dng chn t thng khng vt qu vi chc ampe (thng 30 A). Cn trong li c im trung tnh ni t qua cun dp h quang (cun Peterson), dng chm t c gim i rt nhiu. S nguy him ca tnh trng chm t ca li c trung tnh cch t hoc ni t qua cun dp h quang l in p hai pha cn li khng chm t tng ln bng in p dy v c th chuyn thnh s c ngn mch nhiu pha ti nhng ch c vn v cch in trn Z. Tuy nhin li ny khi xy ra chm t ngi ta vn cho php vn hnh nhng bo v phi bo tn hiu nhn vin vn hnh tm bin php khc phc. V dng chm t ca mng c trung tnh cch t hoc ni t qua cun dp h quang c gi tr kh nh nn i hi bo v dng th t khng phi c nhy kh cao. Trong h thng c trung tnh trc tip ni t, khi xy ra chm t mt pha cng chnh l ngn mch mt pha, dng th t khng (TTK) phn ln n t im trung tnh ca hai trm hai u Z, cn t cc trm khc th kh b. iu ny cho php m bo s phi hp tt theo dng ca bo v TTK. Cc bo v trong trng hp ny thng c phi hp theo nguyn tc phn cp nh i vi bo v qu dng pha. Trong rle s tn ti ba dng s s dng bin dng i vi bo v qu dng chng s c chm t. l cc bin dng pha mc theo s tng ba pha, bin dng TTK cho bo v chng dng chm t ln v bin dng TTK c nhy cao. S th nht thng dng cho li c trung tnh ni t trc tip hay qua tng tr thp, khi dng chm t qua cc pha c gi tr ln nn gi l bo v dng TTK cho li c dng chm t ln. Khi rle thng c ni vi tng cc dng pha t ba bin dng ring bit nn c chnh xc thp. Bo v dng bin dng TTK thng c s dng cho mi trng hp c s c chm t, c bit s dng trong cc li c dng chm t b (li c trung tnh cch t hoc ni t qua cun dp h quang). Bin dng TTK nhy cao pht hin dng chm t thng c gi tr danh nh nh hn nhiu so vi bin dng TTK cho bo v c dng chm t ln v c ni vi rle s theo cc u vo ring bit. Trong rle s ngoi cc bin dng ngi ta c th s dng thm cc bin in p vi cc s khc nhau. S bin in p kiu Y0-Y0 thng xc nh chiu cng sut ca dng ngn mch dng trong bo v c hng. Cn s tam gic h l xc nh in p TTK, n thng lm vic kt hp vi chc nng qu dng chm t nhy cao trong li c trung tnh cch t hoc ni t qua mt tng tr. Dng TTK (I0) ch c th chy t im trung tnh ni t ca MBA pha ngun ti im c s c chm t. Gi tr ca dng chm t c th xc nh theo biu thc:

I0 =

E Z 0 + Z1 + Z 2

(4-33)

vi: Z0, Z1, Z2: tng ng l tng tr TTK, th t thun (TTT) v th t nghch (TTN) nhn t im s c. V dng TTK khng th i qua cun tam gic ca MBA nn vic phi hp gia cc bo v theo dng TTK s n gin hn rt nhiu so vi qu dng pha. Nu chn dng in khi ng khng chnh xc th bo v qu dng TTK c th tc ng nhm nu s dng s

128

 Vit Nam, trc y li c trung tnh cch t thng l li phn phi trung p nh hn 35 kV nhng vi vic a li 22 kV c trung tnh ni t trc tip vo vn hnh s lm cho cc loi bo v chng chm t li ny s a dng hn. Tuy nhin trong cc rle s hin nay cc chc nng bo v ny c tch hp sn nn khng gy kh khn cho vic s dng. Trong cc s bo v Z cao p t 110 kV tr ln dng rle in c v rle tnh ca Lin X c, ngi ta hay s dng bo v qu dng TTK bn cp vi c tuyn thi gian c lp nh mt bo v chnh. Trong : Cp I l cp ngng cao ct nhanh, c xc nh theo iu kin chm t cui Z hay ch khng ton pha ca my ct Z ang bo v. Cp II v III l cp ngng cao c thi gian, xc nh theo iu kin phi hp vi cp mt ca Z ln cn, theo dng chm t sau MBA hoc theo ch khng ton pha ca my ct Z ln cn cng nh cc iu kin bt thng khc nh dao ng in, s khng ng b... Cp IV l cp ngng thp c thi gian xc nh theo iu kin dng khng cn bng trong dy trung tnh BI khi c ngn mch ba pha sau MBA hay cp in p thp MBA t ngu. Vic s dng nhiu cp bo v TTK theo trng phi Lin X c nh trn xut pht t mt thc t l trong s bo v khng c kiu c tuyn ph thuc vi thi gian tc ng khc nhau cho cc dng chm t khc nhau. Do vy, kiu bn cp s cho c tuyn dng bc thang c cht lng bo v tt hn so vi loi hai cp c tuyn c lp, nhng vn khng t c cht lng nh ca loi bo v qu dng TTK vi c tuyn ph thuc. Mt khc, do trong cc bo v Z rle s thng c km theo chc nng pht hin cc s c chm t nn bo v qu dng TTK bn cp ch ng vai tr nh bo v d phng hoc c th thay n bng mt bo v qu dng TTK hai ngng. Chc nng qu dng chm t trong rle s thng c hai ngng l ngng cao v ngng thp. Ngng cao ct nhanh thng c xc nh tng t nh cc rle c in. gim thiu xc xut ct nhm do cc cc my ct khng ng thi, ngi ta thng gii hn thi gian tc ng ca cp ct nhanh khong di hai chu k tn s cng nghip i vi cc my ct mt pha. Cn cp ngng thp cng c th c dng c tuyn c lp hay ph thuc, trong nn s dng loi c tuyn th hai tng kh nng bo v. Khi s dng chc nng qu dng chng chm t trong rle s, ta cn phi phn bit hai loi bo v vi cc gi tr t c xc nh xut pht t nhng c s lp lun khc nhau. Bo v qu dng TTK cho li c dng chm t ln thng c hiu chnh theo dng khng cn bng cc i v dng th t khng i qua ch t bo v. Cn bo v dng TTK cho li c dng chm t b thng xc nh theo dng in dung. Sau y chng ta s ln lt xt cc loi bo v ny.

I.5.1. Bo v qu dng TTK cho li c dng chm t ln: I.5.1.1. c tuyn c lp hai cp:
Cc rle qu dng s do c ng dng a nng nn thng c tch hp c hai cp bo v l ngng cao v ngng thp. iu ny c th thy r trong cc loi rle do Chu u sn xut. Trong ch ti bnh thng v khi c ngn mch ngoi, trong dng tng ba pha th cp ( I T = I a + I b + I c ) chy qua rle thng cha thnh phn TTK v dng khng cn bng c trng bi s khng ng nht ca cc bin dng pha v do ti bt i xng:
. . . .

129

I T
Trong :
. . .

(I A + I B + I C ) (I A + I B + I C ) 3. I 0 . = = I KCBT nI nI

(4-34)

nI: t s bin i ca bin dng BI.

.

I A , I B , I C : dng in ba pha s cp chy qua i tng c bo v.

I KCBT : dng in khng cn bng th cp, ph thuc vo thnh phn sng hi c trong dng ngn mch, s khng ng nht v sai s ca BI. Dng khng cn bng th c th c xc nh theo cng thc sau:

I KCBT =

. 1 .K n .K KCK .f i . I Nngoai max nI

(4-35)

KKCK gi l h s khng chu k. fi: h s sai s (mc t ho) ca cc bin dng (fi = 0,05 0,1). Kn: h s ng nht gia cc bin dng Kn (Kn = 0,5 1).

I Nngoai : thnh phn chu k ca dng ngn mch ngoi ln nht. max

1. Gi tr t ca bo v ngng thp (I0>) c chn theo 3 iu kin sau: I0> = Khc.(3.I0 - k.fi.I1) (4-36) Trong : Khc: h s hiu chnh, Khc = (1,5 2). k: h s c ci t trong rle s tnh n thnh phn sai s cc i do dng th t thun I1 qua rle trong ch ti bt i xng. Dng in t th cp ca bo v cn phi chn ln hn dng IKCBT ni trn. 2. Khng c tc ng i vi dng lm vic ln nht chy trn Z do ti bt i xng, ngha l: 3. Phi tc ng khi c chm t cui Z lin k vi nhy va (bng 1,12 i vi rle s) m bo vic d phng xa. V d rle t ti thanh gp (TG) A phi tc ng khi c chm t mt pha ti TG C (hnh 4.16), tc l gi tr dng in khi ng ca n phi tho mn iu kin: HT

3.I 0C 1,15 I 0> A 3.I 0C I 0> A 1,15

MBA D

(4-37)

t pha TTK

Gi tr dng in t cp l ngng thp c chn theo gi tr ln Hnh 4.16: Phn cp thi gian tc ng ca bo nht tho mn 3 iu kin trn v v qu dng pha v qu dng TTK. thng c ly trong khong (0,2 0,8) dng danh nh ca bin dng. Thi gian tc ng tt cp bo v ny c phi hp nh i vi bo v qu dng pha. Tuy nhin nh ni phn u, bo v TTK thng xt bt u t MBA c cun tam gic hoc cun sao khng ni t, nn bo v qu dng TTK cp ngng thp trc MBA ( y l trm C hnh 4.16) c th t loi ct nhanh. Do vy bo v TTK vi c tuyn c lp thng c thi gian tc ng nh hn so vi bo v qu dng pha t trn cng mt trm, tuy vy iu ny c th s khng ng i vi MBA t ngu. Gi tr t dng ngng cao (I0>>) c chn theo cc iu kin sau: 1. Theo iu kin dng TTK cc i khi c chm t ngoi vng bo v: I0>> = Khc.3.I0ngoi max (4-38) H s hiu chnh Khc c cho bng (1,15 1,2) i vi rle s.

130

2. Theo iu kin khng ton pha (KTP) tm thi do my ct ng mch khng ng nhp hay do trnh t TL mt pha ca bo v trn Z ang xt: I0>> = Khc.3.I0KTP (4-39) Vi I0KTP l dng TTK cc i qua bo v trong ch khng ton pha. Gi tr dng ngng cao c chn theo gi tr ln nht t hai iu kin trn. Thi gian ct nhanh ca bo v ngng cao thng chn bng 0,05 sec.

I.5.1.2. Bo v qu dng chm t ba hay bn cp:

Trong mt s loi rle theo trng phi M, c bit l cc loi rle bo v tng hp Z nh SEL-321 (SEL) hay ALPS (GE Multilin), cc chc nng bo v qu dng TTK vi c tuyn c lp nh mt bo v d phng c th c ti ba hay bn cp c hng. Tuy nhin khc vi rle ca Lin X, chng cn c tch hp thm c tnh ph thuc. iu ny cho php rle bo v Z vi cc thi gian tc ng khc nhau tu theo cu hnh ca li v v tr s c m loi bo v hai cp vi thi gian c lp khng thc hin c. Cc cp I v IV thng c chn ging nh cp ngng cao v thp cp trn. Sau y chng ta s xt k hn cc cp II v III l loi bo v qu dng ngng cao tc ng c thi gian v ch gii hn vi dng c tuyn c lp. Cp II: dng khi ng cp II ca trm B (hnh 4.17) c chn theo cc iu kin sau: 1. Suy ra t dng tng ba pha qua bo v khi c chm t sau MBA t ngu ca bo v lin k v pha ti ( cp in p thp hn), tc l ti im N1: III0> B = Khc.3.I0N1 (4-40) y h s Khc c th ly bng 1,15 i vi rle s. 2. T iu kin phi hp vi cp mt ca bo v lin k: III0> B = Khc.3.I0Btt (4-41) Trong : Khc c th ly bng 1,1. I0Btt: dng TTK tnh ton, c xc nh theo dng TTK qua rle B khi c chm t ti im tnh ton N2 trn Z lin k CD, N2 l im m dng tng ba pha qua rle C bng gi tr dng in t ca n (hnh 4.17). 3. Theo iu kin hiu chnh t dng tng ba pha ca ch khng ton pha trong Z lin k, hay dng KCB khi c dao ng hay s mt ng b cc my pht (trong trng hp thi gian tc ng ca bo v ln hn 1 sec). Cp III: c s dng khi cp II t ra khng nhy (yu cu Kn 1,2) khi c chm t mt im hay chm t kp ti cc v tr nhy cm cp III, c chn ging nh cp II, ngoi ra cn c iu kin tnh ton theo dng KCB trong dy trung tnh cc bin dng khi c ngn mch ba pha sau MBA thng hoc MBA t ngu ni vo TG ca cc trm hai u Z c bo v.
HT A B C N2 D

3.IB 3.I0B

N1 3.I0C 3.II 0>C

3.II 0>B

3.I0B

Hnh 4.17: Cc cch tnh vng II ca bo v qu dng TTK 4 cp

131

Thi gian tc ng ca bo v c phi hp ging nh i vi bo v qu dng pha thng thng. I.5.1.3. c tuyn ph thuc: Phng php phi hp cc bo v qu dng TTK theo c tuyn thi gian ph thuc tng t nh i vi bo v qu dng pha. Tuy nhin cn ch l i vi bo v qu dng TTK cn c mt s loi c tuyn ph thuc ch c cho bo v chm t nh c tuyn thi gian tc ng lu, c tuyn kiu RI...

I.5.2. Bo v qu dng th t khng cho li c dng chm t b:

Cc dng t ca bo v qu dng TTK cho li c dng chm t b thng c gi tr nh v chng khng chu nh hng ca cc dng in ti m chu tc ng ca cc dng in dung. hiu r hn v bn cht ca dng chm t lin quan n dng in dung, sau y chng ta s xem xt ch s c ca h thng in c trung tnh cch t khi chm t ti mt im.

EA

IA

UA IB 90
0

EB

EC CA CB CC

B C

IA UC

900 IC UB

900

Hnh 4.18: Cc dng dung khng trong li trung tnh cch t (a) v vct dng v p (b) trong iu kin bnh thng Trong li in xoay chiu vi ch lm vic bnh thng, trn cc pha ngoi cc dng ti cn c cc dng in dung xc nh bi in dung i vi t phn b theo dc chiu di Z. Nu khng c dng ti, in p ca tt c cc im trn li c th coi l bng nhau v dng dung khng ny rt nh do vy s st p do chng gy ra c th b qua. Khi in p cc pha so vi t tng ng s bng in p pha UA, UB, UC v cc in dung phn tn ca cc pha c th thay bng cc in dung tp trung CA= CB= CC = C (hnh 4.18a). Cc vct dng IA, IB, IC v p s c dng i xng nh trn hnh 4.18b. Nh vy, tng cc vct dng v p s bng khng v khng c dng chy qua t. Khi c mt pha no chm t, in p cc pha so vi t s thay i. V d khi pha A chm t trc tip, in p UA ca n s gim xung 0, cn in p hai pha kia s tng ln ti in p dy UBA v UCA. V in p dy khng thay i nn in p cc pha B, C so vi t s tng ln 3 ln, cn in p im trung tnh N ca h thng so vi t s bng - UA. Dng chm t ti im s c khi s bng: (hnh 4.19)

I D = ( I B + I C ) = 3..C. U pha

. (1)

. (1)

. (1)

(4-42)

Khi tnh ton dng ny ngi ta thng xt n in dung (C) ca li theo in dung n v c (F/km) i vi tng loi dy dn, do cng thc (4-42) c th vit thnh:

I D = 3..c.l . U pha .106 = a.l

Trong :

. (1)

(4-43)

132

 l: tng chiu di ca li in ni vi nhau trc tip khng qua MBA (li c cng cp in p). a=3CUpha10-6 v in dung n v c ph thuc vo loi dy dn trn khng hay cp ngm... thng dao ng trong khong rng. Tuy nhin, khi tnh ton s b chng ta c th ly gi tr trung bnh no . Nu thay = 2..50 rad/sec vo (4-43) th c th tnh gn ng: i vi Z trn khng: i vi Z cp: Vi U l in p dy ca li ang xt.

ID =
. (1)

. (1)

ID

U.l (A) 350 U.l = (A) 10

(4-44) (4-45)

Id(1) EA A U(1) C EB EC CA CB CC B C UC U(1) C+ U(1) B UA

IB(1) IC(1)

IA(1)

(1) UN(1) UB

UB

a)

b)

Hnh 4.19: Cc dng dung khng trong li trung tnh cch t (a) v vct dng v p (b) khi c s c chm t Khi tnh dng dung khng chnh nh gi tr t cho rle cn phi ch l dng dung khng ca Z c bo v s chy qun bn trong phm vi Z ny m khng qua ch t rle (hnh 4.20). Do cc cng thc (4-43), (4-44), (4-45), trong gi tr tng di ng dy l khng c tnh n chiu di Z c bo v. iu ny cng c ngha l, nu xut tuyn ca MBA hay my pht ch c mt Z th y khng c php t bo v qu dng TTK c nhy cao. tnh ton gi tr chnh nh cho bo v TTK v d ng dy AB (hnh 4.17), ta c th xut pht t dng dung khng tng cc tiu IC min ca cc Z bn ngoi cng ni vo trm t rle khi c chm t ti im N1 theo cng thc:

I 0> =

I C min a.(l l AB ) = K hc K hc

(4-46)

Trong : khc = (1,2 1,5). l: di tng ca li ni vi nhau trc tip khng qua MBA cung cp cho TG trm trong cu hnh ngn nht ca li. Ngoi ra, nu rle l loi v hng th n khng c php tc ng khi c chm t ngoi Z c bo v (im N2), tc l khi c dng dung khng t hng Z c bo v chy qua rle theo chiu ngc li. V vy gi tr t ca rle phi tho mn iu kin: I0> = Kat.a.lAB (4-47) vi Kat = (2 2,5).

133

3 C03 C02 C01 I03(1) I02(1) I01(1) N1

2 1 N2

Hnh 4.20: ng i ca cc dng dung khng khi c ngn mch bn trong Z Nu y l mt xut tuyn, th di lAB phi c coi l tng cc on Z cng cp in p v pha ti so vi im t rle, khi Kat c th chn nh hn t (1,5 2). Tuy nhin, nu rle l loi c hng th khng phi kim tra iu kin (4-47).

II. bo v so lch dng in (87)

II.1. Gii thiu chung:
Ngy nay Vit Nam bo v I2S I1S HT1 HT2 so lch dng in khng ch s dng bo v my pht, my bin p m n c s dng kh ph bin bo v li truyn ti. nng cao I2T nhy ca bo v so lch dng in I1T ILV cc hng ch to rle s pht minh ra loi rle so lch dng in c hm, cng vi s pht trin mnh m ca IH h thng truyn tn hiu m loi rle 87L ny dn khc phc c cc nhc im c bn ca mnh bng Hnh 4.21: S nguyn l ca bo v so phng php so snh tn hiu dng lch c hm in hai u Z thng qua cc thit b truyn tin thay cho vic dng dy dn ph. iu ny khng nhng nng cao tin cy m cn nng cao nhy ca bo v. Trn thc t c nhiu m hnh s nguyn l ca rle so lch c hm, mi hng c th a ra mt m hnh khc nhau sao cho t h c th ch to ra phn cng v chng trnh ho c cc thut ton logic ci t vo b nh ca rle. Trn hnh 4.21 trnh by mt trong cc dng s nguyn l ca bo v so lch dng in c hm. y chng ta khng i su vo cu to ca rle so lch dng in m ch t nguyn l lm vic ca n chng ta s ng dng bo v Z trong h thng in. T s nguyn l trn hnh 4.21 ta c: Trong ch lm vic bnh thng hoc khi ngn mch ngoi: Dng in so lch ISL (chnh l dng lm vic) ca bo v c xc nh theo cng thc:

134

I SL = I = I 1T I 2T = I LV

. . . 1 . .[( I 1S I 2S ) (I 1 I 2 )] nI

. . . 1 . = .(I 1S I 2S ) I KCBT I KCBT nI

(4-48)

Dng in hm:

I H = I 1T + I 2T =

. . . 1 . .[( I 1S + I 2S ) ( I 1 + I 2 )] nI

(4-49)

Trong : IKCBT: dng khng cn bng th cp BI, gi tr ca dng ny ph thuc vo sai lch gia cc BI v thnh phn khng chu k trong dng in chy qua i tng c bo v. Dng khng cn bng th cp c th c xc nh theo biu thc sau:

I KCBT = K n .K KCK .f i . I Nngoai max

BI.

(4-50)

I1S, I2S, I1T, I2T, I1, I2: ln lt l dng in s cp, th cp v dng t ho ca

nI: h s bin i ca cc BI. Trong ch ny dng in vo cun hm IH ln hn dng vo cun lm vic ILV nn bo v khng tc ng (hnh 4.22a). Khi c ngn mch trong vng bo v: Trng hp Z c mt ngun cung cp: gi s HT2 trn hnh 4.21 c ct ra. Khi :

I LV = I 1S =

. 1 . .(I 1S I 1 ) nI

(4- 51)

bo v c th lm vic ng trong trng hp ny th gi tr dng in khi ng ca bo v ILV phi chn ln hn gi tr dng in hm IH, ngha l: ILV = IH/KH (4- 52) Vi KH l h s hm, thng chn KH = (0,2 0,5). Gii hn di ca h s hm c chn cho min c dng ngn mch b nng cao nhy ca bo v, cn min c dng ngn mch ln thng chn h s KH cao ngn chn bo v c th tc ng nhm. Trng hp Z c hai ngun cung cp: (hnh 4.21) Dng in I 1S ngc hng vi I 2S nn I 1T cng s ngc hng vi I 2T . Khi :
. . . .
. . . . 1 . .[( I 1S + I 2S ) (I 1 + I 2 )] nI . . . 1 . .[( I 1S I 2S ) (I 1 I 2 )] nI

I SL = IH =
.

(4-53) (4-54)

135

ng.

Nh vy, trong trng hp ny dng ISL >> IH (hnh 4.22b) do bo v s tc

IH I1T I1T ILV IH ILV

nhy ca bo v c xc nh theo cng thc:

Kn =

Bo v so lch dng in c tnh chn lc tuyt i do yu cu nhy I2T ca bo v Kn 2. i vi rle in c m bo c yu cu v nhy ngi ta phi s dng cc bin php nhm hn ch thnh phn dng khng a) b) cn bng nh mc ni tip vi cun dy rle mt in tr ph, s dng my bin Hnh 4.22: th vct dng in khi c ngn dng bo ho trung gian... Cn vi rle mch ngoi (a) v trong (b) vng bo v s do c trang b b lc s c th lc nhanh c thnh phn sng hi khc tn s c bn 50 Hz trong dng s c kt hp vi chc nng kho khi c sng hi nn rle so lch s c nhy kh cao. Nh ni trn, bo v so lch c tnh chn lc tuyt i nn thi gian tc ng ca bo v khng cn phi phi hp vi cc bo v khc, tc l v nguyn tc bo v c th tc ng khng thi gian. Sau y chng ta s xt mt s phng n ng dng nguyn l so lch bo v cho mt s Z trong h thng in.

I N min I t 87

(4-55)

II.2. Bo v so lch dc cho Z n:

bo v Z n mt hoc hai ngun cung cp ngi ta thng s dng bo v so lch dc c hm. T nguyn l so lch chng ta nhn thy: c th so snh dng in hai u Z th ngoi Z truyn ti chnh ra phi b tr thm Z dn ph truyn tn hiu dng in gia hai u Z cho bo v so lch dc. Ngy nay, i vi rle s ngi ta thng thay th dy dn ph bng vic truyn tn hiu thng qua ng dy thng tin, iu ny khng nhng nng cao tin cy, nhy ca bo v m cn tng kh nng t ng ho trong h thng in c bit l khi h thng SCADA c a vo s dng. Trn hnh 4.23 trnh by nguyn l bo v Z dng rle so lch c hm truyn tn hiu dng thit b truyn tin.
HT1 A I1S ILV I1T B B thu thu pht Knh pht tn tn tin hiu hiu (A) (B) ILV I2S B HT2

IH

IH

I2T

Hnh 4.23: Bo v so lch dng c hm truyn tn hiu hai u bo v bng phng php truyn tin

136

i vi cc Z c chiu di ngn (< 25 km) ngi ta vn s dng dy dn ph truyn tn hiu dng in gia hai u ng dy (hnh 4.21). Khi gim bt s lng dy dn ph dng trong s ba pha ngi ta dng phng php cng dng in pha thng qua cc my bin dng cng (hnh 4.24). H s bin i pha trong my bin dng cng phi c chn sao cho dng in u ra khng b trit tiu i vi bt k mt dng ngn mch no. Chng hn vi s hnh 4.24, t s vng dy gia cc cun l: W1 : W2 : W3 = 2 : 1 : 3 v dng in u ra ca my bin dng l:

I ra = 2. I a + I c + 3. I N
vi I N l dng in chy trong dy trung tnh ca t my bin dng u hnh sao.
.

(4-56)

II.3. Bo v so lch Z song song:

Bo v so lch ngang c hng c dng bo v cho Z song song ni vo thanh gp qua cc my ct ring (hnh 4.25). Bo v so lch ngang c hng lm vic da theo nguyn tc so snh dng in trn hai ng dy song song. Trong ch lm vic bnh thng hoc ngn mch ngoi (gi s ti N1), cc dng in chy trn hai nhnh Z cng chiu v c gi tr gn bng nhau nn dng in vo rle: B pha thanh gp A:

A Ia Ib Ic W1 W2 W3 W4 ILV B C IH
Dy dn ph

Hnh 4.24: Cng dng in gim bt dy dn ph trong s bo v so lch dng in

I SL =

. . . . 1 . .[( I 1S I 2S ) (I 1 I 2 )] I KCBT < IKR nI

(4-57)

bo v khng tc ng trong trng hp ny. B pha thanh gp B: s b kho do chiu dng in i t Z vo thanh gp. Nh vy bo v khng tc ng trong trng hp ny.
A HT 87L 3 N3 (II) BU 87L 4 1 BI N2 (I) N4 BI 2 B

N1

BU

Hnh 4.25: S nguyn l bo v so lch ngang c hng Khi xy ra ngn mch ti N2 (gi s pha ph ti khng c ngun truyn ngc v), dng ngn mch ti im N2 c cung cp t hai pha: dng cung cp trc tip theo ng A1N2 v dng v theo ng vng A34B2N2 (thng dng ngn mch do nhnh A1N2 c gi tr ln hn so vi dng do nhnh kia cung cp do tng tr mch vng thng ln). Dng ngn mch trn i qua hai b bo v so lch hai u thanh gp. B pha thanh gp A: Chiu dng in i t thanh gp vo ng dy s lm cho chc nng nh hng cng sut ca rle lm vic xc nh im ngn mch nm trn
137

I SL =

. . . 1 . .[( I 1S I 2S ) (I 1 I 2 )] > I KR nI

(4-58)

Cc d liu trn s c tng hp v so snh vi cc gi tr ci t. Trong trng hp ny b pha A s a tn hiu i ct my ct 1. B pha thanh gp B: Dng in chy trn hai nhnh I1S v I2S c chiu ngc nhau. Khi dng in so lch c xc nh theo cng thc sau:

I SL =

. . . 1 . .[( I 1S + I 2S ) (I 1 + I 2 )] > I KR nI

(4-59)

Cc s liu thu c s c b pha thanh gp B tng hp v a tn hiu i ct my ct 2 (dng I2S c chiu hng t ng dy II vo thanh gp B, cn dng I1S hng t thanh gp B ra ng dy I). Nh vy s c s c ct bi bo v so lch hai pha thanh gp v nhnh ng dy cn li tip tc vn hnh nhng khi chc nng so lch s b kho trnh bo v c th tc ng nhm khi ngn mch ngoi vng bo v v lc bo v so lch ngang tr thnh bo v qu dng c hng. Khi xy ra ngn mch ti N3 (gn thanh gp A), do tng tr on t thanh gp A n im ngn mch nh hn rt nhiu so vi tng tr mch vng dn n dng ngn mch hu nh dn hon ton qua nhnh A3N3 lm cho bo v pha A tc ng ct my ct 3 cn dng trong mch vng rt nh nn bo v pha B khng tc ng. Ch khi my ct 3 b ct ra, dng ngn mch dn v nhnh vng v khi bo v pha B mi tc ng ct my ct 4. Trng hp ny c gi l hin tng khi ng khng ng thi, hin tng ny s lm tng thi gian ct ngn mch ln gy nh hng n tnh tc ng nhanh ca bo v. Trong trng hp xy ra t dy km theo chm t mt nhnh ng dy th bo v so lch ngang c hng s tc ng khng ng ct c hai nhnh ng dy. y chnh l mt nhc im rt ln ca bo v so lch ngang c hng. khc phc ngi ta da vo khong thi gian t lc t dy n khi chm t kho chc nng so lch ca bo v.

III. Bo v khong cch

Vo nhng nm u th k 20, bo v khong cch c xem nh loi bo v hon ho nht bo v cc ng dy ti in. Tri qua gn mt th k cc rle khong cch c nghin cu rt rng ri v khng ngng c ci tin qua cc th h rle in c, rle tnh n cc rle s ngy nay. Tnh nng ca rle khong cch nht l nhng hp b bo v khong cch s dng k thut s hin i c m rng v a dng hn rt nhiu so vi cc rle trc y. Ngy nay cc rle khong cch s nh P441, P442, P444 (Alstom); 7SA511, 7SA513 (Siemens); SEL321 (SEL) ngoi chc nng bo v khong cch n cn c tch hp nhiu chc nng khc na nh cc chc nng: qu dng ct nhanh, qu dng c thi gian (50/51), chng chm t (50/51N), in p gim (27), qu in p (59), t ng ng tr li TL (79), kim tra ng b (25) v cc chc nng truyn thng khc. Bo v khong cch l chc nng chnh ca rle. N gm mt h thng d tm s c, mt h thng o khong cch v mt h thng xc nh hng cng sut (dng in) s c. Tu vo mi loi rle ca tng hng ch to m cc rle khong cch c cc phng php d tm pht hin s c v a ra nhng phng thc x l khc nhau nhng nhn chung u da trn nguyn l c bn l da vo gi tr dng in v in p o c t tnh ton gi tr tng tr o ri so snh vi gi tr t vng cng vi hng cng sut trn ng dy tng hp a ra quyt nh thao tc.

138

 m bo tc ng chn lc trong mng phc tp, ngi ta dng bo v khong cch c hng, ch tc ng khi hng cng sut ngn mch i t thanh gp vo ng dy. Rle khong cch dng bo v ng dy ti in thng c nhiu vng tc ng tng ng vi cc cp thi gian tc ng khc nhau. Hin nay tn ti nhiu phng thc tnh ton gi tr t cho bo v khong cch, phm vi ng dng ca mi phng thc tu thuc vo tng ng dng c th. Ngoi ra bo v khong cch c th c s dng kt hp vi TL, cc s ct lin ng dng knh truyn tin gim thi gian ct s c. Sau y chng ta s i phn tch cch tnh ton cc vng ca rle khong cch.

III.1. Phn tch cc vng tc ng ca bo v khong cch:

n gin y chng ta ch xt vi rle khong cch ba cp (three step distance protection) ti thanh gp A (hnh 4.26). y l dng bo v khng cc b c dng kh ph bin trn thc t. Bo v c ba vng tc ng:

III.1.1. Vng I:
Chc nng ca vng I l ct cng nhanh cng tt cc s c bn trong ng dy I c bo v (on AB) do thi gian t tr ca vng ny thng chn bng t A = 0 (sec). Cn phn bit thi gian t cho rle vi thi gian ct s c thc t tc: tc = trlmin + tt + tt + tMC (4-60) Trong : trlmin: thi gian tnh ton v ra quyt nh thao tc nh nht ca rle khong cch. Thi gian ny tu thuc vo tng loi rle. V d rle 7SA511 c trlmin =25 msec, 7SA513 c trlmin 18 msec. tt: thi gian t cho rle. tt: thi gian truyn tn hiu bn ngoi rle, thi gian ny c th b ph thuc bi bus truyn... tMC: thi gian thao tc ca my ct, tu thuc vo loi my ct c s dng.
A B N1 N2 N3 C D

a)

t III A tI B t II B

tI A
b)

t II A

t III B

Z IA
tI A

Z II A
E t

ZI B
t II A
F t III t I A

tB

c)

Z IA

ZI B Z II A Z III A

t G

t II B

t III B

Z II B Z IA

Hnh 4.26: Xc nh cc vng khong cch ca bo v khong d) cch ba cp (a), (b), (c) v s logic ct (d).

Z II A
Z III A

t II A t III A

0 0

OR

Ct

139

Do vng I l vng bo v c tnh chn lc tuyt i nn ch cn s c xy ra trong vng ny bo v s tc ng m khng cn phi hp vi cc bo v khc. Gi tr tng tr t vng I ph thuc vo tng trng hp tng ng vi tng loi rle c th. Trng hp ti thanh gp B khng c ngun trc tip ni vo cng nh khng c nhnh r qua my bin p v sai lch gia cc BI, BU khng ln hoc vi cc rle s hin i c b lc s tc cao (7SA513). n gin ngi ta thng xc nh tng tr t vng I ( Z IA ) bng 85% tng tr ca ng dy AB (ZlAB): (4-61) Trng hp c k n cc sai s ca cc phn t khong cch, cc bin dng BI, bin in p BU cng nh sai s v thng s tng tr o c, ngn mch qua in tr h quang, nh hng bi chiu di ng dy..., c th lm cho rle tc ng nhm khi s c thc t nm ngoi vng I (v d ngn mch trn on BC). Khi ngi ta c th s dng cng thc:

Z IA = 0,85.Z lAB

Z IA =

1 Z lAB 1+ +

(4-62)

Vi 0,05 l h s tnh n sai s ca rle khong cch (tu vo tng loi m c th c cc gi tr khc nhau); = 0,1 l h s tnh n sai s ca cc bin dng BI, bin in p o lng BU v khong d phng ca rle. Khi thay cc gi tr trn vo cng thc (4-62) gi tr Z IA s dao ng trong khong (0,8 0,9) di thc ng dy AB, do n cng ph hp vi cng thc (4-61). Trn thc t khng phi bt c loi rle khong cch no cng c gi tr t trc tip l tng tr Z (P44X ca Alstom (Php), Sel321 ca Sel (M)). V d nh 7SA513 ca Siemens (c), gi tr t ca rle ny c th l cc gi tr in khng v in tr (khi xt n s c chm t) v chng c xc nh bng 85% chiu di ng dy.

X IAprim = 0,85.X lAB

X IA seco = N ct I I .X Aprim . n N vt A

(4-63a) (4-63b) (4-64a) (4-64b)

1 R IAprim = R lAB + .R arc 2 N I R IA seco = ct .R IAprim . n N vt A

Trong : X IAprim , X IA seco : gi tr in khng s v th cp cn xc nh. R IAprim , R IA seco : gi tr in tr s v th cp. Nct, Nvt: ln lt l t s bin dng BI v bin p BU.

Rarc: gi tr in tr h quang do ngn mch gy ra (b chia u cho hai pha khc nhau), Rarc c xc nh theo cng thc C. Warrington i vi s c pha-pha:

In : dng danh nh ca rle c tnh bng dng th cp ca BI. A

R arc =

28700 D + v.t c ) .( I 1,4 N

(4-65)

vi D l khong cch tng ng gia cc pha (m), i vi ng dy cp ba pha trn khng: D = 3 D AB .D AC .D BC ; v l vn tc gi (m/sec); tc l thi gian ct ngn mch ca h

140

thng bo v (sec); IN dng ngn mch tng theo hai pha ng dy n im ngn mch (i vi ng dy c hai ngun cung cp t hai u). Trn thc t gi tr ny xc nh nh tnh ton theo cc chng trnh tnh ngn mch trn my tnh. RlAB, XlAB: gi tr in tr v in khng ca on ng dy AB (). Ch cc gi tr xc nh theo cc cng thc trn cha tnh n trng hp s dng chc nng t ng ng lp li TL (auto recloser) ca bo v khong cch.

III.1.2. Vng II:

Chc nng ca vng ny l bo v on cui ng dy AB (khong (15 20)% on ng dy AB tnh t thanh gp B) ngoi khu vc vng I ca rle khong cch t ti A v yu cu bt buc l n phi bao trm hon ton thanh gp trm B sao cho tt c cc s c xy ra trong on ny v ton b vng I phi nm trong vng II, ngoi ra n cn c th lm nhim v d phng mt phn cho bo v vng I t ti thanh gp B. Thi gian tc ng ca vng II i vi tt c cc rle cc trm thng c t bng nhau tr mt s trng c bit, gi tr thi gian t ny c chn ln hn thi gian t vng I ca on sau lin k cng nh ca cc bo v ct nhanh ca cc my bin p ni vo thanh gp trm B mt bc chn lc l t, thng tIIA 0,5 sec. Cng nh vng I tng tr t ca vng II c chn tu thuc vo tng trng hp c th. Trng hp ti thanh gp B khng c ngun trc tip ni vo cng nh khng c r nhnh qua my bin p v s sai lch gia cc BI, BU khng ln hoc s dng cc rle c b lc s tc cao th gi tr ci t tng tr c th xc nh theo cng thc:

Z II = 0,8.(Z lAB + 0,85.Z lBC ) A

Vi 7SA513 ca Siemens th gi tr ci t vng II c xc nh:

(4-66) (4-67a) (4-67b)

X II Aprim = 0,8.(X lAB + 0,85.X lBC ) ()

X II seco = A N ct II I X Aprim n () N vt A

Vi P441, P442, P444 ca Alstoms:

Z II Aprim = Z lAB + 0,3.Z lBC ()

Z II seco = A N ct II Z Aprim () N vt

(4-68a) (4-68b)

Trng hp ti thanh gp trm B c ngun dng khc bm vo hoc c r nhnh cng nh khi tnh ton c th k n cc sai s ca BI, BU v ca bn thn rle..., khi gi tr tng tr t ca rle c th chn theo cng thc:

Z II A

1 1 I (Z lAB + ZB ) 1+ + K pdBC

(4-69)

Trong : = 0,1: h s tnh n khong ng bin an ton vng II ca bo v khong cch ti A khng ln sang vng II ca bo v khong cch ti B. A B D KpdBC: h s phn dng ca C ng dy BC ti thanh gp B, c gi N Kpd <1 tr bng t s gia dng qua rle (ti A) v dng qua im ngn mch ti N1 (hnh 4.26). C A B Theo cng thc (4-69) th di N Kpd>1 vng II ca bo v khong cch t ti Hnh 4.27: Anh hng ca Kpd n hin tng ht vng (kpd<1) v vt vng (kpd>1)
B B B B B B

141

Khi Kpd < 1 (hnh 4.27) ngha l gi tr tng tr o c ln hn tng tr thc t, trng hp ny ngi ta gi l hin tng ht vng (underreach). Lc rle ch c th pht hin c nhng s c v tr gn hn so vi v tr c gi tr ci t tng tr vng. Nu iu ny xy ra i vi vng II ca bo v khong cch t ti A th c ngha l vng bo v d phng cho vng I ca rle khong cch t ti B s gim i v nh vy thi gian ct d phng cho vng I ca bo v ti B s tng ln n tIIIA, lm gim hiu qu d phng ca bo v A. Vic p dng cng thc (4-69) s gy rt nhiu kh khn cho kh nng phi hp cp II ca bo v ti A vi cp I ca bo v ti B nu gi tr Kpd dao ng trong khong rng. khc phc iu ny, ngi ta c hai hng gii quyt: th nht l chn gi tr Kpd cc i tnh ton, th hai l tnh ton cc gi tr chnh nh khc nhau trong ch cc i v cc tiu ci t vo rle. iu ny rt d dng vi cc rle s v b nh ca chng cho php cha nhiu b tham s chnh nh khc nhau. Khi h s Kpd > 1 (hnh 4.27) s xy ra hin tng vt vng (overreach). Khi gi tr tng tr o c s nh hn tng tr thc t ci t vng v rle s ct c cc ngn mch xa hn so vi gi tr vng ci t, ni cch khc l gii hn vng bo v s tng ln. iu ny cha chc tt v khi vng II ca bo v t ti A c th s b ln sang vng II ca bo v ti B v nh vy cc bo v c th tc ng khng chn lc. Trng hp ti thanh gp trm B c my bin p phn nhnh ni vo, khi di vng II ca rle khong cch ti A khng c php bao trm my bin p trn m thi gian ct nhanh nht ca bo v my bin p ln hn thi gian tc ng ca vng II (tII). Thc vy, gi s nu xy ra ngn mch ti N3 (hnh 4.26) sau my bin p c loi bo v nh trn, nu N3 nm trong vng II ca bo v khong cch t ti A th rle khong cch ti A c th s tc ng ct my ct ti thanh gp A trc khi my ct bo v my bin p tc ng, iu ny l khng cho php. trnh trng hp ny th tng tr t vng II ca bo v khong cch t ti A phi c chn theo cng thc:

Z II A

1 1 (Z lAB + Z MBA min ) 1+ + K pdMBA

(4-70)

Trong : KpdMBA: h s phn dng qua my bin p. ZMBAmin: tng tr tng ng nh nht ca mt trong s cc my bin p ni vo thanh ci trm B. Thng thng gi tr tng tr t vng II ca bo v ti A c chn theo gi tr nh nht ca biu thc (4-69) v (4-70). Theo cc lp lun trn y th cc cng thc (4-66) n (4-68) thng ch p dng cho cc li hnh tia mt ngun cung cp (c trng ca li phn phi) cn i vi mng in vng th phi p dng cc cng thc c tnh n h s phn dng.

142

Nu t thanh gp trm B c nhiu ng dy ra th ng dy no c chiu di nh nht s c chn phi hp vi tng tr vng II ca bo v t ti A.

III.1.3. Vng III:

Hin nay cch tnh di vng III ca bo v khong cch ba cp vn cha thng nht. Tu vo tng trng hp, mc ch s dng vng ny m gi tr tng tr t vng III s c xc nh theo cc cng thc hp l. Trn thc t Vit Nam mt s ni vng III khng c s dng. Nu xem vng III ca rle khong cch t ti A thun tu d phng cho vng II rle A v n phi phi hp tt vi vng II ca rle t ti B th c th p dng cng thc (4-71) cho trng hp n gin:

Z III = 0,8[ Z lAB + 0,8(Z lBC + 0,85Z lCD )] A

Z III = K tc .(Z lAB + A 1 II ZB ) K pd

(4-71)

v cng thc (4-72) cho trng hp phi hp vi vng II ca bo v pha sau k n (ti B): (4-72)

vi Ktc l h s tin cy, Ktc = 1,2. i vi rle 7SA513 ca Siemens, gi tr t vng III c xc nh theo gi tr in khng nh sau:

X III = 0,8.[ X lAB + 0,8.(X lBC + 0,85.X lCD )] Aprim

X IIIseco = A N ct III I n () X Aprim N vt A

(4-73a) (4-73b)

Tuy nhin, khi p dng cc cng thc ny i vi li mch vng th khng phi lc no cng c th m bo c s phi hp tt gia cc bo v. Gi s xt mng in nh hnh 4.28, trong on ng dy BC c tng tr ln hn tng tr on BMC (gi s do cc ng dy ny c tit din dy ln,...). khi c ngn mch ti N, nu theo mch thng ABCN th im s c nm vng III ca bo v khong cch t ti A v l vng II ca bo v ti B. Tuy nhin nu xt theo mch vng ABMCN th tng tr ngn mch o c ti A nh hn nn c th ri vo vng II ca bo v t ti A. Khi bo v t ti A v B c th tc ng khng chn lc. Nh vy, cc cng thc M (4-71); (4-72) ch nn p dng B C cho li hnh tia mt ngun A N cung cp. i vi mng in vng do nh hng ca ca h s phn dng nn gi tr tng tr o c vng III c th bin Hnh 4.28: S khng phi hp gia bo v trm A v B thin trong di kh rng v khi vic tnh ton gi tr ci t vng III rt phc tp v phi tnh ton nhiu gi tr t trong nhng trng hp vn hnh khc nhau ci t vo b nh ca rle. Thi gian t vng III ca bo v ti A trong trng hp ny c th phi hp vi thi gian t vng II ca n theo cng thc sau: t III = t II + t (4-74) A A Nu xem vng III ca bo v khong cch ti A khng nhng d phng cho vng cho vng II ca n m cn dng d phng xa cho bo v ng dy lin k (BC) v khng n yu cu phi hp vng III ny vi vng III ca bo v t ti B. Khi , gi tr t vng III ca bo v khong cch ti A c ly bng tng ng dy c bo v (AB) vi ng dy lin k di nht (BC) v 25% ng dy th ba (CD) hoc bng 120% tng ng dy c bo v vi ng dy lin k di nht. iu ny cho php rle A c th ct
143

c cc ngn mch trn ng dy lin k (BC) khi ton b bo v ca on ng dy lin k ny khng lm vic. V d vi rle khong cch s P44X ca Alstoms, gi tr tng tr t vng III c xc nh nh sau: Z III = (Z lAB + Z lBC ).1,2 () (4-75a) Aprim

Z IIIseco = Z III A Aprim Z III Z lAB + A

Hoc cng c th xc nh theo cng thc :

N ct () N vt

(4-75b)

vi IR, IF tng ng l dng qua rle v dng i vo im s c ti thanh gp trung gian trong ch dng vo cc i. Thi gian t ca vng III trong trng hp ny c phi hp vi thi gian t vng II ca bo v lin k (ti B): t III = t II + t (4-77) A B Ngoi ra cng c mt phng n xut xc nh tng tr t vng III theo tng tr lm vic nh nht ca ti theo cng thc:

IR + IF Z lBC IF

(4-76)

Z III = A

Z lv min K tc .K mm .K tv

(4-78)

vi tng tr lm vic nh nht c tnh theo cng thc:

Z lv min =

U lv min 3.I lv max

X III II I

(4-79)

Trong : Kmm: h s m my, Kmm = 1,3. Ktv: h s tr v ca rle, Ktv = (1,05 1,1). Tuy nhin cng thc ny cha hp l lm khi p dng cho rle s v i vi li truyn ti, gc ca ti thng nh hn (20 30)0 so vi trc R (hnh 4.29) trong khi gc tng tr ng dy thng ln hn 600 v cc rle khong cch thng c xc nh hng theo gc ny hoc theo hng in khng ch khng theo trc R. Hn na trong cc rle s thng ci t thm chc nng kho rle trong vng ln ca ti (load encroachment), do cc gi tr t ca rle cng khng ph thuc vo cc ch ca ti.

Tng tr Z

Tng tr R ti

Hnh 4.29: Hng t ca bo v khong cch v v tr tng tr ti

III.2. Cc s ct lin ng trong bo v khong cch:

Trong h thng in, c bit i vi li truyn ti, yu cu v chn lc cng nh tc khc phc s c ng vai tr rt quan trng trong vic nng cao tin cy cung cp in cng nh tnh n nh ca h thng. Khi cp in p v cng sut truyn ti tng ln, cc yu cu ni trn cng tr nn ngt ngho m trong nhiu trng hp cc bo v dng nguyn l phn cp ba vng khong cch thng thng xt t ra khng p ng c. khc phc iu ny, hin nay ngoi vic s dng cc rle cng nh cc thit b ng ct cht lng cao, ngi ta p dng cc loi s khong cch khc nhau trong s

144

Chng ta nhn thy rng vng I ca bo v khong cch (ti thanh gp A) ch c th bo v ct tc thi c khong 80% chiu di on ng dy AB, 20% on cn li s c loi tr ngn mch vi thi gian cp II (tII). c th loi tr nhanh s c trn 100% on AB ngi ta dng cc s ct lin ng truyn ct tn hiu cho php hoc kho gia hai bo v khong cch t hai u on ng dy AB. Cc ng truyn thng tin lin lc dng trong bo v rle c th l cc ng thng tin hu tuyn kiu dy dn tn hiu (pilot wire) hay knh dn tn hiu (pilot chanel), knh ti ba PLC (power line carrier), cc knh v tuyn chuyn tip hay vi ba (microwave) v cc ng truyn cp quang... Chc nng ca chng l truyn thng tin t mt u ca ng dy c bo v n u kia to cc tn hiu ct lin ng (transfer trip) trc tip, tn hiu cho php, tn hiu kho hay tn hiu gii kho... Cc tn hiu ny thng dng s, c th l mt bit thng tin ring l kiu ng - m (ON - OFF) hoc dy cc tn hiu s gi l thng bo. Di y s trnh by s lc cc s bo v lin ng:

III.2.1. Cc s ct lin ng trc tip DTT (Direct Transfer Trip):

Theo s ny, rle mi u khi pht hin s c v ct my ct ca n s truyn tn hiu ti rle u i din qua mt trong nhng cng truyn thng s output. Rle pha u nhn s nhn c tn hiu ny qua cng vo s input. Gi tr gn u vo ny c th l mt bin (variable) hay mt hm (function) c kh nng pht tn hiu ct trc tip u ra ca rle (nhn tn hiu) ti my ct ca n m khng cn kim tra bt c iu kin no. Trong s ct lin ng trc tip DTT, tn hiu ct s c pht i ct my ct ng thi chuyn thnh tn hiu lin ng kiu trc tip cho rle pha i din. Rle pha i din v mt nguyn l cng phi c ci t ging rle ny.
1

N1 N2 Z IA II I Z A Z Amr Z III A

2 N3

2
AND

Z IAmr

Z IA

OR

ZI B II ZB ZI Bmr III ZB
a) b)

Z II A

t II 0 A
t III 0 A

OR

Ct

Z III A

Hnh 4.30 : S vng I m rng khi c ngn mch trong v ngoi ng dy (a) v logic ct ca rle s (b)

145

Trn hnh 4.30 ta gi s rle khong DT M2PT MTU cch B1 l rle pht tn hiu, rle khong cch OR Z2GT A2 l rle thu tn hiu pht t B1 khi c s c ti N2 thuc vng ct nhanh (tI) ca B1. Nu s 3PT dng s khong cch thng thng th rle OR A2 s ct my ct vi thi gian tr ca vng II (tIIA2), thi gian ny i khi qu ln (300 600 msec) i vi mt s ng dy truyn ti cao KEY OR p v siu cao p. Khi s ct lin ng dng ng truyn thng tin cho php gim ng k thi gian ct ca rle A2. Thc vy, Hnh 4.31a: S logic ct lin ng khi rle B1 s a tn hiu ct my ct tc DUTT bn trong rle SEL-321 thi (30 msec), ng thi pht tn hiu lin ng trc tip ca n ra u ra s output v thng qua ng truyn tin (i mt ti a 20 msec) ti u vo s input ca rle A2. Rle A2 s ct ngay my ct ca n khi nhn c tn hiu trc tip ny. Thi gian cch ly s c (k c thi gian thao tc my ct (40 50) msec) trong trng hp ny ch cn khong (90 100) msec r rng l nhanh hn rt nhiu so vi thi gian tIIA2. Rle B1 cng c gi tr t v thao tc tng t nh rle A2 khi s c gn u trm A. Nh vy, vic s dng ng truyn tn hiu lin ng ni chung s gim thi gian ct s c trn 100% di on ng dy c bo v (AB). iu ny c ngha rt ln i vi n nh ng ca ton b h thng, c bit i vi cc li lin kt cao p hoc siu cao p.
DT M1P Z1G M2PT Z2GT DTA DTB DTC M1P Z1G 3PT

OR

MTU

OR OR

MTU

M2PT
Z2GT

OR

TPA KEY

a)

KEY

b)

OR OR

TPB KEY TPC KEY

Hnh 4.31b: S logic ct lin ng trc tip DTT ng thi 3 pha (a) v c lp tng pha

Mt s k hiu trn s : M1P: tng tr pha vng 1 theo c tuyn MHO. M2PT: tng tr pha vng 2 theo c tuyn MHO tc ng c thi gian. Z1P: tng tr pha vng 1 theo c tuyn t gic pha. Z1G: tng tr vng 1 theo c tuyn t gic pha-t. Z2GT: tng tr vng 2 theo c tuyn t gic pha-t tc ng c thi gian. KEY: tn hiu lin ng u ra. Trong trng hp s dng my ct n pha cn phi to ra ba tn hiu ct tng pha TPA (trip phase A), TPB v TPC. Cc tn hiu ny c th dng lm tn hiu lin ng trc tip gi i. Pha u rle i din chng c a vo cc u vo khc nhau gn thnh cc bin DTA (Direct tripping A), DTB v DTC. Cc bin ny c t trong bin ct v iu kin MTU gi ti my ct. Nu phn t pht tn hiu trc tip ca rle u pht l phn t ni tuyn (vng I khong cch) th s c gi l ct lin ng do phn t ni tuyn truyn tn hiu trc tip DUTT (Direct Underreaching Transfer Trip) (hnh 4.31). Cn nu phn t pht tn hiu

146

Cc s ct lin ng trc tip c u im l n gin nhng tin cy khng cao. Nu ng truyn v nguyn nhn no nh b nhiu, pht tn hiu sai... th rle c th ct my ct nhm gy mt in khng ng c.

III.2.2. Cc s ct lin ng dng tn hiu cho php PTT:

Do nhng nhc im va nu trn y ca cc s ct lin ng trc tip DTT, trn thc t ngi ta hay s dng loi s truyn tn hiu cho php PTT (Permissive Transfer Trip) c tin cy cao hn. Thc cht ca loi s ny l khi rle nhn c tn ct lin ng t pha i din gi ti, n khng gi tn hiu ct ngay m cn kim tra xem iu kin no c tho mn khng, nu c th mi pht tn hiu i ct my ct. iu kin ny c th l khi rle pha u nhn pht hin s c bi cc vng khong cch, phn t nh hng hay phn t pht hin s c tc ng. Nh vy tn hiu lin ng khng phi l tn hiu trc tip DTT m ch l tn hiu cho php PTT, i khi n cn c vit tt l PIT (Transmissive Intertrip). Cng tng t nh trn, nu phn t pht tn hiu cho php ca rle u pht l phn t ni tuyn (vng I khong cch) th s c gi l ct lin ng do phn t ni tuyn truyn tn hiu cho php PUTT (Permissive Underreaching Transfer Trip). Cn nu phn t pht tn hiu cho php ca rle u pht l phn t vt tuyn (vng I m rng, vng II, III khong cch, phn t pht hin s c, phn t nh hng) th s c gi l ct lin ng do phn t vt tuyn truyn tn hiu cho php POTT (Permissive Overreaching Transfer Trip). Vi 7SA513, c th dng cng mt lc c hai kiu truyn POTT v PUTT c lp qua cc ng ni sng mang ring bit. Khi kiu truyn PUTT hot ng trong vng I cn kiu truyn POTT hot ng trong vng m rng hoc vi vng pht hin s c. Trn thc t ngi ta c th phn bit cc s POTT thun tu (dng bo v khong cch ba cp kt hp vi ct lin ng, cn gi l POTT1) v s c thm vng III khong cch hng ngc c chc nng kho (POTT2). Loi s sau lm vic tng t nh s thun tu i vi cc s c bn trong ng dy. Cn i vi cc s c bn ngoi, vng III hng ngc ny s kho ton b bo v khong cch li. Nu mt h hng xy ra trong thit b nhn tn hiu hay trong ng truyn, logic nhn ca b giao tip vin thng a nng c th b kho bi u vo nh phn v iu ny s khng nh hng n chc nng bo v khong cch thng thng. Khi vic iu khin khong o vng m rng s c chuyn n chc nng TL nu chc nng ny cha b kho. Vng I Trn hnh 4.32 trnh by (ni tuyn) PUTT Tn hiu lin ng ti u i din s khi tng th ca logic ct lin ng dng tn hiu cho php Cc vng POTT Ct T PTT dng chung cho c hai kiu OR vt tuyn Quyt 0 PUTT v POTT. Vic chuyn t nh ct s ny sang s kia c thc hin bng chuyn mch 0 AND Tr logic (mch lt,...) m y ta ch th hin nh mt tip im Tn hiu lin ng t u i din c kh thng thng. Trn s ny chng ta nhn thy logic PUTT v POTT Hnh 4.32: S khi ca chc nng ct lin ng khc nhau nhng im c bn dng tn hiu cho php PTT sau:

147

Trong s PUTT, phn t khi pht tn hiu lin ng cho bo v khong cch i din khi thao tc ct my ct ti ch l vng I, trong khi s kia l cc phn t c gii hn vng vt ra ngoi vng I nh vng I m rng, vng II, III khong cch, phn t pht hin s c, phn t nh hng... Trong s PUTT c th ch cn phi dng mt ng truyn tn hiu theo hai chiu cho cc tn hiu lin ng, v khi c cc s c cui ng dy (v d im N2 trn ng dy c bo v AB, hnh 4.26), ch c mt phn t pht tn hiu lin ng lm vic (ca rle B1). Cn khi ngn mch v tr giao nhau ca vng I ca cc rle hai u (ti N1), s ct lin ng li khng cn thit v s c nm trong vng I ca c hai bo v nn s c s c loi tr vi thi gian tI 0 sec. Ngc li trong s POTT, vi mi v tr ngn mch trong ng dy, hai phn t pht tn hiu lin ng hai u u lm vic nn y cn phi c hai ng tn hiu ring r truyn tn hiu theo hai chiu khc nhau, hoc mt ng truyn tin lm vic trong ch phn chia thi gian kiu song cng (duplex). i vi ng dy ngn, s PUTT ch nn s dng vi c tuyn t gic trnh hin tng ht vng v vng I khong cch vi c tuyn ny khi bao trm c in tr s c (thng ln hn so vi in tr ng dy). Nh minh ho trn hnh 4.33a, vi vic s dng c tuyn MHO, in tr s c (do h quang, in tr tip xc...) s lm gim vng I l thuyt AC xung cn thnh on AD trn thc t, on ny c th gim xung thp hn 50% chiu di ng dy AB v s c gia ng dy vi in tr h quang ln s nm ngoi gii hn vng I ca c hai u. Nu s dng s POTT th c th dng c tuyn MHO v vng II khong cch khi c khong ph theo trc in tr ln hn nhiu so vi vng I.
X
Vng II MHO B Vng t gic Hng Z Phn t quyt nh ct Phn t pht tn hiu lin ng POTT PUTT

Vng I MHO

C D

Rsc

A
V hng C hng

N1 85

B N2

A a)

R b)

Hnh 4.33: Anh hng ca in tr s c n vng I khong cch MHO trong s PUTT (a) v vai tr ca phn t ra quyt nh ct trong cc s PTT (b).

i vi tn hiu lin ng c truyn i thng c cc yu cu sau: Trong s PUTT, phn t quyt nh ct c th l phn t v hng hoc c hng. Cn trong s POTT, n phi l phn t c hng v hng v pha ng dy. Thc vy, gi s nu trong s ny dng phn t ra quyt nh ct thuc loi v hng (biu din bi ng nt lin di cng nh trn hnh 4.33b), th khi c ngn mch ti im N2 ngoi ng dy AB nhng trong vng II ca rle A, rle ny s pht tn hiu cho php n rle B. V phn t ra quyt nh ct v hng ca rle B cng nhn ra s c ny trong gii hn vng ca n nn rle B vn tc ng, ngha l gy ct nhm. Tn hiu lin ng u pht c th c lm tr (sn trc) c lp vi thi gian tr ca phn t khi pht tn hiu. Tn hiu lin ng sau khi qua giao din truyn tin ca rle pht cn phi c ko di sn sau khong thi gian so vi tn hiu pht ca phn t khi pht tn hiu lin ng.

148

iu ny nhm m bo tn hiu lin ng n c vi u thu mt cch ton vn ngay c trong trng hp phn t khi pht b ngt t ngt hay ng dy truyn tin qu di. i vi rle pha u nhn cng vy, sn sau ca tn hiu thu cng phi c ko di mt khon thi gian l Tr (hnh 4.32). cn ch l phn t thi gian Tr ny thng c s dng trong cc s kiu PUTT, cn trong s POTT t c dng. i vi cc ng dng ct lin ng dng tn hiu cho php s dng knh cao tn thng thng bng ng dy ti in (ti ba) PLC, tin cy truyn tin khng cao do tn hiu truyn lin ng phi i qua im s c trn ng dy ti in nn hay b nghn v suy hao ln (ti 20 30 dB). Trong trng hp khng c thit b khuch i cng sut tn hiu c th vt qua im nghn th phi dng loi knh truyn khc cng s dng ng dy ti in nh knh m chuyn tn (SFK). Knh ny c chng nhiu cao hn v c th c dng to tn hiu ca s gii kho cho chc nng ct lin ng trong cc s gii kho. Trn hnh 4.34 trnh by s ni dy ca h thng bo v ng dy ALPS ca hng GE-Multilin (M) theo logic POTT vi giao din truyn tin. Tn hiu cho php t pha xa gi n s khp mch tip im u ra ca u thu v kch hot u vo s ti cc chn D2-D18. Cn khi rle ny pht tn hiu cho php gi i, n s khp mch rle tn hiu u ra ti cc chn B5-B21 v kch hot u pht ca giao din truyn tn hiu lin lc.
Giao din NS40A Thu Cc dng chuyn mch
2 1 24 25 60

TB1

- c qui
B5 D2 Tn hiu thu D18

Trong cc s ct lin ng do phn t ni tuyn truyn tn hiu cho php 12 B21 PUTT giai on u, ngi ta thng s Rle Pht dng vng I khong cch va lm phn t ALPS khi pht tn hiu lin ng i xa, va lm 11 phn t ra quyt nh ct khi nhn c tn 59 Cc m hiu cho php t xa gi ti. S nh vy chuyn mch c th khng cho php ct nhanh cc s c cui ng dy c bo v. Gi s khi c ngn mch ti im N1 (hnh 4.33b), rle A khi nhn c tn hiu cho php t rle B Hnh 4.34: S ni dy theo logic POTT vn khng th thao tc ct c v s c s dng giao din di m tn NS40A v nm ngoi vng I. khc phc tnh trng rle khong cch ALPS ca GEC-Multilin ny, ngi ta phi s dng vng II lm phn t ra quyt nh ct. Tuy nhin khi do nhng hn ch v cng ngh, vng I v vng II thng vn phi dng chung mch so snh, nn thc t hai vng ny vn khng th ng thi c kch hot v vng II thng phi ra quyt nh ct sau mt khong thi gian tr. Trong cc rle khong cch kiu khng chuyn mch (non-swiched relay), c bit l rle s hin nay, vn ny c gii quyt v vic s dng s PUTT khng gy ra kh khn no.

III.3. S kho lin ng (Blocking scheme):

Khc vi s dng tn hiu cho php, s dng tn hiu kho s dng ng dy truyn tin truyn tn hiu kho khi rle pht hin thy s c vng ngc (hng v pha thanh gp), bn ngoi ng dy c bo v. S khi ca logic ct dng tn kho lin ng c trnh by trn hnh 4.35a. Gi s khi c ngn mch ti im N1 trong on ng dy AB trn hnh 4.35b, cc vng khong cch I hoc II thng thng s tc ng. Cn khi c ngn mch ti im N2 cc vng khong cch I m rng hoc vng II thng thng s pht tn hiu ct khng c thi gian tr cho my ct nu chng khng nhn c tn hiu kho lin ng t pha u B gi n. Tn hiu kho ny l ca phn t no ca bo v khong cch c hng ngc

149

hng v pha sau rle, tc l pha thanh gp trm B. N c th l vng III hng ngc hoc l s kt hp ca phn t pht hin s c v hng vi mt phn t nh hng thun (forwards) nh trn hnh 4.35c.
Cc vng c hng ngc Cc vng KC thng thng Quyt nh ng truyn tt ct Vng I MR hay vng II

85
OR

Z3A Z2A Z1A Ct A 85 Z1B Z2B N1 N2 85 Z3B B N3

AND

a)

Tn hiu kho

Tr

85

b)
Phn t pht hin s c Phn t nh hng thun

Hnh 4.35: S khi ca chc nng ct lin ng dng tn hiu kho trong rle c) c hai u ng dy c bo v

AND

Tn hiu kho lin ng

Khi c s c im N3 pha sau rle B nhng trong vng II khong cch ca rle A, cc vng c hng ngc ny s pht tn hiu kho ti rle A n khng b ct nhm. Cn khi c ngn mch bn trong ng dy, chng s khng pht tn hiu kho lin ng. Nh vy gi tr t ca vng hng ngc (vng II hng ngc, phn offset ca phn t pht hin s c...) phi bao trm phn vt tuyn ca vng II khong cch m bo mi s c ngoi ng dy nhng trong vng II phi c pht hin bi vng hng ngc ny. b sai s c th ly gi tr t bng 1,2 ln phn vt tuyn vng II ca rle u i din. Do c s khc bit v thi im tc ng ca cc rle hai u nn thi gian tr T c dng kho bo v u A trnh cho bo v tc ng nhm khi c s c thong qua, ng thi i tn hiu kho t u B gi n. Khi c ngn mch ti N3, bo v ng dy lin k thng ct nhanh s c ny. V thi gian gii tr tn hiu kho lin ng ca vng ngc c th rt ngn, khin cho tn hiu kho ny ti u nhn c th b gii tr trc khi thi gian T tri qua. Do , thi gian tr (sn sau tn hiu) u nhn Tn c s dng b p s thiu ht thi gian ca tn hiu kho. Trong trng hp c hin tng o dng, thi gian tr Tr cn c dng kho phn t vt tuyn ca rle A trong sut thi gian o dng khi c ngn mch pha sau rle B. Tm li, cc gi tr t thi gian ca s dng tn hiu kho phi c tnh ton chnh xc i vi mi ch lm vic ca i tng bo v rle lun lun nhn c tn hiu kho trong mi trng hp cn thit. Knh truyn tin dng trong s kho lin ng c th dng loi mt ng truyn kiu n cng. Trong trng hp dng h thng ti ba PLC, tn hiu cao tn c th ch lm vic trn mt tn s. Nu s ct lin ng dng tn hiu cho php PTT, tn hiu cho php cao tn phi truyn qua im s c trn ng dy n u bn kia th bo v pha i din mi ct my ct, cn vi s ang xt nu bo v pha i din khng nhn c tn hiu kho th n s pht lnh ct my ct nh vy th mc an ton c cao hn nhng c th gy ra ct nhm. Ni chung i vi s kho lin ng yu cu v cht lng ca ng truyn rt cao trnh tc ng nhm. Khi knh truyn hoc b phn pht nhn tn hiu b h hng th s lin ng phi b kho v khi bo v thc hin cc chc nng ca mt bo v khong cch thng thng hoc kt hp vi TL. So vi s dng tn hiu cho php PTT, s dng tn hiu kho lin ng lm vic tt hn trong trng hp ngn mch trong ng dy c mt u l ngun yu. Khi

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Nh ta thy phn trn, s ct lin ng dng tn hiu cho php PTT c tc thao tc nhanh hn cc s kho lin ng do khng cn phi c thi gian tr ch tn hiu lin ng t pha i din. Thi gian nhn tn hiu ny li thay i trong mt khong rng tu theo tng trng hp s c nn khong thi gian tr phi c t ln nht d phng. Tuy nhin trong trng hp ng truyn tn hiu b trc trc lm cho tn hiu cho php khng n c ni nhn, vic s dng s PTT c th khin cho s c trong ng dy khng b cch ly, gy nh hng n tin cy ca bo v. Trong khi vic mt tn hiu kho trong s kho lin ng do li ng truyn ch c th lm cho bo v tc ng nhm khi c ngn mch ngoi, tc l lm gim tnh chn lc ca bo v. S u vit ca s kho cng th hin r trong cc logic kt hp vi chc nng TL. Khi c s c bn trong ng dy dng s bo v kiu PTT, vic khng c tn hiu cho php c th lm cho bo v hai u tc ng khng ng thi, trong trng hp ny TL c thi gian cht ngn u dy ct ra trc s lun lun thc hin khng thnh cng do phi ng vo im c s c. khc phc nhc im tc ng chm ca s kho lin ng v tin cy ca s ct lin ng (PTT) ngi ta thng dng s gii kho (unblocking scheme).

III.4. S gii kho (unblocking scheme):

y l logic bo v tng t vi chc nng ct lin ng dng tn hiu cho php (PTT) nhng c tin cy cao hn, s gii kho khng hn l s ngc vi s kho xt. Trong trng hp s c ng truyn, vic t ng gii kho c t ng thc hin mt ln u nhn ch khng phi do tn hiu t xa gi ti. Tn hiu gii kho v tn hiu cho php l hai dng khc nhau ca tn hiu ho gii (release) thng dng trong cc s lin ng. i vi s ct lin ng s dng ng truyn tin bng h thng ti ba PLC, tn hiu cho php c th b nghn do s c bn trong ng dy gy ra. Trong trng hp s PTT c kch hot, khi khng c tn hiu cho php gi n trong mt khong thi gian no khi rle pht hin ra s c trong hng tc ng ca mnh, logic bo v ca n s kho chc nng PTT li v chuyn quyn kim sot sang cc vng khong cch thng thng. iu ny c ngha l s c s b cch ly chm hn so vi cc s ct lin ng. S gi kho c kh nng gii vic kho chc nng PTT trong cc trng hp nghn ng truyn nu trn bng cch khng dng tn hiu cao tn PLC thng thng m dng loi m chuyn tn SFK (frequency shifp keying). M ny c hai tn s sng mang: tn s th nht ng vi trng thi khng c tn hiu lin ng gi l tn s gim st (guard), tn s th hai khc vi tn s u ng vi trng thi c tn hiu lin ng gi l tn s lm vic hay tn s gii kho (unblock frequency). Tn s th nht f1 dng xc nh ng truyn vn thng mch v thng c gn mc logic 0. Tn s th hai f2 thng c gn mc logic 1 tng ng vi trng thi c iu kin. Vic chuyn phng thc bin iu t bin sang bin iu tn s c gii tn hp lm tng kh nng chng nhiu AND OR ca tn hiu lin ng i vi cc s c 1 AND R ngn mch trn ng truyn PLC. 2 100ms 20ms AND Trn hnh 4.36 trnh by s to 0 0 tn hiu gii kho R ti u nhn ca knh cao tn PLC. Khi rle pha xa pht tn hiu f1 f AND f2 cho php, trong trng hp lm vic bnh U thng ca ng truyn tin, khng c li Hnh 4.36: S logic gii kho in hnh to tn hiu cho php
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Nh vy s gii kho thc cht l bin th ca s ct lin ng dng tn hiu cho php PTT. Vic p dng logic gii kho lm tng tin cy ca cc s POTT tiu chun. Ngoi ra trn thc t ngi ta cn c th dng cc s khong cch hn hp gia cc s cho php v s kho lin ng.

III.5. Phi hp bo v khong cch vi t ng ng lp li:

III.5.1. Gii thiu:
Theo thng k thc t cho thy cc s c thong qua xy ra trong h thng in chim ti 80%. nng cao tin cy ca h thng cng nh kh nng cung cp in lin tc cho cc ph ti ngi ta thng s dng cc s t ng ng lp li. Nguyn l hot ng ca s t ng ng lp li c th gii thch nh sau: Cc s bo v c s dng sao cho khi s c xy ra c th ct nhanh cc my ct lin quan, sau mt khong thi gian tng i ngn s t ng ng lp li s ng cc my ct va ct ra. Nu s c l thong qua th li in tip tc vn hnh cn nu s c duy tr th my ct s c ct ra tr li. Tu vo kt cu cng nh ch vn hnh ca tng li in m s ln ng lp li c th khc nhau, thng thng l di 3 ln. i vi li in ca Vit Nam trc y do tn ti nhiu ngun diezen nn vic s dng cc s t ng ng lp li s khng m bo tnh n nh ca h thng in. Hin nay, cc ngun pht diezen hu nh c loi b v cc s t ng ng lp li c a vo vn hnh v ang mang li hiu qu rt ln. Trong phn ny ch trnh by s phi hp bo v khong cch vi t ng ng lp li. S phi hp n gin nht gia bo v khong cch v t ng ng lp li l s tng tc bo v sau t ng ng lp li. Cc r le khong cch (21) loi vi x l hin nay thng c ch to c km theo chc nng t ng ng lp li (79) v mch tng tc bo v sau khi t ng ng lp li (TOR - Trip On Reclose). Mch TOR thng c thit k loi b nhanh s c duy tr ngay sau khi my ct c ng lp li. Ngoi ra, cc r le khong cch loi k thut s hin nay cn c thit k vi s vng 1 m rng, thc cht n l mt mch tng tc bo v trc t ng ng lp li vi mc ch thay th cho cc s bo v khong cch kt hp vi knh truyn tin khi knh truyn tin ang trong thi gian sa cha hoc bo dng. S ny s c cp chi tit trong cc mc (III.5.2). Ngoi hai s tng tc nu trn, mt s tng tc cng thng gp l s tng tc theo th t. Trong mc (III.5.3) s cp s tng tc ny vi bo v khong cch, c th l dng vng 1 m rng tng tc. Mc (III.5.4) s gii thiu thm mt s phi hp

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 RAR (Rapid Auto-reclosing: T ng ng lp li nhanh) l s t ng ng lp li c thi gian cht nh. DAR (Delayed Autoreclosing: T ng ng lp li c thi gian duy tr) l s t ng ng lp li c thi gian cht tng i ln.

III.5.2. S bo v vi vng 1 m rng:

y l mt s phi hp gia bo v khong cch vi thit b t ng ng lp li. phn u chng ta cp, b phn o lng vng 1 ca r le khong cch c hai gi tr t c th iu khin c. Gi tr t th nht c chnh nh nh s khong cch thng thng, tc l khong 80-90% chiu di ng dy c bo v v gi l gi tr t c bn, k hiu l Z1. Gi tr t th hai c chnh nh khong 125% chiu di ng dy c bo v gi l vng 1 m rng, k hiu Z1E. Bnh thng r le khong cch lm vic theo gi tr t ca vng 1 m rng Z1E v khi nhn c tn hiu t r le t ng ng lp li s t ng chuyn v gi tr t c bn.

a/ S LOGIC

E F G

b/ C TNH KHONG CCH-THI GIAN

Hnh 4.37: S bo v khong cch c vng 1 m rng

Khi c mt s c xut hin mt im bt k bn trong vng 1 m rng, r le s thao tc vi thi gian ca vng 1, ct my ct v khi ng r le t ng ng lp li. Mt tip im (lnh) t r le t ng ng lp li s c s dng chuyn gi tr t ca rle khong cch tr v vng 1 c bn. Tip im ca r le t ng ng lp li c s dng cho mc ch ny s thao tc trc khi xung ng c a ti my ct v ch tr v vo cui thi gian phc hi ca mch ARC (xem biu thi gian trn hnh 4.43). S bo v khong cch c vng 1 m rng c trnh by trn hnh 4.37. Khi s c xut hin im bt k trn ng dy c bo v, chng hn ngn mch ti 1 im bt k trn ng dy BC, cc my ct B2 v C1 s c ct nhanh bng vng 1 m rng (Z1E) v sau s c t ng ng lp li. Nu s c l thong qua, my ct s c ng li thnh cng. Nu s c l duy tr, my ct s ct li ln na vi thi gian ca vng 1 hoc vng 2 thng thng m bo tnh chn lc. Nh vy, vi vng 1 m rng s dng kt hp vi chc nng t ng ng lp li (ARC) th mi s c thong qua trn ton b ng
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Nu thanh ci cui ng dy c bo v cng c nhiu ng dy ni vo th s ln ct khng chn lc trc t ng ng lp li ca cc my ct cng ln, chng hn my ct C2 s ct khng chn lc khi s c xut hin trn cc ng dy DE, DF, DG v gn thanh ci D (N4, N5 N6). Mt khc khi ngn mch xut hin trn mt ng dy bt k v gn thanh ci th cc my ct u i din vi thanh ci ca cc ng dy cn li cng s ct khng chn lc, v d khi ngn mch xut hin ti N3 trn ng dy CD gn thanh ci D, th cc my ct E1, F1 v G1 i din vi thanh ci D cng s b ct khng chn lc. Phn tch s hot ng ca s : Khi ng dy c ngun cung cp t hai pha b s c, hai my ct hai u ng dy s ct ra. Nu cc my ct ny c trang b thit b t ng ng lp li mt ln, thng thng chng s ln lt c ng li theo s phi hp nh sau: My ct u th nht ca ng dy c ng lp li trc theo iu kin in p ng dy khng tn ti: UL = 0 My ct u cn li ca ng dy c ng lp li sau theo iu kin tn ti in p ng dy UL = 1, nhng phi thm mt trong hai iu kin sau: in p ng dy ng b vi in p thanh ci: S = 1. in p thanh ci khng tn ti: UB = 0. Theo iu kin phi hp tc ng ca cc mch t ng ng lp li nu trn, th my ct c ng li theo iu kin UL = 0, s c s ln ng ct nhiu hn. cn bng s ln ng ct my ct sau mt thi gian vn hnh c nh trc, iu kin tc ng ca thit b t ng ng lp li hai u ng dy c i ngc li. Thao tc ny c thc hin bi kho chuyn mch K4 v K5 (hnh 4.37a) v thc ra i vi r le s n l mt mch lt bng vi mch. Cn kho K3 ch s dng i vi li in c ngun cung cp t mt pha. S phi hp trn khi p dng trong cc s bo v r le bnh thng hoc trong s tng tc bo v r le sau khi t ng ng lp li th khng c vn g, bi v khi c s c xut hin trn mt ng dy th ch c hai my ct hai u ng dy s c b ct ra. Tuy nhin i vi s bo v khong cch c vng 1 m rng, nh phn trn nu c nhng v tr ngn mch c th c ba hoc nhiu my ct cng ct. V vy vn y l s phi hp ca vic thc hin ng lp li ba my ct tr ln, nhng mi my ct ch c th ng lp li theo mt trong hai iu kin nu trn v v nguyn tc th hai my ct ca mt ng dy cng phi c phi hp nh trn. Mt vn cng cn lu l khi cn thit, my ct mt u ng dy c th cho php t ng ng lp li theo c hai iu kin nu trn l UL = 0 hoc UL = 1 (kho K4 v K5 cng kn mch) nhng my ct u ngc li ch c thc hin t ng ng lp li theo iu kin UL = 1 (kho K4 phi h mch). c c s la chn s phi hp ca vic ng lp ca nhiu my ct (trn 2 my ct), di y ta s phn tch s hot ng ca s theo phng thc ci t iu kin tc ng ca s t ng ng lp li cc my ct ca li in trn hnh (4.37b) nh sau:

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 Phng thc th nht: cc mch ARC ca cc my ct c ci t ging nhau theo thanh ci. Phng thc th hai: cc mch ARC ca cc my ct c ci t ging nhau theo chiu ng dy. Phng thc th nht:
A B C D E F G a/

E F G

b/

Hnh 4.38: Ci t phng thc hot ng ca mch ARC theo thanh ci

Theo phng thc ny cc my ct cng u ni vo mt thanh ci c iu kin tc ng ca s t ng ng lp li c chn ging nhau. Khi thanh ci th nht c cc my ct c t ng ng lp li khi UL = 0 th cc my ct ca thanh ci tip theo s c t ng ng lp li khi UL= 1 (km theo S = 1 hoc UB = 0). Phng thc phi hp ny hp ny c trnh by trn hnh (4.38a) v sau thi gian vn hnh theo nh k, cc my ct c th thay i phng thc vn hnh ngc li nh trn hnh (4.38b). Di y ta xt s hot ng ca s bo v khong cch c vng 1 m rng nhng v tr ngn mch in hnh l N1 v N2 2 u ca ng dy BC theo phng thc ci t nh trn hnh (4.38a). Sau ta s thm s hot ng ca s ti im ngn mch N3 gn thanh ci D (thanh ci c nhiu xut tuyn) theo c hai phng thc hot ng ARC nh trn hnh (4.38a) v (4.38b). Ngn mch ti N1: Gi thit N1 nm trong phm vi tc ng ca vng 1 m rng ti A2 v khng nm trong phm vi tc ng ca vng 1 m rng ti my ct D1. Khi s c ba my ct cng ct ngn mch do vng 1 m rng tc ng l A2, B2 v C1. Sau cc my ct A2 v C1 c iu kin ng li l UL = 0 s ng li trc. Nu s c cn tn ti th my ct C1 s ct ra li bng vng 2 vi thi gian tr t2, cn my ct A2 s khng ct ra bi v my ct B2 cha ng li nn khng c dng s c chy qua my ct ny. My ct B2 trong trng hp ny cng khng ng li c do khng tho mn iu kin ng li (khng c tn hiu in p ng dy). Nu s c l thong qua, my ct A2 v C1 s ng li thnh cng, lc ny ti my ct B2 c tn hiu UL = 1 v n s ng li thnh cng theo iu kin kim tra ng b (S =1). Nu N1 nm trong phm vi tc ng ca vng 1 m rng ti my ct D1 (do ng dy CD qu di so vi ng dy BC), trong trng hp ny c bn my ct cng ct l A2, B2, C1 v D1. Sau ch c my ct A2 v C1 ng li theo iu kin UL = 0, nhng c hai ng dy BC v CD vn khng c in do hai my ct B2, D1 ang h mch v hai my ct ny cng khng ng li c do iu kin ng li ca n l UL = 1 khng tho mn. Kt qu l thanh ci C b mt in khng chn lc.
B

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Ngn mch ti N2: Gi thit N2 nm trong phm vi tc ng ca vng 1 m rng ti my ct D1. Khi s c cc my ct cng ct ngn mch bi vng 1 m rng l B2, C1 v D1 (c th my ct A2 cng ct). Sau ch my ct C1 (A2) ng li theo iu kin UL = 0 nhng ng dy BC v DC vn khng c in, do my ct B2 v D1 cng khng ng li c v thanh ci C b mt in khng chn lc. Ngn mch ti N3: Trng hp th nht: Gi s phng thc tc ng ca cc mch ARC c ci t nh trn hnh 4.38a v N3 nm trong phm vi tc ng ca vng 1 m rng ti E1, F1 v G1. Lc cc my ct C2, D1, E1, F1, D1 cng ct bi vng 1 m rng. Sau cc my ct C2, E1, F1, D1 s cng ng li theo iu kin UL = 0 nu nh cc mch ARC ca cc my ct ny c cng thi gian tc ng. iu ny ch cho php khi cc my ct nu trn c ng lp li nhanh cho cc ngun t thanh ci E, F v G c th t ng b vi nhau sau khi ng li. Nu thi gian ng lp li ca cc my ct trn khng p ng cho cc ngun t ng b th cc my ct E1, F1, G1 v k c my C2 phi c mch ARC c ci t c th t ng ng li theo c hai iu UL = 0 hoc c in p ng dy UL = 1 (km theo S = 1 hoc UB = 0), ng thi chng phi c thi gian tc ng khc nhau (iu ny hon ton cho php v mch ARC ca cc my ct i din vi cc my ct ny ch tc ng theo iu kin UL = 1): Nu s c l thong qua th cc my ct C2, E1, F1 v G1 s cng lc hoc ln lt ng li thnh cng v sau my ct D1 cng s ng li thnh cng theo iu kin kim tra tn hiu ng b (UL = 1 v S = 1). Nu s c l duy tr th C2 s ct ra bng vng 2 vi thi gian tr l t2, cn cc my ct E1, F1, v G1 cng s ln lt ng li thnh cng. Ring my ct D1 khng ng li c do khng c tn hiu in p ng dy (do C2 ang h mch). Trong trng hp N3 khng nm trong phm vi tc ng ca vng 1 m rng ti mt trong nhng my ct E1, F1 v G1. Gi s n nm ngoi phm vi tc ng ca vng 1 m rng ti E1, lc cc my ct F1, G1 i hi phi c kh nng ng li theo iu kin kim tra b (UL = 1, S = 1) mi c th ng li c v thanh ci D trong trng hp ny vn c in v ng dy ca cc my ct F1 v G1 vn tn ti tn hiu in p (iu kin ny cng i hi phi p dng cho c my ct E1 v C2). Ring mch ARC ca my ct D1 c tc ng hay khng ph thuc vo s ng li thnh cng hay khng ca my ct C2, tc ph thuc vo s c c tnh thong qua hay duy tr. Trng hp th hai: Xt trng hp ngn mch ti N3 m phng thc tc ng ca cc mch ARC c ci t nh trn hnh 4.38b. Gi s N3 nm trong vng tc ng ca ca vng 1 m rng ti E1, F1 v G1 lc cc my ct C2, D1, E1, F1, D1 cng ct bi vng 1 m rng Z1E. Sau ch c my ct D1 ng li. Cn cc my ct C2, E1, F1, G1 khng ng li c do khng c tn hiu in p ng dy (UL = 0). Thanh ci D s mt in khng chn lc. Gi s N3 nm ngoi phm vi tc ng ca E1 th cc my ct F1 v G1 s ln ng li thnh cng theo iu kin kim tra in p ng b khi m thanh ci E c ni vi ngun cung cp. Nu s c l thong qua th D1 s ng li thnh cng v my ct C2 cng s ng li khi in p ng dy v in p thanh ci ca n cn ng b vi nhau. Nu s c duy tr th my ct D1 s ct nhanh tr li v my ct C2 s khng ng li.

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Nh vy theo phng thc ci t ny, s tn ti cc v tr s c (gn thanh ci c iu kin ng lp li ca my ct l UL = 0) m tt c cc my ct xung quanh v tr s c c iu kin ng lp li l UL = 1 b ct ra cng lc. iu ny lm cho cc my ct ni trn sau khi ct ra s khng c my ct no c tn hiu in p ng dy thc hin chu trnh t ng ng lp li v cui cng cc ng dy ca cc my ct ni trn u b mt in khng chn lc d cho s c c th l s c thong qua. Phng thc th hai: Theo phng thc ny cc my ct cng chiu (chiu tc ng ca r le bo v) trn ng dy c iu kin tc ng ca s t ng ng lp li c chn ging nhau. C th trn hnh 4.39a, cc my ct c nh s 1 s t ng ng li khi UL = 0. Cc my ct theo chiu ngc li c nh s 2 c iu kin t ng ng lp li khi UL = 1. Sau thi gian vn hnh theo nh k, cc my ct c th thay i phng thc vn hnh ngc li nh trn hnh 4.39b. Di y ta xt s hot ng ca s bo v khong cch c vng 1 m rng nhng v tr ngn mch in hnh l N1 v N2 2 u ca ng dy BC theo phng thc ci t nh trn hnh 4.39a. Sau ta s thm s hot ng ca s ti im ngn mch N3 gn thanh ci D (thanh ci c nhiu xut tuyn) theo c hai phng thc hot ng ARC nh trn hnh 4.39a v 4.39b.
A B C D E F G a/

E F G

b/

Hnh 4.39: Ci t phng thc hot ng ca mch ARC theo chiu ng dy

Ngn mch ti N1: Gi thit N1 nm trong phm vi tc ng ca vng 1 m rng ti my ct A2 v khng nm trong phm vi tc ng ca vng 1 m rng ti my ct D1. Khi s c ba my ct cng ct ngn mch bi vng 1 m rng l A2, B2 v C1. Sau my ct C1 s ng li trc theo iu kin in p ng dy khng tn ti (UL = 0). Nu s c cn duy tr th my ct C1 s ct ra tr li bi vng 2 vi thi gian tr l t2, ng dy AB v BC lc u khng c in p nn cc my ct A2 v B2 khng khng tho mn iu kin t ng ng lp li. iu ny dn n thanh ci B b mt in khng chn lc. Nu s c l thong qua, my ct C1 s ng li thnh cng. Sau my ct B2 s ng li c theo iu kin (UL = 1, UB = 0) v tip theo my ct A2 cng s ng li thnh cng theo iu kin (UL = 1, S = 1). Trong trng hp ny ta thy nu khng ci t thm iu kin ng lp li (UL = 1, UB = 0) cho cc my ct A2 v B2 th my ct B2 s khng t ng ng li c do in p thanh ci khng tn ti nn khng c tn hiu ng b v my ct A2 cng khng ng li c do in p ng dy khng tn ti nn cng khng c tn hiu ng b. iu ny dn n thanh ci B b mt in khng chn lc.

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Ngn mch ti N2: Gi thit N2 nm trong phm vi vng 1 m rng ca bo v khong cch ti D1 v khng nm trong phm vi tc ng ca vng 1 m rng ti A2. Khi s c ba my ct cng ct ngn mch bi vng 1 m rng l B2, C1 v D1. Sau my ct C1 v D1 s cng ng li theo iu kin UL = 0 (theo hnh 4.38a): Nu s c cn duy tr, my ct C1 s ct vi vng 1, cn my ct D1 s khng b ct ra do vng 1 m rng b chuyn v vng 1 c bn. Trong trng hp ny my ct B2 cng s khng ng li v in p ng dy khng tn ti nn khng tho mn iu kin ng lp li. Nu s c l thong qua, C1 v D1 s ng li thnh cng v tip theo n my ct B2 cng s ng li thnh cng theo iu kin (UL = 1, S = 1). Nu N4 nm trong phm vi tc ng ca vng 1 m rng ti my ct A2 (ng dy AB qu di so vi ng dy BC), th thanh ci B cng s mt in khng chn lc khi s c duy tr (tng t nh trng hp ngn mch ti N1). Ngn mch ti N3: Trng hp th nht: Gi s phng thc tc ng ca cc mch ARC c ci t nh trn hnh (4.39a) v N3 nm trong phm vi tc ng ca vng 1 m rng ti E1, F1 v G1. Lc cc my ct C2, D1, E1, F1, D1 cng ct bi vng 1 m rng Z1E. Sau cc my ct D1, E1, F1, D1 s cng ng li theo iu kin mt p ng dy (UL = 0) nu nh thi gian cht ca mch ARC ca my ct ny ging nhau. iu ny ch cho php khi cc my ct nu trn c ng lp li nhanh cho cc ngun t thanh ci E, F v G c th t ng b vi nhau sau khi ng li. Nu thi gian ng lp li ca cc my ct trn khng p ng cho cc ngun t ng b th cc my ct E1, F1, G1 v k c my C2 phi c mch ARC c ci t c th t ng ng li theo c hai iu UL = 0 hoc c in p ng dy UL = 1 (km theo S = 1 hoc UB = 0), ng thi chng phi c thi gian tc ng khc nhau (iu ny hon ton cho php v mch ARC ca cc my ct i din vi cc my ct ny ch tc ng theo iu kin UL = 1): Nu s c thong qua th cc my ct D1, E1, F1 v G1 s cng lc hoc ln lt ng li thnh cng v sau my ct C2 cng s ng li thnh cng theo iu kin kim tra tn hiu ng b. Nu s c duy tr th cc my ct D1, E1, F1 v G1 s cng lc hoc ln lt c ng lp li. Ring my ct D1 s b ct ra tr li v ko theo my ct C2 khng ng li c do khng c tn hiu in p ng dy. Trong trng hp N3 khng nm trong phm vi tc ng ca vng 1 m rng ti mt trong nhng my ct E1, F1 v G1. Gi s n nm ngoi phm vi tc ng ca vng 1 m rng ti E1, lc cc my ct F1, G1 i hi phi c kh nng ng li theo iu kin kim tra b (UL = 1, S = 1) mi c th ng li c v thanh ci D trong trng hp ny vn c in v ng dy ca cc my ct F1 v G1 vn tn ti tn hiu in p (iu kin ny cng i hi phi p dng cho c my ct E1 v C2). Ring mch ARC ca my ct C2 c tc ng hay khng ph thuc vo s ng li thnh cng hay khng ca my ct D1, tc ph thuc vo s c c tnh thong qua hay duy tr.

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Trng hp th hai: Xt trng hp ngn mch ti N3 m phng thc tc ng ca cc mch ARC c ci t nh trn hnh (4.39b). Gi s N3 nm trong vng tc ng ca vng 1 m rng ti E1, F1 v G1 lc cc my ct C2, D1, E1, F1, D1 cng ct bi vng Z1E. Sau ch c my ct C2 c ng li theo iu kin UL = 0: Nu s c thong qua, my ct C2 ng li thnh cng, sau my ct D1 s ng li theo iu kin (UL = 1 v UB = 0) cn cc my ct E1, F1, G1 s ln lt ng li theo iu kin kim tra tn hiu ng b (UL = 1 v S = 1). Nu s c duy tr, my ct C2 s ct ra li v lc cc my ct D1, E1, F1, G1 s khng ng li c v iu kin ng li khng tho mn (UL = 0). iu ny dn n thanh ci D mt in mt cch khng chn lc. Gi s N3 nm ngoi phm vi tc ng ca E1 th cc my ct F1 v G1 s ln ng li thnh cng theo iu kin kim tra in p ng b (khi m thanh ci E c ni vi ngun cung cp). Nu s c l thong qua th C2 s ng li thnh cng v my ct D1 cng s ng li khi in p ng dy v in p thanh ci ca n cn ng b vi nhau. Nu s c duy tr th my ct C2 s ct nhanh tr li v my ct D1 cng khng ng li. Theo phng thc ci t ny s tn ti cc v tr s c gn my ct c iu kin ng lp li UL = 1 m cc my ct k pha trc (cng c iu kin ng lp li l UL = 1) u b ct ra. Nu s c l duy tr th khng c my ct no ng li c do khng tn ti in p ng dy. iu ny lm cho cc ng dy lin k pha trc ng dy s c s b mt in khng chn lc. Nhn xt S bo v khong cch c vng 1 m rng ch m bo ct nhanh cc s c thong qua, cn i vi cc s c duy tr th tu theo v tr ngn mch n c th b loi b vi thi gian tr ca vng 2. Mt khc c hai phng thc ci t iu kin tc ng ca cc mch t ng ng lp li ARC ca cc my ct u tn ti mt s s c dn n mt thanh ci mt in khng chn lc do cc ng dy ni vo thanh ci khng iu kin thc hin chu trnh t ng ng lp li. Tuy nhin theo phng thc th nht, s mt in thanh ci xut hin khi cc s c c tnh duy tr hoc thong qua, cn theo phng thc th hai, s mt in ch xy ra khi cc s c c tnh duy tr.

III.5.3. S tng tc theo th t bng vng 1 m rng:

S bo v khong cch c vng 1 m rng hot ng theo nguyn tc nu trong mc (III.5.2) ch loi b nhanh cc s c thong qua, cn cc s c duy tr vn c loi b vi thi gian ca cc vng khong cch c bn. c th loi b nhanh khng nhng cc s c thong qua ln s c duy tr th tn hiu iu khin vng 1 m rng Z1E tr v vng 1 c bn Z1 cn phi c mt thi gian tr tK n loi b nhanh s c mt ln na bng vng Z1E trong trng hp s c duy tr xut hin cui ng dy c bo v. Tuy nhin m bo tnh chn lc khi s bo v khong cch c vng 1 m rng hot ng theo nguyn tc ny, th my ct pha trc phi ng li chm hn my ct pha sau (theo chiu tc ng ca bo v) mt bc thi gian t tn hiu vng 1 m rng ti my ct ang xt tr v gi tr vng 1 c bn. S ny chnh l s tng tc theo th t trong vng 1 m rng l bo v khng chn lc cn vng 1, vng 2 v vng 3 c bn chnh l cc bo v chn lc.

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Hnh 4.40: S tng tc bo v theo th t bng vng 1 m rng

Trn hnh 4.40a trnh by s lgic ca s tng tc bo v theo th t bng vng 1 m rng ca bo v khong cch v hnh 4.40b th hin cc bc thi gian tr ca mch t ng ng lp li ARC ca cc my ct in trn li in khi h thng bo v r le hot ng theo nguyn tc ny. Theo nguyn tc tc ng ca s ta thy mi my ct khi ct khng chn lc (ct s c u ca on ng dy lin k) u phi c ng li trc my ct cng chiu ng dy s c. thc hin c iu ny mi mch ARC ca tt c cc my ct phi c th tc ng ng lp li theo iu kin UL = 0. iu ny i hi thi gian tr ca mch ARC ca cc my ct trn mt ng dy hoc ca cc my ct c kh nng cng ct khng chn lc c ci t khc nhau trnh ngun t hai pha cng ng li mt lc. Khi ngn mch trn mt ng dy, chng hn ngn mch ng dy BC. Hai my ct hai u ng dy l B2 v C1 s ct ra. V c hai my ct u c th ng li theo iu kin UL = 0, nn my ct c thi gian tr ca mch ARC nh hn s ng li trc (gi s my ct B2). Nu B2 ng li thnh cng (s c l thong qua) th my ct u cn li l C1 c thi gian tr ca mch ARC ln hn phi c thm kh nng t ng ng li theo iu kin kim tra ng b (UL = 1, S = 1) mi c th ng li c khi phc li s lm vic ca ng dy BC. Nu B2 ng li khng thnh cng (s c duy tr hoc bn duy tr), sau my ct C1 vn tip tc ng li theo iu kin UL = 0. Nu s c l duy tr th C1 ng li khng thnh cng. Cn nu s c l bn duy tr th C1 s ng li thnh cng. Tuy nhin s ng li thnh cng ca my ct C1 lc ny khng c ngha, bi v mch ARC ca my ct B2 b kho. iu ny c ngha s ng li ng dy ln th hai ca my ct C1 ch lm tng chi ph bo dng my ct. Nhn xt: u im c bn ca s ny l khng nhng loi b nhanh cc s c thong qua m k c cc s c duy tr. Tuy nhin s c mt s khuyt im l cc my ct cng xa ngun (xt theo tng chiu mt) c thi gian ng li my ct cng ln. iu ny nh hng n tc khi phc s cung cp in i vi li in c ngun cung cp t mt pha th cc s c thong qua cng gn ngun, thi gian khi phc li s mang in ca cc phn t cng nhanh. i vi li in c ngun cung cp t hai pha vn tng i khc. Khi s c thong qua cc on ng dy gia th thi gian khi phc li s lm vic ca on ng dy tng i ln. Nhng khi s c thong qua cc on cng gn ngun (k c hai pha) th thi gian khi phc li s mang in ca n cng chm. Bi v i vi cc on ng dy ny mt my ct c xt theo ngun ny cng gn bao nhiu v c thi gian

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Khi s c thong qua, cc my ct c thi gian tr ln c ng li theo iu kin ho ng b. Khi thi gian tr cng ln cng nh hng n s ng li ca my ct ny v khi kh nng mt ng b gia hai ngun tng ln. Chi ph bo dng ca cc my ct trong s ny ln hn so vi s bo v khong cch c vng 1 m rng mc (III.5.2). Nguyn nhn ca n l khi s c c tnh duy tr hoc bn duy tr th ng dy c ng li 2 ln. Nhng vic ng li ng dy ln th hai khng c ngha khi phc li s lm vic ca ng dy d s c l bn duy tr. Nguyn nhn ca hin tng ny l do ng dy c ng li hai ln bng hai my ct hai u ng dy v mi u ch c kh nng ng lp li mt ln. C th p dng phng thc ci t thi gian tr v iu kin tc ng nu trn cho s bo v khong cch c vng 1 m rng. Gii php ny s khc phc c hin tng mt in khng chn lc ca mt s thanh ci i vi mt s ngn mch nh nu trong mc (III.5.2). Tuy nhin lc s bo v khong cch c vng 1 m rng gp phi nhng khuyt im tng t nh nu trn ca s tng tc theo tun t bng vng 1 m rng, ngoi ra n cn km hn s tng tc theo tun t bng vng 1 m rng l khng loi b nhanh c cc s c duy tr. Nu s bo v khong cch c vng 1 m rng trang b thm mch TOR ct nhanh cc ngn mch duy tr th n chnh l s tng tc theo th t v mch tr v chm ca vng 1 m rng cng chnh l mt mch TOR.

III.5.4. S tng tc vng 2 kt hp vi RAR v DAR:

Trong mc (III.5.3) ta thy khi s c xut hin on u ca cc ng dy th cc my ct ca n v my ct ca ng dy lin k pha trc u c ct bng vng 1 m rng. Do sau khi ct ln th nht vn khng bit c s c ang ng dy no, v vy thm d v tr s c buc phi ng li cc my ct theo th t my ct gn ngun c ng lp li trc. Chnh v iu ny nn cc my ct cng xa ngun c thi gian tr ca chu trnh t ng ng lp li cng ln. Trong trng hp nu trn, nu ta dng vng 2 tng tc bo v th my ct gn v tr s c s ct bng vng 1, cn my ct ca ng dy lin k pha trc s ct bng vng 2 v vng 1 ca n khng tc ng. Li dng c im ny ca s bo v khong cch pht hin v tr s c sau ln ct th nht bng cch trang b mi my ct hai b t ng ng lp li: b th nht t ng ng lp li nhanh RAR c thi gian cht nh c khi ng theo tn hiu vng 2 v b kho khi c tn hiu vng 1, b th hai t ng ng lp li chm DAR c thi gian cht ln hn chu trnh RAR mt cp v c khi ng theo tn hiu vng 1 v/hoc vng 2. Vi gii php nu trn, ta thy my ct ng dy lin k vi ng dy s c b ct bng vng 2 tng tc s c ng li trc bng chu trnh RAR (do vng 1 ca n khng lm vic), ng thi mch tng tc ca n cng c mch t ng ng lp li kho li sau mt thi gian tr no ( my ct c th ct nhanh tr li khi s c xut hin cui ng dy). My ct trn ng dy s c c ct bng vng 1 s c ng li sau bng chu trnh DAR. Gii php ny cho php cc my ct ci t thi gian cht ca cc chu trnh ng lp li nh nhau, ngoi ra vi vic trang b mi my ct hai b t ng ng lp li cng cho php khi phc li s lm vic ca ng dy i vi cc s c bn duy tr. S nu trn c th gi l s tng tc vng 2 kt hp vi RAR v DAR v c trnh by trn hnh trn hnh 4.41.

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Hnh 4.41: S tng tc vng 2 kt hp vi RAR v DAR

Nguyn l tc ng: Theo s trn hnh 4.41a, mi my ct u mi ng dy c trang b: 1 b bo v khong cch 3 cp, 1 b t ng ng lp li nhanh RAR c thi gian cht l tRAR v 1 b t ng ng lp li chm c thi gian cht tDAR > tRAR. Bo v khong cch 3 cp c vng 1 (Z1) tc ng tc thi, vng 2 ( tc ng vi thi gian tr t2 v vng 3 (Z3) tc ng vi thi gian tr t3 theo ng s bo v khong cch 3 cp thng thng. Ngoi ra vng 2 cn c tn hiu i ct tc thi my ct (kho K1 v K2 trn hnh 4.41a kn mch) hoc vi thi gian tr nh (kho K1 kn mch cn K2 h mch) v n b s kho li sau khi my ct c ng lp li ln u vi thi gian tr l tK m bo vng 2 ct nhanh li my ct mt ln na nu s c duy tr xut hin cui ng dy ca n. Mch tng tc vng 2 b kha trong khong thi gian tDT m bo n khng hot ng nu s c vn cn duy tr sau khi my ct ca ng dy b s c c ng li bng chu trnh DAR. Mch RAR: Mch RAR c khi ng khi s c nm trong phm vi tc ng ca vng 2 v ngoi phm vi tc ng ca vng 1, tc Z2 = 1 v Z1 = 0. Mc d s RAR c khi ng v duy tr theo tn hiu trn nhng mch to thi gian tr (tRAR) ca n ch lm vic khi c tn hiu in p thanh ci UB (khi khng cn thit th ni tt mch ny li). Khi my ct c ct bng mch tng tc vng 2, n s c ng lp li nhanh theo chu trnh RAR khi iu kin ng li sau y ca n c tho mn (hnh 4.41a): ng trc tip sau khi khi ng (kho K5 kn mch). Tn ti in p thanh ci UB = 1 nhng khng tn ti in p ng dy UL = 0 (kho K6 kn mch). Tn i in p ng dy UL = 1 v ng b vi in p thanh ci S = 1 (kho K7 kn mch). Cc iu kin tc ng ca mch RAR c p dng nh sau:
B

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 i vi ng dy c ngun cung cp t 1 pha p dng iu kin 1 cho mch RAR , tc l K5 kn mch, cn K6 v K7 h mch. Tuy nhin cng c th p dng iu kin 2, tc K6 kn mch cn K5 v K7 h mch. i vi ng dy c ngun cung cp t 2 pha, mch RAR lun ng trc mch DAR, do phi p dng iu kin 2, tc K6 kn mch, K5 v K7 h mch. i vi cc my ct i din vi thanh ci c ba xut tuyn tr ln (thanh ci D trn hnh 4.41b), thi khi ngn mch ngoi, n c th b ct ra bi vng 2 v mch RAR khi ng, tuy nhin do thanh ci i din c th vn c in (do tn ti mt ng dy ni vo thanh ci ny khng b ct) v nh vy ng dy c my ct ang xt vn c in, trong trng hp ny mch RAR s tc ng theo iu kin 3, tc K6 v K7 phi kn mch. Mch DAR: Mch DAR khi ng theo tn hiu khi ng ca vng 1 (Z1 = 1) hoc/v vng 2 (Z2 = 1) thng qua v tr kn mch ca kho K3 hoc/v K4. Mch DAR cng c cc iu kin tc ng nh sau: ng trc tip sau khi khi ng (kho K8 kn mch). Tn ti in p thanh ci UB = 1 nhng khng tn ti in p ng dy UL = 0 (kho K9 kn mch) Tn ti in p ng dy UL = 1 v ng b vi in p thanh ci S = 1 (kho K7 kn mch). Cc iu kin tc ng ca mch DAR c p dng nh sau: - i vi ng dy c ngun cung cp t 1 pha p dng iu kin 1, tc l K8 kn mch, cn K9 v K10 h mch. Tuy nhin cng c th p dng iu kin 2, tc K9 kn mch cn K8 v K10 h mch. - i vi ng dy c ngun cung cp t 2 pha, v mt u c kh nng c ng li bi mch RAR, nn mch DAR lun phi kim tra theo iu kin 3, tc K10 lun tnh trng kn mch. Tuy nhin khi ngn mch on gia ng dy th vng 1 c 2 u u tc ng, do mch RAR khng lm vic, nh vy cn phi c 1 u ng li my ct theo iu kin 2, tc u ny phi c K9 v K10 kn mch. Phn tch s hot ng ca s : Di dy ta s phn tch s hot ng ca s tng tc vng 2 kt hp vi RAR v DAR nhng v tr ngn mch in hnh trn li in c m t trn hnh 4.41b. Ngn mch ti N1: Khi ngn mch ti v tr N1 on gia ca ng dy BC, hai my ct B2 v C1 c ct nhanh bng vng 1. Trong trng hp ny, mch RAR khng lm vic nn cc my ct B2 v C1 ch c th t ng ng lp li theo chu trnh DAR. Gi thit my ct C1 c kha K9 trong s DAR ang kn mch, n s c ng lp li trc theo iu kin kim tra mt in p ng dy (UB = 1 v UL = 0). Nu s c thong qua C1 ng li thnh cng, sau my ct B2 s c ng li theo iu kin kim tra ng b (UL = 1 v S = 1). Nu s c duy tr th my ct C1 sau khi ng lp li s b ct mt ln na (bng vng 1) v my ct B2 cng khng ng li c do khng c tnh hiu ng b. Trong trng hp ny, c mch RAR ca hai my ct C1 v B2 khng tham gia lm vic nn khng ng lp li ln th hai c. Nu v tr ngn mch ti N, nm trong phm vi tc ng ca vng 2 ti cc my ct A2 v D1, th hai my ct ny cng c ct ra cng vi my ct B2 v C1. Nhng hai my ct ny s ng li thnh cng bng chu trnh RAR theo iu kin kim tra mt p ng dy (UB = 1 v UL = 0). Tip theo hai my ct B2 v C1 s c ng li bng chu trnh DAR nh nu trn. Ngn mch ti N2: Khi s c xut hin ti v tr N2 on cui ca ng dy BC v gi thit n nm ngoi phm vi tc ng ca vng 1 ca s bo v ti u my ct B2. Ti v tr ngn mch ny, my ct C1 s ct nhanh bng vng 1 v my ct B2 s c ct nhanh bng vng 2 tng tc. Sau , my ct B2 s c ng li theo chu trnh RAR vi iu kin kim tra mt p ng dy (UB = 1 v UL = 0). Nu s c thong qua th my ct B2 s ng li thnh

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 Nu chu trnh DAR ti my ct C1 ang c ci t theo iu kin kim tra s ng b (kho K10 kn mch v K9 h mch) th my ct C1 s khng ng li. Lc kho K9 ti my ct B2 ang kn mch v nu kho K3 ca s ti my ct B2 cng kn mch th my ct B2 s ng li ln th hai (t ng ng li hai ln) theo chu trnh DAR vi iu kin (UB = 1, UL = 0). Nu B2 ng li thnh cng th s ko theo my ct C1 ng li thnh cng. Nu s c cn duy tr th my ct B2 s c ct nhanh bng mch TOR. Mch TOR c khi ng theo chu trnh DAR v nu khng c mch ny th B2 s ct vi thi gian tr t2 ca vng 2 c bn (v vng 2 ct nhanh lc ny b kho). Nu chu trnh DAR ti my ct C1 ang c ci t theo iu kin kim tra s mt in p ng dy (kho K9 kn mch) th mc d my ct B2 b ct ra ln th hai nhng my ct C1 vn c ng tr li theo chu trnh DAR. Sau khi my ct C1 ng li nu s c vn cn duy tr th my ct C1 s c ct nhanh mt ln na bng vng 1 v mch TOR (nu c). Nu my ct C1 ng li thnh cng th my ct B2 cng s ng li thnh cng bng mch DAR (nu K3 v tr kn mch) theo iu kin kim tra s ng b. Trong trng hp ny, ta thy vng 2 tc thi ca bo v khong cch ti my ct D1 cng c th tc ng i ct D1. Sau khi my ct D1 ct ra th n s c ng li thnh cng theo chu trnh ca mch RAR v vng 2 tc thi ca bo v ti y b kho trc khi my ct C1 ng li theo chu trnh ca mch DAR. Mt vn cn quan tm trong trng hp ny l gi thit ng dy AB di so vi CD n ni N2 cng nm trong phm vi tc ng ca vng 2 ti my ct A2. Lc ny c hai my ct A2 v B2 u c ct bi vng 2 tc thi. Tuy nhin ch c my ct A2 s c ng li thnh cng trc bng chu trnh RAR cn chu trnh RAR ca my ct B2 tuy c tn hiu khi ng (Z2 = 1 v Z1 = 0) nhng b to thi gian tr ca n vn khng lm vic v tn hiu in p UB = 0 (xem hnh 4.41a). Sau khi my ct A2 ng li thnh cng, th mch to thi gian tr tRAR ca my ct B2 mi c khi ng (lc ny UB = 1) v tc ng vi thi gian tr l tRAR vng 2 tc thi ti my ct A2 c kho li. Thc vy, i vi li in 110kV v 220kV thng chn tRAR = (0,25 - 0,5s), cn thi gian cn kho vng 2 tc thi ti my ct A2 lc ny ch yu cu ln hn tng thi gian lm vic ca vng 2 tc thi (khong 30ms) vi thi gian ct ca my ct (khong 40-50ms). Sau khi my ct B2 c ng li bng chu trnh RAR, nu thnh cng th my ct C1 s c ng lp li thnh cng theo chu trnh DAR v nu khng thnh cng th my ct B2 s c ct nhanh mt ln na bng vng 2 tc thi v sau ng dy BC s c ng li ln th hai bng chu trnh DAR nh nu trn. y ch ch trng hp kho K9 ca my ct B2 ang kn mch th chu trnh DAR ca my ct B2 s ng li ng dy BC trc. Nu s c vn cn duy tr v cc my ct khng c trang b mch TOR th my ct B2 v A2 s b ct ra ng thi bng vng 2 c bn vi thi gian tr l t2 v thanh ci B s b mt in khng chn lc. trnh trng hp ny th my ct B2 khng c kho K9 v tr kn mch hoc phi trang b mch TOR ct nhanh s c ln th ba. Nu my ct A2 cng c trang b mch TOR th mch TOR ca n trong trng hp ny khng khi ng v chu trnh DAR ca n khng lm vic. Nhn xt: Trong trng hp trn, nu mch RAR ca my ct B2 ch khi ng theo tn hiu vng 2 v tn hiu ph nh ca vng 1 c bn (Z2 = 1 v Z1 = 0) m khng s dng tn hiu in p thanh ci UB khi ng mch to thi gian tr, lc c hai my ct A2 v B2 cng ng li mt lc theo chu trnh RAR v sau khi ng li th c hai my ct A2 v B2 s li cng ct ra mt lc bi vng 2 tc thi nu s c cn duy tr. Sau ng dy BC v my ct A2 c ng li ln th hai theo chu trnh DAR nh sau: Nu kho K9 ca my ct A2 ang kn mch th my ct A2 s ng li theo chu trnh DAR cng lc vi mt trong hai my ct B2 hoc C1 (my ct c kho K9 ang kn mch). Nu A2 c ng li cng vi C1, m s c cn duy tr th ch c my ct C1 ct nhanh bng vng 1 (A2 khng ct v B2 ang h mch). Nu A2 c ng li cng vi B2

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v s c vn cn duy tr th c hai my ct A2 v B2 u b ct ra tr li bng mch TOR (hoc vng 2 c bn) v nh vy thanh ci B s mt in khng chn lc. Nu kho K9 ca my ct A2 ang v tr h mch th mt trong hai my ct B2 hoc C1 s ng li trc cho ng dy BC. Nu B2 ng li trc th A2 v C1 cng khng ng li c v khng c tn hiu in p ng dy v iu ny lm cho ng dy AB, BC v thanh ci B mt in mc d s c c th l bn duy tr. Nu C1 ng li trc v thnh cng (s c bn duy tr) th B2 s ng li theo iu kin (UL = 1 v UB = 0) tip theo A2 s ng li theo iu kin (UL = 1 v S = 1). Nu C1 ng li khng thnh cng th A2 v B2 cng khng ng li c v thanh ci B s mt in khng chn lc. Nh vy trong trng hp phm vi vng 2 ti my ct A2 bao ph ln vng 2 ca my ct B2, nu khng s dng tn hiu UB = 1 khi ng mch to thi gian tr ca s RAR, ta nn kho K9 ca my ct A2 v C1 v tr kn mch cn kho K9 ca my ct B2 v tr h mch. Nhc im ca gii php ny l my ct A2 phi ct v ng lp li hai ln, mc du s c xut hin trn ng dy BC. Nhng xc sut ca trng hp ny nh, v ch c nhng s c nm trong phm vi vng 2 ca A2 v nm ngoi phm vi vng 1 ca B2.
B

Ngn mch ti N3: Khi ngn mch ti N3, gi s n nm ngoi phm vi tc ng ca vng 1 ti my ct D1, v nm trong phm vi tc ng ca vng 2 ti my ct B2.Trong trng hp ny c ba my ct cng ct l B2, C2 v D1, sau qu trnh thao tc ng lp li din ra tng t nh nu trong trng hp ngn mch ti N4. Vn t ra y l gi s N3 nm trong phm vi tc ng ca vng 2 ca mt trong nhng bo v ti cc my ct i din trc tip vi thanh ci D (E1, F1, G1) v gi s l ti my ct G1. Lc my ct G1 cng tham gia ct nhng thanh ci D vn c in (do c ngun t thanh ci E v F) v ng dy DG vn c tn hiu in p, do chu trnh RAR ti my ct G1 ny phi c ng theo iu kin kim tra tn hiu ng b (UL = 1 v S = 1), trong trng hp ny th mch RAR ti my ct D1 vn khi ng bnh thng (v UB = 1) v ng li cng lc vi my ct G1. Nu s c cn duy tr th c c hai my ct G1 v D1 cng ct ra tr li bng vng 2 tc thi v mch RAR ca n b kho li. Nhng sau my ct G1, D1 v C2 c ng lp li theo chu trnh DAR. trnh trng hp my ct D1 v G1 cng ng vo v cng ct ra theo vng 2 c bn (hoc bng mch TOR) khi s c cn duy tr, ta nn my ct G1 v C2 cng ng li trc trong chu trnh DAR (kho K9 ca C2 phi kn mch). Khi nu s c cn duy tr th C2 s c ct ra bng vng 1, cn G1 ng li thnh cng. Nu s c l bn duy tr th my ct D1 s c ng li bng chu trnh DAR theo iu kin UL = 1 v S = 1. Trong trng hp trn ta thy my ct G1 phi ct 2 ln khi s c duy tr hoc bn duy tr xut hin trn ng dy DC, nhng xc sut ca tnh hung ny khng ln v n ch xy ra khi ngn mch trn ng dy CD nhng ngoi phm vi vng 1 ca bo v khong cch ti my ct D1. trnh nhc im ny, ta c th ci t chu trnh RAR ti D1 c thi gian tr ln hn chu trnh RAR ti my ct G1. Ngn mch ti N4: Xt ngn mch ti N4, gi s n nm ngoi phm vi tc ng ca vng 1 ti my ct C2 nhng nm trong phm vi tc ng ca vng 2 ti cc my ct E1, F1 v G1. Lc cc my ct D1 s ct nhanh bng vng1, cn C2, E1, F1, v G1 s ct nhanh bng vng 2 tng tc. Sau cc my ct E1, F1 v G1 c th ng li nhanh cng lc vi C2 bng chu trnh RAR. iu ny c th cho php v thi gian ng lp bng chu trnh RAR nhanh cc ngun t cc thanh ci E, F, G t ng b tr li vi nhau. Nu s c thong qua th my ct D1 s c ng li thnh cng bng chu trnh DAR. Nu s c duy tr th sau khi ng lp li bng chu trnh RAR, my ct C2 s b ct nhanh tr li bng vng 2 tng tc (vng 2 tng

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Nu khng chp nhn gii php cc my ct E1, F1 v G1 ng li cng lc bng chu trnh RAR, th chu trnh RAR ca cc my ct E1, F1, G1 k c my ct C2 c ci t c hai iu kin ng li UL = 0 hoc UL = 1 v S = 1) vi thi gian tc ng khc nhau (ti thiu phi c hai my ct tc ng vi thi gian khc nhau v nh hn cc my ct cn li). iu ny s lm tng thi gian tDAR ca my ct D1. Vic ci t cc chu trnh RAR ca cc my ct E1, F1, G1 v k c my ct C2 va c th tc ng vi iu kin UL = 0 va c th tc ng vi iu kin UL = 1, S = 1 l cn thit trong trng hp v tr ngn mch N4 khng nm trong phm vi tc ng ca vng 2 ca mt trong cc my ct E1, F1 hoc G1. Tnh ton cc tham s thi gian ca s : Trong mc ny s xem xt vic tnh ton la chn cc i lng thi gian ca s tng tc vng 2 ca bo v khong cch kt hp vi thit b RAR v DAR bao gm: thi gian cht tRAR ca mch RAR, thi gian cht tDAR ca mch DAR, thi gian tr v thi gian duy tr ca mch kho vng 2 tc thi. Tuy nhin, trc tin cn phi xem xt ngha cc i lng thi ca mt chu trnh ng lp li. Cc i lng thi gian ca chu trnh ng lp li: Trn hnh 4.42 ch ra trnh t ca chu trnh t ng ng lp li mt ln (khi ng theo tn hiu bo v r le) in hnh, trong : Qu trnh ca s bo v bt u t thi im t0 v kt thc thi im t5 nu ng li thnh cng (s c thong qua), v nu ng li khng thnh cng (s c thng xuyn) th qu trnh bo v s kt thc thi im t13. Chu trnh ng ct ca my ct khi u t thi im t1 v kt thc ng li my ct thi im t9. Nu ng li khng thnh cng th my ct s tip tc thc hin mt qu trnh ct v kt thc ti thi im t12, ng thi ti thi im ny my ct s b kho. Chu trnh ca mch t ng ng lp li s bt u ti thi im t1 v kt thc ti thi im t14.

Hnh 4.42: Thao tc ca s t ng ng li (ARC) mt ln

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- i vi mch bo v: Thi gian thao tc (tBV): cn gi l thi gian bo v, c tnh t thi im xut hin s c n thi im tip im u ra ca s bo v khp mch (nu bo v c r le ct ring th thi gian ca n cng c cng vo) cung cp nng lng cho cun ct my ct. - i vi my ct: Thi gian m (Opening time): tnh t thi im cun ct ca my ct c cp nng lng cho n thi im cc tip im ca my ct bt u tch ra. Thi gian tn ti ca h quang (Arcing time): tnh t thi im cc tip im ca my ct bt u tch ra cho n thi im h quang s c c dp tt. Thi gian ct (tCMC): l tng ca hai thi gian m v thi gian tn ti ca h quang, tc l tnh t thi im cun ct my ct nhn in cho ti khi h quang s c trong bung ct my ct c dp tt hon ton. Thi gian ng (tMC): tnh t thi im cun ng my ct nhn in cho n thi im cc tip im ca my ct thng mch. Thi gian cht (Dead time): tnh t thi im h quang s c c dp tt cho n thi im cc tip im ca my ct bt u khp mch. i vi mch t ng ng lp li: Thi gian cht (tARC): tnh t thi im s t ng ng lp li nhn c nng lng khi ng (t s bo v) v thao tc cc tip im u ra cp nng lng cho cun ng ca my ct. i vi tt c cc s ng li tc thi hoc tc cao, thi gian ny c ly xp x thi gian cht ca my ct. Thi gian xung ng (Closing pulse time): khong thi gian m tip im u ra ca s ng lp li kn mch cho n khi cc tip im ca my ct khp mch hon ton. Thi gian phc hi (Reclaim time): l khong thi gian tip theo sau mt thao tc ng thnh cng, c tnh t thi im tip im u ra ca s t ng ng lp li khp mch ( cung cp nng lng cho cun ng my ct). Thi gian ny phi c tri qua trc khi s t ng ng lp li khi ng cho chu trnh ng lp li tip theo trong trng hp xut hin thm mt s c khc. Thi gian nhiu lon h thng (System disturbance time): tnh t thi im xut hin s c cho n thi im cc tip im ca my ct thng mch. Thi gian ny i lc cn c gi l thi gian dao ng ca h thng. Cc i lng thi gian ca s : Hnh 4.43 trnh by biu thi gian ca s tng tc vng 2 ca bo v khong cch kt hp vi cc thit b RAR v DAR.

Hnh 4.43: Biu trnh t thi gian cc chu trnh RAR v DAR.

La chn thi gian cht ca mch RAR (tRAR): Mch RAR tc ng cng nhanh cng tt, tc l thi gian cht ca mch RAR (tRAR) cng nh cng tt nhanh chng phc hi s cung cp in, c bit l cc ng c phi sc t khi ng tr li. Tuy nhin tnh tc ng nhanh ca s b hn ch bi iu kin kh ion ho ti ni s c, ngha l thi gian cht phi ln phn tn khng kh b

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ion ho ti ni s c. iu kin ny c th hin bi biu thc sau y: tkh ion < tRAR - tCMC < tK (4-80) Trong : tkh ion : thi gian kh ion ho. tRAR: thi gian cht ca s ng lp li RAR. tCMC : thi gian m ca my ct. tK: thi gian t khi ng ca cc ng c. Thi gian kh ion l thi gian cn thit tip sau thi im dp h quang s c ca ng dy trn khng m bo phn tn khng kh b ion ho sao cho h quang s khng chy li khi ng dy c mng in tr li. N l mt i lng ngu nhin, ph thuc nhiu yu t nh cp in p ca ng dy, khong cch gia cc phn mang in, dng in s c, thi gian tn ti s c, tc gi v iu kin mi trng, in dung ca cc phn t ln cn vi phn t c ng lp li, trong cp in p ng vai tr quan trng v ni chung cp in p cng cao i hi thi gian kh ion cng ko di. Cc s liu di y tham kho: Cp in p (kV) 66 110 132 220 275 400 Thi gian kh ion ti thiu (s) 0,10 0,15 0,17 0,28 0,30 0,50

La chn thi gian tr (tK) ca b kho vng 2 tc thi: Theo nguyn tc hot ng ca s (xem hnh 4.41a), ta thy vng 2 tc thi tc ng i ct my ct, ng thi s gi tn hiu khi ng mch RAR. Mch RAR sau khi tho mn iu kin tc ng s gi tn hiu i ng li my ct, ng thi gi tn hiu i kho vng 2 tc thi. Tuy nhin vic kho phi xy ra sau thi im ng li my ct mt khong thi gian tK m bo vng 2 ct nhanh li my ct mt ln na s c duy tr xut hin cui ng dy ca n, tc l: tK tMC1 + tBV1 + tCMC1 + tDP1 (4-81) Trong : tK: thi gian tr ca b kho. tMC1: thi gian ng my ct (ly gi tr ln nht). tBV1: thi gian tc ng ca vng 2. tCMC1: thi gian ct my ct (ly gi tr ln nht). tDP1: thi gian d phng (tnh n sai s ln nht ca cc b phn to thi gian ca mch kho v mch bo v). Theo biu thi gian ca chu trnh ng lp li trn hnh (4.43) ta thy vic kho ch cn xy ra ngay sau khi cun ct ca my ct tc ng. Trong khi theo cng thc (4-81), thi gian tK c tnh t lc mch kho c khi ng (thi im mch RAR gi tn hiu i ng my ct) ti thi im my ct dp tt h quang khi my ct c ct ra tr li. S khc bit ny l tng tnh an ton cho vic ct ln na ca vng 2 tc thi (khi s c xut hin cui ng dy ca n), ng thi thun li cho vic tnh ton v thng thng cc l lch my ct ch cho bit thi gian tCMC m khng cho bit thi gian thao tc ca cun ct. La chn thi gian cht (tDAR) ca mch DAR: Trong vic la chn thi gian tr ca mch kho vng 2 tc thi, mt iu kin na n cn phi tho mn l vic kho phi tc ng trc khi my ct u on ng dy lin k c ng tr li theo chu trnh DAR khi ngn mch xy ra u on ng dy lin k ny. Theo biu thi gian trn hnh 4.43 ta c: tBV2 + tDAR + tMC2 tBV1 + tRAR + tK + tDP2 (4-82) tDAR (tBV1 + tRAR + tK)- (tBV2 + tMC2) + tDP2 (4-83) Trong : Cc thng s ca ng dy ang xt:

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tBV1: thi gian thao tc ca vng 2 ct nhanh. tRAR: thi gian cht ca s ng lp li RAR. tK: thi gian kho bo v vng 2. Cc thng s ca ng dy lin k: tDAR: thi gian cht ca s ng lp li DAR. tMC2: thi gian ng ca my ct. tBV2: thi gian thao tc ca vng 1. tDP2: thi gian d phng (tnh n sai s ln nht ca cc b phn to thi gian trong biu 4.43b). La chn thi gian duy tr (tDT) ca mch kho vng 2 tc thi: Mch kho sau khi kho phi c duy tr thm mt thi gian m bo chc chn khi ngn mch u on ng dy lin k th vng 2 tc thi ca n khng tc ng m ch c vng 1 ca ng dy lin k tc ng. Mun vy phi tho mn cc biu thc sau y: tBV1 + tRAR + tK + tDT 2tBV2 + tDAR + tMC2 + tCMC2 + tDP3 (4-84) tDT (2tBV2 + tDAR + tMC2 + tCMC2 + tDP3) - (tBV1 + tRAR + tK) (4-85) Trong : tCMC2: thi gian ct ca my ct. tDP3: thi gian d phng (tnh n sai s ln nht ca cc b phn to thi gian trong biu 4.43b, trong sai s ca mch bo v c tnh n hai ln). n gin hn, thi gian duy tr tn hiu kho ca vng 2 tc ng nhanh ca ng dy lin k c th kt thc cng thi im vi thi gian phc hi chu trnh DAR ca my ct trn ng dy s c (tPHDAR), khi ta c: tBV1 + tRAR + tK + tDT = tBV2 + tDAR + tPHDAR (4-7) tDT = (tBV2 + tDAR + tPHDAR) - (tBV1 + tRAR + tK) (4-8) Nhn xt: So vi bo v khong cch c vng 1 m rng th s tng tc vng 2 kt hp vi thit b RAR v DAR c u im l loi tr nhanh s c khng nhng thong qua m k cc cc s c duy tr, ng thi khng c hin tng mt in khng chn lc. So vi s tng tc theo th t bng vng 1 m rng, th s tng tc vng 2 kt hp vi thit b RAR v DAR c u im vic khi phc s lm vic ca cc phn t khi s c thong qua nhanh hn, ng thi gim kh nng khng ng li c ca cc my ct do vic mt ng b gia cc ngun. V chi ph bo dng my ct th s tng tc vng 2 kt hp vi thit b RAR v DAR cao hn s bo v khong cch c vng 1 m rng nhng khng ng k v thp hn s tng tc theo th t bng vng 1 m rng. Chi ph bo dng tng thm ca hai s sau l do c cc ng dy c th ng li ln th hai i vi cc s c duy tr v bn duy tr (c xc sut 10 -15%), nhng i vi s tng tc vng 2 kt hp vi RAR v DAR vic ng dy ng li ln th hai khi s c duy tr v bn duy tr ch din ra khi v tr ngn mch nm ngoi phm vi tc ng ca vng 1 ca bo v khong cch mt u ng dy, cn i vi s tng tc theo th t bng vng 1 m rng th bt k v tr ngn mch no. Mt khc vic ng li ng dy ln th hai i vi s tng tc vng 2 kt hp vi RAR v DAR c ngha khi phc li s mang in ca ng dy cn i vi s tng tc theo th t bng vng 1 m rng th khng c ngha . Khuyt im ca s tng tc vng 2 kt hp vi RAR v DAR l cn trang b hai b t ng ng lp li nhng b li l khng cn vng 1 m rng. Ring i vi cc r le k thut s ngy nay th cc khuyt im trn khng c ngha v cc r le khong cch thng c ch to km theo s t ng li nhiu ln. Chng hn cc r le khong cch P441, P442 ca hng ALSTOM c trang b t ng ng lp li ti 4 ln, cn r le khong cch 7SA513 ca hng SIEMENS c trang b t ng ng lp li ln ti 10 ln.

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