PHN TCH D LIU

CHNG 6

PHN TCH D LIU

4 k thut phn tch d liu: Phn tch thng k m t - Kim nh gi thuyt thng k - Phn tch tng quan v hi quy - Phn tch nhn t
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6.1. Phn tch thng k m t

v

6.1.1. Phn tch thng k m t cho 1 bin Bin nh tnh (nh danh v th t)
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Bng tn s Biu (dng ct/thanh, biu hnh trn)

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Bng tn s
T thanh Menu dc, chn Analyze/Descreptive Statistics/Frequencies T danh sch cc bin, chn bin cn phn tch v chuyn vo hp Variable(s) bng cch nhp chut ln phm mi tn

Bng tn s

Biu
v cc biu ny, c 3 cch - C th nhn tip vo hp chn Charts trong hp thoi Frequencies - S dng la chn Graphs trn thanh Menu - Chp Bng tn s sang Excel v

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Biu dng thanh

Biu
Biu hnh trn thng c dng biu hin kt cu v bin ng c cu ca hin tng

Lu
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Tng s cc s liu c gi tr tng khng i (thng l 100%) Cc gi tr bng nhau th khng nn trnh by bng biu ny Mi phn chia ca hnh (mi phn tng ng vi mt gi tr) nn c ch thch S phn chia tng i nh (thng thng l t 3 7 phn) v khng nn vt qu 7

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6.1. Phn tch thng k m t

6.1.1. Phn tch thng k m t cho 1 bin v Bin nh lng
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Bng tn s Cc i lng thng k m t Biu (dng ct lin Histogram, ng gp khc line, biu Hp v Ru Box and Whisker)

Cc i lng thng k m t
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Cc i lng o lng mc tp trung: trung bnh (mean), trung v (median), s mode, t phn v (quartiles) Cc i lng o lng mc phn tn: khong bin thin (range), phng sai (variance), lch chun (standard deviation) Cc i lng m t phn phi: h s Skewness v h s Kurtosis

Kim tra phn phi chun

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Tr li cc cu hi
+ Gi tr trung bnh c nm trong 10% gi tr trung v khng? + Gi tr trung bnh 3sd c xp x gi tr cc i v cc tiu trong b s liu khng? + H s skewness c xp x 0 hay khng? + H s kurtosis c xp x 3 hay khng?

Nu tr li C cho tt c cc cu hi trn, bn c b s liu xp x phn phi chun

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Kim tra phn phi chun

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Nu phn phi chun: s dng gi tr trung bnh v lch chun m t phn phi ny Nu phn phi khng chun: s dng gi tr trung v v mt s gi tr o lng phn tn m t phn phi ca bin ny bao gm: gi tr cc tiu, gi tr cc i, khong bin thin

Biu
C 3 loi biu c s dng i vi bin nh lng: - Biu dng phn phi tn s (Histogram) - Biu ng gp khc (line) - Biu Hp v Ru (Box and Whisker)

Biu Histogram

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Biu ng gp khc
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y l loi th thng k biu hin bng mt ng gp khc ni lin cc im trn mt h trc ta , thng l h ta vung gc ng dng: dng phn tch qu trnh pht trin (tng, gim)

Biu ng gp khc

Biu Box and - Whisker

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Biu Box and Whisker, hay cn gi l biu Hp v Ru cho ta mt hnh nh trc quan v v tr, phn tn, dng hnh, di ui v cc gi tr bt thng (outliers) ca phn phi Biu hp th hin tm tt 5 gi tr thng k ca mt phn phi, l trung v (median), hai t phn v trn v di (the upper and lower quartiles) v cc gi tr quan st ln nht v nh nht

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Biu Box and - Whisker

Biu Box and - Whisker

Cc thnh phn ch yu: Hp hnh ch nht cha ng 50% cc gi tr d liu - ng thng gia hp l gi tr trung v - Hai l ca hp th hin hai gi tr t phn v th 1 v th 3 (tng ng vi gi tr th 25% v gi tr th 75% ca dy s liu - Cc ru ko di t l pha trn v pha di ca hp th hin gi tr ln nht v gi tr nh nht
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Biu Box and - Whisker

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Biu hp ph hp biu din cho c bin c phn phi chun v bin khng phi phn phi chun Cch thc hin: t thanh Menu, chn Graphs/Boxplot, chn Summaries of Separate Variables/Define

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6.1. Phn tch thng k m t

6.1.2. Phn tch thng k m t cho mi quan h gia hai bin tr ln v Bng kt hp cc bin nh tnh
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Bng kt hp 2 bin nh tnh Bng kt hp 3 bin nh tnh 1 bin nh tnh v 1 bin nh lng 2 bin nh tnh v 1 bin nh lng

Bng kt hp bin nh tnh v bin nh lng

+ +

Bng kt hp hai bin nh tnh

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Dng bng Crosstabs

+ + + +

T thanh Menu, chn Analyze/Descriptive Statistics/Crosstabs Row(s): cha bin dng khi truy xut bng d liu Column(s): cha bin ct khi truy xut bng d liu Nhp chn Cells tnh ton cc gi tr % theo ct v % theo dng

Bng kt hp hai bin nh tnh

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Dng bng Basic Tables

+ + + +

T thanh Menu, chn Analyze/Tables/Basic Tables Down: cha bin nm trn dng khi truy xut bng d liu Across: cha bin s phn tch thnh cc ct Nhp chn hp thoi Statistics tnh ton cc gi tr Row% (% theo dng), Col% (% theo ct)

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Bng kt hp hai bin nh tnh

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Dng bng General Tables

+ + + +

T thanh Menu, chn Analyze/Tables/General Tables Rows: cha bin dng Columns: cha bin ct Edit Statistics: chn cc hm thng k Row%, Col%

Bng kt hp hai bin nh tnh

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Dng bng Custom Tables

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Trn thanh Menu, chn Analyze/Tables/Custom Tables Rows: cha bin dng (la chn bin bng cch ko th) Columns: cha bin ct (la chn bin bng cch ko th) Chn hp thoi Summary Statistics tnh ton cc gi tr thng k Row%, Col% Chn hp thoi Catagories and Total th hin gi tr Tng

Bng kt hp ba bin nh tnh

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Dng bng Custom Tables

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Trn thanh Menu, chn Analyze/Tables/Custom Tables Rows: cha bin dng (la chn bin bng cch ko th) Columns: cha bin ct (la chn bin bng cch ko th) Ty thuc vo cch thc th hin bng m ta chn 2 bin Rows hoc 2 bin Columns Chn hp thoi Summary Statistics tnh ton cc gi tr thng k Row%, Col% Chn hp thoi Catagories and Total th hin gi tr Tng

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Bng kt hp mt bin nh tnh v mt bin nh lng

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Dng bng Custom Tables

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Trn thanh Menu, chn Analyze/Tables/Custom Tables Chn bin nh lng vo Rows Chn bin nh tnh vo Columns Chn hp thoi Summary Statistics tnh ton cc gi tr thng k Row%, Col% Chn hp thoi Catagories and Total th hin gi tr Tng

Lu : khi s dng cc bng ny phn tch mi quan h gia 1 bin nh tnh v 1 bin nh lng, khng tnh tn s m cn tnh ton cc gi tr trung bnh v lch chun (phn phi chun), gi tr trung v, gi tr cc i, gi tr cc tiu v khong bin thin (phn phi khng chun)

Bng kt hp hai bin nh tnh v mt bin nh lng

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Dng bng Custom Tables

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Trn thanh Menu, chn Analyze/Tables/Custom Tables Chn bin nh lng vo Rows Chn cc bin nh tnh vo Columns hoc 1 bin vo Columns v 1 bin vo Rows ty theo cch thc th hin bng Chn hp thoi Summary Statistics tnh ton cc gi tr thng k tn s (count) v trung bnh (mean)

6.2. Kim nh gi thuyt

Cc khi nim c bn dng trong kim nh Gi thuyt tr: thng c k hiu l H0 - Gi thuyt nghin cu: L cu tr li gi nh cho cu hi nghin cu (da trn nhng g bit). Vic bc b gi thuyt khng s dn n vic chp nhn gi thuyt nghin cu, thng c k hiu l H1
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Cc loi sai lm trong kim nh gi thuyt thng k

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Sai lm loi I (type I error)

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L loi sai lm m chng ta phm phi trong vic bc b gi thuyt H0 khi H0 ng Xc sut ca vic bc b H0 khi H0 ng l xc sut ca sai lm loi I v c k hiu l L loi sai lm m chng ta phm phi khi khng bc b gi thuyt H0 khi H0 sai Xc sut ca vic khng bc b H0 khi H0 sai l xc sut sai lm loi II v c k hiu l

Sai lm loi II (type II error)

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Cc loi sai lm trong kim nh gi thuyt thng k

Quyt nh v gi thuyt H0 Bn cht ca H0 H0 ng Quyt nh ng
Prob = 1 P(khng bc b H0/H0 ng) = 1 -

H0 sai Sai lm loi II

Prob = P(khng bc b H0/H0 sai) =

Khng bc b (chp nhn)

Bc b

Prob = P(bc b H0/H0 ng) =

Sai lm loi I

Prob = 1 P(bc b H0/H0 sai) = 1 -

Quyt nh ng

Kim nh mt bn
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Kim nh 1 bn: Khi gi thuyt nghin cu H1 c tnh cht 1 pha (one sided) th vic kim nh c gi l kim nh 1 bn Kim nh 1 bn c 2 loi:
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Kim nh bn tri Kim inh bn phi

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Kim nh bn tri
V d: H0: = m hoc m; H1: < m

Bc b H0

=m

Kim nh bn phi
V d: H0: = m hoc m; H1: > m

=m

Bc b H0

Kim nh hai bn
Kim nh 2 bn: Khi gi thuyt nghin cu H1 c tnh cht 2 pha (two sided) th vic kim nh c gi l kim nh 2 bn - V d: H0: = m H1: m
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Bc b H0

=m

Bc b H0

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Mc ngha kim nh
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L gi tr xc sut sai lm loi I () ti a cho php khi tin hnh kim nh Vic la chn gi tr ca ln hay b l ty thuc vo mc tn tht m nh nghin cu c th chu ng nu sai lm loi I xy ra i lng c gi l mc ngha kim nh v 1 l tin cy ca kim nh

Quy trnh kim nh gi thuyt thng k

Bc 1: Thnh lp gi thuyt khng H0 V d: H0: = 0 - Bc 2: Thnh lp gi thuyt nghin cu H1 V d: H1: 0 hoc 0 hoc 0 - Bc 3: Xc nh mc ngha - Bc 4: Chn cc tham s thng k thch hp cho vic kim nh, xc nh min bc b, min chp nhn v gi tr ti hn
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Quy trnh kim nh gi thuyt thng k

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Bc 5: Tnh ton cc gi tr ca cc tham s thng k trong vic kim nh da trn s liu ca mu ngu nhin Bc 6: Ra quyt nh: Nu cc gi tr tnh ton ri vo min bc b gi thuyt H0 th ra quyt nh bc b, ngc li s chp nhn gi thuyt H0

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Gi tr Siginificant (Sig.)
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Gi tr Sig. l xc sut phm sai lm loi I, nh vy n c cng ngha vi mc ngha Nu gi tr Sig. nh hn mc ngha , gi thuyt H0 b bc b Nu gi tr Sig. ln hn mc ngha , khng bng chng thng k bc b gi thuyt H0

Kim nh mi lin h gia hai bin

Kim nh Chi bnh phng Dng kim nh mi lin h gia hai bin nh tnh (2 bin nh danh hoc gia bin nh danh bin th t) trong tng th + Cho bit c tn ti mi lin h gia hai bin hay khng + Gi thuyt H0: hai bin c lp vi nhau Gi thuyt H1: hai bin c lin h vi nhau + c kt qu:
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Sig. : bc b gi thuyt H0 Sig. > : khng bc b gi thuyt H0

Kim nh mi lin h gia hai bin

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Cch thc hin: Lp bng cho (Crosstabs) tm hiu mi quan h gia hai bin - Chn nt Statistics/Chi square Lu : - Kim nh Chi bnh phng ch c ngha khi s quan st ln (t l cc cho trong bng c tn s <5 phi nh hn 20%) - Kim nh ny khng cho bit mnh ca mi lin h gia hai bin m phi s dng cc i lng Cramer V, h s lin hp (Coefficient of contigency)

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Kim nh mi lin h gia hai bin

S dng cc i lng Gamma, tau b ca Kendall, d ca Somer Dng kim nh mi lin h gia hai bin th bc trong tng th Gi thuyt H0: hai bin khng c mi lin h (cc gi tr ny u bng 0) Gi thuyt H1: hai bin c mi lin h (cc gi tr ny khc 0) c kt qu:
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Sig. : bc b gi thuyt H0 Sig. > : khng bc b gi thuyt H0

Kim nh mi lin h gia hai bin

Cch thc hin kim nh mi lin h gia 2 bin th bc: - Lp bng cho (Crosstabs) tm hiu mi quan h gia hai bin - Chn Statistics
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nh du chn Gamma, Somers d, Kendalls tau b (nu bng cn i, s hng bng s ct); Kendalls tau c (nu bng khng cn i) Chn continue

Kim nh gi tr trung bnh tng th

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Nu mun so snh gi tr trung bnh tng th vi mt gi tr c th no => Kim nh gi thuyt v trung bnh ca tng th ONE SAMPLE T - TEST Nu mun so snh hai gi tr trung bnh ca hai tng th ring bit => Kim nh gi thuyt v s bng nhau gia hai trung bnh tng th, mu c lp INDEPENDENT SAMPLES T TEST Nu mun so snh hai gi tr trung bnh ca hai tng th ph thuc ln nhau => Kim nh gi thuyt v s bng nhau gia hai trung bnh tng th, mu ph thuc PAIRED SAMPLES T TEST Nu mun so snh gi tr trung bnh gia ba nhm tng th ring bit tr ln => Kim nh gi thuyt v s bng nhau gia trung bnh 3 tng th tr ln ONE WAY ANOVA

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One sample t - test

So snh gi tr trung bnh ca mt tng th vi mt gi tr c th no , s dng kim nh One sample t test iu kin p dng: - Mu c chn phi ngu nhin - Mu phi c phn phi chun hoc xp x chun

One sample t - test

Gi thuyt: H0 : = m H 1: m Cch thc hin: - Trn thanh Menu, chn Analyze/Compare Means/One Sample t test - Chn bin a vo khung Test variable - Khai bo gi tr Test Value c kt qu: - Sig. : bc b gi thuyt H0 - Sig. > : khng bc b gi thuyt H0

Independent samples t - test

So snh hai trung bnh ca hai tng th da trn hai mu c lp, s dng kim nh Independent samples t test iu kin p dng: - Kch thc 2 mu so snh phi bng hoc tng ng nhau - 2 mu so snh phi c chn ngu nhin, c phn phi chun hoc xp x phn phi chun v c phng sai nh nhau

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Independent samples t - test

Gi thuyt H0: 1 = 2 H1: 1 2 c kt qu: - Sig. : bc b gi thuyt H0 - Sig. > : khng bc b gi thuyt H0

Independent samples t - test

Cch thc hin: Trn thanh Menu, chn Analyze/Compare Means/Independent samples t test - Chn bin nh lng a vo khung Test Variable - Chn bin nh tnh (chia s quan st thnh 2 nhm mu c lp) a vo khung Grouping Variable - Chn Define Groups khai bo hai nhm cn so snh vi nhau - Chn continue
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Independent samples t - test

Da vo kt qu kim nh s bng nhau ca hai phng sai (Levenes test) vi gi thuyt H0: Phng sai ca hai tng th l nh nhau H1: Phng sai ca hai tng th l khc nhau - Nu gi tr sig. => bc b gi thuyt H0, do s dng kt qu kim nh t ct Equal variances not assumed - Nu gi tr sig. > => khng bc b gi thuyt H0, do s dng kt qu kim nh t ct Equal variances assumed

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Paired samples t - test

So snh hai gi tr trung bnh ca hai tng th da trn hai mu ph thuc hay mu phi hp tng cp, s dng Paired samples t test iu kin p dng: - Kch thc 2 mu bng nhau - Chnh lch gia cc gi tr ca 2 mu phi c phn phi chun hoc kch thc mu ln xem nh c phn phi chun

Paired samples t - test

Gi thuyt H0: 1 = 2 H1: 1 2 c kt qu: - Sig. : bc b gi thuyt H0 - Sig. > : khng bc b gi thuyt H0

Paired samples t - test

Cch thc hin: - Trn thanh Menu, chn Analyze/Compare Means/Paired samples t test - Chn 2 bin cha cc gi tr ca 2 mu quan st a vo khung Paired Variables so snh - Nhp continue

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Paired samples t - test

V d: Mt cng ty ch bin thc phm cn kho st s nh gi, cm nhn ca ngi tiu dng v loi u phng ch bin sn va c ci tin so vi loi u phng ang phn phi trn th trng. Cuc th nghim c tin hnh trn cng mt nhm i tng khch hng vi cc tiu ch nh gi nh mi v, ngt, bo ca sn phm. Tin hnh kim nh ta c kt qu nh sau

One way ANOVA

Nu mun so snh gi tr trung bnh ca nhiu nhm tng th c lp, s dng phn tch phng sai ANOVA (ANalyse Of VAriancies) Phn tch phng sai mt yu t One way ANOVA trong trng hp s dng 1 bin yu t phn loi cc quan st thnh cc nhm khc nhau

One way ANOVA

iu kin p dng: - Cc nhm so snh phi c lp v c chn mt cch ngu nhin - Cc nhm so snh phi c phn phi chun hoc c mu ln c xem nh l phn phi chun - Phng sai ca cc nhm so snh ng nht (u nhau)

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One way ANOVA

Gi thuyt H0: 1 = 2 = 3 = H1: 1 2 3 c kt qu: - Sig. : bc b gi thuyt H0 => tn ti t nht mt gi tr trung bnh tng th khc vi cc trung bnh cn li - Sig. > : khng bc b gi thuyt H0 => khng c s khc bit gia cc trung bnh ca cc tng th

One way ANOVA

Cch thc hin: - Trn thanh Menu, chn Analyze/Compare Means/One way ANOVA - Chn bin nh lng a vo khung Dependent List - Chn bin phn loi xc nh cc nhm cn so snh a vo khung Factor - Chn Options: nh du vo Descriptive v Homogeneity of variance

One way ANOVA

Trong trng hp bc b gi thuyt H0, c ngha rng tn ti t nht mt nhm c gi tr trung bnh khc vi cc nhm cn li, cn tin hnh phn tch su bng th tc Post Hoc - Nhp chn nt Post Hoc m hp thoi ny - Trong hp thoi ny, c rt nhiu phng php kim nh thng k so snh cc gi tr trung bnh gia cc nhm

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Kim nh phi tham s

Cc trng hp p dng: Mu nh, khng t phn phi chun - C mt vi gi tr bt thng trong tp d liu - D liu nh tnh (d liu nh danh hay d liu th bc) - D liu khong cch khng t phn phi chun
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Kim nh phi tham s

Kim nh du (Si`test) Kim nh du (Wilcoxon test) Kim nh McNemar v hng

Kim nh s bng nhau ca 2 tr trung bnh trong trng hp mu phi hp tng cp (Paired Samples T Test)

Kim nh Mann - Whitney

Independent Samples T - Test

Kim nh Kruskal - Wallis

One way ANOVA

Cch thc hin trn SPSS

-

Kim nh du (sign test), kim nh du v hng Wilcoxon v kim nh McNemar

+ + + + +

Trn thanh Menu, chn Analyze/Nonparametric tests/2 related samples Chn cc bin a vo khung Test Pair list Chn 1 trong 3 loi kim nh trong Test Type Nhp nt OK S dng gi tr Sig. a ra quyt nh

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Cch thc hin trn SPSS

-

Kim nh Mann Whitney

+ + +

+ + +

Trn thanh Menu/ chn Analyze/Nonparametric tests/2 Independent samples Chn bin a vo khung Test Variables list Chn 1 bin phn nhm a vo Grouping Variables, sau chn Define Group khai bo cc nhm cn so snh nh du chn kim nh Mann Whitney Nhp nt OK S dng gi tr Sig. a ra quyt nh

Kim nh Mann - Whitney

V d: kho st tui th ca cc bng n trn hiu A v hiu B, ta c bng kt qu nh hnh bn.

Cch thc hin trn SPSS

-

Kim nh Kruskall Wallis

+ + +

+ + +

Trn thanh Menu, chn Analyze/Nonparametric tests/k Independent samples Chn bin hay nhiu bin a vo khung Test variables list Chn 1 bin phn nhm a vo Grouping Variables, sau chn Define Group khai bo cc nhm cn so snh nh du chn kim nh Kruskall Wallis Nhp nt OK S dng gi tr Sig. a ra quyt nh

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Kim nh Kruskall Wallis

V d: kho st tui th ca cc bng n trn hiu A, hiu B, hiu C ta c bng kt qu nh hnh bn

Kim nh t l tng th
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S dng Binomial test iu kin:

+ +

Mu c chn ngu nhin Bin nh phn (ch c 2 tnh hung). Nu c nhiu hn, nn dng lnh Recode chuyn thnh bin nh phn c 2 la chn Trn thanh Menu, chn Analyze/Nonparametric Tests/Binomial Chn bin cn kim nh vo khung Test Variable List Chn t l cn kim nh vo khung Test Proportion

Cch thc hin

+ + +

Kim nh phn phi chun

-

S dng kim nh Kolmogorov Smirnov 1 mu: y l phng php kim nh chun tc cho gi thuyt bin c phn phi chun (H0) Cch tin hnh:
+ + +

Trn thanh Menu, chn Analyze/Nonparametric test/1 sample K S Chn bin, chn phn phi cn kim nh Normal Nhp nt OK

- Lu : vic kim tra mt phn phi chun hon ho i khi khng cn thit v chng ta ch cn kim tra phn phi c xp x phn phi chun hay khng m thi do nhng kim nh hc ch cn xp x phn phi chun

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Kim nh tin cy thang o

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Thang o nhiu ch bo l thang o c s dng cho nhiu cu hi cng o lng mt khi nim: gip th hin nhng kha cnh khc nhau ca cng mt khi nim kim tra tin cy ca thang o ny, s dng i lng Cronbachs alpha

Kim nh tin cy thang o

-

Trn thanh Menu, chn Analyze/Scale/Reliability Analysis Chn cc bin c o cng 1 thang o o lng 1 khi nim a vo Items c kt qu:
+ + +

T 0,8 1: thang o tt T 0,7 0,8: s dng c T 0,6 0,7: s dng c nu khi nim o lng l mi hoc mi vi ngi tr li

Hi quy tuyn tnh

-

Dng suy rng cho mi quan h gia cc bin trong tng th Dng d bo c mc ca bin ph thuc Y (vi chnh xc trong mt phm vi gii hn) khi bit trc gi tr ca bin c lp X

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Hi quy tuyn tnh n bin

M hnh xy dng t d liu mu c dng Y = B0 + B1*X Trong , X: bin c lp Y: bin ph thuc B0 v B1: h s hi quy - V d: Doanh s = B0 + B1*Chi ph cho hng
-

Hi quy tuyn tnh n bin

Cch xy dng m hnh trn SPSS: Trn thanh Menu, chn Analyze/Regression/ Linear - Chn bin ph thuc, a vo Dependent - Chn bin c lp, a vo Independents - Nhp nt OK
-

nh gi ph hp m hnh
-

bit m hnh hi quy tuyn tnh xy dng trn d liu mu ph hp n mc no vi d liu: s dng h s xc nh R bnh phng H s ny cng gn vi 1 th m hnh cng ph hp, cng gn vi 0 th m hnh km ph hp vi tp d liu mu H s xc nh cn o lng mi tng quan gia X v Y

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nh gi ph hp m hnh
V d: R2 = 0,818 M hnh hi quy tuyn tnh xy dng ph hp vi tp d liu n 81,8% Hay 81,8% khc bit ca cc gi tr Y quan st c c th c gii thch bi s khc bit gia cc gi tr X

Kim nh gi thuyt
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kim nh ph hp ca m hnh hi quy tng th, s dng i lng F t bng phn tch phng sai ANOVA Gi thuyt H0: h s R2 ca tng th l 0 c kt qu: nu Sig. < : bc b gi thuyt H0 v kt lun m hnh hi quy tuyn tnh xy dng ph hp vi tng th

Kim nh gi thuyt
-

kim nh ngha ca h s hi quy

+ + +

dc ca m hnh tng th B1 = 0 Cch c kt qu: s dng gi tr Sig. kt lun Nu Sig. < : bc b gi thuyt H0, kt lun gia hai bin trong tng th c lin h tuyn tnh

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Cc gi nh cn tun th
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Cc gi tr quan st ca X & Y c lin h tuyn tnh Phng sai ca cc sai s khng i Phn d phn phi chun Tnh c lp ca sai s (khng c mi quan h tng quan gia cc phn d)

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