You are on page 1of 41

Xt mt s phn t khc

H-H Cl-Cl H-Cl


O=O

NN

Nhng phn t gm hai nguyn t, thng thng khng c s lai ha obitan

Co 1 lien ket n xch-ma : Co 1 lien ket n xch-ma : Co 1 lien ket n xch-ma : Co 1 lien ket n xch-ma : va 1 lien ket pi Co 1 lien ket n xch-ma : va 2 lien ket pi

H2O

O +

H OH

HO H

NH3
CH4

3H

H N H H H

H NH H

4H

C H H

H H CH
H

I. KHAI NIEM VE S LAI HOA

Trang thai c ban C 1s2 2s2 2p2 6

Trang thai kch thch C 1s2 2s1 2p3 6

C
H

Trong phn t mtan cc lin kt nh nhau chng t c s ng nht cc obitan tham gia lin kt

Nguyen nhan s lai hoa:

cac obitan cac phan lp khac nhau co nang lng va hnh dang khac nhau can phai ong nhat e tao c lien ket ben vi cac nguyen t khac

Lai hoa obitan

la s to hp tron lan mot so obitan e c cung so obitan lai hoa giong nhau nhng nh hng khac nhau trong khong gian

II. CAC KIEU LAI HOA THNG GAP

1. lai hoa sp
Be 1s2 2s2 2p0 4

BeH2

H-Be-H
Be 1s2 2s1 2p1 4
Trang thai kch thch

Trang thai c ban Be to hp 1 obitan 2s va1 obitan 2p

tao thanh 2 obitan lai hoa sp giong het nhau

+
Lc y gia cc obitan tch in cng du => gc xa nht to thnh gia hai obitan:180o

1. lai hoa sp
Be 1s2 2s2 2p0 4

BeH2

H-Be-H
Be 1s2 2s1 2p1 4
Trang thai kch thch

Trang thai c ban Be to hp 1 obitan 2s va1 obitan 2p

tao thanh 2 obitan lai hoa sp giong het nhau

Phan t co dang ng thang

H -Be- H

2. lai hoa sp2 BH3


B 1s2 2s2 2p1 5
Trang thai c ban

B 1s2 2s1 2p2 5

H-B-H H
Trang thai kch thch

sp2

sp2

sp2

B to hp 1 obitan 2s va 2 obitan 2p tao thanh 3 obitan lai hoa sp2 giong het nhau Lc y gia cc obitan tch in cng du => gc xa nht to thnh gia ba obitan:120o

H-B- H H
120o

Phan t dang tam giac

3. lai hoa sp3

CH4
H

H C H

Trang thai c ban


6C

Trang thai kch thch C 1s2 2s1 2p3 6

1s2 2s2 2p2

Lc y gia cc obitan tch in cng du =>


gc xa nht to thnh gia bn obitan:109o28

109028

Phan t dang t ien eu

CH4

2 2s2 1s

3 2p

H-N-H H

Phan t dang thap ay tam giac

O 1s2 2s2 2p4

H-O-H

H2O

Phan t dang goc

Kieu So obitan lai lai hoa hoa mi tao thanh

Phan bo khong gian cua cac obitan lai hoa Hng ngc nhau tren cung ng thang

Goc gia hai obitan Phan t lai hoa 180o H-Be-H H-B-H H H H-C-H H

Hnh dang phan t ng thang tam giac eu

sp sp2

2 3

Hng ve ba nh cua 120o tam giac eu

sp3

Hng ve bon nh cua t dien eu

109o28

t dien eu

So obitan lai hoa = so lk xch ma + so oi e t do

Trang thai kch thch C 1s2 2s1 2p3 6

C=C
H H

Viet CTCT , cho biet kieu lai hoa cua nguyen t lu huynh, cacbon va hnh dang phan t : SO2, SO3, CO2

V d1.
Phn t NO2 c kh nng ime ho to N2O4, vy CO2 c tnh cht khng? gii thch ?

Hng

dn : *Xt phn t NO2: Cu to trn nguyn t N sau khi lin kt cn 1e c thn v N mi ch c 7 e lp ngoi cng ,nn hai phn t NO2 to lin kt vi nhau, bng cp e dng chung gia hai nguyn t N cha e c thn ca hai phn t , hay phn t NO2c kh nng ime ho to N2O4

*) Xt phn t CO2: Cu to : O=C=O . Khc vi N trong NO2 c 7e lp ngoi cng ,cn 1e c thn th C trong CO2 c 8 e lp ngoi cng (bn ) v khng cn e ho tr no cha lin kt , nn khng c kh nng i me ho nh NO2

V d 2. Gii thch s to thnh lin kt gia phn t NH3 vi phn t BCl3 to Cl3BNH3.

Hng

dn : +) BCl3 : nguyn t B mi c 6 e lp ngoi cng , cn mt Obitan trng (1) +) NH3: nguyn t N cn c mt cp e cha tham gia lin kt (2) . T (1) v (2) N trong NH3dng cp e ho tr cn li to lin kt cho nhn vi obitan trng ca B trong phn t BCl3 H Cl H- N B-Cl H Cl

d 3.

So snh kh nng ho tan ca CO2v SO2 trong nc .

Hng

dn : CO2 nguyn t C lai ho sp phn t c cu trc thng , lin kt gia Cv O l lin kt cng ho tr c cc , nhng do hai na trit tiu ln nhau ,v vy phn t CO2 l phn t khng phn cc tan rt t trong nc l dung mi phn cc . SO2 Nguyn t S lai ho sp2 phn t SO2 c cu trc gc lm cho phn t SO2 l phn t phn cc d ho tan trong nc hn so vi CO2

V d 4. Gii thch v sao monoxiclopropan li d tham gia phn ng cng m vng ? Nhn xt : Khi s cnh trn vng tng ln th gc lin kt n tin gn n 109,28,nn bn ca cc cht tng ln xiclobutan ch cng m vng vi H2, cn xiclopentan v xiclohexan khng c kh nng cng m vng trong k trn .

III. So snh gc lin kt gia cc nguyn t trong phn t


C s so snh : - Da vo trng thi lai ho ca nguyn t trung tm - Da vo nh hng ca cp electron ho tr cha lin kt ca nguyn t trung tm - Da vo khong cch gia cc cp eletron lin kt

V d 1. So snh gc lin kt trong cc phn t sau :CH4, CO2 v SO3? V d 2. So snh gc lin kt trong cc phn t sau : NH3,H2O ,CH4 ? V d 3. So snh gc lin kt trong cc cp phn t sau: a) Cl2O v F2O b) NH3 v NF3 c) OCl2 v SCl2

IV. Gii thch phn t c lai ho , phn t khng c lai ho


V d 1. xi v lu hunh cng thuc nhm VI A, cng to hp cht vi hir dng cng thc tng qut l H2R . Nhng O trong H2O lai ho cn S trong H2S li khng lai ho . Hy gii thch v sao?

V d 2. Gii thch tng t cho N trong NH3lai ho , cn P trong PH3 li khng lai ho

Cn lu rng: +) Khi lai ho th n phi thu thm nng lng +) Khi lin kt to thnh th li gii phng nng lng Do nu nng lng gii phng khi lin kt khng b li c phn nng lng thu th qu trnh lai ho s khng xy ra .

Nhn xt v lai ho : -) Nguyn t trung tm mi lai ho; hay nguyn t phi lin kt vi t nht l hai nguyn t khc th mi c th xy ra qu trnh lai ho . -) Khi bn knh nguyn t trung tm nh hn hoc ln hn khng nhiu so vi nguyn t lin kt vi n th thng xy ra ra qu trnh lai ho .

- ngha : nh hng khng gian i xng hn cho cc obitan lin kt To vng xen ph tt hn khi lin kt To c lin kt bn , hp cht bn Lu : Lin kt bn do to c vng xen ph ln , hp cht bn do phn t c cu to i xng cao v lin kt bn

KT LUN
1) D on kiu lai ho ca nguyn t trung tm trong phn t c lai ho. Bc 1. Tnh tng s lin kt v s cp electron ho tr cha lin kt ca nguyn t ( t bng a ) Bc 2. Xt a v suy ra dng lai ho ca nguyn t a=2:nguyn t lai ho sp:C2H2,BeH2,BeCl2 a=3:nguyn t lai ho sp2:BCl3, C2H4, BF3 a=4:nguyn t lai ho sp3:CH4, H2O ,NH3

2) Xt kh nng to lin kt cng ho tr ca mt nguyn t . - Bc 1. Vit cu hnh electron cho nguyn t ca nguyn t - Bc 2. Biu din s phn b eletron vo cc obitan ho tr .

s electron +) e c thn : D tham gia phn ng nht +) E ghp i : To lin kt cho nhn +) Obitan trng : To c lin kt cho nhn +) Nhiu obitan cha e c thn : C kh nng dn e +) Cn obitan trng , c cp e ho tr : C th kch thch nhy e ln Obitan trng to lin kt
T

You might also like