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Co 1 lien ket n xch-ma : Co 1 lien ket n xch-ma : Co 1 lien ket n xch-ma : Co 1 lien ket n xch-ma : va 1 lien ket pi Co 1 lien ket n xch-ma : va 2 lien ket pi
H2O
O +
H OH
HO H
NH3
CH4
3H
H N H H H
H NH H
4H
C H H
H H CH
H
C
H
Trong phn t mtan cc lin kt nh nhau chng t c s ng nht cc obitan tham gia lin kt
cac obitan cac phan lp khac nhau co nang lng va hnh dang khac nhau can phai ong nhat e tao c lien ket ben vi cac nguyen t khac
la s to hp tron lan mot so obitan e c cung so obitan lai hoa giong nhau nhng nh hng khac nhau trong khong gian
1. lai hoa sp
Be 1s2 2s2 2p0 4
BeH2
H-Be-H
Be 1s2 2s1 2p1 4
Trang thai kch thch
+
Lc y gia cc obitan tch in cng du => gc xa nht to thnh gia hai obitan:180o
1. lai hoa sp
Be 1s2 2s2 2p0 4
BeH2
H-Be-H
Be 1s2 2s1 2p1 4
Trang thai kch thch
H -Be- H
H-B-H H
Trang thai kch thch
sp2
sp2
sp2
B to hp 1 obitan 2s va 2 obitan 2p tao thanh 3 obitan lai hoa sp2 giong het nhau Lc y gia cc obitan tch in cng du => gc xa nht to thnh gia ba obitan:120o
H-B- H H
120o
CH4
H
H C H
109028
CH4
2 2s2 1s
3 2p
H-N-H H
H-O-H
H2O
Phan bo khong gian cua cac obitan lai hoa Hng ngc nhau tren cung ng thang
Goc gia hai obitan Phan t lai hoa 180o H-Be-H H-B-H H H H-C-H H
sp sp2
2 3
sp3
109o28
t dien eu
C=C
H H
Viet CTCT , cho biet kieu lai hoa cua nguyen t lu huynh, cacbon va hnh dang phan t : SO2, SO3, CO2
V d1.
Phn t NO2 c kh nng ime ho to N2O4, vy CO2 c tnh cht khng? gii thch ?
Hng
dn : *Xt phn t NO2: Cu to trn nguyn t N sau khi lin kt cn 1e c thn v N mi ch c 7 e lp ngoi cng ,nn hai phn t NO2 to lin kt vi nhau, bng cp e dng chung gia hai nguyn t N cha e c thn ca hai phn t , hay phn t NO2c kh nng ime ho to N2O4
*) Xt phn t CO2: Cu to : O=C=O . Khc vi N trong NO2 c 7e lp ngoi cng ,cn 1e c thn th C trong CO2 c 8 e lp ngoi cng (bn ) v khng cn e ho tr no cha lin kt , nn khng c kh nng i me ho nh NO2
V d 2. Gii thch s to thnh lin kt gia phn t NH3 vi phn t BCl3 to Cl3BNH3.
Hng
dn : +) BCl3 : nguyn t B mi c 6 e lp ngoi cng , cn mt Obitan trng (1) +) NH3: nguyn t N cn c mt cp e cha tham gia lin kt (2) . T (1) v (2) N trong NH3dng cp e ho tr cn li to lin kt cho nhn vi obitan trng ca B trong phn t BCl3 H Cl H- N B-Cl H Cl
d 3.
Hng
dn : CO2 nguyn t C lai ho sp phn t c cu trc thng , lin kt gia Cv O l lin kt cng ho tr c cc , nhng do hai na trit tiu ln nhau ,v vy phn t CO2 l phn t khng phn cc tan rt t trong nc l dung mi phn cc . SO2 Nguyn t S lai ho sp2 phn t SO2 c cu trc gc lm cho phn t SO2 l phn t phn cc d ho tan trong nc hn so vi CO2
V d 4. Gii thch v sao monoxiclopropan li d tham gia phn ng cng m vng ? Nhn xt : Khi s cnh trn vng tng ln th gc lin kt n tin gn n 109,28,nn bn ca cc cht tng ln xiclobutan ch cng m vng vi H2, cn xiclopentan v xiclohexan khng c kh nng cng m vng trong k trn .
V d 1. So snh gc lin kt trong cc phn t sau :CH4, CO2 v SO3? V d 2. So snh gc lin kt trong cc phn t sau : NH3,H2O ,CH4 ? V d 3. So snh gc lin kt trong cc cp phn t sau: a) Cl2O v F2O b) NH3 v NF3 c) OCl2 v SCl2
V d 2. Gii thch tng t cho N trong NH3lai ho , cn P trong PH3 li khng lai ho
Cn lu rng: +) Khi lai ho th n phi thu thm nng lng +) Khi lin kt to thnh th li gii phng nng lng Do nu nng lng gii phng khi lin kt khng b li c phn nng lng thu th qu trnh lai ho s khng xy ra .
Nhn xt v lai ho : -) Nguyn t trung tm mi lai ho; hay nguyn t phi lin kt vi t nht l hai nguyn t khc th mi c th xy ra qu trnh lai ho . -) Khi bn knh nguyn t trung tm nh hn hoc ln hn khng nhiu so vi nguyn t lin kt vi n th thng xy ra ra qu trnh lai ho .
- ngha : nh hng khng gian i xng hn cho cc obitan lin kt To vng xen ph tt hn khi lin kt To c lin kt bn , hp cht bn Lu : Lin kt bn do to c vng xen ph ln , hp cht bn do phn t c cu to i xng cao v lin kt bn
KT LUN
1) D on kiu lai ho ca nguyn t trung tm trong phn t c lai ho. Bc 1. Tnh tng s lin kt v s cp electron ho tr cha lin kt ca nguyn t ( t bng a ) Bc 2. Xt a v suy ra dng lai ho ca nguyn t a=2:nguyn t lai ho sp:C2H2,BeH2,BeCl2 a=3:nguyn t lai ho sp2:BCl3, C2H4, BF3 a=4:nguyn t lai ho sp3:CH4, H2O ,NH3
2) Xt kh nng to lin kt cng ho tr ca mt nguyn t . - Bc 1. Vit cu hnh electron cho nguyn t ca nguyn t - Bc 2. Biu din s phn b eletron vo cc obitan ho tr .
s electron +) e c thn : D tham gia phn ng nht +) E ghp i : To lin kt cho nhn +) Obitan trng : To c lin kt cho nhn +) Nhiu obitan cha e c thn : C kh nng dn e +) Cn obitan trng , c cp e ho tr : C th kch thch nhy e ln Obitan trng to lin kt
T