TRNG I HC KINH T THNH PH H CH MINH KHOA NGN HNG

TI :

TH TIN DUNG D PHNG (STANDBY L/C ) VA NHNG RUI R LIEN QUAN

Ging vin hng dn: Ths C Phan Chung Thy Thnh vin nhm:

NH khi 1_K36
1. Phm Thanh Sang lp: NH02 2. Nguyn Th M Ho 3. Dng Tiu Ngc 4. ng Kim Vn 5. Nguyn Th Thy Dung 6. Trn Anh Dng 7. H Minh Tun 8. Kim Th Thy Dng NH03 NH01 NH02 NH01 NH01 NH02 NH01

Tp. HCM, ngy 5 thng 3 nm 2013.

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Ngy nay, trong xu th hi nhp ton cu, vn giao thng gia cc quc gia vi nhau ngy cng c y mnh. Nhm h tr cho vn giao thng c d dng, cc phng thc thanh ton quc t ln lt ra i. Phng thc thanh ton bng tn dng th d phng tuy mi ra i khng lu l mt sn phm sinh sau mun nhng nhanh chng tr nn thng dng v dn c cc doanh nghip, cc t chc ti chnh s dng. Tn dng th d phng c th mang li cho cc bn tham gia s yn tm cho ngi hng li ng thi c thc ngi xin m thc hin ngha v ca mnh trong hp ng c s. N l s kt hp gia tn dng th thng mi truyn thng v hnh thc bo lnh c lp, l mt hnh thc tn dng chng t c bit nn ngoi nhng c im chung ca nhng mt tn dng chng th thng thng n cn th hin vai tr bo lnh ca mt th bo lnh c lp. Chnh v th, vic nghin cu tm hiu v phng thc thanh ton tn dng th d phng l mt vn quan trng. Nn nhm chng ti chon ti ny Tm hiu v phng thc thanh ton tn dng th d phng nhm c ci nhn hiu hn v mt phng thc thanh ton dn chim lnh th giao dch quc t. Mc ch ca bi nghin cu l v th tn dng d phng v nhng ri ro lin quan. Do cn nhng hn ch v kin thc v tm kim ti liu nn bi tiu lun ny chc chn khng trnh khi nhng thiu st. Chng em rt mong nhn c s gp ca c v cc bn bi vit ny c hon thin hn.

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1. Th tn dng d phng Standby letter of credit): 1.1. Lch s hnh thnh v pht trin ca L/C d phng: Th tn dng l mt loi hnh sn phm ti chnh c lch s hnh thnh v pht trin lu di. T ch Ai Cp v La m c i, tn dng th manh nha c hnh thnh di hnh thc ca cc bo lnh th thng mi. Nm 1200 tn dng th c tha nhn v tr thnh mt b phn cu thnh ca Lut thng mi Anh. Vo khong th k 18, tn dng th c ghi vo Lut dn s Anh Common Law). Tn dng th d phng l sn phm mi ch xut hin cch y khng lu, l kt qu sng to da trn cn bn l th tn dng truyn thng ca cc ngn hng thng mi M. T khi ra i cho ti nay n c s pht trin v v th ng k trong th trng ti chnh th gii hin i. Tn dng th d phng ra i t nc M do o Lut ngn hng ni a National Bank Act 1864) quy nh v phm vi hot ng ca cc ngn hng khng cho php cc ngn hng thng mi M ng ra cam kt tr n cho khch hng. Trong khi cc loi hnh kinh doanh ngy cng tr nn a dng v phc tp lm cho tnh ri ro i vi cc giao dch ngy cng tng. V vy nhu cu bo lnh ti th trng ngy cng tng theo nn cc ngn hng M buc phi tm cch thc no cung cp dch v bo lnh m vn khng phm lut. T mt hnh thc bo lnh ti chnh ca cc ngn hng cho khch hng nhng di hnh thc chp nhn hi phiu c xut trnh ng theo yu cu ca tn dng th ra i v nhn c s ng h rng ri ca khch hng, cc ngn hng v cc to tiu bang M v tnh tin li ca n. Thng 5 nm 1977, Lut din gii M c ban hnh cho php cc ngn hng thng mi M c bo lnh cho khch hng thng qua vic pht hnh tn dng th. Theo ngn hng ch c trch nhim thanh ton khi nhn c hi phiu hoc cc chng t i tin khc Demand of Payment) yu cu thanh ton theo ng qui nh ca tn dng th d phng m khng phi chu trch nhim v s kin vi phm c thc s pht sinh hay khng hay v nhng vn pht sinh t hp ng gc. Sau khi iu khon din gii uc ban hnh, ti cc ngn hng thng mi M hnh thnh nn mt tp qun tr tin cho mnh lnh i tin ca ngi hng li mt khi n c xut trnh cng vi mt vn bn tuyn b c s vi phm hp ng t pha ngi yu cu m th tn dng. Nh c hnh lang php l ny mt loi hnh giao dch bo lnh m khng c tn gi l bo lnh ra i vi tn gi tn dng th d phng Standby Letter of Credit). 18 nm sau, khi c quan kim sot tin t Hoa K Comptroller of Currency) pht hnh ton b ni dung bn sa i cui cng ca iu khon din gii cho php cc ngn hng ni a pht hnh tn dng th d phng v nhng loi cam kt c lp khc th tn dng th d phng v bo lnh c lp u tr thnh nhng cng c ti chnh c cng nhn trn c s php lut. V th cc ngn hng thng mi c th pht hnh bo lnh c lp thay th cho tn dng th d phng. Hai cng c bo lnh ny lm hnh thnh nn hai knh bo lnh c trng ca th trng M, mt knh bo lnh c lp theo kiu chu u Bank Guarantee) do cc t chc ti chnh phi ngn hng cung cp v mt knh bo lnh bng tn dng th d phng do cc ngn hng thng mi cung cp. Tuy nhin do tnh u vit ca tn dng th d phng trong thanh ton

ti M v cng do thi quen s dng nn ngi M vn a chung loi sn phm ti chnh ny hn so vi bo lnh c lp. c bit khi Qui tc tn dng th d phng quc t ISP 98 v Cng c Lin Hp Quc v bo lnh c lp v tn dng th d phng UNCITRAL ra i th s chn mui v tm quan trng ca tn dng th d phng cng c khng nh trn phm vi vt khi nc M. Ngay sau khi ISP 98 - b quy tc quc t chuyn bit iu chnh tn dng th d phng ra i phm vi v khi lng giao dch tn dng th d phng pht trin khng ngng khng ch trn nhng th trng ln nh M, Canada, Nht Bn m cn lan rng sang chu u, Khu vc Trung ng, Chu v Chu M La Tinh, c bit nhng nc c nn kinh t ph thuc v chu nh hng ln ca phong cch kinh doanh M. 1.2. nh ngha: Tn dng th d phng l loi hnh dch v ngn hng ngy cng c a chung trn th gii trong khi UCP, Cng c UNCITRAL v URDG li khng phi l nhng ngun php l chuyn bit iu chnh cho giao dch loi ny v th ICC ban hnh Qui tc thc hnh tn dng th d phng quc t ISP 98). iu 1.06- ISP 98 nu r nh ngha tn dng th d phng "l mt cam kt khng hu ngang, c lp, bng vn bn, v c tnh cht bt buc mt khi c pht hnh v khng nht thit phi tuyn b l nh vy..." trong "... ngi pht hnh cam kt vi ngi hng li s thanh ton chng t xut trnh trn b mt ph hp vi cc iu khon v cc iu kin ca tn dng th ..." v "... ngi pht hnh phi thanh ton chng t xut trnh bng vic chuyn tin theo phng thc tr tin ngay .., hoc chp nhn hi phiu ca ngi hng li..., hoc chp nhn tr tin sau hoc chit khu A standby is irrevocable, independent, documentary and binding undertaking when issued and need not ot state ...), (an issuer undertake to the beneficiary to honour a presentation that appears on its face to comply with the terms and conditions of the standby). Nh vy, th tn dng d phng l mt vn bn trong ngn hng cam kt s thanh ton cho ngi th hng khi ngi ny xut trnh nhng chng t yu cu thanh ton v nhng chng t chng minh vic khng thc hin nhng ngha v ca ngi yu cu m th tn dng trong iu kin th tn dng cn thi hn hiu lc. Cc trng hp p dng th tn dng d phng: o m ho hon v y trong y ng. o m ho vi th hi n h p ng hng h ho gi ng. o m ho ng i th m gi thu. o m n ton ho hon th nh ton ng tr . o m ho h nng th nh ton. o m ho vi tr ti n thu trong h p ng ho thu ti h nh. m t s tr ng h p h . 1.3. c im:

Qua nh ngha v quy trnh nghip v ca giao dch c th rt ra c im ca tn dng th d phng l cc cam kt d phng, c lp, khng hu ngang, c tnh cht chng t v rng buc khi c pht hnh. Tnh cht c lp (independence) :Tnh cht ht sc quan trng ny c nguyn do lin quan ti s ra i ca tn dng th d phng. Tn dng th d phng chng qua cng l mt loi hnh bo lnh theo yu cu hay cn gi l bo lnh c lp "kiu M". Hn na n cng c hnh thc v quy trnh s dng nh tn dng th truyn thng nn tn dng th d phng khng ph thuc vo s tn ti hay hiu lc ca bt k giao dch gc underlying contract) hay hp ng u nhim (application- mandate contract) hay tu thuc vo bt k iu khon hay iu kin no khng c trong cam kt d phng hay bt c hnh vi hoc s kin khng chc chn trong tng lai. Cc ngha v ca ngi pht hnh vi ngi hng li khng b nh hng bi cc quyn v ngha v ca ngi pht hnh v ngi xin m. Cc ngha v ch tu thuc vo vic xut trnh chng t hoc mt hnh vi hay s kin khc trong phm vi hot ng ca ngi pht hnh th tn dng. iu 1.06c ISP 98 nu r "v tn dng th d phng l mt cam kt c lp nn kh nng thc thi ngha v ca ngi pht hnh khng ph thuc vo: Quyn hay kh nng ca ngi pht hnh trong vic i ngi xin m hon tr tin, hay Quyn ca ngi hng li c ngi xin pht hnh thanh ton, hay Nng lc thc hin ca ngi pht hnh hoc bt k s vi phm tho thun hon tr tin no." Hn na ti iu 3.10 ISP 98 cn quy nh r: "ngi pht hnh khng c ngha v phi thng bo cho ngi xin m v vic nhn c chng t theo yu cu ca tn dng th d phng". y l quy nh gip m bo nguyn tc c lp ca cam kt, m bo vai tr trung gian ca ngn hng trong quyn t quyt thanh ton cho b chng t m ngi hng li xut trnh m khng gp cn tr t pha ngi xin m. Tnh cht khng hu ngang (irrevocable): iu ny c khng nh r trong c UCP 600, ISP98 v Cng c Lin Hp Quc v bo lnh c lp v tn dng th d phng ngay nhng qui nh u tin. Cc vn bn ny u nu r cm t "irrevocable undertaking". S khng nh chc chn ny loi b hon ton s tu chnh hoc hy b th tn dng ca ngi pht hnh mt khi cha c s ng ca ngi hng, ngi u nhim. Tt nhin cc bn c th tho thun s dng loi tn dng th d phng c th hu ngang nhng iu y ngi hng li vo th bt li nn trong thc t giao dch hu nh khng xut hin tn dng th d phng c th hu ngang. V th c th coi tnh cht khng hu ngang l mt c trng cho bn cht ca mt tn dng th d phng. Tnh cht chng t v rng buc khi pht hnh (documentary and binding): Trong giao dch tn dng th d phng vic thanh ton ca ngi pht hnh ch ph thuc vo s ph hp trn b mt ca chng t vi yu cu ca tn dng th. Cng ging vi cc loi tn dng th thng mi khc ngn hng pht hnh ch thanh ton khi c s ph hp trn b mt ca chng t c xut trnh trong thi hn hiu lc ca th tn dng. V bn thn tn dng th d phng cng c th chu s iu chnh ca quy tc thc hnh thng nht tn dng chng t UCP cho nn n vn l mt hnh thc thanh ton s dng chng t.

Tnh cht d phng (standby): y l nt c trng cho giao dch tn dng th d phng trong mi tng quan so snh vi cc loi th tn dng thng mi khc. Nh nh ngha v tn dng th d phng nu trn, vic thanh ton s tin th tn dng ch c thc hin khi c hnh vi khng thc hin ngha v hp ng non-performance hay cn gi l default) ca ngi xin m. iu c ngha l nu ngi xin m hon thnh ngha v hp ng th tn dng th d phng coi nh ht hiu lc v khng c hot ng thanh ton no c. y ngha v thanh ton theo th tn dng ch c tnh cht th yu secondary) ch khng phi l ngha v chnh yu m ngn hng pht hnh chc chn phi lm ging nh trong thanh ton bng th tn dng truyn thng. Vy nn tn dng th d phng ch pht hnh trn c s tr tnh, d phng cho mt kh nng s c hnh vi khng thc hin hp ng v tn dng th d phng l s m bo ti chnh v b p cho ngi hng li v vic khng thc hin ngha v ca ngi xin m ng nh tn gi ca n. 1.4. Vai tr ca th tn dng d phng: Vai tr m bo v n c thc hin ngha v hp ng Bo m l vai tr chnh ca cc hnh thc bo lnh ni chung. Mt khi c c thng bo v vic pht hnh bo lnh qua tn dng th d phng t pha ngn hng pht hnh hay ngn hng thng bo (c ngn hng pht hnh ch nh), ngi hng li c th yn tm v vic thc hin ngha v trong hp ng c s ca pha i tc- ngi c ngn hng pht hnh bo lnh. Mt khc nu c s vi phm t hp ng c s ca bn xin m cam kt d phng ngi ny s c m bo thanh ton t pha ngi pht hnh. Trn thc t, trong cc giao dch thng mi dch v a dng phc tp v trn phm vi rng v c nhiu bn tham gia nh ngy nay cc bn tham gia giao dch u phi chu nhng ri ro nht nh. Ngi bn lun c th khng nhn c tin thanh ton cho hng ho dch v giao, ngi mua th khng nhn c hng ho ng yu cu hay khng nhn c hng, cc khon t cc tr trc khng c hon li trong hp ng thng mi v ngi cho vay c th b qut n trong hp ng vay n, ngi mua bo him khng chu ng ph trong hp ng bo him, bn lin doanh b i tc ph v hp ng... Tm li nhng thit hi tn tht c th xy ra l khng nh khi c s vi phm, khng thc hin ngha v hp ng. Chnh v th nhu cu c s bo m ca mt bn th ba c uy tn v tim lc ti chnh cho cc ngha v gm c ngha v ti chnh v phi ti chnh trn ca cc bn trong giao dch ngy cng cao c th hn ch nhng ri ro nh vy. Xt v nguyn tc, trong mi giao dch thng mi bn no vi phm bn y phi chu trch nhim vi nhng thit hi pht sinh trc tip. V li ch kinh t ca chnh mnh cc bn s c trch nhim thc hin tt cc ngha v cam kt trnh phi b ra nhng chi ph . S dng bo lnh ni chung trong c cam kt d phng s ti thiu ho ri ro cho ngi hng li nh c s bo m mt cch kh chc chn v vic hon thnh ngha v hp ng t pha ngi xin m. Theo thng k ca cc ngn hng M ch c 1% s giao dch d phng c thanh ton c ngha l trong cc trng hp s dng tn dng th d phng hu ht cc bn u hon thnh ngha v ca h. Nh th s bo m cho hp ng c thc hin l gn nh chc chn nu c

s dng mt cam kt d phng v cam kt d phng ch cn mang tnh cht "d phng" ng nh bn thn tn gi "standby" ca n. i vi ngi xin m th tn dng d phng, cam kt d phng buc h phi la chn hoc thc hin tt ngha v hp ng hoc bi thng. Nhm nng cao hiu qu kinh doanh cng l nng cao uy tn, kh nng cnh tranh ca mnh trong mi trng kinh doanh ngy cng kh khn nh hin nay cch l chn duy nht ca ngi xin m l thc hin tt ngha v ca mnh. Vic cam kt pht hnh tn dng th d phng cng gy nn p lc ca vic tr tin khi c s vi phm ca ngi xin m nn bn thn ngn hng pht hnh cng s tin hnh mt s bin php n c ngi xin m thc hin ngha v theo hp ng. V th tn dng th d phng tr thnh mt cng c c thc thc hin hp ng mt cch thc s hiu qu v s c thc ny khin cho tnh m bo ca tn dng th d phng i vi ngi hng li cng cao. Vai tr ti tr Khi ngn hng chp nhn m tn dng th d phng cho ngi xin m th vic ng ngha vi vic ngn hng khng ch cung cp sn phm dch v ti chnh tn dng m cn cung cp mt cng c ti tr v vn v uy tn cho khch hng ca mnh. Tht vy, thng thng ngn hng khng i hi khch hng phi k qu 100% gi tr th tn dng m da vo uy tn giao dch ca khch hng, quan h sn c vi ngn hng hoc da trn phn tch nh gi v tnh kh thi ca hp ng c s quyt nh chp nhn pht hnh th tn dng hay khng. i vi cc khch hng m ni iu ny thc s c ngha quan trng trong nhng hp ng c gi tr ln hoc khi ngun tin ca khch hng cha . Ngoi ra c c tn dng th d phng kh nng cnh tranh ca ngi xin m trn th trng cng cao v l s m bo tuyt vi cho i tc ca h trong hp ng. Khi nghin cu cc loi tn dng th d phng c th vai tr ny cng c th hin r, c bit i vi loi tn dng th d phng thuc nhm d phng ti chnh nh tn dng th d phng khon tin ng trc advance payment standby), tn dng th d phng hp ng bo him hay d phng cc loi thu ph phi np insurance standby or the likes) hay loi tn dng th d phng thanh ton trc tip direct-pay standby). Nh tnh cht ny tn dng th d phng tr thnh cng c ti tr rt hp dn m ngn hng cp cho khch hng ca mnh. 1.5. C s giao dch: Cng nh trong giao dch th tn dng thng mi, tn dng th d phng c hnh thnh trn c s giao dch c s v hp ng u thc. Giao dch c s (underlying contract) y c th l tho thun v quy n l i v ngh v gi ng i mu v ng i bn (hiu theo ngha rng) trong mi lnh vc thng mi, dch v, trong u t, xy dng, lin doanh lin kt, bo him, chng khon... Ni dung ca giao dch c s rt c tc ng n tn dng th d phng bi v mc ch ca tn dng th d phng l nhm m bo thc hin mt ngha v no trong giao dch gc ny bao gm ngha v ti chnh v phi ti chnh) v tn dng th d phng c pht hnh da trn c s c s tn ti ca giao dch gc. Gi o h s v th

th l h p ng mu bn hng ho v ung p h v, h p ng v y n vi n tr , h p ng bo him, h p ng thu mu , h p ng thu hon, h p ng li n o nh li n t...v i hi h l m t ngh v ti h nh nh n p thu ph ... Trong giao dch c s hai bn c th tho thun mt gii php nhm phng nga ri ro i tc khng thc hin hp ng bng mt tn dng th d phng quy nh trong cc iu khon khc Other terms and conditions) hay trong iu khon bo lnh Guarantee) thng nm mt sau ca hp ng gc. Do vy, tn dng th d phng c tnh cht thay th cho mt khon tin c th c thanh ton cho ngi b vi phm trong hp ng c s. Hp ng u thc (mandatory contract) L h p ng o ng i y u u m th t n ng v ng n hng pht hnh tho thun v t v th ht l m t h p ng ung p h v. N phn nh mi quan h gia ngi xin m applicant, accountee hay drawee) vi ngn hng pht hnh issuing bank). Tu theo c ch hot ng ca tng ngn hng, ngi xin m - sau ny s l ngi c bo lnh lp ra mt yu cu m tn dng th d phng da vo nhng mu chun ca ngn hng pht hnh sn c hay bng mt hp ng tho thun hay bng mt cng vn ngh ngn hng pht hnh trn c s mt tn dng th d phng i ng m cho ngn hng pht hnh hng. Thng thng hp ng ny phi c y nhng ni dung ch yu ca tn dng th d phng v cam kt bi hon ca ngi xin m th tn dng cho ngn hng pht hnh khon tin m ngn hng pht hnh thanh ton cho ngi hng cng vi nhng chi ph pht sinh trong qu trnh thanh ton . V trong khi tho thun hp ng ny hai bn phi quy nh r ngn hng pht hnh ch thanh ton khi ngi xin m khng th thc hin ngha v ca hp ng gc. 1.6. Phn loi: 1.6.1. Theo i tng m bo: gm 8 loi: Tnh hung: Cng ty San San Vit Nam k mt hp ng may mc vi mt cng ty xut khu XYZ Singapore, cng ty San San yu cu Ngn hng Vietcombank VCB) m mt L/C thng mi. V ngn hng VCB ng m ng thi nh ngn hng HSBC Singapore thng bo cho cng ty XYZ. T n ng phng m bo th hi n (perform n e st n by) L loi tn dng th d phng c pht hnh nhm m bo cho ngha v thc hin hp ng ch khng phi ngha v tr tin, bao gm cho c mc ch trang tri cc khon thit hi pht sinh do vi phm ca ngi xin m tn dng trong qu trnh thc hin hp ng c s. Loi tn dng th d phng ny gip cho ngi mua trong hp ng c s gim thiu ri ro ngi bn khng giao hng hay giao chm hay giao hng thiu khng p ng c yu cu cht lng. N c th c s dng rng ri trong cc lnh vc thng mi u t xy dng... Tr ng h p 1: gim ri ro cho cng ty San San trong trng hp cng ty XYZ khng giao hng hoc giao hng chm hn so vi thi hn quy nh trong hp ng, th cng ty San San s yu cu cng ty XYZ m mt L/C d phng m bo thc hin ngha v ca mnh. Th t n ng phng ho hon ng tr ( v n e p y-ment standby):

L loi th tn dng nhm m bo cho trch nhim i vi khon tin ng trc m ngi hng li cp cho ngi xin m L/C d phng. Trong thc tin thng mi ngy nay, vic cc bn cp tn dng thng mi cho nhau tr nn rt ph bin. cng c coi l mt cch thc dnh c u i trong hp ng cho doanh nghip mnh so vi cc doanh nghip cng ngnh nh u i v gi). Do vy, cc khon tin ng trc v ang tip tc c cc nh kinh doanh cung cp cho i tc lm n ca mnh. N cng th hin s cng tham gia ca c hai bn vo hp ng chung. Thc tin ny, i hi mt hnh thc m bo cho cc khon ng trc trnh cho ngi cp tn dng gp nhng ri ro sau ny. Tr ng h p 2: Theo tha thun trong hp ng thng mi Cng ty San San ng trc mt khon cho cng ty XYZ mua vi, nhm trnh nhng ri ro khi cng ty XYZ nhn c tin nhng khng giao hng, khi cng ty San San yu cu cng ty XYZ lp mt L/C d phng cho khon tin ng trc ca mnh. Th t n ng phng m bo u thu h y thu ( i bon / Ten er bon st n by): L loi th tn dng m bo cho trch nhim phi thc hin hp ng ca ngi yu cu m th tn dng d phng khi anh ta trng thu. Trong th tn dng d phng m bo d thu ny, Ngn hng pht hnh cam kt s bi thng cho ngi th hng tn dng th nu ngi yu cu m trng thu nhng li rt lui khng thc hin hp ng. Khon thanh ton th tn dng d phng ny, s gip ngi th hng trang tri thit hi do chm tr tin thi cng hay chi ph t chc mt cuc u thu khc. Tn dng d phng d thu mang li li ch cho c hai pha ca hp ng c s. i vi ngi tham gia d thu, th tn dng d phng ny l mt s m bo v kh nng thc hin hp ng ca anh ta, th hin rng n d thu l mt cho hng chc chn. Do vy, s lm tng kh nng trng thu ca mnh, i vi ngi th hng tn dng th, nh vic rng buc trch nhim ca ngi bn khi trng thu, hnh thc th tn dng d phng ny gip h loi b nhng ngi khng c kh nng thc hin hp ng. S tin v thi hn ca th tn dng d phng thng do ngi mua quy nh. Thng th thi hn ca th tn dng d phng m bo d thu kt thc khi ngi d thu trng thu, k kt c hp ng thng mi. Trng hp ngi d thu khng trng thu th th tn dng d phng cng t ng ht hiu lc. Tnh hung: Cng ty Tun H t chc u thu cho d n A v anh Dng, ch Dng l cc bn d thu. Hi ai s l ngi xin m L/C d phng v ngi th hng y l ai? V L/C d phng m bo u thu hay d thu l mt s bo m v kh nng thc hin hp ng ca ngi d thu, th hin rng n d thu l mt cho hng chc chn, do vy s lm tng kh nng trng thu ca mnh. Nn ngi xin m L/C d phng y l ngi d thu, c th l anh Dng, ch Dng v ngi th hng s l cng ti Tun H.

 T n ng phng i ng (Counter st n by) Loi tn dng th ny c pht hnh nhm bo lnh vic pht hnh mt th tn dng ring bit hay mt cam kt khc ca chnh ngi hng li quy nh trong th tn dng d phng i ng. Tr ng h p 3: u nm 2013, Cng ty Sansan, Vit Nam c nhp khu 20.000 my tnh bng ca cng ty XYZ, Singapore. m bo cho vic thanh ton khi n hn cho cng ty XYZ, cng ty San San ch th ngn hng VCB Vit Nam gi yu cu ngn hng HSBC Singapore pht hnh mt L/C d phng cho cng ty XYZ hng li, trong trng hp ny ngn hng trc tip pht hnh LC d phng, tc l ngn hng HSBC Singapore c gi l ngn hng pht hnh, cn ngn hng ca ngi y nhim hay ngi xin pht hnh) tc l ngn hng VCB Vit Nam c gi l ngn hng ch th ng thi ngn hng VCB Vit Nam pht hnh mt L/C d phng i ng cho ngn hng HSBC Singapore hng. Khi nhn c lnh i tin, ngn hng HSBC Singapore thanh ton cho ngi hng li l cng ty XYZ v thu li s tin t ngn hng VCB Vit Nam theo ng cam kt trong L/C d phng i ng. Nh vy ngi tr tin vn l ngi ra ch th u tin, tc l cng ty Sansan, 2 ngn hng VCB Vit Nam v ngn hng HSBC Singapore hnh ng vi t cch l ngi cung cp dch v v ti tr cho khch hng. VCB Vit Nam

Cng ty San San

Cng ty XYZ

HSBC Singapore T n ng phng ti chnh (Financial standby): L loi th tn dng d phng bo lnh trch nhim tr tin, bao gm bt k chng t no chng minh mt trch nhim tr li khon tin vay. Loi hnh th tn dng d phng ny c phm vi bo lnh rt rng v rt hay c s dng. Do c im bo lnh mt hp ng vay n hay m bo thanh ton, loi th tn dng d phng ny rt ph hp vi chc nng v dch v ca Ngn hng thng mi i vi nn kinh t. Trn thc t, khi mi ra i M, tn dng th d phng ch yu c dng h tr cc trch nhim ti chnh hay m bo cc khon vay trong khi giao dch th bo lnh, chu u li ch yu m bo vic thc hin hp ng. Gi tr hp ng c s, gi tr th tn dng d phng ti chnh thng l 100% gi tr khon tin gc ca hp ng c s. Do vy, th tn dng d phng ti chnh l s m bo gn nh

tuyt i vi Ngi hng li, th tn dng v ang pht trin cng vi s pht trin ca th trng vn si ng ngy nay. Th t n ng phng tr ti n tr tip (Dire t pay standby): L loi th tn dng d phng m bo thanh ton khi ngha v thanh ton trong hp ng c s n hn. N c c trng tng t nh th tn dng d phng ti chnh, nhng li khng quan tm n vic c xy ra vi phm hay khng. y l loi hnh th tn dng d phng cha c hnh thc bo lnh Ngn hng tng ng. Theo quy nh ca loi th tn dng d phng ny, ngi hng li c quyn i tin Ngn hng pht hnh khi n hn thanh ton ca hp ng c s, m khng phi gi i tin n i tc trc tip ca mnh trong hp ng c s ny, ngha l khng cn bit c xy ra vi phm hay khng t pha ngi xin m th tn dng d phng. Do vy, tn dng th d phng ny gn nh khng cn tnh cht d phng na m chc chn s c thc hin. T n ng phng bo him (insur n e st n by): L loi th tn dng d phng bo m ngha v bo him, hoc ti bo him ca ngi xin pht hnh tn dng th. y l cam kt ca Ngn hng pht hnh s thanh ton khon tin ph bo him nu nh ngi yu cu m th tn dng d phng khng np ph bo him, hoc ti bo him ng hn. Nh vo loi hnh th tn dng d phng ny, ngi yu cu m tn dng c th tm thi cha phi tr ph bo him, nn c th s dng ngun vn ny vo kinh doanh. iu s c ngha ln nu khon ph bo him ln Trong cc hp ng thng mi quc t, ph bo him chim ti 10% gi tr hng ha). Tr ng h p 4: Trong hp ng k kt gia 2 bn, cng ty San San cam kt thanh ton ton b ph bo him cho l hng. Cng ty San San yu cu Ngn hng VCB m L/C d phng hp ng bo him v c ngn hng VCB chp nhn v m L/C d phng. n hn, Cng ty XYZ thc hin vic giao hng, nhng cng ty San San vn cha thanh ton ton b ph bo him. Cng ty XYZ xut trnh B chng t hp l v tuyn b vi phm ca cng ty San San, ng thi yu cu Ngn hng VCB thanh ton theo nh L/C d phng. V ngn hng VCB thanh ton. Trong trng hp ny, cng ty San San vi phm hp ng khng thanh ton ph bo him ng hn. Tuy nhin cng ty XYZ vn thu li c tin bo him thng qua hiu lc ca L/C d phng. T n ng phng thng mi (Commer i l St n by): L loi th tn dng d phng c pht hnh nhm bo lnh cho trch nhim ca ngi xin m tn dng phi thanh ton cho hng ha, hay dch v trong trng hp khng thanh ton bng cc phng thc thanh ton khc. Do tnh cht d phng, trong loi hnh giao dch ny, ngi bn vn i tin trc tip ngi mua, v ch khi ngi mua khng thanh ton th ngi bn mi xut trnh chng t yu cu thanh ton n Ngn hng. Do , hnh thc thanh ton ny, vn th hin mc tin tng nht nh gia cc i tc ca hp ng mua bn v v vy, mt mc no c th hay hn hnh thc thanh ton bng tn dng th truyn thng.

1.6.2. Theo tnh cht s kin lm pht sinh thanh ton: T n ng phng ngh v ti h nh Bao gm nhng cam kt khng hu ngang do ngn hng pht hnh nhm m bo cc ngha v ti chnh financial obligations) m ngi xin m phi thc hin theo tho thun ti hp ng c s. Yu t xc nh tn dng th d phng c thuc nhm ny hay khng l tnh cht ca ngha v cam kt theo hp ng c s lm pht sinh thanh ton theo th tn dng. iu c ngha l khi c s kin ngi xin m khng thc hin nhng ngha v ti chnh nh khng tr tin hng ho dch v, khng np thu ph hay khng tr bi thng... th ngi hng li c ngn hng pht hnh thanh ton. Nh vy nhng tn dng th d phng bo m tin vay, tn dng th d phng hp ng bo him, tn dng th d phng thu ph phi np, tn dng th d phng thanh ton tr trc v tn dng th d phng thanh ton trc tip u nm trong nhm ny. Th t n ng phng m bo th hi n Bao gm nhng tn dng th d phng c ngn hng pht hnh nhm m bo vic thc hin ngha v phi ti chnh non-financial obligations) trong hp ng c s ca ngi xin m. Trong giao dch thuc nhm ny nhng s kin pht sinh nh ngi xin m khng giao hng ho hay cung cp dch v ... min l loi ngha v gi l "non-financial obligations" s dn ti yu cu i thanh ton ca ngi hng li. V th ngha v thanh ton theo tn dng th d phng m bo thc hin ch c tnh cht th cp secondary obligations). Thng thng gi tr th tn dng ch l mt t l ca gi tr hp ng c s thng l 10-50% gi tr hp ng) nn ri ro phi thanh ton ca ngn hng i vi ngun vn ca mnh l thp hn so vi nhm trc. Tnh hu ng: Mt hp ng xut khu c k kt gia cng ty may mc Bi-B vi cng ty Vn Dng ti M. Cng ty Bi-B cam kt giao hng ng hn. Cng ty Bi-B yu cu Ngn hng Vietcombank (VCB) pht hnh mt L/C d phng m bo thc hin hp ng xut khu. Ngn hng VCB ng v m L/C d phng. Nu nh ngi yu cu m tn dng l cng ty Bi-B vi phm hp ng khng giao hng th ngi hng li tc l cng ty Vn Dng chun b cc chng t qui nh trong L/C v gi chng ti Ngn hng pht hnh VCB yu cu thanh ton. Lc ny, Ngn hng pht hnh VCB ch tr tin khi ngi hng li xut trnh c b chng t ph hp hi phiu i tin v tuyn b vi phm). 2. Qui trnh giao dch L/C d phng: 2.1. Cc bn tham gia: Ngi xin m (opener, accountee, applicant hay drawee) L ngi c nhu cu c bo m cho mt ngha v no phi thc hin trong giao dch ca ngi xin m vi ngi hng. c th l ngha v giao hng hay tr tin hng trong hp ng thng mi, ngha v thc hin cng trnh khi trng thu xy dng, ngha v tr n tin vay hay tin thu mua my mc thit b, ngha v np thu ph... i tc ca mnh tin tng kh nng thc hin hp ng ngi xin m yu cu mt t chc ti chnh c uy tn bo

m cho vic thc hin nhng ngha v cho i tc hng li. i vi mt s trng hp nh trong tn dng th d phng i ng ngi xin m cn c th l ngn hng hay ngi hng li ca mt tn dng th d phng gc. Theo quy nh ca ISP 98 ngi xin m th tn dng d phng c th l: Mt ngi ng tn mnh yu cu m tn dng th d phng bo lnh cho mt ngha v ca chnh mnh v t chu chi ph lin quan n vic pht hnh th tn dng. Mt ngi pht hnh t hnh ng vi chi ph ca chnh mnh. Mt ngn hng c ngn hng khc pht hnh th tn dng hay xc nhn tn dng th d phng ca mnh t m. Nh vy ngi xin m th tn dng l mt khi nim rt rng di quy nh ca ISP 98 nhm p ng nhu cu pht trin ca nhu cu bo lnh trong th trng ti chnh hin i. Ngi pht hnh (issuer) L ngi a ra cam kt thanh ton cho ngi hng nu ngi hng xut trnh chng t ng yu cu ca th tn dng. Nu th tn dng quy nh tr tin ngay th ngn hng tr tin ngay. Nu th tn dng quy nh tr tin sau ngn hng phi tr vo cc ngy o hn c xc nh theo quy nh ca th tn dng. Nu th tn dng quy nh chp nhn: - Bi ngn hng pht hnh th ngn hng pht hnh chp nhn cc hi phiu do ngi hng li k pht cho ngn hng pht hnh v phi tr vo ngy o hn. - Bi ngn hng tr tin khc th ngn hng pht hnh chp nhn tr tin khi n hn phi tr cc hi phiu do ngi hng li k pht cho ngn hng pht hnh trong trng hp ngn hng tr tin quy nh trong th tn dng khng chp nhn cc hi phiu k pht cho h, hoc thanh ton cc hi phiu c chp nhn nhng khng c tr tin bi ngn hng tr tin khi o hn. Nu th tn dng quy nh cht khu th thanh ton min truy i ngi k pht v hoc) ngi cm trung thc cc hi phi do ngi hng li k pht v (hoc) cc chng t xut trnh theo th tn dng ...". Khc UCP ch c cc ngn hng thng mi gi vai tr l ngi pht hnh th tn dng. Tuy nhin vi s ra i ca cc ngun php l quc t iu chnh tn dng th d phng nh ISP 98 v cng c UNCITRAL th phm vi pht hnh tn dng th d phng m r ng t ri ng ng n hng thng mi s ng bt t h ti h nh t n ng no uy t n v ti m l . Nh vy cc cng ty ti chnh bo him qu tng h ti chnh... cng u c th vo cuc trn th trng bo lnh bng tn dng th d phng. Nhng cn lu rng vic m rng phm vi pht hnh th tn dng d phng khng ng ngha vi vi vic thay i quyn v ngha v truyn thng ca ngi pht hnh th tn dng. iu 1.08 ISP 98 quy nh "Ngi pht hnh khng c trch nhim vi: Vic thc hin hay vi phm bt c gi o h s no. S chnh xc hay tnh chn thc hay hiu lc ca bt k chng t no xut trnh theo tn dng th d phng.

 Hnh ng hay b qua hnh ng ca ngi khc thm ch ngi c ngi pht hnh hay ngi ch nh la chn hay khng. Vic tun th theo lut php hay tp qun khc c chn trong tn dng th d phng hay c p dng ni pht hnh tn dng th d phng. C th nhn ra y gii hn trch nhim ca ngi pht hnh ch l trung gian c lp trong giao dch th tn dng d phng. Ngi hng li (beneficiary, drawer)"... l m t ng i h nh quy n i th nh ton theo t n ng th phng... ", ( i u 1.9 ISP 98) Nh vy ngi hng li cng l mt bn trong giao dch tn dng th d phng, l ngi c tn dng th d phng quy nh l s nhn c thanh ton t pha ngi pht hnh khi xut trnh chng t ng yu cu ca th tn dng d phng trong trng hp ngi xin m vi phm hp ng c s. Thng th ngi hng l ngi mua, ngi cho vay, nh u t.... trong cc hp ng thng mi, tn dng, xy dng. Tuy nhin do tnh cht ngy cng phc tp ca giao dch vi s tham gia ca ngy cng nhiu bn nn ISP 98 phn nh xu th ny bng vic quy nh ngi hng cn c th l ng i ng i hng b n u huyn nh ng m t h h p php. iu 1.9a nu r "...ng i hng l i b o gm ng i m ng i hng l i h nh huyn nh ng th s quy n i th nh ton ho ng i ..." Do tnh cht tn dng th d phng l mt giao dch chng t nn vic xc nh ngi hng li rt quan trng. Tn v a ch ngi hng trong cc chng t cn nghim ngt chnh xc nh trong tn dng th d phng m bo quyn li cho ngi hng. Ngi thng bo (adviser) Theo iu 2.05 ISP 98 ngi thng bo l ng i o ng n hng pht hnh h nh th ng bo vi ng n hng pht hnh ho vi ng n hng s i t n ng th phng ho ng i hng h y ng n hng ng i hng. Nh vy ngn hng thng bo ch gi vai tr lm trung gian, l cu ni lin lc gia ngi pht hnh th tn dng v ngi hng li. Ni chung trong giao dch ni a ngn hng pht hnh c th thng bo th tn dng ti ngay ngi hng m m khng cn s dng ti mt ngn hng thng bo nhng trong giao dch quc t ngn hng pht hnh thng ch nh mt ngn hng i l nc ngi hng thng bo vic pht hnh v sa i nu c) cho ngi hng. im cn lu l ngha v ca ngi thng bo c lm r trong th tn dng v khng b rng buc vo ngha v thanh ton tn dng th d phng. Ngi xc nhn (confirmer): L ngi da vo ch th ca ngi pht hnh thc hin xc nhn th tn dng c ngha ngi hng th m m t m t th nh ton t n ng th phng b n nh m t t ph ng i pht hnh. ISP 98 quy nh "ngi pht hnh bao gm mt ngi xc nhn" iu 1.11). Nh vy cam kt xc nhn th tn dng ca ngi ny c coi nh mt pht hnh tn dng th d phng c lp cng thm vo vic pht hnh tn dng th d phng ca ngi pht hnh. Cn lu l ngi pht hnh ch yu cu mt ngi khc xc nhn khi c yu cu ca ngi xin m trong khi ng k m L/C v chi ph xc nhn s do ngi xin m chu.

Tnh hu ng: Cng ty TNHH nh Dng c k 1 hp ng nhp khu vi cng ty Royal ti Newyork. Cng ty nh Dng yu cu ngn hng Lin Vit pht hnh 1 tn dng th khng hy ngang cho cng ty Royal. Linvietbank thng qua ngn hng i l ca mnh ti Newyork, thng bo cho cng ty Royal v tn dng th d phng. Trong trng hp ny, ngi hng li l: Cty Royal, ngi yu cu m th tn dng l: cng ty TNHH nh Dng, ngn hng pht hnh l ngn hng Lin Vit. 2.2. Cc bc tin hnh giao dch:

Quy trnh m L/C d phng

Quy trnh thanh ton L/C d phng

Bc 1: Ngi xin m v ngi hng thit lp giao dch c s. Bc 2: Ngi xin m lp ch th pht hnh tn dng th d phng bng cch in vo mu n v gi cho ngi pht hnh. Mi ngn hng u c mt mu n ngh pht hnh th bo lnh ring. V d: H s ngh m L/C d phng gi Vietcombank 01 bn chnh giy ngh m L/C theo mu Vietcombank) (L/C d phng).

Cng ha x hi h ngha Vit Nam c lp- T do- Hnh phc

N NGH BO LNH
Knh gi: NGN HNG VIETCOMBANK, CHI NHNH TP.HCM V/V: Pht hnh Standby Letter of Credit Chng ti: CNG TY C PHN ABC a ch: 15 DEF, qun Bnh Thnh, H Ch Minh in thoi:. Fax: c thnh lp theo giy php s..ngy..ca S k hoch v u t Tp H Ch Minh Ngnh ngh kinh doanh: sn xut mua bn phn mm tin hc; lp rp; bo r my vi tnh, my vn phng H v tn Tng gim c Gim c): ng Nguyn Vn A S ti khon tin ng:.m ti ngn hng A S ti khon ngoi t:.m ti ngn hng A Vi mi trch nhim thuc v phn mnh, chng ti knh ngh Ngn hng pht hnh Standby Letter of Credit v iu kin v khng hy ngang vi cc chi tit sau: Loi bo lnh: Th tn dng d phng Mc ch bo lnh: m bo thanh ton cho Hp ng phn phi c k kt gia IBM v Cng ty c phn ABC ngy 01.01.2001. Bn nhn bo lnh ngi th hng): IBM a ch: DFF Road,11900 Singapore S tin bo lnh: USD 1,000,000.00 Thi hn bo lnh : t ngy pht hnh n 31.12.2001 Ngn ng s dng trong th bo lnh: Ting Anh Hnh thc pht hnh: Letter Swift Pht hnh trc tip qua: -Ngn hng thong bo/xc nhn: Ngn hng B Swift code: XXXXXSGSG) -Khc:.. Pht hnh gin tip:.. Lut dn chiu: Bo lnh do Qu ngn hng pht hnh tun th theo UCP theo phin bn mi nht. Hnh thc m bo cho bo lnh: min k qu Ch th cho Ngn hng pht hnh: - T ng trch tin gi ca chng ti ti Qu ngn hng hay v/hoc chng ti nhn n vay thc hin ngha v bo lnh khi Qu ngn hng nhn c yu cu thanh ton ca Ngi th hng ph hp vi ni dung ca Standby L/C ny chng ti khng c bt c phn i hay khiu ni no. - T ng trch ti khon tin gi ca chng ti s.ti Qu Ngn hng thanh ton ph bo lnh theo quy nh ca Ngn hng v chi ph pht sinh lien quan n bo lnh theo n ny. - Chng ti s thc hin y ngha v c Ngn hng bo lnh theo n ny. - Chng ti : i) cam kt chp hnh y nhng quy nh v Quy ch bo lnh ngn hng ca Ngn hng Nh ncv hng dn ca ngn hng Thng mi c phn Ngoi Thng Vit Nam ,UCP 600; ii) cam kt chp thun mi iu kin ca Ngn hng Ngoi Thng Vit Nam i vi giao dch chng ti xin bo lnh c trnh by trong n ny; iii) chu trch nhim trc php lut v tnh chnh xc v hp php ca cc ti liu gi cho Ngn hng thng mi c phn A

Cc ti liu nh km gm: +Mu Standby Letter of Credit +Hp ng phn phi c k kt gia IBM v cng ty c phn ABC ngy 01.01.2001 Standby Letter of Credit c pht hnh theo mu nh km theo y v chng ti cam kt chu hon ton trch nhim v ni dung Th nu c tranh chp xy ra. Ngythng .nm.. Cng ty c phn ABC K ton trng Gim c n xin m th tn dng phi c vit ti thiu 2 bn. Sau khi Ngn hng ng du gi tr cho n v mt bn. Ngoi ra ngi yu cu m th tn dng d phng phi c k qu ti ngn hng pht hnh. Bc 3: Ngi pht hnh nu ng pht hnh s gi thng bo ti ngi hng c th qua ngi thng bo nu ngi xin m yu cu). Vic m th tn dng c th thc hin bng ng hng khng, bu chnh hoc bng in tn, hay bng h thng Swift. Mu n LC d phng c th c m theo kiu: telex, bng th hoc bng h thng in SWIFT. Trong h thng SWIFT c th s dng MT700 hay MT760 m th. Khi ngi xin m thc hin y ngha v ca mnh nh trong hp ng c s th L/C d phng t ng ht hiu lc. Khi ngi xin m khng thc hin ngha v hp ng c s v vi phm nhng iu khon c quy nh trong L/C d phng, th khi . Bc 4: Ngi hng li lp tuyn b vi phm v xut trnh n cng mnh lnh i tin v nhng chng t khc theo yu cu ca th tn dng ti ngn hng c ch nh thanh ton hay chit khu. Bc 5: Ngi c ch nh nhn chng t nu ng thi l ngi thanh ton s kim tra b chng t v tin hnh thanh ton cho ngi hng nu chng t ph hp vi yu cu ca th tn dng. Bc 6: Ngi c ch nh gi chng t ti ngi pht hnh yu cu thanh ton hay hon tr s tin m ngi c ch nh thanh ton cho ngi hng. Bc 7: Ngi pht hnh kim tra chng t v hon tr cho ngi ch nh nu chng t ph hp. Bc 8: Ngi pht hnh ghi n ti khon ca ngi xin m hay gi thng bo i tin ti ngi xin m. 3. Phn bit th tn dng d phng vi th tn dng thng mi v bo lnh c iu kin: 3.1. Phn bit th tn dng d phng v th tn dng thng mi: 3.1.1. S ging nhau:

+ m h s ng: c th thy chng u l phng tin ti tr v cung cp dch v ca cc t chc ti chnh tn dng dnh cho khch hng. Khi ngn hng chp nhn pht hnh th tn dng cho ngi xin m L/C, thng thng da vo uy tn ca ngn hng ngi hng li c m bo v kh nng thanh ton nu c s vi phm hp ng) +V t nh ht gi o h: - Tnh c lp: Nguyn tc ca vic thc hin giao dch th tn dng thng mi v d phng l ngha v tr tin ca ngn hng pht hnh ch cn c vo s ph hp ca b chng t m ngi hng li xut trnh ch khng ph thuc vo bt k mi quan h no gia ngi hng v ngi xin m hay mi quan h gia ngi xin m v ngn hng pht hnh. - Tnh khng hy ngang: S khng nh chc chn ny loi b hon ton s tu chnh hoc hy b th tn dng ca ngi pht hnh mt khi cha c s ng ca ngi hng, ngi u nhim. Tt nhin cc bn c th tho thun s dng loi tn dng th d phng c th hu ngang nhng iu y ngi hng vo th bt li nn trong thc t giao dch hu nh khng xut hin tn dng th d phng c th hu ngang. - Tnh cht chng t: cc nghip v th tn dng chng t tt c cc bn hu quan ch giao dch da trn chng t ch khng cn c vo hng ho dch v v / hoc cc giao dch khc m cc chng t c th lin quan n. 3.1.2 S khc bit: + m h s ng: Trong khi th tn dng thng mi commercial) s dng trong cc hp ng thng mi vi vai tr nh mt phng tin thanh ton thng dng th tn dng th d phng standby) thng c s dng lm cng c bo lnh. Tn dng thng mi thng thng l mt cam kt thanh ton ca ngi pht hnh cho ngi th hng khi ngi th hng xut trnh nhng chng t ph hp, tc l ngi th hng thc hin y ngha v ca mnh. Ngc li, tn dng d phng l mt cam kt ca ngi pht hnh bi hon cho ngi th hng trong trng hp ngi yu cu m tn dng khng thc hin ng cam kt ca mnh. iu quan trng l tn dng thng mi xem xt thanh ton da trn vic ngi th hng thc hin y cc ngha v qui nh trong khi tn dng d phng xem xt thanh ton da trn vic ngi c bo lnh khng thc hin cc ngha v c qui nh. + t nh ht: Giao dch tn dng th d phng c phm vi rng hn rt nhiu so vi giao dch th tn dng thng thng. Do tnh cht linh hot a dng cao hn n khng n thun ch s dng trong cc hp ng thng mi hng ho nh tn dng th truyn thng m cn l cng c m bo c s dng rng ri trong cc lnh vc ti chnh tn dng, xy dng, thu v, hi quan...Mt khc khng ch c s dng trn phm vi quc t, vic kt hp cng nhng phng thc thanh ton bng sc, phiu u nhim hay nh thu khin cho tn dng th d phng tr thnh cng c thanh ton c th trng ni a M ht sc a chung. Trong khi vic s dng th tn dng thng thng trong cc giao dch ni a l iu khng phi s la chn ti u v tnh phc tp ca nghip v v s tn km v chi ph v thi gian.

+ h ng t ut trnh: C nhiu s khc bit trong quy trnh tin hnh cc giao dch tuy nhin s khc bit c bn y l trong khu lp v xut trnh chng t ca ngi hng li. Vi hai loi hnh giao dch ngi hng lp b chng t xut trnh yu cu thanh ton khc nhau. Trong giao dch tn dng th d phng chng t yu cu thng ch l s tuyn b hay chng minh th hin s vi phm hp ng Statement of default) khng c gi tr thng mi th chng t yu cu trong giao dch th tn dng thng thng phi c gi tr thng mi v l chng t s hu hng ho th hin s chuyn giao hng ho trn c s hp ng mua bn nh hi phiu i tin, ho n, vn n... Nu trong giao dch tn dng th d phng ngi hng ch tin hnh lp b chng t theo yu cu ca th tn dng nu ngi xin m khng thc hin ngha v tho thun vi ngi hng trong hp ng c s th trong giao dch th tn dng thng thng ngi hng lp b chng t khi sau khi tin hnh giao hng c ngha l ngi xin m thc hin ngha v ca mnh trong hp ng c s. + s php l: Nu nh c qui nh r th tn dng thng thng chu s iu chnh ca Qui tc thng nht v thc hnh tn dng chng t c UCP ) trong khi tn dng th d phng c rt nhiu ngun php l dn chiu. Ngoi UCP 600 c th p dng Qui tc tn dng th d phng quc t ISP 98 hay Cng c Lin Hp Quc v bo lnh c lp v tn dng th d phng UNCITRAL 1995. iu ny mt ln na khng nh tm quan trng ca tn dng th d phng trong thanh ton quc t. Do L/C d phng c xem nh l phng tin thanh ton th yu. S khc nhau v L/C thng mi v L/C d phng l L/C thng mi hot ng trn c s thc hin hp ng ca ngi bn. Ngc li, L/C d phng m bo cho ngi th hng trong trng hp ngha v khng c thc hin. V d: S khc nhau c bn trn L/C d phng v L/C thng mi l trng 40A v 46A: L/C d phng c ch Standby c tnh d phng) cn L/C thng mi th khng.

C bn khc nhau chnh v chng t yu cu: L/C thng mi yu cu bn chnh cn L/C d phng ch cn bn photo + ch k xc nhn.

3.2. Phn bit th tn dng d phng v th bo lnh c iu kin: Bo lnh c iu kin y c cp gm c bo lnh hp ng Contract guaranteee), th bo chng Bond) v th bi hon Letter of indemnity). 3.2.1. S ging nhau: Trc ht chng c cng c im l dch v ti tr v l cng c bo m ca ngn hng i vi mt ngha v no cho khch hng. Tht vy ngn hng gi vai tr trung gian gia cc bn v ng ra thanh ton nu c s vi phm hp ng. Chnh v th chng c cng mc ch bo m c s dng trong nhng trng hp nh nhau trong cc hp ng thng mi hng ho, dch v... 3.2.2. S khc nhau: Tuy nhin gia hai loi hnh ny c nhng im khc bit cn bn v bn cht v trong nghip v giao dch. V tnh cht giao dch im khc bit ln nht l tnh c lp ca cam kt d phng v s ph thuc hp ng ca bo lnh c iu kin. Nh phn tch ti phn trn tn dng th d phng c lp hon ton vi hng ho, dch v, vi bt c mi quan h gia ngi hng v ngi xin m hay gia ngi xin m v ngn hng pht hnh, vi bt c mt giao dch no k c hp ng c s. Ngn hng ch ng vai tr trung gian trong thanh ton v trch nhim tr tin ca ngn hng pht hnh ch ph thuc vo vic xut trnh chng t theo yu cu ca th tn dng m m khng cn bit c vi phm thc s hay khng. Trong khi vi bo lnh c iu kin, ngi hng li ch c thanh ton nu chng minh c s vi phm, mc vi phm ca ngi c bo lnh. iu c ngha l ngn hng bo lnh ch tr tin khi ngi hng c chng c v vi phm hp ng, phi xc nh r rng v xc thc mc tn tht do vi phm hp ng gy ra qua vic xut trnh phn quyt ca to n hay quyt nh ca trng ti v vi phm ca ngi c bo lnh ging nh yu cu i vi ngi c bo him khi i bi thng. Tnh hu ng: cng ty Xut nhp khu ABC k hp ng nhp khu l hng l 41400 tn du t gic trng ca cng ty Vitol Asia Pte, dung sai cho php l 5%, bn cho cng ty XYZ, cng ty ABC t cc 10% gi tr hp ng. Tuy nhin, nu khi nhn hng, cng ty ABC ch nhn c 30000 tn du t gic trng. -Trong trng hp L/C d phng: cng ty ABC ch cn xut trnh tuyn b vi phm hp ng l cng ty Vitol Asia Pte giao hng khng ng s lng yu cu v cc chng t quy nh trong L/C d phng th ngn hng Natexis Banques Popularies Singapore s kim tra b chng t nu thy hp l s thanh ton tin t cc cho cng ty ABC. - Trong trng hp bo lnh: cng ty ABC phi a ra cc ha n cng ty ch nhn c 30000 tn du t gic trng v nhng thit hi ca cng ty ABC nh l khng c hng giao kp cho cng ty XYZ th ngn hng Natexis Banques Popularies Singapore mi thanh ton cho cng ty. V vai tr ca ngn hng pht hnh Tip theo tnh hung trn, trong hai loi hnh giao dch, ngn hng vo v th khng ging nhau. Trong giao dch d phng ngn hng Natexis Banques Popularies Singapore ch gi vai tr lm trung gian trong hot ng ca hai pha. Vai tr ca ngn hng ch gii hn trong vic kim tra s ph hp ca b mt chng t c xut trnh vi yu cu ca th tn dng v tin hnh thanh ton m khng phi kim tra xc minh mc tn tht thit hi. Quyn c thanh

ton ca cng ty ABC khng b nh hng bi bt k khiu ni hay bin h no ca ngi xin m khi chng t c xut trnh hp l. Ngc li trong giao dch bo lnh hp ng ngn hng Natexis Banques Popularies Singapore c ngha v h tr cho ngi c bo lnh khng ch v mt ti chnh m cn mi phng din khc nhm m bo kt ni ngha v ca hp ng v ngha v bo m. V th trong giao dch bo lnh c iu kin ngn hng Natexis Banques Popularies Singapore d c kh nng tr thnh b n trong cc v kin tng gia cc bn. V chng t Chng t cng l im khc bit ht sc quan trng trong hai loi hnh giao dch. Chng t yu cu trong giao dch d phng thng bao gm yu cu thanh ton (Demand of payment) v tuyn b vi phm Statement of default) do chnh cng ty ABC lp nn mang tnh ch quan v tng i c li cho ngi hng, d b ngi hng lm dng c hnh vi gian ln. Trong khi chng t yu cu trong giao dch bo lnh c iu kin thng l cc chng t phi c tnh khch quan Third party certificate of default) lm xc thc vi phm v mc tn tht do vi phm gy ra. Chng t c th do hng vn ti ch l hng du t gic trng cung cp. V c s php l quc t ca giao dch Hai loi hnh giao dch chu s iu chnh ca cc ngun php l quc t khc nhau. Bo lnh c iu kin c th do Qui thng nht v Bo lnh hp ng URCG-1995-ICC) iu tit cn giao dch d phng c nhiu ngun php l quc t iu chnh nh UCP 500, ISP 98, Cng c Lin Hp Quc UNCITRAL. iu ny cng chnh l mt minh chng cho s vt tri ca giao dch tn dng th d phng trong thanh ton quc t ngy nay. 4. Nhng ri ro trong thanh ton tn dng th d phng: 4.1. Ri ro trong thanh ton quc t l g? S cch bit v a l, ngn ng, h thng lut php, tp qun kinh doanh... lm cho hot ng TTQT ca cc NHTM v cc doanh nghip kinh doanh xut nhp khu cha ng nhiu ri ro c th. l ri ro trong thanh ton quc t. 4.2. Nhng ri ro thng dn ti tranh chp php l trong giao dch tn dng th d phng: 4.2.1. Ri ro vi ngi xin m tn dng th d phng: Ngi xin m c ngha v thc hin tt c cc cam kt trong c hai giao dch c lin quan ti giao dch d phng l hp ng gc v hp ng u thc. +Trong hp ng gc, ngi xin m phi thc hin nhng cam kt hnh thnh vi ngi hng li. +Trong hp ng u thc, ngi xin m c ngha v np ph m L/C, hon tr s tin c ngn hng pht hnh thanh ton cho ngi hng li cng cc chi ph pht sinh trong qu trnh thc hin giao dch. Mt s ri thng hay gp: ri ro bt kh khng, ri ro ngi xin m b ngi hng li lm dng, c hnh vi gian ln, la gt. Ri ro bt kh khng: Nhng bin c bt thng khng th d on trc xy ra khin cho cc bn tham gia giao dch khng th thc hin ngha v ca mnh trong cam kt. l ri ro bt kh khng.

Nu trong cam kt c s c iu khon bt kh khng, ngi hng li ca tn dng th d phng d nhin s khng c yu cu ngi xin m bi thng khi ngi xin m khng thc hin ngha v hp ng do gp phi s kin bt kh khng. Tuy nhin, theo tnh cht c lp ca tn dng th d phng, ch cn ngi xin m khng thc hin ng hp ng gc k c gp phi s kin bt kh khng) th ngi hng li vn c ngn hng m bo tr tin theo s tin ca tn dng th d phng v ngi xin m vn phi hon tr s tin cho ngn hng pht hnh. Mt khc, c ISP 98 v Cng c LHQ v bo lnh c lp v tn dng th d phng u khng c iu khon bt kh khng dnh quyn min trch hon tr tin m ngn hng pht hnh thanh ton cho ngi hng khi ngi xin m khng thc hin ngha v hp ng c s do gp phi s kin bt kh khng. V vy cc bn trong giao dch tn dng th d phng cn c quy nh c th v vn ny trong cam kt trnh tranh chp pht sinh sau ny. Ri ro ngi xin m b ngi hng li lm dng, c hnh vi gian ln v la gt: Trong mt s trng hp, d ngi xin m thc hin xong ngha v ca hp ng nhng vn b ngn hng pht hnh i tin hon tr thng thng ngn hng s ghi n ti khon ca ngi xin m) cho s tin m ngn hng thanh ton cho ngi hng li khi ngi ny xut trnh chng t ph hp vi yu cu. Vic ny ng ngha vi vic ngi xin m b ngi hng li lm dng v c hnh vi la o trong vic son tho b chng t xut trnh thanh ton. Ri ro ngi xin m b ngi hng li lm dng v c hnh vi gian ln la o ny xut pht tnh m bo rt cao v ht sc tin li n gin ca giao dch tn dng th d phng i vi ngi hng li v: Chng t yu cu trong giao dch d phng thng bao gm yu cu thanh ton (Demand of payment) v tuyn b vi phm Statement of default) do chnh ngi hng lp nn mang tnh ch quan v tng i c li cho ngi hng, d b ngi hng lm dng c hnh vi gian ln. Bn cnh , ngi pht hnh khng c ngha v phi thng bo cho ngi xin m v vic tip nhn c chng t xut trnh theo tn dng d phng iu 3.10 ISP 98). Do vy, ngi hng lm dng, c hnh vi gian ln v la o ng thi nhn c thanh ton t pha ngn hng pht hnh trong khi vn nhn c quyn li do ngi xin m thc hin hp ng gc dn ti ri ro cho ngi xin m l b tn tht ti chnh v thng dn ti tranh chp kin tng tn km thi gian, chi ph, c hi, uy tn). Lm dng (Abuse): S lm dng ca ngi hng li l hnh ng vo nhng s h v thiu h t h h p ng g v t n ng th phng i thanh ton trong khi bn xin m vn thc hin tt ngha v ca mnh hoc c vi phm ca ngi xin m song vi phm khng ln v khng c bn. V d: Do tnh cht ch v logic ca cc tho thun vi ngi hng li thp cc quy nh v cht lng hng ha trong hp ng gc..) nn ngi hng li c th da vo l do nhng yu cu v quy cch phm cht ca sn phm cng trnh cha c ngi xin m tun th

y ng theo iu khon trong hp ng gc lp, xut trnh chng t v yu cu thanh ton trong khi trn thc t ngi xin m vn hon thnh ngha v ca mnh. Khi lm dng xy ra c th ngi xin m khng phi chu tn tht vt cht g ln song hp ng gia hai bn s b gin on, tn km thi gian v chi ph, quan h hai bn b st m v gim st uy tn trong khi ngi xin m vn phi tr ph m th tn dng cho ngn hng pht hnh cng nhng bu ph in ph nghip v thng bo. Gian ln (Fraud): Trong giao dch tn dng th d phng, chng t xut trnh n gin v mang tnh cht ch quan do ngi hng li lp nn hnh vi ngi ny c th c lm chng t gi mo forge documents) hay tro i chng t alter documents) xut trnh yu cu thanh ton. La gt (Deceit): Ngi xin m trong giao dch tn dng th d phng c th b la o khi i tc lp cng ty ma k kt cc hp ng c s v yu cu ngi xin m bo m cho h v ngha v thc hin hp ng ca ngi xin m thng qua mt tn dng th d phng cp cho h hng. Li dng s s h yu km ca i tc trong giao dch ngi hng li lp chng t gi i bi thng v b trn. Lc ny thit hi cho ngi xin m l rt ln va phi hon tr tin v cc chi ph m ngn hng pht hnh b ra khi thc hin giao dch tn dng th d phng va phi gii quyt hu qu pht sinh t hp ng c s dang d v i tc b trn. Ngi xin m c th yu cu ngn hng pht hnh cho i tc ca h mt tn dng th d phng m bo thc hin v i tc c mt tn dng th m bo thanh ton t mt ngn hng khc rt c uy tn m bo. Tuy nhin trn thc t khng h pht sinh mt khon tn dng no gia ngn hng uy tn vi i tc. 4.2.2. Ri ro i vi ngn hng: Ri ro bt kh khng: Khng ch ring vi ngi xin m, ngn hng cng c th gp loi ri ro ph bin trong kinh doanh ny. Trong bi cnh ca mi trng bn ngoi c nhiu bin ng lin tc nh s thay i chnh sch qun l ca nh nc i vi hot ng ca ngnh ngn hng ni ring v i vi nn kinh t ni chung, nhng bin ng t nhin nh thin tai ch ho v nhng bin ng chnh tr x hi vt ngoi tm kim sot ca ngn hng khin cho ngi pht hnh phi lu tm n vn bt kh khng trong qu trnh kinh doanh sn phm dch v ngn hng. Cc s kin bt kh khng ny nh hng rt ln n s n nh gi tr ng tin. V phng thc thanh ton tn dng chng t thng lin quan n nhiu quc gia khc nhau vi ng tin khc nhau nn dn n ri ro t gi, l mt ri ro rt ln tuy khng xut pht t qu trnh thanh ton. Nu t gi tng th ngn hng thu c mt khon chnh lch t gi b sung. Ngc li, nu t gi gim th khon ph thu c cha chc b p c khon l do chnh lch t gi gy ra. Trong giao dch tn dng th d phng, nu ngn hng pht hnh gp phi s kin bt kh khng th pht sinh vn liu ngn hng pht hnh c c min trch vi vic thc hin ngha v cam kt trong tn dng th d phng hay khng? Theo nh quy nh ca UCP 600, trch nhim ca cc ngn hng pht hnh trong trng hp xy ra bt kh khng c quy nh ti iu 36:

"C ng n hng h ng hu tr h nhi m v nhng hu qu pht sinh o vi gin on nghi p v v thi n t i, r i lon, n bin, ni y, hin tr nh h y bt nguy n nh n no h nm ngoi s im sot ng n hng ho o bt u nh ng h y b ng. Tr hi quy nh h , vo l bt u inh o nh tr li ng n hng s h ng th nh ton, khng cam t tr ti n s u, hp nhn h i phiu h y hit hu theo th t n ng ht hi u l trong th i gi n hot ng ng n hng b gin on nh tr n". Nh vy theo quy nh ca UCP, cc ngn hng nu phi ngng hot ng do mt trong nhng nguyn nhn nu ra trong iu khon trn u c min trch khng phi thanh ton b chng t theo tn dng th m ngy xut trnh hay ngy ht hiu lc ca th tn dng vo ng ngy ngn hng ngng hot ng, bt k chng t c c xut trnh ti ngn hng ngay sau khi ngn hng bt u lm vic tr li. Tuy vy nu chng t c xut trnh ti ngn hng c ch nh trc khi ngn hng pht hnh b ngng hot ng nhng cha chit khu b chng t th ngn hng pht hnh s khng c min trch. Chng t vn c coi l xut trnh trong thi hn quy nh ca th tn dng v s c chit khu sau khi ngn hng pht hnh hot ng tr li. Trong ISP 98, tuy khng c quy nh c th v min trch ca ngn hng pht hnh khi c bt kh khng xy ra nhng ti iu 11a v 12b li c quy nh nh sau: "Quy n y u u th nh ton ng i hng s ht hi th i hn hi u l m t phng hm t... nu vi hm t th i hi u ph thu , theo m t, vo s ut hi n m t hnh vi h y s i n h ng thu phm vi hot ng ng i pht hnh m t...". V vy d khng nhc n bt kh khng ISP vn khng nh s min trch cho ngn hng pht hnh nu ngy ht thi hiu ca tn dng th d phng trng vo mt s kin vt khi tm kim sot ca ngn hng. Ri ro k thut Nhng ri ro t nh ht nghi p v i vi ngn hng pht hnh trong giao dch lin quan ti cc khu trong thc hin giao dch t lc pht hnh th tn dng n lc phi thc hin ngha v thanh ton theo th tn dng. i vi tng ngn hng tham gia vo qu trnh thanh ton c nhng ri ro ring nh sau: Vi NH pht hnh L/C (Issuing Bank) hay NH m L/C (Opening Bank): Ngn hng m L/C l ngi cam kt tr tin cho ngi hng li. V vy, nguy c ri ro i vi ngn hng m l rt ln. Ri ro trong nghip v m: Vic u tin ca cc ngn hng thng mi khi m L/C l phi kim tra tnh php l ca doanh nghip i vi doanh nghip mi giao dch ln u), hp ng thng mi, n xin m L/C, ngun vn thanh ton bao gm vn vay hay vn t c v cc chng t c lin quan khc. Ri ro cng on ny thng xy ra pha doanh nghip th hin trong cc iu khon ca hp ng ngoi thng nh gi c, phng thc thanh ton, phng thc vn ti, iu khon trng ti... => V vy, gim thiu ri ro, cc cn b tc nghip ca ngn hng ht sc lu cn nghin cu k cc iu khon trong hp ng ngoi thng v n xin m L/C t vn cho doanh nghip ly li li th nu thy cn thit.

Mt ri ro na m ngn hng c th gp phi khi m L/C l dng sai hoc st trong tng ch, du chm, du phy... so vi n xin m L/C ca doanh nghip. Tt nhin ph tu chnh cho nhng sai st ngn hng phi chu. V vy, khc phc ri ro ny, => cn phi tin hnh kim tra li k cng sau khi m L/C trn my. Mt iu cng cn quan tm l ngn hng m tuyt i khng c t thm bt ni dung vo L/C so vi n xin m, ngoi tr s thm bt lm tng thm li th cho khch hng ca mnh v ph hp vi hp ng ngoi thng, v cc vn bn php lut iu chnh c dn chiu trong L/C nh UCP 500 v Incoterms 2000. Ri ro khi kim tra b chng t n v khi thanh ton. C th ni y l nghip v "vch l tm su" ca ngn hng pht hnh nhm pht hin nhng sai st, nhng im khng ph hp ca b chng t so vi ni dung v b mt ca L/C m. y c coi l mt khu kh ri ro cho ngn hng v s lin ly c cho ngi xin m LC, bi l b chng t yu cu xut trnh trong LC d phng kh n gin, mang tnh ch quan do ngi hng li t lp, thm vo l tnh c lp ca LC d phng so vi hp ng c s cng nh qu trnh thc hin hp ng ca 2 bn nn ngn hng d b ri ro la gt, gian ln, chng t gi... Sau khi kim tra chng t, ngn hng cng c th vp phi mt s ri ro nh khng tun th UCP, v d: chuyn giao b chng t khng ph hp cho ngi m, hoc lm mt khng tr li chng t nguyn vn nh khi n nhn cgy kh khn cho qu trnh quyt ton gia ngn hng v ngi xin m. Ngn hng cn c th gpri ro khng i c tin t pha ngi xin m do ngi xin m mt kh nng thanh ton hoc b ph sn. y chnh l ri ro gy thit hi nng n nht cho ngn hng m. Nguyn nhn c th l do ngn hng khng tin hnh thm nh khi doanh nghip ln u tin n quan h m L/C thm ch ngn hng c tin hnh thm nh nhng khng phi lc no kt qu thm nh cng chnh xc do thng tin khng y , khng tin cy hoc do lc ngn hng thm nh th tnh hnh ti chnh ca khch hng rt tt nhng trong qu trnh sn xut kinh doanh, ngi xin m b thua l lin tc m ngn hng khng hay bit. Tnh hung minh ha 1: Cng ty xut nhp khu A Vit Nam k kt 1 hp ng xut khu g gia cng m ngh vi cng ty XYZ M vi tng gi tr hp ng l 20.000 USD v trong c quy nh v cc ri ro bt kh khng. c chi ph mua nguyn vt liu th A yu cu XYZ ng trc cho mnh s tin 7000 USD. Pha cng ty XYZ chp nhn yu cu nhng bn cnh cng yu cu pha cng ty A m cho mnh 1 L/C d phng cho khon tin ng trc ca mnh. Cng ty A np n yu cu m L/C d phng tr gi 7000 USD cho ngn hng Vietcombank VN, trong n c ghi hn cht giao hng l ngy 18/01/2013. Sau khi xem xt k n xin m L/C, ngn hng vietcombank chp nhn m 1 L/C d phng tr gi 7000 USD cho cty A. L/C ny c Vietcombank gi sang cho ngn hng vietinbank chi nhnh ti m thng bo cho cng ty XYZ.

Sau khi nhn c thng bo cng nh chp nhn L/C trn, cng ty XYZ tin hnh chuyn khon cho cty A s tin 7000 USD . Vo ngy 15/1/2013, cng ty A gp phi 1 s c chy kho hng v s g b chy, cng ty A gp rt lm li s hng v n chiu ngy 18/1/2013 th hng hon thnh, nhng do sau khi vn chuyn hng n cng phi tri qua mt s khu kim tra nn n sng hm sau hng mi c bc ln tu, v trn t B/L ng du ngy bc hng ln tu l ngy 19/01/2013. V l do l hng b gi tr 1 ngy nn pha i tc ca cng ty XYZ M hy H vi cng ty ny v bt cng ty XYZ phi bi thng hp ng. Vi l do trn, cng ty XYZ n ngn hng vietinbank chi nhnh ti m xut trnh b chng t cng nh B/L chng minh cng ty A khng thc hin theo ng hp ng v yu cu chuyn b chng t cho ngn hng pht hnh. Sau khi kim tra tnh xc tht ca b chng t, ngn hng ny chuyn b chng t cho ngn hng vietcombank ti Vit Nam kim tra v thanh ton khon tin trn! Ngn hng vietcombank Vietnam kim tra v tin hnh thanh ton cho cng ty XYZ. Sau ngn hng vietcombank gi thng bo cho cng ty A v yu cu cng ty A thanh ton li cho mnh nhng Cng ty A khng thanh ton li cho ngn hng vi l do l gp phi s kin bt kh khng ngoi tm lim sot ca mnh. Ri ro ca Ngn hng pht hnh trong trng hp ny: khng nhn c s tin hon li t cng ty A. V tnh c lp ca L/C d phng v hp ng thng mi cng nh L/C thng mi, v thng thng b chng t xut trnh trong L/C d phng thng l tuyn b vi phm v yu cu thanh ton, ng thi vic kim tra khng k lng nn ngn hng Vietcombank khng bit thng tin cng ty A gp phi s kin bt kh khng nn thanh ton s tin 7000 USD ! V th nn khng c Cng ty A thanh ton li! Tnh hung minh ha 2 Cng ty TNHH ng Dng c k 1 hp ng nhp khu vi cng ty A ti New York. Cng ty ny yu cu ngn hng Lin Vit pht hnh 1 tn dng th khng hy ngang cho cng ty A. Lin Vit Bank thng qua ngn hng i l ca mnh ti New York, thng bo cho cng ty A v tn dng th d phng. Tn dng yu cu nhng chng t sau: - Hi phiu tr ngay k pht i tin ngn hng Lin Vit Bank - Bn sao ca ha n cha c thanh ton - Chng nhn do ngi i din c y quyn ca cng ty A chng thc rng nhng bn ha n nh km qu hn thanh ton 30 ngy. Nm ngy trc khi tn dng d phng ht hiu lc, cng ty ng Dng, thng bo cho ngn hng Lin Vit bit khng c ha n no cha c thanh ton, v vy ngn hng Lin Vit khng phi tr bt k khon yu cu thanh ton no ca tn dng d phng. Ngn hng i l Newyork trc 1 ngy tn dng ht hiu lc, gi cho ngn hng Lin Vit nhng chng t sau: - Hi phiu tr ngay k pht i tin ngn hng Lin Vit

Bn sao ca ha n cha c thanh ton, khng c ghi ngy nhng ghi r nhng ngy giao hng trong vng 15 ngy trc khi xut trnh - Chng nhn vi phm theo tn dng d phng. Ngn hng pht hnh sau khi kim tra cc chng t, ngn hng thanh ton cho cng ty A bng cch ghi c cho ti khon ca ngn hng i l v ghi n ti khon cho cng ty TNHH ng Dng. Cng ty TNHH ng Dng phn i vic ghi n ti khon ca mnh mc d h nhn hng. H cho rng: Ngn hng Lin Vit c thng bo trc l khng c ha n no cha c thanh ton v th ngn hng khng phi tr 1 khon yu cu thanh ton no. Ngn hng phi thy rng, mc d chng nhn vi phm theo tn dng yu cu c ni r rng vic vi phm ca cng ty mnh l c tht, nhng r rng l theo nhng ngy giao hng trn cc ha n chng t rng khng c khon tin no m qu hn thanh ton 30 ngy. Vn : ngn hng lm ng hay sai?? Cch gii quyt: Theo iu 2.01, ISP98: cam kt thanh ton ng hn ca ngi pht hnh v bt c ngi xc nhn no i vi ngi th hng Tc l khi mc nhin xut trnh chng t ng theo yu cu ca th tn dng d phng v khi cc iu kin v iu khon c p ng th ngn hng c bt buc thanh ton m khng th cn c vo s kt buc ca ngi yu cu m th tn dng. Trong trng hp m c s chng minh rng khng c mt ha n no qu hn thanh ton c gi cho ngn hng lin vit trc khi thanh ton th ngn hng cn tham kho kin ca cng ty nh ng Dng. Nu cng ty c l do chnh tin rng c s xut trnh nhm hay la o th cng ty phi c nhng hnh ng theo lut c mt lnh tm gi hp l nhm ngn khng cho ngn hng thanh ton Tnh hung minh ha 3: Trong v tp on nng lng ln nht th gii Enron ph sn, mt chi nhnh ca tpon ti chnh danh ting nh Deutsche cng phi hng chu ri ro v khng c Enron hon tr khon tin 19,9 triu USD1 gi tr ca mt tn dng th d phng m ngn hng thanh ton cho khch hng TPS MC Adam. Tn dng th d phng c pht hnh theo yu cu ca Enron cho hai chi nhnh ca n l Nepco v Nepco Power m bo cho vic thc hin ngha v ca hai chi nhnh trong mt d n nng lng vng Mississipi vi i tc TPS MC Adam. Khi Enron ph sn th ngn hng pht hnh West Dutsche Landes Bank tr tin cho ngi hng li v hai chi nhnh khng thc hin ngha v hp ng v d nhin l ngn hng pht hnh khng th i Enron hon tr ngay v ang khi kin ln to n i tin. M iu ny kh c th c thc hin v ti sn ca Enron cn b cc ch n khc nm gi, tiu biu l North- based Carolina Bank of America cn ang nm gi 123 triu USD ti khon ca Enron v 11 L/C khc trong c c tn dng th d phng m tp on khng l ny phi hon tr cho ngn hng BOA v cc khon n ng khc ca Enron tr gi hng t USD. Ngun: DC Proffessional). -

iu ny cho thy nguy c khng c hon tr ca cc ngn hng pht hnh khi khng nh gi c kh nng ti chnh ca khch hng l rt cao c bit l vi nhng tn dng th d phng c gi tr ln v khng yu cu ngi xin m k qu vi t l m bo mc an ton. Tnh hung minh ha 4: Do nh hng ca virus h thng thng tin v gi tr hin hnh ca tn dng th d phng trn my tnh b bp mo dn n kh nng ngn hng khng d tr tin chi tr v gy tranh chp vi ngi hng li. Hay chnh s c my tnh Y2K cng chnh l nguyn nhn gy ra sai st trn s liu v s tin th tn dng v ngy ht hn hiu lc ca chng t gy ra xung t gia ngn hng pht hnh v ngi hng li cng nh ngi xin m. Mt minh chng na cho vic li dng cng ngh y ngn hng pht hnh vo ri ro l s kin nm 1994, chnh Bank of Tokyo ti Malaysia gp phi ri ro ny v ngi hng li li dng s s h ca ngn hng chim 20 triu USD. Trong thi i bng n cng ngh mi nh ngy nay c nhng ri ro cng ngh ht sc tinh vi gy nn cc s c trong nghip v ngn hng do trc trc h thng my tnh do b virus tn cng hay sai st trong giao dch s dng phng tin xut trnh in t. Vi NH xc nhn (Confirming Bank): Ri ro xy ra i vi ngn hng xc nhn l do khng nm chc nng lc ti chnh ca ngn hng m li vi i xc nhn theo yu cu ca h ri cui cng phi nhn lnh trch nhim thanh ton thay cho ngn hng pht hnh trong trng hp ngn hng pht hnh thiu thin ch hoc mt kh nng thanh ton thm ch b ph sn. Hoc nu b chng t c xut trnh l y th NH xc nhn phi tr tin cho ngi hng li bt lun l c truy hon c tin t NH pht hnh hay khng. Nh vy, NH xc nhn chu ri ro tn dng i vi NH pht hnh. 4.2.3. Ri ro i vi ngi hng li: Ri ro do ngi hng li thiu hiu bit Mc d trong giao dch tn dng th d phng cc chng t yu cu xut trnh rt n gin v c li cho ngi hng nn ngi hng t khi gp ri ro v s sai bit ca chng t so vi cc iu khon v iu kin ca th tn dng. Tuy nhin ri ro khng c thanh ton do ngi hng li cha nm vng nguyn tc da vo chng t thanh ton ca ngn hng pht hnh v do ngi hng li xut trnh chng t sau ngy ht hn hiu lc ca th tn dng li ph bin. * Ri ro h ng th nh ton o ng i hng y u u th nh ton h ng vo h ng t. - Ngi hng li a ra yu cu thanh ton khng da vo quy nh ca tn dng th d phng m da vo nh gi ca bn thn v vi phm ca ngi xin m. V d: Ngi hng li xut trnh chng nhn vi phm ca ngi xin m trong ghi rng ngi xin m vi phm hp ng v k hp ng thu ph subcontractor) vi cc nh thu khc m khng c s ng ca ngi hng li. Nhng vn ny khng c quy nh trong tn dng th d phng m n thuc phm vi tranh chp hp ng c s, nn ngi hng li s khng c thanh ton.

* Ri ro h ng th nh ton o ng i hng ut trnh h ng t mu n hn th i hn hi u l t n ng th phng Trc ht l vn thi hn hiu lc ca tn dng th d phng khng c xc nh hp l v thi hn hiu lc ca tn dng th d phng cn chu nh hng ca thi hn thc hin ngha v ca ngi xin m trong hp ng c s, thi hn chun b chng t v chuyn b chng t ti ni ch nh xut trnh. Khng ch c vy ngi hng li cn phi d tr c thi gian lp li b chng t nu c s cha ph hp b ngn hng pht hnh t chi. Do nu cn yu km v nghip v v kinh nghim giao dch ngi hng li s khng th thng lng mt thi hn hiu lc hp l trong cam kt c li cho vic xut trnh chng t yu cu thanh ton v phi gnh ly ri ro khng c thanh ton. Thm na ngi hng li cng cn lu ti nhng yu cu xut trnh nh vic km bn sao chng t vn ti cng vi tuyn b vi phm trong b chng t v tn dng th d phng vn c coi l mt phng tin thanh ton th cp nn tn dng th d phng ch cn pht hnh c hiu lc i vi mt chng nhn vi phm m khng cn i km vi bt k bn no ca chng t thng mi. Vic tho thun i km s lm cho ngi hng li kh khn hn trong lp chng t v d b ri vo cc tranh ci v vn " nhng bt hp l b kt buc" bi l cc chng t thng mi ny s yu cu chnh ngi xin m hay mt bn th ba k hay trng ti to n phn x dn n s tn km thi gian v chi ph cho ngi hng li v cng c th chnh l l do tr hon hay thm ch khng thanh ton ca ngi xin m. Ngoi ra nhng yu t bin ng ca t nhin x hi vt khi tm kim sot ca ngi hng li c th lm cho qu trnh xut trnh b chng t yu cu thanh ton vt ra khi thi hn hiu lc ca th tn dng dn n hu qu l ngi hng li mt quyn li c thanh ton. Theo quy nh ti iu 42b, UCP 600 "chng t phi c xut trnh vo ngy ht hiu lc hay trc ngy ht hiu lc ca tn dng th" v k c trong thc tin giao dch tn dng th d phng tiu chun ngi hng li cng phi xut trnh chng t ti quy giao dch trong tr s ngn hng c ch nh thanh ton trong gi lm vic ca ngn hng trc ngy ht hiu lc ca th tn dng. Vic xut trnh chng t qua dch v gi qua m hay mi hnh thc xut trnh khng chnh thc khng c ngi nhn) u b t chi v ngay c khi gp s c nm ngoi tm kim sot ca mnh m ngi hng li c thng bo trc gi n ngn hng thanh ton rng vic xut trnh b tr th cng khng c ngha l c th gia hn thi hiu xut trnh chng t. Chnh v vy khng ging nh ngi xin m hay ngn hng pht hnh c th c min trch v gp s kin bt kh khng, trong qu trnh xut trnh chng t ngi hng li s chc chn khng c tr tin khi gp s c ny. Tm li vi nhng c im u vit v tin dng nh tn dng th d phng, n c th mang li cho tt c cc bn trong giao dch nhng li ch khng nh. Tuy nhin tnh bo m ca tn dng th d phng s ch c pht huy ti a cho c ngi hng v ngi xin m, ri ro s c ti thiu ho cho c ngn hng pht hnh khi trong qu trnh giao dch khng c bt c tr ngi no lm gin on vic cc bn hon thnh ngha v hp ng. V yu t quan trng nht giao dch tn dng th d phng hm cha ri ro mc thp nht chnh l thin ch v s trung thc ca cc bn.

4.4. Bin php hn ch ri ro trong tn dng d phng: Bin php chung gim thiu ri ro khi tham gia vo phng thc thanh ton bng L/C d phng l cc bn phi gi o c kinh doanh v gi uy tn. C th l: - Cc bn nn: + Tm hiu tin cy ca i tc: y c th hiu l tm hiu tin cy ca ngi mua, ngi bn, NH pht hnh, NH thng bo v cc NH khc + Ngi mua v ngi bn u cn tm hiu v uy tn trong kinh doanh, tnh hnh ti chnhca bn i tc trc khi k kt hp ng ngoi thng. + NH pht hnh cn tm hiu v ngi mua nh gi ri ro khng hon tr ca ngi mua; tm hiu v ngi bn nh gi kh nng thc hin hp ng v trung thc, thin ch trong quan h hp tc bun bn. + Ngi mua phi tm hiu v NH thng bo nh gi nng lc v kinh nghim kinh doanh dch v L/C. + Ngi bn phi tm hiu v NH pht hnh nh gi kh nng thc hin cam kt tr tinVic tm hiu ny c th c thc hin qua cc ngn hng, cc cng ty vn ti giao nhn, cc cng ty t vn, phng thng mi v cng nghip cc ncVic tm hiu ban u ny l v cng cn thit v c tc dng trong vic hn ch cc ri ro trong thanh ton L/C. Ngoi ra, tu theo chc nng v ngha v ca cc bn tham gia m mi bn c nhng bin php ring p dng ngn nga cc ri ro trong thanh ton L/C.C th: Vi t cch l NH pht hnh - NH cn lm cho ngi xin m nhn thc r ngha v hon tr tin cho NH pht hnh v tnh c lp ca th tn dng vi hp ng. V mt ri ro hay xy ra i vi NH pht hnh l ngi mua t chi hon tr tin cho NH do hng khng ng hp ng hay c s gi mo trong b chng t. Do , NH cn nu r trong mu n xin m L/C v ngha v hon tr tin cho NH. - NH nn kt hp vi ngi mua trong vic kim tra b chng t. Theo UCP 600, NH phi a ra quyt nh tip nhn hay t chi b chng t trong trn phn on ca mnh. Nhng nu NH kt hp vi ngi mua trong vic kim tra b chng t s em li tc dng nh: trnh c tnh hung ngi mua t chi tr tin cho NH pht hnh, kt hp vi ngi mua trong vic pht hin chng t gi mo. Nh vy, trong 5 ngy kim tra chng t, NH nn tn dng ti a s tham gia ca ngi mua vo vic kim tra chng t. - NH cn nng cao kh nng pht hin chng t gi mo hn ch bt cc ri ro, gp phn bo v quyn li ca khch hng. - i vi th trng b cm vn, gim thiu ri ro, NH cn yu cu khch hng cam kt chu ri ro v bi thng tt c cc thit hi xy ra i vi NH khi thc hin cc giao dch qua cc nc b cm vn. Vi t cch l ngi xin m - m phn k hp ng c s trc khi xin m L/C.

- Lm n xin m L/C phi thng nht vi hp ng trnh nhng s h, ri ro pht sinh m t ngi hng li c th li dng i bi thng, thanh ton v vi phm hp ng. 5. Thc trng giao dch LC d phng ti Vit Nam: 5.1. Nhng thun li khi s dng LC d phng ti cc ngn hng thng mi Vit Nam: 5.1.1. Thun li mang tnh khch quan: S dng tn dng th d phng tr thnh mt tro lu ph bin trn th trng th gii trong mi lnh vc v mi cng on ca qu trnh kinh doanh. Do tnh cht linh hot v thun li, tn dng th d phng c cc ngn hng v cc t chc tn dng trn th gii pht hnh rng ri trong nhiu lnh vc nhm m bo ngha v thc hin hp ng c s ca ngi xin m th tn dng bao gm ngha v ti chnh ln ngha v phi ti chnh ). Hin nay tn dng th d phng ph bin nhiu nc nh: ti khu vc Trung ng, cc nc M La Tinh v mt s nc chu n , Hn Quc, Hng Kng, Singapore, Pakistan, Rp Saudi, i Loan, Thi Lan ) c bit ti nhng quc gia c nn mu chu dch nh hng ca phng thc v phong cch giao dch kiu M. Hn na trong iu kin kinh t M vn gi vai tr s mt trn ton cu nh hin nay th phong cch kinh doanh kiu M vn khng ngng tc ng ln phn cn li ca th gii. V khi nhu cu bo lnh ngy cng tng th nhu cu cho s pht trin cc dng thc bo lnh tin tin hin i nh tn dng th d phng l iu tt yu ti tt c cc quc gia. S tin trin mnh m trong quan h kinh t i ngoi ca Vit Nam vi cc nc khc trn th gii c bit l quan h thng mi Vit M. Trong quan h thng mi quc t mt du mc ht sc quan trng l vic bnh thng ho quan h vi M 1995) v k kt hip nh thng mi Vit M 7/ 2000). y chnh l c hi cho xut khu Vit Nam vo th trng M y tim nng vi nhng c hi khng nh, gia tng giao dch thng mi v dch v, hot ng u t m rng, ko theo s xut hin hng lot cc doanh nghip ln mang phong cch kinh doanh M, cc t chc ti chnh tn dng tm c v c uy tn ca M c mt Vit Nam nh Bank of America, Citibank , JPMorgan Chase Manhattan Nhng phng thc phong cch kinh doanh kiu M v s du nhp v ph bin ti Vit Nam mnh m trong c thi quen s dng th tn dng d phng trong giao dch. Tn dng th d phng l sn phm c ngi M a chung nn nu pha ta mun thnh cng trong giao dch vi ngi M th vic nm bt tm l hnh thnh thi quen s dng tn dng th d phng thay th cho bo lnh c lp kiu Chu u hay cc loi th tn dng truyn thng trong giao dch vi pha M s c i tc nh gi cao. Bng kinh nghim v s nhy bn, cc ngn hng M c mt ti Vit Nam cng s nhn ra mt th trng bo lnh bng tn dng th d phng cn nhiu tim nng cha c khai thc nh Vit Nam v tm cch khng b l c hi phc v khch hng vi sn phm u vit ny. Tt c cc yu t s gp phn lm cho cng ngh ngn hng mi m v hin i nh giao dch tn dng th d phng c c hi ph bin ti nc ta.

S ph hp vi c th nn kinh t nc ta Vit Nam ang trn pht trin nn nhu cu thng mi, dch v, u t, xy dng c s h tng ngy cng cao. Tnh cht linh hot trong phm vi s dng ca tn dng th d phng s p ng c yu cu s dng n trong mi lnh vc v cng on kinh doanh nhm gim thiu nhng ri ro i km vi cc thng v lm n. Trong khi , cc hot ng kinh t thng mi nc ta ngy cng a dng v phc tp, m rng giao lu kinh t x hi vi nhiu quc gia v khu vc mi, gi tr ca cc thng v ngy cng ln vi s tham gia ca nhiu bn hn dn ti tnh cht phc tp hm cha nhiu ri ro hn th vic s dng cc cng c bo lnh vi mi hnh thi ca n cng c ngha. Cc doanh nghip quy m va v nh thiu vn, thiu uy tn do t kinh nghim v do lm n cha thc s hiu qu. V vy, tn dng th d phng thc s l hnh thc bo lnh c nhiu c trng ph hp vi nhu cu v c im th trng Vit Nam. h hp vi nhu cu v c im th trng Vit Nam. 5.1.2. Thun li mang tnh ch quan: Nhu cu i vi sn phm tn dng th d phng trn th trng Vit Nam ang dn c s bin i theo hng tch cc. Trong khi, cc khch hng nc ngoi lm n vi Vit Nam thng xuyn s dng loi sn phm ti chnh mi m ny th cc doanh nghip Vit Nam vn cha lu tm v c nhu cu vi n. Tuy nhin nhu cu s dng tn dng th d phng i vi cc doanh nghip Vit Nam trn thc t l rt cao ch c iu cha nhiu doanh nghip nhn thc c nhu cu v nhu cu y cha c khi dy bi cc nh cung cp. Cng vi nhng thay i bn ngoi tc ng ti nn kinh t th nhng bin i i sng kinh t x hi trong nc cng ny sinh ngy cng nhiu nhu cu bo m cho cc giao dch c s tham gia ca cc doanh nghip k c trong khu vc kinh t nh nc ln khu vc kinh t ngoi quc doanh. a s cc doanh nghip ca ta li c qui m nh v vn, nhn lc v cng ngh nn nhu cu ti tr l khng th thiu, ch c cc ngn hng mi ti lc cung cp ngun ti tr thng qua cc hnh thc bo lnh khc nhau. Trong , tn dng th d phng li d s dng tin li v ng dng rng ri nn cc doanh nghip s thay i dn nhn thc ca mnh v nhu cu i vi loi sn phm ti chnh cn mi m song y tnh u vit ny. Mt khc t trc ti nay trong cc giao dch trong nc cng nh ngoi nc cc doanh nghip u s dng phng thc thanh ton bng L/C thng mi v ghi s. Ghi s open account) l phng thc thanh ton n gin v th tc v nghip v nhng c nhc im l cha qu nhiu ri ro v khi mi quan h gia hai bn khng c tin cy nht nh th c hai bn d chu tn tht v vic khng thc hin hp ng. Trong khi giao dch ni a nu s dng th tn dng thng mi truyn thng th an ton song li phc tp v tn km. Trong nhng nm gn y quan h kinh t thng mi ca nc ta v M, Nht Bn, cc nc trong khu vc ng Nam chu c nhiu thnh tu v v th nhu cu cao hn trong vic s dng tn dng th d phng pht sinh t s pht trin ca nhng mi quan h cng l iu t nhin thch ng vi s ph cp ca n ti cc th trng ny.

Kh nng cung cp sn phm tn dng th d phng ca cc ngn hng thng mi Vit Nam. Nhu cu s dng tn dng th d phng s ch thc s pht trin khi n l sn phm c nhng t chc ti chnh tn dng ti Vit Nam l cc ngn hng thng mi) sn sng cung cp v c kh nng m bo cht lng v uy tn ca sn phm. Ngoi ra vi trnh nghip v thng tho trong cung cp dch v th tn dng thng mi v bo lnh ngn hng nhng nm qua th vic cung cp sn phm tn dng th d phng vn khng qu phc tp khng phi l khng th lm c. S c mt ca nhng tp on ti chnh tin t ln trn th trng ngn hng nc ta cng to ra tnh cnh tranh mnh m trong vic thu ht khch hng bng nhng loi hnh sn phm dch v mi v tin ch. Chnh v th vic cung cp loi hnh bo lnh c ngun gc M ny khng ch mang nhng ngun li ti chnh n thun m cn l s khng nh uy tn trnh nghip v ca cc ngn hng Vit Nam trong qu trnh phc v mi mt ca i sng kinh t x hi trong thi k mi m ca v hi nhp. Li th ca ngi i sau Hin nay, th trng ngn hng Vit Nam si ng vi s tham gia ca mt lot cc nh cung cp sn phm dch v ngn hng t nhiu tp on ln c uy tn trn th gii nh Citibank, Bank of America, SCB, ANZ, ACB, cc ngn hng thng mi ca ta c c hi lm quen v s dng loi dch v ngn hng do cc ngn hng nc ngoi ny khi xng. Vi li th ca ngi i sau, chng ta c c hi c rt v hc tp kinh nghim ti thiu ho ri ro v nng cao hiu qu s dng n. Nhng li ch m tn dng th d phng c th mang li cho th trng Vit Nam G p phn t h ng ho v hon thi n th tr ng bo lnh n i ri ng v th tr ng ti h nh ti n t n i hung. - a dng ha cc loi hnh bo lnh hin c, to ra sc cnh tranh cao hn trn th trng. - C nhiu loi hnh cho khch hng la chn. - Cnh tranh vi cc nh cung cp n t cc nc khc. Vy th trng bo lnh nc ta s khng ngng c hon thin, gp phn hon thin th trng ti chnh ni chung. Trn thc t, d mi ch xut hin vi khi lng giao dch cn hn ch ti Vit Nam song c th thy l du hiu cho nhu cu s khng ngng trong thi gian ti i vi sn phm ti chnh ny. Li ch m n mang li cho ngn hng, cho cc bn tham gia giao dch khng ch dng li nhng con s doanh thu li nhun m cn l s khng nh kh nng nghip v v qun l ngn hng, uy tn cho doanh nghip. N gp phn pht huy y chc nng ca ngn hng trong vai tr l ngi cung cp dch v ng thi l trung gian iu tit dng chy ti chnh tin t ca ton b nn kinh t. Gp phn nng cao hiu qu kinh doanh ca doanh nghip, thc y s pht trin ca cc mi quan h kinh t thng mi c bit trong quan h kinh t i ngoi. Vi c trng ca mt loi hnh ti tr v cng c bo m tn dng th d phng gip cho cc giao dch c tin hnh thun li v n c thit lp trn c s s tin cy ln nhau gia cc

bn. T cc doanh nghip nng cao hiu qu kinh doanh ni ring v gp phn pht trin vo s pht trin chung ca nn kinh t. 5.2. Nhng hn ch khi s dng LC d phng VN: Trnh , k nng, kinh nghim giao dch v hiu bit php lut ca cng chc ngn hng v ca doanh nghip cn nhiu hn ch. V pha ngn hng: Vi trnh nghip v cn cha cp nht v theo kp vi xu th mi ca cng ngh ngn hng th gii hin i v s non yu trong qun l ca cn b ngn hng th vic cc ngn hng thng mi Vit Nam cnh tranh cng cc ngn hng khc trn th trng bo lnh bng tn dng th d phng khng phi l n gin. Ngoi ra, tm l vn lun d dt trc ci mi v bo th c hu vi nhng g qu quen thuc li cng n su vo tim thc khin cc ngn hng chu nhng ri ro khng nh trong qu trnh cung cp sn phm ti chnh mi m ny. V pha doanh nghip: Hn ch v trnh kinh doanh hin i cng nh trnh hiu bit v tun theo php lut nn cc doanh nghip Vit Nam yu km trong iu tra, thm nh tin cy trong quan h lm n vi i tc, trong vic son tho chng t xut trnh, lm th tc xin bo lnh ...dn ti nhng nguy c tim n trong giao dch. iu ny gii thch cho s th ng ca cc doanh nghip nc ta trong vic tm hiu, cp nht v hnh thnh nhu cu i vi nhng sn phm dch v tin ch v hin i nh tn dng th d phng. Cha c mt hnh lang php l quc gia y , thng nht v ph hp vi thng l quc t cho giao dch bo lnh ni chung v tn dng th d phng ni ring. S thiu vng ca mt khung php l y v thng nht cho giao dch bo lnh ni chung v tn dng th d phng ni ring l nguyn nhn dn n nhng ri ro cho ngi xin m do b lm dng gian ln hay la gt. Do trong giao dch tn dng th d phng ni a cc bn s khng bit gii quyt tranh chp pht sinh t vn ny ra sao. Trong giao dch vi i tc nc ngoi r rng thng do pha ta cn yu th nn pha nc ngoi s ch ng chn lut nc h v ta cha c quy nh v giao dch tn dng th d phng. M trnh hiu bit v lut php ni chung v lut php cc nc c th ni ring ca ta cn ht sc hn ch dn ti vn doanh nghip v ngn hng ca ta b bt li trong giao dch vi nc ngoi. 5.3.Thc trng giao dch LC d phng nc ta: Vi c tnh linh hot v d s dng, hin nay tn dng th d phng ang tr thnh mt sn phm ti chnh quc t thc th trong thanh ton quc t. Ti th trng Vit Nam, tn dng th d phng xut hin trong danh mc cung cp sn phm v dch v ca nhng chi nhnh ca cc ngn hng ln trn th gii. Mt s ngn hng thng mi Vit Nam nh Vietcombank, Eximbank, ACB.. cng bt u s dng tn dng th d phng lm cng c bo m v ti tr cho mt s hp ng vay n v vin tr vi nc ngoi hay ngha v thanh ton, giao hng. Tuy nhin, y vn l mt dch v mi m,tn dng th d phng ch yu c s dng trong giao dch vi cc i tc l ngi M v M rt a chung loi hnh tn dng ny. Theo nh

nhng ti liu tm hiu c, ti mt chi nhnh giao dch cp 1 ca Vietcombank, mt nm pht hnh khong c 10 L/C d phng - mt con s kh khim tn. Bn cnh , nhiu ngn hng thng mi cn khng c phng Bo lnh v Tn dng d phng ring m gp chung vo phng Thanh ton quc t. iu chng t, cc ngn hng thng mi Vit Nam vn cha lu tm v pht huy s dng tn dng d phng nh mt cng c bo lnh ngn hng tin tin hin i v nhiu tnh u vit m cc ngn hng trn khp th gii ang lm. 5.4 Cc tnh hung tranh chp trong L/C d phng: Trng hp 1: Mt nh xut khu Vit Nam cng ty A) k kt mt hp ng xut khu g gia cng m ngh vi mt nh nhp khu M cng ty B). Tuy nhin, c c sn phm hon thnh cn phi c mt s tin ng trc ca cng ty B A c tin mua nguyn vt liu,v theo nh tha thun,B s ng trc cho A 5000USD. Theo , A s phi m mt L/C d phng m bo cho khon tin ng trc ca cng ty B. V vy cng ty A n Ngn hng C ngh m 1 L/C d phng. Sau khi ngn hng xem xt hp ng c s gia nh nhp khu v nh xut khu v mu Standby L/C thng nht gia 2 bn, ngn hng ng pht hnh 1 Standby L/C c tr gi 5000 USD cho nh xut khu. Trong ni dung ca Standby L/C ngn hng cam kt rng Standby L/C bt u c hiu lc ngay khi ngn hng nhn c 5000 USD t cng ty B. Nhng trong thc t, pha nh nhp khu cng ty B) ch chuyn khon 3500 USD cho nh xut khu m khng c 1 cam kt no khc nn xy ra tranh chp v L/C d phng c lp khng th c hiu lc Nhn t: - Ngn hng C thiu s thn trng trong vic t vn cho khch hng ca mnh v ni dung ca standby LC. - Cng ty nhp khu M c hnh vi la gt i tc ca mnh khi c khng chuyn khon ng s tin cam kt vi ngi bn, gy ri ro cho bn xut khu. H ng gii quyt: trnh c trng hp ny, ngn hng C nn t vn cho nh xut khu v ni dung ca Standby L/C nh sau: ngn hng cam kt Standby LC bt u c hiu lc ngay khi ngn hng nhn c s tin thc t m ngi mua chuyn khon. Trng hp 2: Notary public l mt thut ng Ting Anh dch ra c ngha cng chng, tc l chng t xut trnh phi c mt bn th 3 c lp chng nhn tnh chnh xc cng nh l tnh trung thc ca n. nc ngoi, v d nh nc M, bn th 3 c l mt t chc hoc c qua mt kha o to v c giy chng nhn l cng chng vin.Tuy nhin nc ta, th tc xc nhn chng t thng l vin chc ca y Ban Nhn Dn ng du SAO Y BN CHNH, m h th li khng c Giy chng nhn l cng chng vin. V vy khng ng theo cch hiu ca i tc nn h t chi b chng t, bt bt hp l lm cho ngi th hng l doanh nghp trong nc khng i c tin khi bn i tc vi phm hp ng. Nhn t: Trng hp ny l mt sai st trong cu ch do thanh ton vin cha lng ht c cc trng hp cng nh s khc bit trong lut l quy nh cng nh tp qun sinh hot kinh t ca tng quc gia.

H ng gii quyt:Rt kinh nghim, Ngn hng nn t vn sao cho khch hng v ni dung, cu ch trn L/C sao cho c li vi khch hng nht, gn gi vi Lut ca nc mnh nht trong trng hp c xy ra tranh chp th cng c li cho khch hng. V d trng hp trn, chng ta s khng dng t: Notary public m thay vo l: notarize by a government agency Trng hp 3: ngn hng A cho cng ty B vay 1 khon n s o hn vo ngy 15/6/2004. Cng ty B n ngn hng C xin m 1 Standby L/C c hiu lc ti ngy 09/4/2004 nhm m bo tr n vay cho ngn hng A. Vo khong cui thng 3/2004, ngn hng A ngh ngn hng C m rng thi hn hiu lc cho Standby L/C. Sau , ngn hng A gi giy i tin ngn hng C vo ngy 9/4/2004, ng thi gi giy i tin n cng ty nhng khng c cng ty hon tr khon n ny. Vo ngy 15/4/2004 ngn hng C mi tr li cho ngn hng A l giy i tin vo ngy 9/4/2004 l v gi tr v h khng nhn c nhng chng t c quy nh trong ni dung Standby /LC t chuyn pht nhanh ca ngn hng A nhng trong ni dung ca L/C li khng quy nh r cn phi xut trnh ra loi chng t no, v trc ngy no?) kt qu l dn n tranh chp xy ra. Nhn t: Trong trng hp ny, Ngn hng A qu sai st v bt cn khi khng xem xt thi hn hiu lc ca L/C. R rng n ngy 9/4/2004 th ngi vay vn cha vi phm hp ng k kt. H ng gii quyt:Ngn hng A cn phi cn trng hn trong vic thng tho 1 L/C nh th trnh trng hp tn tht v cho mnh. Trong tnh hung ny, Ngn hng A nn yu cu ngi vay m li mt L/C d phng mi m bo kh nng tr n, t nht thi hn hiu lc ca L/C mi phi l ngy o hn hoc c th gia hn thm vi ngy cho ngi vay tr n ty theo tha thun ca 2 bn).

KT LUN

Tuy l mt sn phm sinh sau mun ca nn ti chnh, nhng tn dng th d phng dn tr thnh ph bin trong giao dch thanh ton quc t. S ra i ca nhng ngun php l quc t nh ISP 98 v cng c UNCITRAL cng nhng ngun lut cc quc gia iu chnh Tn dng th d phng cng l minh chng cho s pht trin chn mui ca sn phm ti chnh ny trong cng ng ti chnh quc t. Vi c trng ca mt loi hnh ti tr v cng c bo m tn dng th d phng gip cho cc giao dch c tin hnh thun li v n c thit lp trn c s s tin cy ln nhau gia cc bn. ng thi, c tnh dung ho gia cc sn phm ti chnh truyn thng l th tn dng thng mi v bo lnh c lp, tn dng th d phng ph hp vi nhng c trng ca nn kinh t nc ta. T gp phn gim thiu ri ro cho cc giao dch trong nhiu lnh vc, a dng ho v hon thin th trng bo lnh ni ring v th trng ti chnh tin t ni chung, gp sc vo s pht trin chung ca khu vc ngn hng theo kp trnh cng ngh ngn hng th gii hin i v ng gp vo s pht trin chung ca nn kinh t. Vi c tnh linh hot v d s dng, hin nay tn dng th d phng ang tr thnh mt sn phm ti chnh quc t thc th rt u vit v d s dng song cn kh mi m i vi th trng bo lnh nc ta. Ngy nay khi tn dng th d phng tr thnh mt sn phm ti chnh ph cp ti M v nhiu nc trn th gii nn vic khch hng Vit Nam s dng n trong cc giao dch thng mi dch v vi nc ngoi cng tr thnh nhu cu t nhin thch ng vi nhng xu th chung khi ho mnh vo c ch hi nhp v pht trin. Ti th trng Vit Nam, tn dng th d phng xut hin trong danh mc cung cp sn phm v dch v ca nhng chi nhnh ca cc ngn hng ln trn th gii. Tuy nhin tn dng th d phng vn cha c cc ngn hng thng mi nc ta lu tm v pht huy s dng nh mt cng c bo lnh ngn hng tin tin hin i v nhiu tnh u vit m cc ngn hng trn khp th gii ang lm. Trong khi c nhiu yu t khch quan v ch quan ht sc thun li ang to tin cho s ph bin ca tn dng th d phng trn khp th gii cho nn nhu cu ph bin hn na loi hnh bo lnh kiu M ny ti th trng nc ta l iu ht sc t nhin. ph bin v pht huy ti a li ch ca Tn dng th d phng, iu ct yu l phi ph cp thng tin v bn cht tnh nng u vit ca n nhm tc ng ln nhn thc ca cng ng cc doanh nghip, cc ngn hng thng mi. Ngoi ra mt iu kin khng th thiu cho s pht trin ca tn dng th d phng ti th trng nc ta l phi thit lp mt hnh lang php l quc gia c th, y , thng nht v ph hp vi lut php v thng l giao dch quc t nhm to ra mi trng pht trin thun li v l c s php l trong vic gii quyt nhng tranh chp c th pht sinh trong giao dch. Cui cng chnh cc bn tham gia giao dch cng phi nhn thc r vai tr ca trnh kinh nghim v o c kinh doanh ca chnh mnh c th ti thiu ho ri ro v hn ch ca loi hnh giao dch cn ht sc mi m ny.

TI LIU THAM KHO

1. Gio trnh Thanh ton quc t trng H Kinh t TPHCM, NXB Thng k 2012, PSG.TS Trn Hong Ngn, sch: Bo lnh-Tn dng d phng v nhng iu lut p dng ca Nguyn Trng Thy , sch: Tn dng D phng 2. Quy tc thc hnh tn dng th d phng quc t ISP 98. 3. Quy tc thc hnh thng nht v tn dng chng t UCP 600. 4. Nhng tnh hung c bit trong thanh ton quc t, NXB Thng k . 5. Lun vn Ri ro trong tn dng chng t ti VPBank v cc bin php phng nga. 6. Cc website http://www.iccwbo.org http://www.letterofcreditforum.com http://my.opera.com/mroldmanvcb/blog/ http://www.sharelide.vn http://www.tailieu.vn