You are on page 1of 9

CNG N TP LP 11 C BN

Bi 35 :Benzen v ng ng . Mt s hidrocacbon thm khc. Bi 36 : Luyn tp.


CTPT CTCT C6H6 C7H8
CH3
C2H5
1

C8H10
CH3 CH3 2
1

CH3 2 3 CH3

CH3 2 3

4 CH3

Tn thong Benzen Toluen Thng Tn thay metylbenzen th ( tn h thng)

etylbenzen

ortho xilen (o-xilen) 1,2-imetyl benzen (o-imetyl benzen)

meta xilen (m-xilen) 1,3-imetyl benzen (m-imetyl benzen)

para xilen (p-xilen) 1,4-imetyl benzen (p-imetyl benzen)

A. Benzen: 1. P/ th : a.Th H ca vng benzene : p// th vi halogen v vi axit nitric. Br


+Br2 benzen
Bosa t t

NO2
H2SO4 a c

+HBr
benzen

+HNO3(a) c

+H2 O

brombenzen
CH3 Br

nitrobenzen
CH3 NO2

CH3 + 2 , Fe Br - HBr Toluen

(41%) 2-bromtoluen (o - bromtoluen) CH3

CH3

H2SO4 a c HNO3 a c - H2O

2- nitrotoluen (o -nitrro tluen) (58%) CH3

toluen

(59%) Br 4-bromtoluen (p - bromtoluen)

NO2 2- nitrotoluen (o -nitrro tluen) (42%)

b. Th H ca nhnh ( tng t ankan)


CH3 +Br2

0 CH2Br +HBr benzylbromua

2. P/ cng :
Cl

+3H2 benzen

t , Ni xiclohexan

+Cl2

ah sag n n

Cl Cl Cl

Cl Cl

hexacloran

3. P/ oxi ha : a. P/ oxi ha khng hon ton ( toluen lm mt mu dd KMnO4 khi un nng)


CH3
COOK

+2KMnO4

t cch thy

+ KOH +

+ 2MnO2 + H2O

b. P/ oxi ha hon ton ( p/ chy) 3n- 3 t0 CnH2n -6 + O2 nCO2 + (n-3) H2O 2


4. iu ch :
3CH CH 6000C boC t Bezen hay

- iu ch hexacloran ( thuc tr su 666) t benzene v clo.


5. Nhn bit : - Nhn bit toluene ( metyl benzene) bng dd KMnO4 ( to) Hin tng : mt mu dd KMnO4. B.Stiren: 1.CTCT :
CH CH2

hoc 2.T/c ha hc ( tng t anken)


C6H 5-CH= 2 +Br2 CH C6H5 CH CH2 Br Br

C6H5CH= CH2.

stiren lm mt mu dd Br2.
CH CH2 t ,xt,p
0

CH

CH

CH2 t ,xt,p
+H 2 0

CH2

CH2 CH3
+3H2

CH2 CH3

t0,xt,p

n
polistirren

3.iu ch : C2H4 t0 C6H6 C6H5C2H5 C6H5 CH=CH2 H+ xt 4.Nhn bit : - Dng dd Br2 nhn bit stiren . Bi tp: 1.Vit cng thc cu to v gi tn cc hidrocacbon thm c CTPT C7H8 , C8H10 . 2. Cho benzen, toluen , etylbenzen phn ng vi cc cht sau : a. Br2 ( nh sng ) b. Cl2 ( bt st ) c. H2 ( to , Ni) d. O2 ( to) ( p/ chy) e. HNO3 c ( H2SO4 c) 3. Cho stiren tc dng vi cc cht sau : a. dd Br2 . b. H2 ( t l 1:1) c. H2 d d. HCl e. H2O (H2SO4 long ) hay H+. g. trng hp. h. O2 (to) ( p/ chy ) 3. Trnh by phng php ha hc phn bit cc dd sau : a. benzene, hex 1 in , toluene. b. toluene , benzene , stiren . 4. Hon thnh s p sau ( ghi r iu kin nu c) : a. CaC2 C2H2 C6H6 C6H5NO2. b. Al4C3 CH4 C2H2 C6H6 C6H5Br 5. T etilen v benzen tng hp stiren theo s sau : t H C6H6 C2 C6H5C2H5 xt ,t C6H5CH=CH2 . 4 6. T vi sng ( CaO) ,than ( C) v cc cht v c cn thit hy iu ch benzene v stiren , poli stiren ( PS). 7. Cht A l 1 ng ng ca benzene. Khi t chy hon ton 1,59g cht A thu c 2,688 lt kh CO2 ( ktc). a. Xc nh cng thc phn t cht A. b. Vit CTCT c th c ca A v gi tn tng ng. c. Khi A tc dng vi Br2 c cht xc tc Fe v nhit th 1 nguyn t H nh vi vng benzene b thay th bi Br to ra dn xut monobrom duy nht . Xc nh cng thc cu to ng ca A.

Bi 38 : H thng ha v hidrocacbon
ANKAN Cng thc phn t c im cu to CnH2n + 2 ( n 1) ANKEN CnH2n ( n 2) ANKIN CnH2n - 2 ( n 2) ANKYLBENZEN CnH2n - 6 ( n 6)

Tnh cht vt l Tnh cht ho hc. ng dng

- C mt lien kt - C vng benzen. n C= C. - C mt lin kt - Ch c lin kt - C ng phn mch - C ng phn n C C. n C- C v Ccacbon ca nhm mch cacbon. - C ng phn H. ankyl. - C ng phn mch cacbon. - Ch c ng - C ng phn v tr v tr lin kt - C ng phn v phn mch tng i ca cc i. tr lin kt ba. cacbon. nhm ankyl. - C ng phn hnh hc. - iu kin thng, cc hp cht t C1 C4 l cht kh; 5 l cht lng hoc rn. -Khng mu. -Khng tan trong nc. - Phn ng - Phn ng cng (H2, th - Phn ng cng Br2, HX) - Phn ng th (halogen, (halogen). (H2, Br2, HX) - Phn ng th H lin nitro). - Phn ng -Phn ng trng kt trc tip vi - Phn ng cng tch. hp. nguyn t cacbon lin - Phn ng oxi ho - Phn ng Phn ng oxi ho. kt ba u mch. mch nhnh. oxi ho. - Phn ng oxi ho. - Lm nguyn liu, nhin liu, dung mi.

- Lm nguyn liu

- Lm nguyn liu

- Lm nguyn liu, dung mi

I. Ankan ( parafin) : CnH2n+2 ( n 1) 1.T/c ha hc: CnH2n+2 + X2 ( Cl2 , Br2) as CnH2n+1X + HX - Quy tc th: u tin th X vo C bc cao. - Ankan i xng p th cho 1 sn phm. ,t o CnH2n+2 xt CnH2n + H2. ,t o CnH2n+2 xt ankan mi + anken mi. 3n + 1 o CnH2n+2 + O2 t nCO2 + (n+1) H2O 2 Vd: CH4 + Cl2 CH3Cl + HCl o ,t C2H6 xt C2H4 + H2. ,t o C3H8 xt CH4 + C2H6 o CH4 + 2O2 t CO2 + 2H2O
as

2.Gi tn: S ch v tr nhnh + tn nhnh + tn mch chnh. Vd: CH3-CH3 etan CH3-CH(CH3)-CH3 2-metyl propan Tn mt s gc ankyl ( ankan b 1 H) CH3- metyl CH3-CH2- etyl CH3-CH(CH3) - iso propyl 3.iu ch:

CH3COONa+NaOH CaO,to CH4+Na2CO3

II. Anken ( olefin) : CnH2n ( n 2) 1.T/c ha hc: CnH2n + X2 ( H2,HX,H-OH) - Quy tc th Maccopnhicop : cng HX, H-OH u tin cng X , OH vo C bc cao, H vo C bc thp. -Anken i xng cng HX, H-OH cho 1 sn phm. 3CnH2n + 2KMnO4 + 4H2O 3CnH2n(OH)2 + 2KOH 2MnO2 p , xt ,t o CnH2n trng hp to polime. 3n o CnH2n + O2 t nCO2 + nH2O 2 Vd: C2H4 + H2 Ni,t C2H6. C2H4 + Br2 C2H4Br2.
H C2H4 + H-OH C2H5OH ancol etylic
+ o

2. Tn gi: - Tn thng thng : Tn anken= tn ankan tng ng i ui an thnh ui ilen. - Tn thay th :

S ch nhnh+ tn nhnh +tn mch C chnh + s ch lin kt i + en


Vd: CH2=CH2 etilen CH3 C(CH3)= CH CH3 2-metyl but-2-en 3.iu ch :
H 2 SO4 ,170 C CnH2n+1OH CnH2n + H2O.
o

3CH2=CH2 + 2KMnO4 +4H2O 3HOCH2CH2OH+2MnO2 + 2KOH Etilenglicol

4.Nhn bit : - Cch 1: nhn bit anken bng dd Br2 ( hin tng : mt mu dd Br2)

n CH2=CH2 n CH2=CHCH3

peoxit,100 300 C [-CH2-CH2-]n

P.E

- Cch 2 : nhn bit anken bng dd KMnO4 ( hin tng : mt mu dd KMnO4)

100 atm [-CH2-CH-]n CH3

P.P

III. Ankaien: CnH2n-2 ( n 3) Quan trng : buta-1,3- ien v isoprene CH2= CH CH= CH2, CH2= C(CH3)-CH=CH2. 1.T/c ha hc : CnH2n-2 + H2 ( X2 , HX , H OH) - Quy tc cng Maccopnhicop : cng HX,H-OH u tin cng X,OH vo C bc cao v H vo C bc thp. p , xt ,t o -ankaien trng hp to polime. 3n 1 o - CnH2n-2 + O2 t nCO2 + (n-1)H2O 2 Vd:

nCH

2 = CH - CH = CH2

xt, to, Na

(- CH2 - CH = CH - CH2 -)n

Poli butaien (Cao su buna)

nCH2 = C - CH = CH2 xt, t , p (- CH2 - C = CH - CH2 -)n


o

CH3

CH3

Isopren

Poliisopren
Cao su isoprene

2.iu ch : Quan trng l iu ch butaien v isopren

T l 1:2: Cng vo 2 ni i: CH2 = CH CH = CH2 + 2H2 Ni,t CH3CH2 CH2CH3 CH2=CHCH=CH2 +2Br2 CH2Br CHBr CHBrCH2Br - T l 1:1: cng kiu 1,2 hoc 1,4 80 C CH2=CHCH=CH2 + Br2 CH2=CHCHBrCH2Br 40 C CH2=CHCH=CH2 + Br2 CH2BrCH=CHCH2Br 80 C CH2=CHCH=CH2 + HBr CH2=CHCHBrCH3 40 C CH2=CHCH=CH2 + HBr CH3CH=CHCH2Br
o o o o

CH3 CH2 CH2 CH3 CH2 = CH CH = CH2 + 2H2


CH3 - CH - CH2 -CH3 CH3
xt, to

t0,xt

CH2 = C - CH= CH2 + 2H2 CH3

Isopran isopren 3. Nhn bit : - Nhn bit dd butaien v dd isoprene bng dd Br2 d Hin tng: mt mu dd Br2.

CH2=CHCH=CH2 +2Br2 CH2Br CHBr CHBrCH2Br

CH2=C(CH3)-CH=CH2 + 2Br2 CH2Br-C(CH3)Br-CHBr-CH2Br

IV. Ankin : CnH2n-2 (n 2) 1. T/C ha hc: - P cng X2 ( H2, HX , H-OH) - P ime ha C2H2 C4H4( vinyl axetilen) - P trime ha C2H2 C6H6 ( benzene) - CnH2n-2 + AgNO3 + NH3 CnH2n-3Ag + NH4NO3 . Anka- 1-in mu vng (3n 1) o - CnH2n -2 + O2 t nCO2 + (n-1)H2O 2
Pd/PbCO ,t Vd: CH CH+H2 CH2=CH2 Ni,t0 CH2=CH2+ 2H2 CH3-CH3 CH + 2Br2 (d) CHBr2 - CHBr2. CH CH CH + HCl CH2=CHCl CH + 2HCl d CH3-CHCl2. CH HgSO4 CH CH +H2O [ CH2 =CH -OH] CH3 -CH =O
3 0

2.iu ch: CaC2 + 2H2O C2H2 + Ca(OH)2 t n ( Ca xi cacbua). CaO + 3C lodien CaC2 + CO 2CH4 C2H2 + 3H2 Metan. 3.Nhn bit : - Nhn bit axetilen hoc cc ank-1-in bng dd AgNO3/NH3. - Nhn bit cc ankin khc bng dd Br2 d ( t l p/ 1: 2). 4. Tn gi : Tn thng thng: - Tn ankin = tn gc ankyl ( lin kt vi C ni ba) + axetilen Tn thay th :
1500 C LLN
0

HgCl2 150-2000 C

Anehit axetic
CH CH
+

CH 6000C boC t

CH

xt, t0

S ch nhnh+ tn nhnh +tn mch C chnh + s ch lin kt i + in


Vd: CH C-CH3 metyl axetilen CH3- C C-CH3 ddimetyl axetilen.

CH C CH =CH2 vinyl axetilen hay

3CH

CH

Bezen

CH CH+2AgNO3+2NH3 Ag C C Ag + 2NH4NO3 Bc axetilua ( Ag2C2 mu vng) C2Ag2 + 2HCl C2H2 + 2AgCl

V. S chuyn ha cc cht :

ANKAN
+ H2 , , xt t
o

ANKEN

- H2 - H2, xt,to
xt, to, +H2

,t , xt

xt,

-H

ANKAN
t,t o

t o,

2,x
2

+H

+ H2

, , xt

ANKADIEN ANKEN

- H2 - H2, xt,to
xt, to, +H2

,t , xt

xt,

-H

t o,

2,x
2

+H

t,t o

ANKIN

VI. Th t nhn bit cc cht : - Bc 1: Nhn bit ank-1- in bng dd AgNO3/NH3 (hin tng: to kt ta mu vng) - Bc 2: Nhn bit ankin khc hoc anken hoc ankaien hoc stiren bng dd Br2 d ( hin tng : mt mu dd Br2). - Bc 3: Nhn bit toluene bng dd KMnO4 ( to). - Bc 4 : cn li l ankan hoc benzene ( ko c hin tng g) Bi tp : 1.Trnh by phng php ha hc : a. Phn bit cc kh ng trong cc bnh ring bit khng dn nhn : O2 , C2H2 , C2H4 ,CH4. b. Tch kh CH4 t hn hp vi lng nh cc kh C2H4 v C2H2. 2. Bng phng php ha hc , hy trnh by cch nhn bit cc cht sau: a. Cc kh mt nhn : C2H6 , C2H4 , C2H2 , O2. b. Cc dd mt nhn sau : benzene , hex-2-en , toluene. c. Cc dd mt nhn sau : benzene , hex-1-en , pent-1-in. d. Cc dd mt nhn sau : toluene , stiren , hept-1-in . 3. Vit phng trnh ho hc ca cc phn ng hon thnh dy chuyn ho sau: a) etilen Etan etilen polietilen ( nha PE) b)Metan axetilen vinylaxetilen butaien polibutaien ( caosu buna) c)Canxicacbua axetilen benzen brombenzen.

4. T nhm cacbua v cc cht v c cn thit , vit phng trnh iu ch axetilen, benzen , vinyl clorua , etilen , poli vinyl clorua , poli etilen. 5.Hn hp M cha 2 ankan l ng ng k tip. Khi t chy hon ton 13,2g hn hp M thu c 20,72 lt CO2 ( ktc). a. Xc nh CTPT ca 2 ankan. b. Tnh thnh phn phn trm khi lng tng cht trong hn hp M.
6 .Cht A l 1 ng ng ca benzene. t chy hon ton 13,25g A cn dng va ht 29,4 lt O2 ( ktc). a. Xc nh cng thc phn t cht A. b.Vit cc cng thc cu to c th c ca A v gi tn.

You might also like