Phn hai: V k thut c bn

M u i tng nghin cu ca mn V k thut l cc bn v k thut. Bn v k thut l mt phng tin thng tin k thut, l cng c ch yu din t thit k, l ti liu k thut dng ch o sn xut. Mc ch ca mn hc v k thut l to c s, rn k nng c v thit lp bn v. Ni dung ca mn hc v k thut c bn bao gm: + Cc tiu chun v bn v k thut + Cc hnh biu din: Hnh chiu c bn, hnh chiu ring phn, hnh chiu ph, hnh ct, mt ct, hnh chiu trc o + V qui c ren v mi ghp ren . Chng trnh o to c thc hin theo phng php coi trng thc hnh nhm tng bc rn luyn nng lc lp v c cc bn v di s hng dn ca ging vin.

93

Chng 1 Cc tiu chun v trnh by bn v k thut Tiu chun ho l vic ra nhng qui nh m chng ta bt buc phi tun theo. Nhng tiu chun v bn v k thut bao gm tiu chun v cch trnh by bn v, cch biu din, cc k hiu v cc quy c v.v...cn thit cho vic lp bn v k thut. 1.1 Kh giy Bng 1.1 K hiu kh bn v Kch thc giy K hiu kh giy ISO 5457 (1999) Ngoi cc kh giy chnh trong bng 1.1 cn c cc kh giy ko di (Xem TCVN 7285: 2003). 1.2 Khung bn v v khung tn Khung bn v (Hnh 1.1) l 1 hnh ch nht, v bng nt lin m 0,7 Mp giy mm, cch mp giy tri 20mm, cch 3 mp kia 10mm . Khung bn v 94 Khung tn A0 A1 A2 A3 A4 1189x84 594x84 1 1 594x42 0 297x42 0 297x21 0 44 24 22 12 11 Cc kh giy chnh c s dng theo bng 1.1:

Hnh 1.1 Khung tn (Hnh 1.2) gm cc nh trong phm vi 140mm x 32mm, ghi cc ni dung v qun l bn v, t gc phi pha di bn v, c th t theo cnh di hay cnh ngn ca bn v. Ring kh A4 th bt 140 buc t cnh di khung tn theo cnh ngn t giy. 20 3 2 8 8
Ngi v Kim tra

30
(5) (7) (9)

15
(6) (8) (2)

10
(1) (3) (4)

Mp giy

1: u bi tp hay tn gi chi tit 2: Vt liu ca chi tit 3: T l bn v 4: K hiu bn v 5: H v tn ngi v 1.3 T l (ISO 5455: 1979)

10 6: Ngy v 95

Hnh 1.2 Khung tn dng trong nh trng 7: Ch k ngi kim tra 8: Ngy kim tra 9: Tn trng, khoa, lp

Trong cc bn v k thut, tu theo phc tp v ln ca vt th c biu din v tu theo kh giy ca bn v m chn cc t l thch hp. Cc t l u tin s dng trnh by bng 1.2. Bng 1.2 T l thu nh T l nguyn hnh T l phng to 2:1 50:1 5:1 100:1 1:2 1:50 1:5 1:100 1:10 1:200 1:1 10:1 200:1 20:1 500:1 50:1 1000:1 1:20 1:500 1:50 1:1000

Ch : D phng to, thu nh hay nguyn hnh, th khi ghi kch thc ta lun ghi theo kch thc nguyn hnh.

1. 4 ng nt (ISO128-20: 1996) Chiu rng ca nt v (d) c s dng theo dy sau: 0,13; 0,18; 0,25; 0,35; 0,5; 0,7; 1; 1,4; 2(mm). Bng 1.3 Nhm ng nt 1 2 3 4 Chiu rng nt S (mm) Mnh m Rt m 0,18 0,25 0,35 0,5 0,35 0,5 0,7 1,0 0,7 1,0 1,4 2,0

5 0,7 1,4 2,0 Chiu rng cc nt v rt m, m v mnh ly theo t l 4:2:1. u tin s dng nhm 2 v nhm 3 (bng 1.3). Trn ton bn v chiu rng nt phi c s dng thng nht, sai lch cho php khng vt qu 0,1d. ng dng ca ng nt c trnh by trong bng 1.4. 96

Hnh 1.3: V d v s dng ng nt

Bng 1.4 Nt v Tn gi Nt lin m d: A) -ng nh ren thy, nh rng thy ` Nt lin mnh -ng kch thc, dng kch thc -ng dn, thn mi tn ch hng -ng gch mt ct -ng tm ngn, ng chn ren thy(B) -ng bao mt ct chp Nt ln sng Nt t mnh -Gii hn hnh ct hoc hnh chiu(C) -ng bao khut, cnh khut(E) 97 p dng -Cnh thy, ng bao thy (v

Nt gch chm mnh Nt gch hai chm mnh

-ng tm(G) -ng trc i xng -Mt chia ca bnh rng -ng bao chi tit ln cn -Cc v tr u, cui, trung gian ca chi tit di ng(K) -B phn ca chi tit nm trc

mt phng ct 1. 5 Ch vit (TCVN 8-20: 2002) 1/ Kh ch v kiu ch a/ Kh ch : chiu cao ch hoa (h ) c ly lm c s, c nhng kh ch sau : h = 1,8; 2,5 ; 3,5; 5; 7; 10; 14; 20(mm).

Ch thng ng Hnh 1.4

Ch nghing

Chiu rng ca nt ch (d) c xc nh ph thuc vo kiu ch v chiu cao ch b/ Kiu ch Kiu A ng v nghing 75o vi d=1/14h Kiu B ng v nghing 75o vi d=1/10h Bng 1.5 quy nh kch thc tng i ca kiu ch . Bng 1.5 Thng s ch vit K hiu 98 Kch thc tng i Kiu A Kiu B

Chiu cao ch hoa Chiu cao ch thng Khong cch gia cc ch Khong cch gia cc t

h c a e d

14/14h 10/14h 2/14h 6/14h 1/14h

10/10h 7/10h 2/10h 6/10h 1/10h

Chiu rng nt ch 1.6 Ghi kch thc (TCVN 5705: 1993; ISO 129-1: 2004) 1.6.1 Quy nh chung + Ch c dng mt loi n v ghi kch thc. Thng thng, khng ghi n v o i vi kch thc di v ngm hiu l mm. Ghi n v gc l , pht, dy(v d: 1203430). + Tt c cc thng tin v mt kch thc phi y v c trnh by trc tip trn mt bn v tr trng hp chng c ghi trong ti liu lin quan km theo. + Mi yu t hnh hc hoc mi quan h gia cc yu t ch c ghi kch thc mt ln. Khng ghi cc kch thc c th suy ra c. 1.6.2 ng kch thc v ng ging: a/ ng kch thc: V bng nt lin mnh v gii hn hai u bng hai mi tn, nu ng kch thc ngn qu, mi tn c th c ghi ngoi hoc thay bng nt gch cho, nu c nhiu kch thc nh ni tip nhau th dng mt chm v mt gch cho thay cho mi tn. ng kch thc c k song song, hoc ng tm vi phn t c ghi kch thc (Tng ng khi phn t l ng thng hay cung trn). b/ ng ging kch thc: V bng nt lin mnh v vch qu ng kch thc t 2 n 4mm (khong 8 ln dy nt v). ng ging thng k vung gc vi ng kch thc. Cho php dng cc ng trc, ng tm, ng bao lm ng ging. i vi nhng ng bao ko di ch chuyn tip, ng ging phi c v ti giao im ca cc ng ko di. ng kch thc 99 ng kch thc

Hnh 1-8: V d ghi kch thc

ng ging

Hnh 1.5: ng kch thc l ng thng i qua tm

Hnh 1.6:ng kch thc l ng thng song song vi on cn o kch thc

ng kch th c Hnh 1.7: ng kch thc chiu di ca cung trn l cung trn ng tm 1.6.3 Ch s kch thc: + Nn dng kiu ch thng ng, ghi song song vi ng kch thc, pha trn v vo khong gia ng kch thc, chiu cao con s khng b hn 3,5mm. + i vi kch thc b khng ghi con s cho php ghi con s trn phn ko di ca ng kch thc. + i vi cc cung trn ln hn 180o hay vng trn, phi ghi theo ng knh. + i vi cc cung trn nh hn hoc bng 180 0, phi ghi theo bn knh. + Cc ch s kch thc trn ng kch thc c ghi theo hng trnh by hnh1.8.

ng ging

100

Hnh 1.8 1.6.4 Cc du v k hiu: a/ ng knh: k hiu l , v d: 120. b/ Bn knh: k hiu l R, v d : R15, R30. c/ Hnh cu: k hiu l S, v d : S18, SR12 . d/ Hnh vung: k hiu l , v d : 100, 125.
20

SR40 6 0 8 0

Hnh 1.9: V d ghi k hiu cu, vung.

101

Hnh 1.10 V d ghi kch thc Chng 2 Cc hnh chiu thng gc 2.1 Su hnh chiu c bn Tng tng t vt th trong mt hnh hp ch nht sao cho cc hng c bn ca vt th song song vi cc cnh ca hnh hp (hnh 2.1). Chn mt hng 1 lm hng chiu chnh (hng t trc), tn gi cc hng chiu khc ly hng ny lm chun. Vt th c chiu vung gc theo cc hng 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 ln cc mt phng hnh chiu tng ng l cc mt ca hnh hp ch nht. Hng chiu 1 2 3 4 5 6 Tn gi ca hnh chiu Hnh chiu ng- Hnh chiu t trc (Front) Hnh chiu bng- Hnh chiu t trn (Top) Hnh chiu cnh- Hnh chiu t tri- (Left) Hnh chiu t phi (Right) Hnh chiu t di (Bottom) Hnh chiu t sau (Back) Hnh 2.1 2.2 Mt phng hnh chiu Ngi quan st Hnh

2 3 6

1 5

4
102

Tia chiu ( Projection Ray)

2.1.1 Phng php chiu gc th nht Theo phng php ny, vt th c t gia ngi quan st v mt phng hnh chiu (Hnh 2.2). Gi 1 l hnh chiu chnh, cc v tr ca cc hnh chiu khc c xc nh bng cch quay cc mt phng hnh chiu quanh cc cnh ca hnh lp phng sao cho cng chp vo mt phng ca hnh chiu chnh 1 (hnh 2.3). H thng cc hnh chiu ny cn gi l h E.

Hnh 2.3 Cc hnh chiu trong h E c b tr nh hnh 2.4. 5

103

Hnh 2.4: V tr cc hnh chiu th cn phi c ghi ch. 2.1.2 Phng php chiu gc th 3(H A)

Hnh 2.5: K hiu h E

Nu v l do no m cn t mt hnh chiu sang v tr khc

Theo phng php ny, mt phng hnh chiu (Plane of projection) c t gia ngi quan st v vt th (Hnh 2.6). Gi 1 l hnh chiu chnh, cc v tr ca cc hnh chiu khc c xc nh bng cch quay cc mt phng hnh chiu quanh cc cnh ca hnh lp phng sao cho cng chp vo mt phng ca hnh chiu chnh 1 (hnh 2.7). Cc hnh chiu c b tr nh hnh 2.8.

Hnh 2.5 2.6

Hnh

104

Top Left Right Back

Front

Bottom

Hnh 2.7 chiu v k hiu h A Mt s ch khi chn hnh chiu:

Hnh 2.8: V tr cc hnh

+ Hnh chiu ng cn gi l hnh chiu chnh phi chn sao cho th hin c nhiu nht hnh dng ca vt th, hoc th hin vt th v tr lm vic, hay gia cng, lp rp. + Trong thc t, khng cn thit v c 6 hnh chiu. S lng hnh chiu ca vt th phi xc nh hnh dng v kch thc vt th nhng trnh lp li. + Ngoi ra ngi ta cn dng thm cc hnh biu din khc( Hnh ct, mt ct) gim s lng hnh biu din v biu din c r rng hn. 2.2 Hnh chiu ring phn, hnh chiu ph Hnh chiu ring phn l hnh chiu vung gc mt phn nh ca vt th ln mt phng hnh chiu song song vi mt phng hnh chiu c bn, n c gii hn bi nt ln sng. Hnh chiu ph l hnh chiu ln mt phng khng song song vi mt phng hnh chiu c bn, c dng trong cc trng hp hnh chiu c bn khng biu din c r rng mt b phn no ca vt th.

105

Hnh chiu ph phi t ng v tr v hng chiu; thun tin, cho php xoay hnh chiu ph v v tr ph hp vi ng bng, trng hp ny trn k hiu bng ch hoa ca tn hnh chiu ph c v mi tn cong biu th xoay.

A A

A
Hnh chiu ring phn Hnh 2.9 60o 106

Hnh chiu ph

Hnh 2.10 V 3 hnh chiu c bn v ghi kch thc Chng 3 Hnh chiu trc o 3.1 Khi nim hnh chiu trc o Hnh chiu trc o ca mt vt th cng l hnh chiu song song Mt phng hnh (hoc vung gc) ca vt th . Trn hnh chiu trc o, ngi ta c chiu Z th nhn thy c 3 chiu ca vt th (hnh 3.1). hnh chiu trc C Hnh o biu din c 3 chiu ca vt th th hng chiu v mt phng chiu hnh chiu c trc o cho qua php chiu, khng c mt no ca chn sao vt th b suy bin thnh mt ng. Trn hnhZv 3.1, vt th c o

gn vi mt h trc to -cc vung gc OoXoYoZo th hng chiu Co O khng c chn song song vi mt to no. OXYZ gi l hnh chiu B Y trc o ca OoXXYoZo. o A Oo Hng chiu Xo 107 Ao Vt th Bo Yo

Hnh 3.1 3.2 S lc v cch dng hnh chiu trc o. Gc gia cc trc o: Gi gc gia trc o X v trc o Z l , gc gia trc o Z v trc o Y l , gc gia trc o Y v trc o X l . Tu thuc vo vic chn hng chiu v mt phng hnh chiu ta nhn c OXYZ tng ng tc l vi mi cch chn mt phng hnh chiu v hng chiu ta c mt b , , . H s bin dng theo cc trc: Ta c cc on thng OoAo, OoBo, OoCo thuc cc trc tng ng Xo, Yo, Zo. Cc on thng OA, OB, OC l hnh chiu trc o ca cc on OoAo, OoBo, OoCo. T s OA/OoAo gi l h s bin dng p ca trc Xo. T s OB/OoBo gi l h s bin dng q ca trc Yo. T s OC/OoCo gi l h s bin dng r ca trc Zo. Nh vy, vi mi cch chn mt phng hnh chiu v hng chiu ta c mt b p, q, r v , , tng ng. Tiu chun ISO v tiu chun Vit nam a ra 6 b (, , , p, q, r) tng ng vi 6 cch la chn hng chiu. 108

Ngi dng ch cn chn 1 b thch hp vi c im ca vt th v. v hnh chiu trc o ca im A c to trong khng gian A( XAoYAoZAo )ta c th tin hnh nh hnh 3.2 (Xc nh A bng cng vc t). Gn h trc vo vt

Chn h trc o

Z O

Y X

Z O

XAO =100 YAo =80 ZAo =40

M Hnh 3.2 P

Y Qua O v vc t OM theo hng trc X, OM=100.p; Qua M v vc t MP X song song vi trc Y, MP=80.q; Qua P v vc t PA song song vi trc Z, PA=40.r. Ch : thun tin, ngi ta thng v hnh chiu trc o ca 1 im cn c vo 1 im khc c v. Trn hnh 3.3, gi s ta v c im A, nu v im E cn c vo im A th nhanh hn vic l i 109

xc nh cc to trc o ca n (Tc l so vi gc O): Qua A k //Z, ly trn im E, vi on AE= AoEo r. V hnh chiu trc o ca mt on thng: + Nu on thng trong khng gian khng song song vi trc to no, th hnh chiu trc o ca n v qua hnh chiu trc o ca hai im mt. Trn hnh 3.3 on KoHo khng song song vi trc to no, v hnh chiu trc o ca on ny, ta phi xc nh tng im K, H ri ni vi nhau. + Nu on thng trong khng gian song song vi trc to no th hnh chiu trc o ca n song song vi hnh chiu trc o ca trc v c cng h s bin dng. Trn hnh 3.3, on AoEo// Z0 nn AE//Z v AE=A0E0 x r. Mt phng hnh chiu Z Hnh chiu trc o E X A C H H Zo O B Y Oo Hng chiu Xo Eo Ao Vt th Hnh 3.3 V hnh chiu trc o ca mt ng cong: - Ly 1 s im cn thit, v hnh chiu trc o ca chng 110 Bo Yo Co

Ko Ho

- Xc nh mt s tip tuyn vi ng cong trong khng gian(nu c th) v v hnh chiu trc o ca chng. - Ni gn ng theo dng ng cong bit. 3.3 Cc loi hnh chiu trc o thng dng Da vo php chiu c s dng ta chia ra: 1. Hnh chiu trc o vung gc, nu dng php chiu vung gc. 2. Hnh chiu trc o xin gc, nu dng php chiu song song (Chiu xin). Trong mi loi hnh chiu trc o y li chia ra 3 loi: a. Hnh chiu trc o u, nu p=q=r b. Hnh chiu trc o cn, nu 2 trong 3 h s bin dng bng nhau c. Hnh chiu trc o lch, nu p q r. Trong thc t thng dng 3 loi hnh chiu trc o sau: 1. Hnh chiu trc o vung gc u (Chiu vung gc) 2. Hnh chiu trc o vung gc cn (Chiu vung gc) 3. Hnh chiu trc o xin cn (Chiu xin gc) 3.3.1 hnh chiu trc o vung gc u (VG). a) Cc trc o OX, OY, OZ i mt hp vi nhau gc 120o(Hnh 3.4). b) Cc h s bin dng bng nhau: p=q=r 0,82. thun tin khi v, ngi ta (ISO) qui c ly p=q=r=1. Tuy nhin khi s dng h s ny phi thc rng, ta phng to hnh ln mt h s k=1/0,82 1,22.
z

0 12

12 0

O x Y

120

111

Hnh Hnh 3.5

3.4

c) Mt ng trn nm trn mt phng song song vi mt to th hnh chiu trc o VG ca n l 1 ellip (Hnh 3.6). - Nu ng trn trong khng gian // mt to X oYo th hnh chiu trc o VG ca n l ellip c trc di vung gc vi trc o Z. Nu ng trn trong khng gian //mt to YoZo th hnh chiu trc o VG ca n l ellip c trc di vung gc vi trc o X. Nu ng trn trong khng gian // mt to ZoXo th hnh chiu trc o VG ca n l ellip c trc di vung gc vi trc o Y. - Gi ng knh ca cc ng trn trn l d th trc di ca ellip bng 1,22d, trc ngn bng 0,7d. C th v gn ng cc ellip trn bng 4 cung trn ni tip nh hnh 3.5
Z

Z d

1,22d

0,58d

0,82d

0,7d

X
0,8 2 d

X
d

2d 0,8
B A

Hnh chiu trc o vi p=q=r=0,82

A

D C

Hnh chiu trc o vi qui c

p=q=r=1 Hnh 3.6

D C B A

d) Mt s v d v hnh chiu trc o. b b a a

1.nh v im A so vi 1 gc khi hp thng qua to a, b

112
B B

2.nh v im B,C,D t ng t

D D

C C

A A 5. Ni v t m

3. Ni ABCD

4. nh v A, B, C, D so vi ABCD

Hnh 3.7 Ph php ta ng i v hnh chiu trc o ca ng t ng cong phng

Cc mt ct Cc thit din

1. V cc thit din song song vi mt to

2. Ni im gc cc thit din v hon thin

Hnh 3.8 Phng php lt ct v hnh chiu trc o ca vt c thit din phc tp

3
b

113

Hnh 3.9 Phng php lt ct v giao tuyn hai mt cong

z z

Zo
O O

Xo Xo

Oo Oo

x z

x z

Yo
O O

Hnh 3.10 Phng php hnh hp ngoi tip 3.3.2 Hnh chiu trc o vung gc cn (VGC) a) Cc trc o: Gc XOY = Gc YOZ = 131 0. Gc XOZ = 970 (hnh 3.10) b) Cc h s bin dng: p=r=0,94; q=0,47. Qui c ly: p=r=1; q=0,5. c) Hnh chiu trc o ca cc ng trn (xem hnh 3.11): 1 ng trn nm trn mt phng song song vi mt to th hnh chiu trc o VGC ca n l 1 ellip. - Nu ng trn trong khng gian //mt to X oYo th hnh chiu trc o VGC ca n l ellip c trc di vung gc vi trc o Z. - Nu ng trn trong khng gian //mt to YoZo th hnh chiu trc o VGC ca n l ellip c trc di vung gc vi trc o X. - Nu ng trn trong khng gian //mt to ZoXo th hnh chiu trc o VGC ca n l ellip c trc di vung gc vi trc o Y. - Gi ng knh ca cc ng trn trn l d, vi qui c p=r=1, q=0,5 th trc di ca cc ellip u bng 1,06d, trc ngn ca ellip 1 v 2 bng 1/3 trc ln, trc ngn ca ellip 3 bng 9/10 trc ln. 114

1 2

O
7o
41 o

3
Y

Hnh 3.10 3.11 3.3.3 Hnh chiu trc o xin cn

Hnh

a) Cc trc o: Gc XOY = Gc YOZ = 135 0. Gc XOZ = 900 (hnh 3.12) b) Cc h s bin dng: p=r=1; q=0,5. c) Hnh chiu trc o ca cc ng trn (xem hnh 3.13): Mt ng trn nm trn mt phng song song vi mt to XoZo th hnh chiu trc o ng cn ca n l mt ng trn. ng trn nm trn mt phng song song vi 2 mt to kia th hnh chiu trc o ng cn ca n l mt ng ellip.- Gi ng knh ca cc ng trn trn l d th trc di ca cc ellip u bng 1,06d, trc ngn ca cc ellip bng 0,33d.

45 o

115

Hnh 3.12 3.13 3.4 Chn loi hnh chiu trc o

Hnh

Hnh chiu trc o vung gc u n gin v p, ta nn chn loi ny v. Tuy nhin c mt s vt th, khi v hnh chiu trc o vung gc u th c mt b suy bin thnh ng. Khi nn chn hnh chiu trc o vung gc cn (hnh 3.14). Hnh chiu trc o xin cn thng c s dng khi v cc vt th c nhiu vng trn song song vi mt mt to (Hnh 3.15).

Hnh 3.14

Hnh 3.15

116

Hnh 3.16 V hnh chiu trc o vung gc u

(Mi 5mm) Chng 4 Mt ct, hnh ct Trong k thut c nhiu vt th c cu to bn trong c cc l, rnh, khoang rng. Nu dng cc hnh chiu biu din th hnh chiu 117

s c nhiu nt t, kh c bn v, cc cu to bn trong th hin khng c r rng. V vy trong v k thut ngi ta dng hnh ct, mt ct th hin cu to bn trong ca vt th. Mt ct cn c dng biu din mt thit din no ca vt th (k c khng c l, rnh) nhm biu din r rng hnh dng, kch thc ca thit din ct. 4.1 Mt ct. 4.1.1 nh ngha mt ct Mt ct l hnh biu din phn vt th nm trn mt phng ct khi tng tng dng mt phng ny ct mt vt th (hnh 4.1). Hnh biu din ny gm: ng bao mt ct l cc ng giao tuyn ca cc mt ca vt th vi mt phng ct K hiu vt liu trn phn din tch c (Tu theo vt liu khc nhau m v khc nhau). K hiu mt ct gm 3 yu t: V tr ct (v bng nt gch di chm m ), hng nhn (v 2 mi tn ch) v tn gi theo ch ci hoc ch s (v d A-A) (xem hnh 4.1). A
AA

Hnh 4.1 118

(TCVN7:1993 K hiu vt liu, ISO) qui nh cc k hiu vt liu trn mt ct nh sau: + Cc ng gch ca mt ct phi k bng nt mnh v nghing mt gc thch hp (thng nghing 450 ) so vi ng bao chnh hoc ng trc mt ct (hnh 4.2).
45

45

+ Cc ng gch trn mi hnh ct v mt ct ca mt vt th phi v ging nhau. + Mt ct hp c t kn. + Cc ng gch trn hnh ct v mt ct ca hai chi tit k nhau c v theo phng khc nhau hoc c khong cch khc nhau (hnh 4.3). + Tu theo vt liu khc nhau m v gch gch khc nhau (Bng 4.1) Bng 4.1
Knh, vt liu trong sut

45

Hnh 4.2

Hnh 4.3

Kim loi

t thin nhin (v xung quanh ng bao mt ct)

Cht lng

Cht do,vt liu cch in, cch nhit, cch m, vt liu bt kn

Gch cc loi

B tng ct thp

119
B tng

G (cc cung trn c v bng tay)

+ i vi min gch gch c din tch ln th c th ch k mt phn gii hn no dc theo ng bao ca min . 4.1.2 Cc loi mt ct 1/ Mt ct ri (hnh 4.4) L mt ct t ngoi hnh biu din tng ng hoc c th t gia phn ct la ca mt hnh chiu no . ng bao ca mt ct ri c v bng nt lin m.

a) Mt ct ri t ch ct la ct ri Hnh 4.4 2/ Mt ct chp (hnh 4.5) L mt ct c xoay ra t ngay trn hnh chiu tng ng. ng bao ca mt ct chp c v bng nt lin mnh.

b) Mt

Hnh 4.5: Mt ct chp 4.1.3 Cc qui nh v mt ct -Mi trng hp ca mt ct u phi ghi k hiu, tr trng hp mt ct l hnh i xng, ng thi trc i xng t trng k hiu v tr ct (hnh 4.6).

120

K hiu v tr ct

Hnh 4.6 -Trng hp mt ct khng i xng v t ngay v tr ct (hnh 4.7) hay t mt ct nh hnh 4.8 th ch cn v nt ct, mi tn ch hng nhn, khng ghi tn mt ct.

Hnh 4.7 cong ) trn k hiu tn mt ct.

B B A A

Hnh 4.8

-Nu mt ct c xoay, th phi ghi k hiu xoay ( mi tn

A-A

B-B A A

Hnh 4.9 Mt ct xoay B-B -Nu c mt s mt ct trn vt th ging nhau th ch cn v nt ct ti mt v tr km theo s lng cc mt ct , hoc v tt c cc nt ct nhng cng mt k hiu ch.
A A A A A-A
A A-A

121

Hnh 4.10: Cc mt ct ging nhau ct qua l trn xoay

Hnh 4.11 Mt

-Nu mt phng ct qua trc ca l trn xoay, th ng bao ca l c v y .

4.2 Hnh ct Hnh ct l hnh biu din phn cn li ca vt th sau khi tng tng ct b mt phn vt th gia mt phng ct v ngi quan st. Hnh biu din ny bao gm hnh chiu ca phn vt th cn li + Mt ct. Thng thng, ngi ta hay thay th hnh ct vo v tr ca hnh chiu c cng hng chiu. K hiu hnh ct cng ging nh k hiu mt ct. 4.2.1 Hnh ct s dng mt mt phng ct (hnh 4.12)

A A-A

122 A

Hnh 4.12a Nu mt phng ct vung gc vi hng chiu ng th hnh ct nhn c l hnh ct ng (hnh 4.12a). Hnh 4.12b Hnh 12c Nu mt phng ct vung gc vi hng chiu bng th hnh ct nhn c l hnh ct bng (hnh 4.12b). Nu mt phng ct vung gc vi hng chiu cnh th hnh ct nhn c l hnh ct cnh (hnh 4.12c). 4.2.2 Hnh ct s dng 2 mt phng ct song song- ct bc (Hnh 4.13) C-C

C C

Hnh 4.13 Hnh ct bc thng c dng khi vt th c cc l trn xoay m trc ca chng nm song song vi mt phng hnh chiu. Hoc vt th c cc rnh m mt i xng ca chng song song vi cc mt phng hnh chiu. Cc mt ct song song c ni tip nhau, khng chng ln nhau. 123

Khi v hnh ct bc, ch Khng v cc mt chuyn tip. 4.2.3 Hnh ct s dng 3 mt phng ct lin tip (Hnh 4.14)
B-B

Hnh 4.14 4.2.4 Hnh ct s dng 2 mt phng ct giao nhau- ct xoay (hnh 4.15) Trong trng hp ny, mt mt phng ct c xoay ti v tr song song vi mt phng hnh chiu. Hnh 4.15 4.2.5 Hnh ct bn phn (hnh 4.16) Cc chi tit i xng c th c v mt na l hnh chiu v mt na l hnh ct (cng 1 hng chiu) hoc mt ct. Cc ng khut thuc na ny m c biu din thy na kia th b chng i. Thng thng, nu trc i xng thng ng th ngi ta t hnh ct bn phi, nu trc i xng nm ngang th ngi ta t hnh ct bn di. Nu c nhng ng nt ca hnh chiu hay hnh ct trng vi trc i xng, th phi dng nt ln sng mt cch hp l phn cch hnh chiu v hnh ct sao cho hnh biu din c r rng v khng gy nhm ln. 124

E-E

Hnh 4.16 4.2.6 Hnh ct cc b (ring phn) (hnh 4.17)

Hnh 4.17 4.3 Qui nh c bit + Khng ct dc cc chi tit xit (bu lng, ai c, vng m), trc c, vt, inh tn, cht, bi. +Khi ct dc (ct theo trc phn t hoc theo chiu di ca chng) vo nan hoa tay quay, cc thnh mng, gn tr lc th v ng bao ca chng ti thit din v khng gch gch (hnh 4.18). + Trong trng hp cc chi tit c dng trn xoay, cha cc phn t phn b u cn biu

125

din trn hnh ct nhng thc ra chng khng nm v tr ca mt phng ct th cc phn t c th c biu din bng cch quay n v tr mt phng ct, min l iu ny khng gy nhm ln, khng cn ghi ch thm iu g (hnh 4.19). + Khi dng 2 mt phng ct th trn hnh ct khng c ng ranh gii phn bit hnh ct nhn c do ct bng mt phng ny vi hnh ct nhn c do ct bng mt phng kia.

Gn tr lc

Hnh 4.18

I TL 2:1

Hnh 4.19 Hnh 4.20 4.4 Hnh trch (Hnh 4.20) Hnh trch l hnh biu din (thng c phng to) trch ra t mt hnh biu din c trn bn v, nhm 126

th hin mt cch r rng hn v ng nt, hnh dng , kch thc v.v... ca mt phn t no ca vt th. Hnh trch c th l hnh chiu, c th l hnh ct. Hnh trch c k hiu bng ch s La m v t l phng to.

127

Hnh 4.21: V hnh ct A-A. V hnh ct bn phn B-B

Hnh 4.22 V hnh ct bc

Hnh 4.23 V hnh ct xoay chng 5 128

V qui c ren v mi ghp ren 5-1 ng xon c: - ng xon c l qu o ca mt im chuyn ng u trn mt ng sinh, khi ng sinh quay u quanh mt trc c nh. - Nu ng sinh l ng thng song song vi trc quay, ta c ng xon c tr. - Nu ng sinh l ng thng ct trc quay, ta c ng xon c nn. - Mt vng xon l mt phn ca ng xon c c gii hn bi hai im gn nhau cng nm trn mt ng sinh ca ng xon c . - Bc xon l khong cch o theo ng sinh gia im cui ca mt vng xon k hiu l P. - Gc xon th hin mi lin h gia bc xon P v ng knh d ca hnh tr cha vng xon.tg = P d im u v

Hnh 5.1 ng xon c tr c nn v cc hnh chiu ca n chiu ca n 5.2 Hnh thnh mt ren 129

Hnh 5.2 ng xon v cc hnh

Mt hnh phng (tam gic, hnh thang, hnh vung...) chuyn ng theo ng xon c, sao cho mt phng ca hnh phng lun cha trc quay th mi im trn hnh phng c qu tch l 1 ng xon c, mi cnh trn hnh phng c qu tch l mt xon c, cn gi l mt ren(hnh 5.3). Hnh phng cn gi l profin ca ren. Profin l tam gic, vung, thang,.. tng ng s c ren tam gic, ren vung, ren thang. Ren c to ra mt ngoi c gi l ren ngoi hay trc ren (Hnh 5.4), ren c to ra mt trong gi l ren trong hay l ren (hnh 5.5) . Ren c to trn mt tr gi l ren tr, ren c to ra trn mt nn gi l ren cn.

Hnh 5.3 5.3 Cc yu t ca ren 1/ Prfin ren (hnh 5.6)

Hnh 5.4

Hnh 5.5

Prfin ren thng c dng tam gic cn, tam gic u, hnh thang cn, hnh thang thng, hnh vung...

130

Profin tam gic u Profin vung

Profin thang cn Hnh 5.6

Profin trn

2/ ng knh ren: Trn hnh v 5.7, d gi l ng knh ngoi, d1 gi l ng knh trong. i vi ren ngoi th d l ng knh nh ren, d1 l ng knh chn ren. i vi ren trong th d l ng knh chn ren, d1 l ng knh nh ren. Khi ghi kch thc, ngi ta lun ghi ti ng knh ngoi (ng knh danh ngha). 3/ Bc ren P l khong ch gia 2 im tng ng trn 2 profin ren k nhau

Hnh 5.7 5.4 Cc loi ren thng dng 1/ Ren h mt (TCVN 2247-77 v TCVN 2248-77 ) c prfin ren l tam gic u gc nh bng 600, k hiu l M, nv o kch thc ren l milimt. Khi ghi kch thc cho phn ren, trc ht phi ghi k hiu ren, sau l ng knh ngoi ca ren. 2/ Ren cn h mt ( TCVN 2253-77 ) c prfin ren l tam gic gc nh bng 60o, k hiu l MK. 3/ Ren trn ( TCVN-2256-77 ) c prfin ren l cung trn k hiu l Rd. Ren trn dng cho cc chi tit mng. 131

4/ Ren ng : Dng trong cc mi ghp ng, c prfin ren l tam gic cn gc nh bng 55o, n v o kch thc di l ins ( inch ). C hai loi l ren ng hnh tr v ren ng hnh cn ( TCVN 4681-89v 463188 ). Ren ng tr k hiu l G, ren ng cn l R. 5/ Ren hnh thang (TCVN 2254 -77 v TCVN 2255 -77 ) prfin ren c dng hnh thang cn gc nh bng 30o, k hiu l Tr. 6/ Ren rng ca c prfin ren l hnh thang thng, gc nh bng 30o, k hiu S. 5.5 V quy c ren Khi tht cn thit ngi ta mi biu din ren nguyn dng, cn thng thng th ngi ta biu din theo qui c c trnh by sau y. 1/ i vi ren thy (nhn thy): Hnh biu din trn mt phng song song vi trc ren: - ng nh ren v bng nt lin m. - ng y (chn) ren v bng nt lin mnh. - ng gii hn ren v bng nt lin m. - K hiu vt liu trn mt ct ca ren phi v n ng nh ren. Hnh biu din trn mt phng vung gc vi trc ren: ng nh ren l vng trn nt lin m ng y (chn) ren v bng nt lin mnh v ch bng khong 3/4 ng trn, khong h thng t gc trn bn phi ng trn. Khng v vng trn th hin u mp vt ca ren.

Hnh 5.8 V qui c trc ren thy

132

Hnh 5.9 V qui c l ren thy 2/ i vi ren khut: - Tt c cc ng nh, ng y, ng gii hn ren u v bng nt t mnh.

Hnh 5.9 V qui c ren khut 5.6 Ghi kch thc ren trn bn v k thut - K hiu v kch thc ca ren c ghi theo nguyn tc ghi kch thc v ghi theo ng kch thc ngoi ca ren, gm c : k hiu prfin ren, kch thc ng knh danh ngha ren, bc ren, hng xon (Nu ren c hng xon tri th ghi ch LH), cp chnh xc ca ren ( min dung sai), chiu di on c ren, s u mi. V d: Tr20x2LH; M20x2; S50x8,... - Khng cn phi ghi bc ren v hng xon nu bc ren l tiu chun v hng xon l phi. Hnh 5.9b: Ghi kch thc ren theo ng knh ngoi 5.7 V qui c mi ghp ren (Hnh 5.10) 133

Khi ghp ren ngoi vi ren trong ti v tr n khp, ta qui c ren ngoi ln ren trong (Ren trong b che khut bi ren ngoi v ti khng v ren trong ). - ng nh ren ngoi thng hng vi ng chn ren trong - ng chn ren ngoi thng hng vi ng nh ren trong.

Hnh 5.10a V qui c mi ghp ren

Hnh 5.10b V qui c mi ghp ren 5.8 Mt s chi tit c ren thng dng 1/ inh vt (Bu lng). inh vt gm 2 phn: Phn thn hnh tr, on cui c ren lp vi ai c Phn u thng l hnh lng tr 6 mt.

Cc knh thc ca inh vt tnh theo ng knh ngoi ca ren (d) (hnh 5.11)

134

Hnh 5.11Bu lng ai c

Hnh 5.12

2/ ai c l chi tit dng vn vi inh vt hay vt cy. ai c cng v theo qui c, cn c vo ng knh ngoi ca ren (d). Trn hnh 5.13 v mt mi ghp bu lng theo qui c.

l0 2d Hnh 5.13 Hnh 5.13

S=0,15d

K 0,25d Dv=2,2d

Hnh 5.13 3/ Vt cy l chi tit hnh tr, c hai u u c ren. Mt u vt cy c vn vo mt chi tit lp, u kia vn vi ai c (hnh 5.14) 135

Hnh 5.14: Ghp bng vt cy 4/ Ghp bng vt 45 Hnh 5.15 v qui c mt mi ghp bng vt. Ch rng:otrn hnh chiu dc trc vt ca u tr, rnh vt qui c v nghing 45o. Hnh 5.15: Ghp bng vt Bi tp v mi ghp ren Cho cc chi tit ghp v kch thc ca chng trn hnh 5.16. Hy ghp 2 mi ghp bulng M18 v 2 mi ghp vt u tr M10 theo ch dn trn hnh 3D. Ch : Vt tr M10 khi lp c phn u tr chm, ng knh l ti cng tnh bng 1,1d (xem hnh 3D). 1. Tnh ton cc kch thc l trn v l ren trn cc chi tit cho theo trang 134. 2. Tnh ton cc kch thc ca bulng M18 v vt u tr lp ghp theo trang 134. 3. V hnh ct ng bn phn (khi lp hon chnh) 4. V hnh chiu bng ton b 5. V hnh chiu cnh ton b 6. Ghi cc kch thc ren, kch thc khun kh.

136

Hnh 5.16

137

138

Ph lc: Mt vi thi v k thut

139

140

Ti liu tham kho 1. 2. 3. 4. Nguyn nh in, Mnh Mn. Hnh hc ho hnh. Nh xut bn gio dc. 1999. Nguyn Vn Tin, on Hin. Bi tp Hnh hc ho hnh (lu hnh ni b). 2000. Gary R. Bertonline, Eric N. Wiebe Technical Graphics Communication. James D. Foley. Computer Graphics. 1995. 5. Nguyn Vn im Bi ging v k thut 6. 7. 8. Nguyn c Hu Bi ging v k thut Trn Hu Qu, Nguyn Vn Tun V K thut theo tiu chun quc t Dr. Ouzhan YILMAZ ENGINEERING GRAPHICS McGraw. 2003

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