Cng sut AC v tnh nng iu chnh h s cng sut PFC (1)

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Bi vit ny s gip bn phn no hiu r hn cch thc m mt thit b tiu th nng lng t dng in xoay chiu nh th no v tm quan trng ca vic iu chnh h s cng sut PFC (Power Factor Correction) trong vic tit kim nng lng trong truyn ti in nng.

Cng sut DC
Cng sut c nh ngha l t l nng lng c chuyn qua mt b mt trong mt n v thi gian. i vi dng in mt chiu (Direct Current DC) do c tnh ca n vi cc ht in t ch chuyn ng theo mt hng vi chiu t m sang dng (dng quy c c chiu t dng sang m ) nn cng sut m n to ra c tnh bng cng thc: P=U.I Trong P l gi tr cng sut vi n v tnh l W (Watt) U l hiu in th vi n v tnh l V (Volt) I l cng dng in vi n v tnh l A (Ampe) Do vy, khi ni n cng sut trong mt mch in mt chiu th lun lun l cng sut tht. Cng sut trong mch in xoay chiu khng n gin nh vy v n c cha ti 3 thnh phn cng sut khc nhau l cng sut tht, cng sut biu kin v cng sut phn khng.

Cng sut AC
Trong mch in xoay chiu (Alternating Current AC), do trong mch in xoay chiu u tn ti 3 thnh phn cun cm (L), t in (C) v in tr (R). Trong L v C c coi nh cc kho tch lu nng lng c th lm o ngc nh k dng chy ca nng lng hay ni cch khc l khi tn ti L hoc C trong mch in xoay chiu th nng lng a vo khng c tiu th ht. Trung bnh trong mt chu k hon thnh ca mt dng sng AC, nng lng do dng in to ra s c 2 phn, nng lng i theo mt hng vo thit b c gi l cng sut tht hay cng sut tiu th (P). Phn nng lng c tch lu quay tr li ngun trong mi chu k c gi l cng sut phn khng (Q).

1/Cng sut tht, cng sut biu kin v cng sut phn khng
V d, trong mt mch in AC n gin vi ngun in cung cp v mt ti tuyn tnh, ngun in c in p v dng ti dng hnh sin. Nu ti hon ton thun tr (ti ch mang tnh tr khng R), hai gi tr in p v dng in s tng ng pha (tng gim cng lc), nng lng s dch chuyn theo mt hng duy nht, trong trng hp ny ch c cng sut tht i qua. Nu ti khng thun tr, trong mch ch cha thnh phn cm khng L hay dung khng C, s c s lch pha 0 gia in p v dng in trong mi chu k ca dng sng AC. V d, lch pha 90 gia in p v dng in (i vi dung khng th dng in nhanh pha hn hiu in th cn i vi cm khng th dng in chm pha hn so vi hiu in th), gi tr in p nm chu k dng ca dng sng v gi tr dng in th bng khng, dng nng lng c chuyn ti ri tr v, trong trng hp ny ta gi l cng sut phn khng Mt cng sut th hin s tiu tn nng lng c to ra khi c s np v phng nng lng t cc thnh phn L-C, cng sut ny hon ton khng tham gia vo qu trnh thc hin cng ca thit b nn cn c gi l cng sut v cng. Cng sut biu kin l gi tr cng sut cha 2 thnh phn cng sut thc v cng sut phn khng. Cng sut biu kin c th xem nh l cng sut tng ca thit b vi 2 gi tr in p vo v dng in vo c th thy c. Trong thc t, ngoi cc loi thit b mang tnh thun tr (bn i, bng n si t, bp in) th cc thit b khc u mang 3 thnh phn in tr R, cm khng L v dung khng C. Do trong vic cung cp nng lng cho thit b s c 2 thnh phn cng chy vo l cng sut tiu th thc v cng sut phn khng. o c vic s dng hiu qu nng lng cung cp chuyn i thnh nng lng c ch, ngi ta o t l gia cng sut tiu th thc vi cng sut phn khng, c gi l php o h s cng sut (Power Factor PF).

Phng php thng dng nht lm gim i cng sut phn khng ca cc thit b thun cm l mc song song vi cun dy mt t in (ngi ta thng gi l t b), lc ny dng in sinh ra bi cm khng v dung 0 khng lch pha nhau 180 , dng in chy vo t in v cun dy c xu hng trit tiu nhau (trung ho). y l phng php lm gim cng sut phn khng hiu qu nht trong vic truyn dn in nng hin nay. Cc thut ng v n v m t cng sut AC Cng sut tiu th tht Real power (P) n v Watt (W) Cng sut phn khng Reactive power (Q) n v volt-ampere reactive (var) Cng sut biu kin Apparent Power (S) n v Volt-Ampere (VA)

Trong biu , P l cng sut tiu th thc t, Q l cng xut phn khng, S l cng sut biu kin. Cng sut phn khng khng to ra nng lng thc, do n i din bng mt trc tng tng trn biu . ln ca gc cosine () th hin mi tng quan gia cng sut tiu th tht v cng sut phn khng. n v W c th hin cho cc gi tr cng sut thc. n v VA th hin gi tr cng sut biu kin v n l sn phm ca 2 gi tr in p RMS v dng in RMS. n v var th hin gi tr cng sut phn khng vi 2 gi tr in p v dng in phn khng. Mi quan h gia 3 gi tr cng sut ny c th hin qua cng thc S=P+jQ (vi j l n v o).

2/H s cng sut Power Factor (PF)

T l gia cng sut tiu th tht v cng sut phn khng c gi l h s cng sut. Trong trng hp dng in AC l dng sng sin thun tu, h s cng sut l cosine ca gc pha () gia dng in v in p ca dng sng sin, v l do ny trong cc ti liu k thut ngi ta thng vit tt h s cng sut l cos. H s cng sut khng c n v ring, gi tr ca n c th hin t 0 n 1 v c th c din t nh mt t l phn trm nh PF=50%. c th hin bng cng thc PF = cos = PS Nn mun nng cao cng sut tht P th cn phi nng cao h s cos. H s cng sut bng 1 khi dng in v in p cng pha. Cc thit b c h s cng sut bng 1 nh: n si t, bn i, my nc nng, bp in, H s cng sut bng 0 khi dng in v in p lch pha nhau 90 , y h s cng sut phi c th hin dng in nhanh hay chm pha hn so vi in p. Cc thit b c h s cng sut di 1 nh: n neon dng chn lu, motor, van ng ct, cc thit b in t,
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Trn hai h thng truyn ti c cng cng sut tht th h thng no c h s cng sut thp hn th s c dng in ln hn v phn nng lng phn khng b tr li ngun ln hn, to ra nhiu tht thot nng lng v lm gim hiu nng truyn ti, lm tng kch thc dy in truyn dn. H qu l n cn c mt cng sut biu kin cao hn vi cng mt cng sut thc c truyn ti. V d, c c 1kW cng sut tiu th thc trong iu kin h s cng sut l ti u nht vi gi tr bng 1, th cn phi c 1kVA cng sut biu kin c truyn i; 1kW : 1 = 1kVA. Trong iu kin h s cng sut thp, v d nh 0.5, th cn phi c 2kVA cng sut biu kin c truyn i: 1kW : 0.5 = 2kVA. Ti sao phi quan tm ti vic ny, cho d cng sut phn khng tht s khng sinh ra cng nh khi n tn ti s lm cho cc dy dn nng hn. Nhng thit b c s dng cc cun dy nh motor, my pht in, my bin th,phi c thit k vi cc cun dy ln hn c th chu c cng sut tng bao gm dng c ch v dng v cng. Cng chnh v l do vi gi tr u t cho thit b v ng truyn cao nn gi in dnh cho cc khu vc cng nghip v thng mi c gi cao hn so vi khch hng c nhn, ni c nhiu thit b s dng in c h s cng sut thp. Nh phn phi in ngoi vic tng gi in vi cc khch hng ln, h cn kim sot cng sut phn khng bng cc thit b o chuyn dng nhm h tr khch hng tm cc bin php lm gia tng h s cng sut, ng thi pht nhng khch hng no h s cng sut thp hn tiu chun. PowerLab

Cng sut AC v tnh nng iu chnh h s cng sut PFC (2)

iu chnh h s cng sut PFC (Power Factor Correction)

1/iu chnh h s cng sut tuyn tnh
iu chnh PFC truyn tnh p dng cho cc thit b tiu th trc tip in p li. Vic iu chnh c th t c bng vic thm vo hay bt ra cc cun dy hay t in cho thit b. Nh ng c mang tnh cm khng c th iu chnh PFC bng vic u thm mt t song song cun dy vn hnh nhm gip trit tiu cng sut phn khng, lm gim cng sut biu kin v tng h s PF. Thit b iu chnh h s cng sut khng nhng c p dng trong ngnh cng nghip in m n cn c th s dng vi ngi dng c nhn khi mun lm gim tn hao trn ng truyn v n nh in p cho ti. Thit b iu chnh h s cng sut thc cht l mt thit b cung cp mt cng sut phn khng tng ng v i nghch li vi cng sut phn khng c to ra ca thit b. Thm t in hay cun dy vo qu trnh hu b i hiu ng cm ng hay in dung tng ng c to ra. ng c c tnh cm ng c th c b bng cc t lc, l h quang in c tnh in dung c th b bng cc cun dy. Khi thm vo hay ly ra cc thit b b cng sut phn khng c th to ra s bin ng in p hay to ra cc mo hi, trong trng hp xu nht cc thnh phn b cng sut phn khng c th to ra hin tng cng hng vi h thng c b, lm cho in p tng cao v gy mt n nh cho h thng. Do vy vic iu chnh h s PFC khng th n gin l vic thm hay bt cc thnh phn, m n cn c tnh ton k ph hp vi tng mc cng sut ti trn thit b. trnh trng hp trn, ng dng vic b h s cng sut PFC bng cc thit b b t ng. Thit b ny bao gm nhiu t in c ng hay ngt ra khi thit b c b cng sut phn khng bng cc cng tt. Cc cng tt ny li c iu khin bng mt thit b iu khin trung tm c kh nng o h s cng sut bng vic o dng ti v in p ca thit b qua cc cm bin dng c gn trn ng truyn dn in nng, trc khi vo thit b. Tu thuc vo ti v h s cng sut ca thit b, b iu khin s u ni tun t cc t b vo mch sao cho gi tr h s cng sut lun trn gi tr c chn. Mt cch khc iu chnh h s cng sut l dng ng c ng b, ng c ng b cung cp mt cng sut phn khng c chiu nghch vi chiu cng sut phn khng ca thit b, tnh cht tiu th cng sut phn khng ca ng c ng b c xem l mt tnh cht t bit ca loi ng c ny, n c xem tng ng nh mt t ng b. Ngoi ra trong ngnh cng nghip in cn c nhiu phng php iu chnh h s cng sut khc nh bng cc thit b in t s dng Thyristor chng hn.

2/iu chnh h s cng sut phi tuyn tnh

Ti phi tuyn thng l dng ti chnh lu, khng s dng trc tip t in xoay chiu m nn li thnh dng in mt chiu-chnh lu nh cc b ngun my tnh (PSU), adaptor,hay cc thit b s dng nng lng gin on-lin tc nh my hn, bng n hunh quanh,..,cc thit b ny trong qu trnh tiu th nng lng cn to ra cc dng sng hi c tn s l bi s ca tn s in li, chn vo tn s in li. Cc thnh phn linh kin tuyn tnh nh cun dy v t in khng th loi b c cc di tn s mi c to ra ny, v vy n phi dng cc b lc hay b iu chnh h s cng sut c th lm phng dng in ra trn mi chu k nhm gim dng hi. Trong cc loi ti phi tuyn tnh th PSU c s dng nhiu nht, vi thit k chuyn i nng lng theo kiu ng/ct (switching). Trc y cc b ngun ny ch n gin c thit k vi mt cu nn in chnh lu ton sng np mt mc in p di mc chu ng c ca t in. iu ny s to ra mt dng in np ban u rt cao, h s cng sut rt thp, ng thi to ra cc sng hi khng c li. iu chnh h s cng sut th ng Passive PFC Phng php Passive PFC n gin ch l s dng mt b lc, b lc ny ch cho qua dng in c tn s bng vi tn s in li (50Hz hoc 60Hz) v chn khng cho cc tn s sng hi i qua. Lc ny ti phi tuyn

tnh c th xem nh mt ti tuyn tnh, h s cng sut c nng cao hn. Tuy nhin yu cu cn phi c cun cm c gi tr cm khng ln lm cho b lc cng knh v c gi thnh cao, nhng thc t vi mch Passive PFC c cun dy tuy ln hn cun dy ca mch iu chnh h s cng sut tch cc Active PFC nhng gi thnh chung li r hn. y l mt phng php n gin v r tin iu chnh h s cng sut v lm gim sng hi tuy nhin n li khng hiu qu bng phng php iu chnh h s cng sut tch cc Active PFC. iu chnh h s cng sut tch cc Active PFC L mt h thng in t cng sut c chc nng kim sot nng lng cung cp cho ti, iu chnh h s cng sut mc tt nht trn mi mc ti. Trong thit k thc t, mch Active PFC iu khin dng np cho ti sao cho dng sng ca dng vo cng pha vi dng sng u vo ( y l sng sin). V c bn c 3 dng mch Active PFC c s dng, l; Boost, Buck v Buck-Boost.

Trong PSU, dng mch c s dng thng dng nht l Boost. Mt mch chuyn i c chn vo gia cu nn in v t lc chnh. N to mt in p DC n nh u ra v duy tr dng in vo lun ng pha vi tn s ca in p vo. Phng php ny i hi phi thm mt s linh kin chuyn mch bn dn cng sut v mch iu khin nhng b li n c kch thc nh hn mch Passive PFC. Dng mch iu chnh h s cng sut Active PFC c th hot ng trn mt di in p vo rt rng, t 90VAC n 264VAC, t tnh ny rt c ngi dng cho n, n gip cho h khng cn quan tm ti mc in p ph hp vi PSU ti khu vc mnh ang , ngoi ra n cn gip PSU hot ng c nhng khu vc c in p AC khng n nh.

Mch Passive PFC thc t trong PSU

Mch Active PFC thc t trong PSU

3/Tm quan trng ca vic iu chnh h s cng sut trong vic truyn dn in nng
Thc t cho thy cng ty cung cp in bn in cho ngi dng di 2 gi tr l in p v dng in (VA) nhng ho n li c tnh bng Watt. Nu h s cng sut ca thit b c gi tr thp hn 1 th cn phi c nhiu cng sut VA c truyn i c th p ng c cng sut Watt tht, ngoi ra n cn lm tng chi ph thc hin vic truyn dn in. V d, h s cng sut l 0.5, th cng sut biu kin s gp 2 ln cng sut tht c tiu th bi ti, ng dy in cng v m c kch thc ln hn 2 ln so vi khi h s cng sut bng 1. ng ngha vi vic in lc phi u t cc thit b nh my pht in, bin th, dy dn, chuyn mch c kch thc ln hn. Lu : hiu sut lm vic ca thit b s dng in khng ph thuc vo vic thit b c hay khng c PFC. PowerLab

Cng sut AC v tnh nng iu chnh h s cng sut PFC (3)

4/Mt v d c th gia s o thc ca hai PSU c P.PFC v khng PFC Ti dng 2 PSU c cng thit k nh nhau, vi mc cng sut ging nhau l 250W, chng ch khc nhau l mt PSU c P.PFC (thm duy nht 1 bin p PFC) v mt th hon ton khng c PFC. Qua thit b o Power Meter, cho thy;

Gi tr o ca PSU khng c PFC

Gi tr o ca PSU c Passive PFC Kt qu cng mt mc in th vo 220VAC v cng sut DC ra l 250W th PSU c PFC cho gi tr dng in vo thp hn l 2.1A so vi 2.5A ca PSU khng c PFC. Cng sut tiu th cng gim i tng ng, gi tr h s cng sut tng t 0.591 ln 0.744. PowerLab

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