NGUYN VN X

T TON
TRNG THPT YN PHONG S 2




NG DNG O HM

GII TON THPT






















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ng dng o hm gii ton THPT
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1
1

NG DNG O HM GII TON THPT

1. nh ngha v tnh cht ca o hm
1.1. nh ngha o hm
Cho hm s y = f(x) xc nh trn tp D v im
0
x D. Gi s tn ti khong (a; b) sao cho
0
x (a; b) D. Nu tn ti gii hn hu hn
0
0
x x
0
f (x) f (x )
lim a
x x

th s a c gi l o hm ca
hm s f(x) ti im x
0
v k hiu l
0
f '(x ) hoc
0
y'(x ), khi
0
0
0
x x
0
f (x) f (x )
f '(x ) lim .
x x

o hm
ca hm s ti im x
0
(nu c) l mt hng s. Hm s c o hm ti x
0
th lin tc ti x
0
.
Khi gii ton cn lu
0 0 0
0 0 0
0
x x x x x x
0 0 0
f (x) f (x ) f (x) f (x ) f(x) f (x )
f '(x ) a lim a lim lim a.
x x x x x x
+


= = = =


Nu hm s y = f(x) c o hm ti mi im thuc khong K th ta ni f(x) c o hm trn K v
hm s f '(x), x K, c gi l (hm) o hm ca f(x) trn K. o hm ca hm s (nu c) trn
mt khng (c th m rng trn mt tp) l mt hm s.
o hm cp cao
(k) (k 1)
f (x) (f (x)) '.

=
1.2. Cc tnh cht ca o hm (nhng cng thc ny c gi s l hai v u c ngha)
1)
n n 1 n
n n 1
1
(c) ' 0; (x) ' 1; (x ) ' n.x ; ( x) .
n. x

= = = =
2)
2 2
2 2
1 1
(sin x) ' cos x; (cos x) ' sin x; (tan x) ' 1 tan x ; (cot x) ' 1 cot x .
cos x sin x
= = = + = = =
3)
x x
a
1
(a ) ' a .ln a; (log | x |) ' .
x.lna
= =
4)
2
u u ' v uv '
(u v w) ' u ' v ' w '; (k.u) ' k.u '; (uv) ' u ' v uv '; ( ) ' ; (u(v(x))) ' u '(v).v '(x).
v
v

+ = + = = + = =

2. ng dng o hm tnh tng v tm h s ca a thc
Nh o hm ta c th tnh c mt s tng (hoc chng minh ng thc) m cc s hng thng
c dng (k+1)x
k
a
k
.
i vi a thc
n
0 1 n
f (x) a a x ... a x = + + + ta d thy
(k)
k
f (0)
a ,
k!
= trong qui c o hm cp 0
ca hm s f(x) l chnh hm s f(x); v
n
0 1 n 0 1 2 3 n
a a ... a f (1), a a a a ... ( 1) a f ( 1). + + + = + + + =
VD1. Cho a thc f(x) = (1 + x x
12
)
2011
+ (1 x + x
11
)
2012
.
1. Tm h s ca s hng cha x trong a thc.
2. Tnh tng tt c cc h s bc l trong a thc.
3. Tnh tng cc h s bc ln hn hay bng 2 trong a thc.
HD. 1. Ta c
12 2010 11 11 2011 10
f '(x) 2011(1 x x ) .(1 12x ) 2012(1 x x ) .( 1 11x ). = + + + + cho
tin ta k hiu
n
0 1 n
f (x) a a x ... a x = + + + (vi n = 122011 = 24132). H s ca s hng cha x
trong a thc f(x) l
1
f '(0)
a 2011 2012 1.
1!
= = =
2. Do
n
0 1 n 0 1 2 3 n
a a ... a f (1) 2, a a a a ... ( 1) a f ( 1) 0 + + + = = + + + = = nn tng cc h s bc
l ca f(x) l
1 3 24131
f (1) f ( 1)
a a ... a 1.
2

+ + + = =
3. Ta c a
0
= f(0) = 2, vy
2 3 n 0 1 n 0 1
a a ... a (a a ... a ) a a 2 2 ( 1) 1. + + + = + + + = =
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2
2
VD2. Chng minh
1 2 2 2 n n 2
n n n
C 2 C ... n C n(n 1)2 , n , n 2.

+ + + = +
HD. Ta c
n n n
n k k n 1 k k 1 n 1 k k
n n n
k 0 k 1 k 1
(1 x) C x n(1 x) C kx nx(1 x) C kx

= = =
+ = + = + =


n
n 1 n 2 k 2 k 1
n
k 1
n(1 x) n(n 1)x(1 x) C k x ,

=
+ + + =

thay x = 1 vo ng thc cui cng ny s thu
c
1 2 2 2 n n 2
n n n
C 2 C ... n C n(n 1)2 , n , n 2.

+ + + = +
Nhn xt. Ta cng c
2 1 2 2 2 n 2 2 n 1 n 2
n n n n
n C (n 1) C ... 2 C 1 C n(n 1)2 , n , n 2.

+ + + + = +
Bi tp.
1. Khai trin f(x) = (1 x + x
2
)
2011
+ (1 + x
3
)
2012
thnh dng
6030
0 1 6030
f (x) a a x ... a x . = + + + Tnh
tng A =
1 2 3 6029 6030
a 2a 3a ... 6029a 6030a . + + +
2. Gi s
n n
0 1 n
(1 x) a a x ... a x , n *. + = + + + Bit rng tn ti s nguyn dng k (1 k n)
sao cho
k 1 k k 1
a a a
.
2 9 24
+
= = Tnh tng
2 3 4 n
2.1.a 3.2.a 4.3.a ... n.(n 1).a . + + + +
3. Chng minh rng
1 2 3 n
n n n n
C 2C 3C ... nC (n!.n), n , n 2. + + + + < >
4. Chng minh rng
0 1 n 2 n 2 n 1 n 1
n n n n
nC (n 1)C ... ( 1) C ( 1) C 0, *.

+ + + =
5. Cho s nguyn dng n 3 tho mn ng thc
3 3
n n
A C
35.
(n 1)(n 2)
+
=

Tnh cc tng sau y
1 2 n 2 2 2 3 n 2 n 2 n 1
1 n n n 2 n n n 3
4 5
S C 2C ... nC ; S 2 C 3 C ... ( 1) n C ; S 1 2x 3x ... nx ;
S sin x sin 2x ... sinnx; S cos x 2cos 2x ... n cos nx.

= + + + = + + = + + + +
= + + + = + + +

6. Chng minh rng
n 0 n 1 1 n 1 n 1
n n n
n2 C (n 1)2 C ... 2C 2n.3 , n *.

+ + + =
7. Tm n bit
1 2 2 3 3 4 2n 2n 1
2n 1 2n 1 2n 1 2n 1 2n 1
C 2.2.C 3.2 C 4.2 C ... (2n 1)2 C 2005 (n *).
+
+ + + + +
+ + + + =
8. Cho khai trin
n n
0 1 n
(1 2x) a a x ... a x , n *. + = + + + Bit rng
1 2 n
0
2 n
a a a
a ... 4096.
2
2 2
+ + + =
Gi
k
a l s ln nht trong cc s
0 1 n k i
a , a , ..., a , (a max{a , i 0, n}). = = Tnh tng
0 1 2 3 k 1 k 1 n
S a a 2a 3a ... (k 1)a (k 1)a ... na
+
= + + + + + + + + + (Tc l
n
0 i k
i 1
S a ( i.a ) ka ).
=
= +

9. Cho khai trin
n n
0 1 n
(1 2x) a a x ... a x , n *. = + + + Bit rng
0 1 2
a a a 71. + + = Tnh tng
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
1 2 3 4 5 6 n
S 1 a 2 a 3 a 4 a (5 1)a 6 a ... n a . = + + + + + + +
10. Cho
0 1 2
n n n
C C C 211. + + = Tnh tng
2 0 2 1 2 2 2 n
n n n n
1 1 1 1
1 2 3 n 1
1 C 2 C 3 C (n 1) C
S ... .
A A A A
+
+
= + + + +
11. Tm s nguyn dng n tho mn
200
1 2 2 3 n 1 n
n n n n
2 1
C 3C 3 C ... 3 C .
3

+ + + + =
12. Chng minh rng
0 99 1 100 99 198 100 199
100 100 100 100
1 1 1 1
100.C .( ) 101.C .( ) ... 199.C .( ) 200.C .( ) 0.
2 2 2 2
+ + =
13. Cho
2 2 2 2
2 3 4 n
1 1 1 1 2011
... , n , n 2.
2012
A A A A
+ + + + = Tnh tng tt c cc h s bc ln hn 2 ca
a thc f (x) = (1 2x).(x
2
+ 1)
n
.
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3
3. ng dng o hm tnh gii hn
Da vo nh ngha o hm ca hm s ti mt im v cc tnh cht ca o hm ta c th tnh
c mt s gi hn dng v nh.
tnh gii hn
0
0
c dng
0
x x
f (x)
lim , f (0) 0,
x
= ta vn dng trc tip nh ngha o hm ca hm
s ti mt im, thu c
0
x x
f (x)
lim f '(0).
x
=
Nu cc hm f(x) v g(x) c o hm trn mt ln cn ca im x
0
v f(x
0
) = g(x
0
) = 0,
0
g'(x ) 0
th
0
0 0
0
0 0
x x
0 0 0
x x x x 0 0
0
x x
0 0
f (x) f (x ) f (x) f (x )
lim
x x x x f '(x ) f (x)
lim lim ,
g(x) g(x ) g(x) g(x )
g(x) g'(x )
lim
x x x x

= = =


(dng v nh
0
).
0
Cc dng v
nh
0
, 0. , - , 1 , 0 ...

ta bin i v dng
0
0
p dng tnh cht trn.
VD3. Tnh gii hn
1
3 2 3
3 2 3
x
x 1 x x 0
1 x x 1 x x
1)A lim ; 2)B= lim ( 1 x 1 x ); 3)C lim(1 sin x) .
tan(x 1)
+ +
= + + + = +

HD. 1) Xt
3 2 3
f (x) 1 x x 1 x x , g(x) tan(x 1) = + + = trn mt ln cn ca im x
0
= 1. Nhn
thy
2
2
2 3 2 3
2x 1 3x 1
f '(x) , g'(x) 1 tan (x 1),
2 1 x x 3 (1 x x )

= = +
+ +
f(1) = g(1) = 0,
1
f '(1) ,
6
=
g '(1) 1 0, = nn
x 1
x 1 x 1 x 1 x 1
x 1
f (x) f (x) 0 f (x) f (1) f (x) f (1)
lim
f (x) f '(1) 1
x 1 x 1 x 1 x 1
A lim lim lim lim .
g(x) g(x) 0 g(x) g(1) g(x) g(1)
g(x) g'(1) 6
lim
x 1 x 1 x 1 x 1

= = = = = = =



3 2 3 2 3
3
x x
1 1
2)B= lim ( 1 x 1 x ) lim x( 1 ( ) 1 ( ) ).
x x +
+ + + = + + + t
1
t
x
= th t 0 khi x . Ta
c
3 3 2
t 0
1 t 1 t
B=lim .
t
+ +
Xt
3 3 2
f (t) 1 t 1 t , = + + c
2
3 2 2 3
t t
f '(t) ,
(1 t ) 1 t
=
+ +
f(0) = 0,
f '(0) 0, = nn
3 3 2
t 0 t 0 t 0 t 0
1 t 1 t f (t) f (t) 0 f (t) f (0)
B=lim lim lim lim f '(0) 0.
t t t 0 t 0
+ +
= = = = =


3) Ta lun c th chn c mt ln cn ca im x
0
= 0 sao cho trn ln cn 1 + sinx > 0. t
1
x
ln(1 sin x)
M (1 sin x) , N ln(M) .
x
+
= + = = Xt hm f (x) 1 sin x, = + c f '(x) cos x, = f(0) = 1,
f '(0) 1. = Nh vy
x 0 x 0 x 0 x 0
ln(1 sin x) f (x) f (x) f (0)
lim N lim lim lim f '(0) 1.
x x x 0
+
= = = = =

Suy ra
x 0
1
lim N
N 1
x
x 0 x 0 x 0
C lim(1 sin x) lim M lime e e e.

= + = = = = = Vy
1
x
x 0
C lim(1 sin x) e.

= + =
Bi tp.
14. Tnh cc gii hn sau y
x
x x x x
2
0 0 0 1
e + sin2x cos3x 1 1 2x 3x 4 x 2 x 3 2x
1) lim ; 2) lim ; 3) lim ; 4) lim ;
ln 1 + 4x tan5x 1 cosx sin(1 x) 1 2x 1
+ + +
+

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4
x
x x x
x
x x x
x
n m
2
1 0 0
3
1
tan x
x a
a 0
2
x.2 1 1 ax. 1 bx 1 sin3x ln(cos x)
5) lim ; 6) lim (a, b 0; m, n *); 7) lim ; 8) lim ;
x 1 x 1 2cos x
x
cos( cos x)
sin x 1
2
9) lim( ) (a k ); 10) lim ; 11) lim (sin x) ; 12) lim (cos
sina sin(tan x)

+ +

x x
x
2 3 9
2 3 3 0 0 x 1
2 sin 2x sin x
3 3
x x 0 x 0
1
sin ) ;
x x
(x +2005) 1 5x - 2005 1 1 x x 2
13) lim ; 14) lim ; 15) lim ;
x sin(x 1) 3x(1 1 4x)
2x( (1 6x) 1 6x 1)
x x 2x e e x sin 2011x
16) lim ;17) lim ; 18) lim
sin x x sin 201
x x 3x

+
+
(
+ +
(

( + + +
+ + + +

+
+
+
n n
m m
x a
x a
; 19) lim (a ; m, n *).
2x
x a

4. ng dng o hm vit phng trnh tip tuyn ca th hm s
Nu hm s y = f(x) (C) c o hm ti x = x
0
th tip tuyn ca (C) ti im M(x
0
; f(x
0
)) c phng
trnh l
0 0 0 0
y f '(x )(x x ) f (x ); f '(x ) = + l h s gc ca tip tuyn ca (C) ti im M(x
0
; f(x
0
)).
ng thng y = ax + b l tip tuyn ca th hm s y = f(x) khi h phng trnh sau c nghim
ax b f (x)
,
a f '(x)
+ =

v nghim x
0
ca h ny chnh l honh tip im.
VD4. Tm a, b hm s
2
3 2
x ax b khi x 2
y
x x 8x 10 khi x 2

+ +

=

+ >

c o hm ti x
0
= 2 v khi hy vit
phng trnh tip tuyn ca th hm s ti im c honh x
0
= 2.
HD. hm s c o hm ti im x
0
= 2 th trc ht n phi lin tc ti im ny. Ta phi c
3 2 2
x 2 x 2 x 2 x 2
y(2) lim y(x) lim y(x) y(2) lim (x x 8x 10) lim (x ax b) 4 2a b 2
+ +

= = = + = + + + + =
b 2a 6. = Lc ny ta vit li
2
3 2
x ax 2a 6 khi x 2
y .
x x 8x 10 khi x 2

+ >

Hm s ny c o hm ti x
0
= 2 khi
3 2 2
x 2 x 2 x 2 x 2
y(x) y(2) y(x) y(2) (x x 8x 10) ( 2) (x ax 2a 6) ( 2)
lim lim lim lim 0 a 4
x 2 x 2 x 2 x 2
+ +

+ +
= = = +


a 4 b 2. = = Vy vi a = 4, b = 2 th hm s cho c o hm ti im x
0
= 2 v y'(2) 0. =
Khi tip tuyn cn tm l y 0.(x 2) ( 2) y 2. = + =
VD5. Vit phng trnh tip tuyn ca (C): y = x
4
2x
2
bit tip tuyn i qua tm ng trn ngoi
tip tam gic c ba nh l ba im cc tr ca (C).
HD. D thy (C) c ba im cc tr l A(1;1), B(1;1), O(0;0). Gi I l tm ng trn ni tip tam
gic OAB th I(0; m) vi 1 < m < 0. Cc ng thng OA, OB, AB ln lt c phng trnh x y = 0,
x + y = 0, y + 1 = 0. C d(I, OA) = d(I, OB) = d(I, AB)
m
m 1 m 2 2 (do 1 m 0).
2
= + = < <
Vy I(0; 2 2). ng thng i qua I c h s gc a c phng trnh y ax 2 2 = + (d) (tip tuyn
ca th hm s l ng thng c h s gc). ng thng (d) l tip tuyn ca th (C) khi h
phng trnh
4 2
3
x 2x ax 2 2 (1)
4x 4x a (2)

= +

c nghim. Th (2) vo (1) ta c

4 2
3x 6x 2 2 0 + =
3 3 2
x .
3

= Tng ng ta tm c 4 gi tr ca a l
4 3 3 2 3 3 3 2
a .
3 3
+ +
= Do
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5
tm c 4 tip tip tho mn yu cu bi ton
4 3 3 2 3 3 3 2
y .x 2 2.
3 3
+ +
= +
Bi tp.
15. Vit phng trnh tip tuyn ca th hm s y =
2
x 2x + 4
x 2

bit tip tuyn vung gc vi

ng thng x 3y + 2 = 0.
16. Cho
x 2
y (C).
2x 3
+
=
+
a) Vit PTTT ca (C) bit tip tuyn to vi hai trc to mt tam gic cn.
b) Vit PTTT ca (C) ti cc im c to nguyn ca (C).
c) Chng minh rng khng c tip tuyn no ca (C) i qua im
3
I( ; 2).
2

17. Tm m bit rng tip tuyn c h s gc nh nht ca th (C): y = x
3
3mx
2
+ 4m
3
l mt ng
thng to vi hai trc to tam gic c din tch bng
25
.
6

18. Vit PTTT ca th (C):
3 2
1
y x x
3
=
a) Bit tip tuyn i qua im A(3; 0).
b) Bit tip tuyn song song vi ng thng 9x + 12y 2 = 0.
19. Tnh din tch hnh phng gii hn bi th y = x
3
3x
2
+ 3 (C) v tip tuyn ca th (C) ti
im M(1;1).
20. Gi A, B l cc giao im ca ng thng y = x + m vi th
x 1
y (C)
2x 1
+
=

v k
1
, k
2
ln lt l
h s gc ca tip tuyn ca (C) ti A, B. Tm m tng k
1
+ k
2
t gi tr ln nht.
21. a) Tm trn trc Oy nhng im m t k c 2 tip tuyn ti th hm s y = x
4
sao cho 2
tip tuyn vung gc vi nhau.
b) Tm trn ng thng y = 6 nhng im c th k c 3 tip tuyn ti th hm s
3 2
y 2x 9x 12x 1 = + + sao cho 2 trong s 3 tip tuyn vung gc vi nhau.
22. Tm m th hm s y = 2x
4
2(m + 4)x
3
+ (8m + 7)x
2
2(3m+2)x+3 tip xc vi trc Ox.
23. Vit PTTT ca th
3
x 1
(C) : y
x 1

=
+
ti giao im ca th ny vi trc tung.
24. a) Vit PTTT ca
x
y (C)
x 1
=

bit khong cch t tm i xng ca (C) ti tip tuyn l ln nht.

b) Vit PTTT ca
4x 3
y (C)
x 1

bit tip tuyn hp vi trc honh gc 45

0
.
25. Tm a, b hm s
3
2
x khi x 1
f (x)
ax b khi x 1

=

+ >

c o hm ti x
0
= 1, khi hy vit PTTT ca
th hm s ti im c honh x
0
= 1.
5. ng dng o hm xt tnh n iu ca hm s
Nu hm s y = f(x) lin tc trn on [a; b] v ng bin (hoc nghch bin) trn khong (a; b) th
hm s ny ng bin (tng ng nghch bin) trn on [a; b].
Nu hm s y = f(x) c o hm trn khong K v phng trnh f '(x) 0 = c hu hn nghim trn K
th: + f(x) ng bin trn K f '(x) 0, x K.
+ f(x) nghch bin trn K f '(x) 0, x K.
Lu : nu thay khong K bi mt na khong hoc mt on th kt lun trn vn ng, nhng nu
thay K bi mt tp bt k th kt lun khng ng na.
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6
VD6. Tm m hm s
3 2 3
1
y x mx x 2m
3
= +
a. ng bin trn .
b. ng bin trn khong (0; ). +
c. Khong nghch bin ca hm s c di ln hn 2 3.
HD. a) Hm s ng bin trn
2 2
y' x 2mx 1 0 ( x ) ' m 1 0 1 m 1. = + =
b) Hm s ng bin trn khong
2
2
x 1
(0; ) y' x 2mx 1 0 ( x 0) m ( x 0).
2x
+
+ = + > > Xt
hm s
2
x 1
f (x)
2x
+
= vi x > 0, c
2
2
2x 2
f '(x) , f '(x) 0 x 1,
4x

= = = vi x > 0 th f '(x) 0 x 1. = =
Trn khong (0; ) + du ca f '(x) ph thuc vo du ca tam thc 2x
2
2. T ta c bng bin
thin ca hm f(x) nh sau
x 0 1 +
f '(x) 0 +
f(x)
+ +


1
T bng bin thin suy ra
2
x 1
m ( x 0) m 1.
2x
+
> Vy hm s cho ng bin trn khong
(0; ) + khi m 1.
c) hm s c khong ng bin th trc ht y phi c hai nghim phn bit, tc l ' 0. > Khi
gi x
1
, x
2
l 2 nghim ca y (x
1
< x
2
) th hm s c khong nghch bin l (x
1
; x
2
). di khong ny
(khong cch gia 2 nghim ca mt phng trnh bc hai) l
1 2
4 '
x x .
a a

= = Vy khong
nghch bin ca hm s cho c di ln hn 2 3 ta cn iu kin i vi tam thc
2
y' x 2mx 1 = + l
2
2
2
' 0
m 1 0
m 2
m 1 3 .
4 '
2 3 m 2
2 m 1 2 3
a
>

>
>
>


> <

>

VD7. Chng minh hm s
1
y
x
= nghch bin trn mi khong xc nh nhng trn tp xc nh th n
khng ng bin v cng khng nghch bin.
HD. Hm s c tp xc nh { } D \ 0 ( ; 0) (0; ). = = + o hm
2
1
y' 0, x D.
x
= < V
2
1
y' 0, x ( ; 0)
x
= < nn hm s nghch bin trn khong ( ; 0) , v
2
1
y' 0, x (0; )
x
= < +
nn hm s nghch bin trn khong (0; ). + Ta chn x
1
= 1 th y
1
= 1, x
2
= 1 th y
2
= 1, ta thy
1 2 1 2
x x , y y < < nn hm s khng nghch bin trn D. Tng t nu chn x
1
= 2 th y
1
=
1
2
, x
2
= 3 th
y
2
=
1
3
, do
1 2 1 2
x x , y y < > nn hm s khng ng bin trn D. Vy hm s cho nghch bin trn
mi khong xc nh ( ; 0), (0; ), + nhng n khng ng bin v cng khng nghch bin trn tp
xc nh { } D \ 0 ( ; 0) (0; ). = = +
ng dng o hm gii ton THPT
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7
7
Bi tp.
26. Xc nh cc khong n iu ca hm s
3 2 4 2
1 3 x
1)y x x ; 2)y ; 3)y x 2x .
4 2 2 x
= = = +

27. Tm m hm s: a)
3 2
1
y x mx (m 6)x 1
3
= + + + ng bin trn .
b)
3 2
m 1
y x (m 1)x 3(m 2)x
3 3
= + + ng bin trn na khong
[ ) 2; . +
c)
3 2
y 3x mx x 2 = + nghch bin trn . d)
m
y 3x
x 1
= +

ng bin trn tng khong xc nh

28. Tm m th hm s y = x
3
+ mx + 2 ct trc Ox ti ng mt im.
29. Lp bng bin thin ca hm s
2
2 2
2x 3x
a)y x sin x; b)y 4x 1 2x; c)y .
x 1
+
= = + =
+

6. ng dng o hm tm cc tr ca hm s
Gi s hm s y = f(x) lin tc trn khong (a; b), im x
0
(a; b), v c o hm trn cc khong
(a; x
0
), (x
0
; b). Ta c:
+ Nu
0 0
f '(x) 0, x (a; x ); f '(x) 0, (x ; b) > < th f(x) t cc i bng f(x
0
) ti im x = x
0
.
+ Nu
0 0
f '(x) 0, x (a; x ); f '(x) 0, (x ; b) < > th f(x) t cc tiu bng f(x
0
) ti im x = x
0
.
Ch : Nu hm s t cc tr ti x
0
th
0
f '(x ) 0 = hoc
0
f '(x ) khng xc nh.
Nu f '(x) khng i du trn (a; b) th f(x) khng c cc tr trn (a; b).
Nu x
0
l im cc tr ca hm s y = f(x) (C) th f(x
0
) c gi (gi tr) cc tr ca hm
s, v M(x
0
; f(x
0
)) c gi l im cc tr ca th (C).
Gi s hm s f(x) c o hm n cp 2 trn khong (a; b) v im x
0
(a; b). Ta c:
+ Nu
0 0
f '(x ) 0; f "(x ) 0 = < th f(x) t cc i bng f(x
0
) ti im x = x
0
.
+ Nu
0 0
f '(x ) 0; f "(x ) 0 = > th f(x) t cc tiu bng f(x
0
) ti im x = x
0
.
Ch : Nu
0 0
f '(x ) f "(x ) 0 = = th cha th kt lun c hm s c t cc tr ti x
0
hay khng
(chng hn vi f(x) = x
3
th
0 0
f '(x ) f "(x ) 0 = = v hm s khng t cc tr ti x = 0, vi f(x) = x
4
th
0 0
f '(x ) f "(x ) 0 = = v hm s t cc tiu ti x = 0, vi f(x) = x
4
th
0 0
f '(x ) f "(x ) 0 = = v hm s
t cc i ti x = 0).
VD8. Cho hm s y = x
3
2x
2
+ mx +1.
a) Tm m hm s i cc tiu ti x = 1.
b) Tm m hm s c hai im cc tr dng.
c) Tm m hm s c hai cc tr c tch nh hn
31
27
.
HD. a) Ta c
2
y' 3x 4x m, y" 6x 4, = + = v y"(1) 2 0 = > nn hm s cho t cc tiu ti x = 1
khi y'(1) 0 m 1. = = Vy vi m = 1 th hm s c im cc tiu x = 1.
b) Hm s cho c 2 im cc tr dng khi phng trnh
2
3x 4x m 0 + = c 2 nghim dng phn
bit, tc l
' 4 3m 0
4 4
S 0 0 m .
3 3
m
P 0
3

= >

= > < <

= >

Vy vi
4
0 m
3
< < th hm s c hai im cc tr dng.
c) Hm s cho c hai cc tr c tch nh hn
31
27
khi phng trnh
2
3x 4x m 0 (1) + = c 2 nghim
ng dng o hm gii ton THPT
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8
8
phn bit x
1
, x
2
v y(x
1
).y(x
2
) <
31
27
. Trc ht, phng trnh (1) c hai nghim phn bit x
1
, x
2
khi
4
' 0 m .
3
> < Theo nh l Viet th
1 2 1 2
4 m
x x , x x .
3 3
+ = = Lc ny ta c
( )
3 2 2 2
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 2 2m 8 11 2m 8 11
y x x 2x mx 1 (3x 4x m)( x ) ( )x ( )x (do 3x 4x m 0).
3 9 3 9 9 3 9 9
= + + = + + + = + + =
Tng t
2 2
2m 8 11
y(x ) ( )x .
3 9 9
= + Do ( ) ( )
1 2 1 2
31 2m 8 11 2m 8 11 31
y x .y x (( )x )(( )x )
27 3 9 9 3 9 9 27
< + + <
2 2
1 2 1 2
2m 8 11 2m 8 121 31 2m 8 m 11 2m 8 4 121 31
( ) x x ( )(x x ) ( ) ( )
3 9 9 3 9 81 27 3 9 3 9 3 9 3 81 27
+ + + < + + <
3 2
3m 8m 22m 17 0 m 1 + < < (tho mn
4
m ).
3
< Vy m < 1 l cc gi tr cn tm.
Bi tp.
30. Tm m hm s t cc tiu ti x = 0:
3 2 4 3
a)y x mx (m 1)x; b)y x mx . = + + = +
31. Tm m hm s y = x
3
(m+2)x +m t cc i ti x = 1.
32. Tm m hai im cc tr ca th hm s y = x
3
+ 3x
2
+ 3(m
2
1)x 3m
2
1 cch u im O.
33. Tm m th (C)
4 2
1
y x (3m 1)x 2(m 1)
4
= + + + c 3 im cc tr l 3 nh mt tam gic u.
34. Vit phng trnh ng thng i qua hai im cc tr ca th
3 2
1 m 1
y x x
3 2 3
= + bit rng tip
tuyn ca (C) ti im c honh bng 1 l mt ng thng song song vi d: 5x y = 0.
35. Tm m hm s
2
x mx 1
y
x m
+ +
=
+
a)C hai im cc tr tri du. b)C hai cc tr tri du.
36. Tm m cc im cc tr ca th hm s y = x
3
3mx
2
+ 4m
3
i xng vi nhau qua ng
thng y = x.
37. Tm m hm s y = x
3
(2m 1)x
2
+ (2 m)x + 2 c hai im cc tr dng.
38. Tm m ng thng y = x + m
2
m i qua trung im ca on thng ni hai im cc tr ca
th hm s y = x
3
6x
2
+ 9x.
39. Tm m th hm s y = x
4
2(m+1)x
2
+ m c 3 im cc tr A, B, C (A l im cc tr nm
trn Oy) sao cho OA = BC.
40. Chng minh th hm s sau lun c hai im cc tr v vit phng trnh ng thng i qua hai
im cc tr :
2 3
3 2
1 x m(m 1)x m 1
a)y x mx x m; b)y .
3 x m
+ + +
= + =

41. Tm m hm s c 1 im cc tr
4 2
1 1
f (x) x ax 2x 3
4 2
= + + .
42. Tm a, b, c, d y = ax
3
+ bx
2
+ cx + d t cc tiu bng 0 ti x = 0, t cc i bng 1 ti x = 1.
43. Tm a, b, c hm s y = x
3
+ ax
2
+ bx + c t cc tiu bng 3 ti x = 1, v th ca n ct trc
Oy ti im c tung bng 2.
44. Cho hm s
3 2
y 2x 3(2m 1)x 6m(m 1)x 1 = + + + + (C).
a) Chng minh vi mi m th hm s cho lun c hai im cc tr c khong cch khng i.
c) Tm m cc im cc tr ca hm s cho tho mn 2x
C
x
CT
= 5.
d) Tm m cc im cc tr ca hm s cho tho mn 2y
CT
+ y
C
= 16.
e) Chng minh ng thng ni hai im cc tr ca th hm s cho c phng khng i.
7. ng dng o hm chng minh bt ng thc v tm gi tr ln nht, gi tr nh nht ca
hm s
Bng bin thin ca hm s c th gip ta tm gi tr ln nht, gi tr nh nht ca hm s hoc
chng minh bt ng thc.
ng dng o hm gii ton THPT
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9
9
tm gi tr ln nht, nh nht ca hm s y = f(x) trn on [a; b] ta c th lm theo s sau:
Tnh f '(x) , tm cc gi tr
1 2
x , x ,... [a; b] m ti f '(x) = 0 hoc khng xc nh.
Tnh
1 2
f (x ), f (x ),..., f (a), f (b) .
Khi
[ ] [ ]
1 2 1 2
x a;b x a;b
max f (x) max{f (x ), f (x ),..., f (a), f (b)}, min f (x) min{f (x ), f (x ),..., f (a), f (b)}.

= =
VD9. Tm gi tr ln nht v nh nht ca hm s
2
y 6x 10 4x . = +
HD. Tp xc nh ca hm s l
10 10
D ; .
2 2
(
=
(

Ta c
2 2
4x 4x 3
y' 6 ;6 0 x ,
2
10 4x 10 4x
= = =


v
10 10 3
y( ) 3 10; y( ) 3 10; y( ) 10.
2 2 2
= = = Vy
x D x D
3 10
max y y( ) 10; min y y( ) 3 10.
2 2
= = = =
VD10. Cho a, b khng ng thi bng 0, chng minh
3 3
4 4 4 4
ab a b 1
.
2
a 3b 3a b
+
+ +

HD. Xt hm s f(x) = x
4
4xb
3
+ 3b
4
vi x . C
3 3
f '(x) 4x 4b , = f '(x) 0 x b, = =
f '(x) 0 x b, > > f '(x) 0 x b. < < Bng bin thin ca f(x) nh sau
x b +
f '(x) 0 +
f(x)
+ +


0
Suy ra ( )
4 3 4
f x x 4xb 3b 0, x . = + T ta c
3
4 3 4
4 4
ab 1
a 4ab 3b 0
4
a 3b
+
+

(do a, b khng ng thi bng 0 nn a
4
+ 3b
4
> 0). Tng t ta c
3
4 4
a b 1
4
3a b

+
. Cng hai bt ng
thc ny, v vi v tng ng, ta c
3 3
4 4 4 4
ab a b 1
.
2
a 3b 3a b
+
+ +
Du = xy ra khi a = b.
Bi tp.
45. Tm gi tr nh nht ca hm s y = x
4
+ 6x
3
+ 11x
2
+ 6x.
46. Chng minh rng a
4
+ b
4
ab
3
+ a
3
b vi mi a, b.
47. Chng minh rng x.e
x + 1
+ 1 0 vi mi x.
48. Chng minh
2
x
a)x ln(1 x), x 0; b)2sin x tan x 3x, x (0; ); c) cos x 1 , x .
2 2

> + > + >

49. Chng minh
2 2 2
x x x 9 3
, x, y, z , x y z 1.
10 4
1 x 1 x 1 x
+ + + + =
+ + +


50. Cho
2 2
a 0, b 0, 2(a b ) ab (a b)(ab 2). > > + + = + + Tm GTNN ca
3 3 2 2
3 3 2 2
a b a b
P 4( ) 9( ).
b a b a
= + +
51. Cho
[ ]
a, b, c 1; 4 , a b, a c. Tm gi tr nh nht ca biu thc
a b c
P .
2a 3b b c c a
= + +
+ + +

52. Tm gi tr ln nht ca hm s
2
1
y x; x ( ; 0).
2x
=
ng dng o hm gii ton THPT
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10
10
8. ng dng o hm kho st hm s
Bi tp.
53. Kho st v v th ca hm s
3 2 4 2
2x 1
a)y ; b)y x 3x ; c)y x x 6.
x 1

= = = +

9. ng dng o hm gii phng trnh, bt phng trnh, h phng trnh
Nu f(x) l hm s ng bin hoc l hm hng trn D, g(x) l hm nghch bin hoc l hm hng
trn D th phng trnh f(x) = g(x) c khng qu 1 nghim trn D.
Nu f(x) l hm n iu trn D th f(a) = f(b) a b (a, b D). = Nu f(x) ng bin trn D th
f (a) f (b) a b (a, b D). > > Nu f(x) nghch bin trn D th f (a) f (b) a b (a, b D). > <
Nu
x D x D
a min f (x), A max f (x)

= = th bt phng trnh m f (x) c nghim trn D khi m a, v bt
phng trnh ny nghim ng vi mi x D khi m A.
Rt nhiu bi ton c gii quyt da vo bng bin thin ca hm s.
VD11. Gi phng trnh
13 13 3 3
3
3sin x 3cos x sin x sin ( x) 3cos 2x 3 2 sin(x ) 0.
2 4

+ + + + =
HD. PT
13 3 2 13 3 2
3sin x sin x 3sin x 3sin x 3cos x cos x 3cos x 3cos x (1). + + = + + Xt hm s
13 3 2
f (t) 3t t 3t 3t, = + + c
12 2 12 2
f '(t) 39t 3t 6t 3 39t 3(t 1) 0, t , = + + = + > nn f(t) ng
bin trn . Ta c (1) f (sin x) f (cos x) sin x cos x x k , k .
4

= = = +
VD12. Tm m h sau y c nghim
2 2
3 2
4x 3y 2. x y 1 2 3x 5xy 2y 2. 3x 2y (1)
.
37
x y x y m 3m 3m (2)
12

+ + + + = + + + +

+ + + +

HD. Ta t
u 3x 2y 0
v x y 0

= +

= +

th h cho c vit thnh

2 2
2 2 3 2
u v 2v 1 2uv 2u
37
v 2u 5v m 3m 3m
12

+ + + = +

+ + +

2 2
2 3 2
2 2 3 2
u v 1
u v 2v 1 2uv 2u (do u, v 0)
.
37
37
3v 5v 2 m 3m 3m
v 2u 5v m 3m 3m
12
12

= + + + + = +

+ + + +
+ + +

Ta xt hm s
2
f (v) 3v 5v 2 = + + vi v 0, c
2
f '(v) 6v 5, = + v c bng bin thin
v 0
5
6
+
f '(v) + 0
f(v)

49
12


5


T bng bin thin v h cui cng ta thy h cho c nghim khi
3 2
37 49
m 3m 3m
12 12
+ +
3
(m 1) 0 m 1. Vy h cho c nghim khi m 1.
ng dng o hm gii ton THPT
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11
11
VD13. Bin lun theo m s nghim ca h phng trnh
3 2
2
2x (y 2)x xy m
.
x x y 1 2m

+ + =

+ =

HD.
4 3
3 2
2
2
2
x 2x x
m 2x (y 2)x xy m
.
2x 2x 1
x x y 1 2m
y x x 2m 1

= + + =

+
+ =

= + +

Xt hm s
4 3
2
x 2x x
f(x)
2x 2x 1
+
=
+
xc nh trn ,
c o hm
5 4 3 2 2 2
2 2 2 2
4x 10x 12x 8x 1 (2x 1)(4x 4x 2 2 3)( 8x 8x 4 4 3)
f '(x) ,
(2x 2x 1) (2x 2x 1)
+ + +
= =
+ +
v
c bng bin thin
x

1 2 3 1
2


1
2

1 2 3 1
2
+
+
f '(x) + 0 0 + 0
f(x)

2 3
2

2 3
2

5
8


Nhn thy s nghim ca h phng trnh ban u bng s nghim ca phng trnh m = f(x). Cn c
vo bng bin thin trn ta c kt lun:
H phng trnh cho v nghim khi
2 3
m .
2

>
H phng trnh cho c 2 nghim khi
2 3
m
2

= hoc
5
m .
8
<
H phng trnh cho c 3 nghim khi
5
m .
8
=
H phng trnh cho c 4 nghim khi
5 2 3
m .
8 2

< <
VD14. Gii bt phng trnh
2 5 2 3
5
a) x 12 log (3 x) 7 x 4; b)x 4x 2x 1 2(2x 1) 2x 1 x. + + + + + > +
HD. a)
2 2 3 3
5 5
x 12 log (3 x) 7 x 4 x 12 log (3 x) 7 x 4 0 (1). + + + + + + + + + Xt hm s
2 3
5
f (x) x 12 log (3 x) 7 x 4 = + + + + + vi tp xc nh D =
[ ) 0; . + Hm s lin tc trn D v c
o hm l
5
2 3
log (3 x) 1 1
f '(x) 0, x (0; ),
2 x 12 x(3 x) ln5
3 (x 4)
+
= + + > +
+ +
+
nn f(x) ng bin trn
D. Hn na f(4) = 0 nn (1) f (x) f (4) x 4. Vy bt phng trnh cho c nghim x 4 .
5 2 5 5
b)x 4x 2x 1 2(2x 1) 2x 1 x x x ( 2x 1) 2x 1 f (x) f ( 2x 1) + > + + > + > (vi
hm f(x) = x
5
+ x ng bin trn
1
x
) x 2x 1 .
2
x 1

>

Vy bt phng trnh cho c tp

nghim ( )
1
S ;1 1; .
2
|
= +
|

ng dng o hm gii ton THPT
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12
VD15. Gii h phng trnh
2
x y
2 2
x y 1 1 4(x y) 3(x y)
2 2 (y x)(xy 2)
a) ; b) .
3
2x y x y 2
2

+ + + = + + +

= +


= + =

HD. a) H
x y 2 2 x 3 y 3
2 2 2 2
2 2 (y x)(xy x y ) 2 x 2 y (1)
.
x y 2 x y 2 (2)

= + + + = +



+ = + =

Xt hm
x 3
f (x) 2 x = + c
o hm
x 2
f (x) 2 ln 2 3x 0, x , = + > nn f(x) ng bin trn . Nh vy (1) f (x) f (y) =
x y, = th vo (2) ta c x
2
= 1. Do x = y = 1. Vy h cho c 2 nghim (1; 1), (1; 1).
b) t t = x + y th phng trnh u tin ca h phng trnh cho tr thnh
2 2
t 1 1 4t 3t 4t 3t t 1 1 0 (3). + + = + + + = Xt hm
2
f (t) 4t 3t t 1 1 = + + lin tc trn
[0; ), + c
2
9t 9 3t
f '(t) 8t 0, t (0; ),
2 3t 3t
+
= + > +
+
nn f(t) ng bin trn [0; ). + Li c
1
f ( ) 0
2
=
nn
1 1 1
(3) f (t) f ( ) t x y .
2 2 2
= = + = Suy ra h phng trnh cho tng ng vi
3 1
x x y
2 2
.
1 3
y 2x y
6 2

= + =

= =


Vy h phng trnh cho c nghim
3 1
( ; ).
2 6

Bi tp.
53. Tm m c hai h phng trnh
1 x 4 y m 2 x 3 y m
,
1 y 4 x m 2 y 3 x m

+ + = + + =


+ + = + + =


cng c nghim.
54. Gii phng trnh, bt phng trnh, h phng trnh
2 2
x y y
2 2
2 2
2
2
x 2 y x
x x
2
y 2
3 2
19
e e (log y log x)(xy 1) ( 3x 4 5 x).2 2( 3x 8)
a) ; b) ; x
x y 1
y log x 1
x 2010
e y y 1 2009
c) ; d) ; e)2 3 3x 2;
y 2010
e x x 1
3log (x 2y 6) 1 2log (x y 2)
f )

= + + = +


+ =
+ =

+

= + + =

+ = +
+

= + +

+ + = + + +

2 11 2011 11 2011
3 3 2 2
4 2
2 x 2 x
2012 3 2
4 2
1 1
x 3x 2 0; g)sin x cos x cos x sin x;
2x 2x 3 x x 1
x x 2x 5
h) log ( ) x 2x 3; i) log (x 1) log x; j)e x 3 x 2 e .
x 2x 4x 2
+ = =
+ + +
+ + +
= + + +
+ + +

55. Tm m phng trnh, bt phng trnh, h phng trnh c nghim

3 2 2011 3 2 3
4 x 2 1 x 1 x 1 x m 2
2 x x x 3
a)(x 3x 1) m( x x 1) ; b)log(x x 2m) log(1 2x); c) x 2x x 1 m;
d)2 2 1 x 1 x m x; e)3 x 1 m x 1 2 x 1;
f ) x mx 2 2x 1; g)m(1 5) (m 2)( 5 1) (2m 1)2 ; h)6sin x 4sin x m 0;
i
+ + + + +
+ + + = =
= + + + + =
+ + = + + + + = + + =
2 2
2 2 2 2
x y 3, x 2
x y 4, x 9 x y xy 3 3x y 2y m 0
) ; j) ; k) ; ) .
x 7 y 7 m x 1 y 1 m x 3 y 5 m 3y x 2x m 0
+ =
+ = + = =


+ + + + + + = + + + = =

l