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GVHD: Trn Th Phi Oanh

Nhm 3
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Bo co th nghim ha k
thut mi trng

Bo co th nghim ha k thut mi trng

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GVHD: Trn Th Phi Oanh


Nhm 3
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Mc lc
MU................................................................................................................................3
1.1 i Cng:........................................................................................................................3
ngha mi trng.............................................................................................................3
Phng php xc nh.........................................................................................................3
Cc yu t nh hng.........................................................................................................3
1.2 Thit B:........................................................................................................................3
1.3 Ho cht............................................................................................................................4
1.4 Thc Hnh:.......................................................................................................................4
1.5 Cu Hi V p n..........................................................................................................4
C.................................................................................................................................6
2.1 i Cng.........................................................................................................................6
2.2. Ha Cht.........................................................................................................................7
pH............................................................................................................................................9
3.1 i Cng.....................................................................................................................9
3.2 Thit B Ha Cht...........................................................................................................10
3.3 Cu Hi V p n........................................................................................................11
5.1 Khi Nim Chung...........................................................................................................16
5.2 Y Ngha Mi Trng..................................................................................................17
1.Nc c s xut hin ca to, o kim thay i nh th no? Nu c ch phn ng? ....18
2.Nu ng dng t cc s liu kim trong phn tch v x l nc?..............................18
I. I CNG:....................................................................................................................20
II. THIT B V HA CHT: ...........................................................................................21
II. THIT B V HA CHT:............................................................................................23
III. THC HNH:................................................................................................................24
I. I CNG:....................................................................................................................35
3. Cc yu t nh hng......................................................................................................36
2.1. Thit B..........................................................................................................................36
2.2. Ha Cht.......................................................................................................................36
III. THC HNH: ...............................................................................................................37

Bo co th nghim ha k thut mi trng

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GVHD: Trn Th Phi Oanh


Nhm 3
_________________________________________________________________________

MU
1.1 i Cng:
Nc thin nhin sch thng khng mu, mu ca nc mt ch yu do cht mn,
cc cht ha tan, keo hoc do thc vt thi ra. S c mt ca cc ion kim loi (Fe, Mn),
to, than bn v cc cht thi cng nghip cng lm cho nc c mu.
mu ca nc c xc nh theo thang mu tiu chun tnh bng n v Pt-Co.
Trong thc t, mu c th phn thnh hai loi: mu thc v mu biu kin.
- mu biu kin bao gm c cc cht ha tan v cc cht huyn ph to nn, v
th mu biu kin c xc nh ngay trn mu nguyn thy m khng cn loi b cht
l lng.
- mu thc c xc nh trn mu ly tm v khng nn lc qua giy lc v
mt phn cu t mu d b hp th trn giy lc.

ngha mi trng
i vi nc cp, mu biu th gi tr cm quan, sch ca nc. Ring vi nc
thi, mu nh gi phn no mc i nhim ngun nc.

Phng php xc nh
Nguyn tc xc nh mu da vo s hp th nh sng ca hp cht mu co trong
dung dich, phng php xc nh l phng phap so mu.

Cc yu t nh hng
- c nh hng ti vic xc nh mu ca tht ca mu.
- Khi xc nh mu thc, khng nn s dng giy lc v mt phn mu thc c
th b hp th trn giy.
- mu ph thuc vo pH ca nc, do trong bng kt qu cn ghi r pH
lc xc nh mu.

1.2 Thit B:
- Pipet 10ml : 1

- my ly tm

- Erlen 125ml: 6

- my spectrophotometer (my so mu)

- pH k
Bo co th nghim ha k thut mi trng

-3-

GVHD: Trn Th Phi Oanh


Nhm 3
_________________________________________________________________________

1.3 Ho cht
Dung dch mu chun Potassium chloroplatinate K2PtCl6 (500 Pt-Co): Ho tan 1,246g
K2PtCl6 v 1 g CoCl2.6H2O trong nc ct c cha 100 ml HCl m c, nh mc thnh
1 lt.

1.4 Thc Hnh:


Mu KT I

20

- Mu biu kin: hp thu ca mu nc cha x l.


mu ta o mu biu kin chng trnh 120, bc sng 455. Ta c mu
biu kin 237 Pt-Co.
Mu thc: Ly tm mu cho n khi loi b hon ton cc ht huyn ph. Tc ly
tm 5000 vng, trong 3 pht. Ta em o mu thc chng trnh 120, bc sng 455,
ta c mu thc 208 Pt-Co.

1.5 Cu Hi V p n
1. Nguyn nhn gy nn mu i vi nc ?
- Nc mt (sng , ao h): do cc cht mn, cc cht ho tan, keo hay do thc vt thi
ra, cc phiu sinh vt c sn trong nc. Mt khc do nh my thi nc thi c cha
cc ion kim loi, do nc ma chy trn cun theo ph sa hoc cc cht bn c mu khc
nhau lm cho nc mt c mu.
- Nc thi sinh hot: do cc cht ty ra c ln trong nc thi sinh hot, cc cht dinh
dng (P, N) b phn hu, du m, mu thc phm
- Nc thi cng nghip: do cc hp cht mu ca nh my nhum, cc ion kim loi c
mu, cht hu c, cc cht rn l lng
2. Nu cc phng php kh mu trong mu nc?
- S dng cc cht oxy ho nh Cl2, KMNO4, O3 oxy ho cc cht gy mu
trong mu nc.
- Ly tm mu nc loi b cc cht l lng.
- Dng ho cht to kt ta kt hp vi cc cht ph tr loi bt mu ca nc
thi v to kt dnh cc cht mu thnh cc ht ln hn ri em lng hoc ly tm.

Bo co th nghim ha k thut mi trng

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GVHD: Trn Th Phi Oanh


Nhm 3
_________________________________________________________________________
- Dng cc cht hp ph nh than hot tnh lm sch cc cht hu c gy mu c
trong mu nc.
- Lc mu nc (chi ph cao nn t s dng, ch dng khi cn thu hi mt s thnh
phn c bit c trong nc thi)
- Phng php tuyn ni: loi b cc cht l lng mn, du m
3. Gii thch ti sao chn cobalt chloride lm dung dch mu chun.C th s dng
thang mu chun xc nh mu mt dng nc b nhim bi nc thi cng
nghip c khng? Gii thch?
Dng dung dch cobalt chloride (c mu xanh l cy nht) lm dung dch mu
nhng lng cobalt chloride thnh nhng mu tng t nh mu t nhin ca nc (iu
chnh lng cobalt chloride khi iu ch dung dch chun)
xc nh mu mt dng nc b nhim bi nc thi cng nghip, nu s
dng thang mu chun ta s gp sai s do nc thi cng nghip c nng hu c cao,
cha cc ion kim loi gy mu v lun bin i. Ngoi ra tu vo quy m, loi hnh sn
xut m mu nc thi ra t cc nh my cng khc nhau. Do nn o trc tip hay
dng my chuyn dng o th chnh xc hn.chun v y l cht d tm, t c v bn
mu vi mi trng. Dung dch K2PtCl6 to vi

Bo co th nghim ha k thut mi trng

-5-

GVHD: Trn Th Phi Oanh


Nhm 3
_________________________________________________________________________

C
2.1 i Cng
c ca nc bt ngun t s hin din ca mt s cc cht l lng c kch
thc thay i t dng phn tn kh n dng keo, huyn ph (kch thc 0,1 - 10m).
Trong nc, cc cht thay i thng l: t st, cht hu c, v c, thc vt v cc vi
sinh vt bao gm cc loi phiu sinh ng vt.
c pht sinh t nhiu nguyn nhn nh:
- t, t vng ni cao xung ng bng ( do hot ng trng trt)
- nh hng ca nc l lm xo ng lp t, li cun, phn r xc ng, thc
vt.
- Cht thi sinh hot, nc thi sinh hot, nc thi cng nghip.
- S pht trin ca vi khun v mt s vi sinh vt (to).
1.

ngha mi trng
c nh hng quan trng n cp nc cng cng: lm gim v m quan, gy

kh khn cho qu trnh lc v kh khun.


2.

Phng php th nghim


C th xc nh c bng cc phng php khc nhau nh:
- phng php cn khi lng: Lc mu sau cn khi lng cn. Nu SS <

15mg/l th nc trong; cn SS > 15mg/l th nc c.


- p dng phng php so mu theo nguyn tc da trn s hp thu nh sang ca
cc cn l lng c trong dung dch.
3.

Cc yu t nh hng
- Cn l lng c kh nng lng nhanh, lm sai lch kt qu o.
- ng o b bn, mu c nhiu bt kh v mu thc ca mu l nhng nguyn

nhn nh hng ti kt qu o d c.
2.2 Thit B
- pipet 5ml: 1

- Erlen 125ml: 10

- pipet 25ml: 1

- My spectrophotometer hoc my o c

Bo co th nghim ha k thut mi trng

-6-

GVHD: Trn Th Phi Oanh


Nhm 3
_________________________________________________________________________

2.2. Ha Cht
Dung dch c chun ( Hydrazine sulfate v hexamethylene tetramine )
Dung dch lu tr (s dng trong 1 thng ) :
Dung dch 1: Ho tan 1g hydrazine sulfate (NH2NH2H2SO4) trong 100 ml nc ct
Dung dch 2: Ho tan 10g hexamethylenetetramine ( C6H12N4 ) trong 100 ml nc ct
Dung dch chun ( 400 FTU ) : Ho trn 5 ml dung dch 1 v 5 ml dung dch 2 . Pha
long thnh 100 ml vi nc ct . Sau lng 24 gi nhit 25 3oC
Thc hnh:
Mu KT I

20

Ly ly tm mu n khi loi b hon ton cc loi huyn ph. Tc 5000 vng


trong 3 pht. Ta em mu chy chng trnh 750, bc song 840 ta c c 9 FTU
Cu Hi
1.

Tm hiu mt s phng php xc nh c trong mu nc ?


- Phng php Nephelometer da trn s so snh cng nh sng phn tn trong

nc di iu kin n nh v mt dung dch huyn ph chun trong iu kin ging


nhau. Formazine Polyme c dng lm dung dch huyn ph chun. c ca dung
dch huyn ph chun 40 NTU gn tng ng 400 Jackson khi o bng nn. Phng
php Nephelometer c chnh xc cao, nhy v kh nng ng dng trn khong o
c rng.
- Phng php o bng nn vi gii hn thp nht c 25 n v ch thch hp
cho vic xt nghim nhng mu nc c c cao.
2.

Ti sao c khng tng quan vi nng cht l lng trong mu nc ?


C nhiu nguyn nhn gy c trong nc thi, ngoi yu t cht l lng cn

ph thuc nhiu yu t nh s pht trin ca vi sinh vt, to Nn d nc thi c


c cao cng khng hn nng cht l lng trong mu nc cao.
3.

Gii hn c theo tiu chun nc cp l bao nhiu? Ti sao phi t gii hn

trn?
Theo TCVN c c xc nh bng chiu su lp nc thy c ( trong).
Cht lng nc cp phi t :

Bo co th nghim ha k thut mi trng

-7-

GVHD: Trn Th Phi Oanh


Nhm 3
_________________________________________________________________________
Khu vc th

: trong Schneiler > 30 cm

Khu vc nng thn : trong Schneiler > 25 cm


t gii hn c nhm m bo sc khe cho cng ng. c cao to thnh
cc bng cn, hm lng cht l lng cao gy tc nghn ng ng, gy kh khn cho
qu trnh lc v kh khun.

Bo co th nghim ha k thut mi trng

-8-

GVHD: Trn Th Phi Oanh


Nhm 3
_________________________________________________________________________

pH
3.1 i Cng
pH l i lng c trng cho tnh acid hay kim trong mu nc v c nh
ngha theo hm ton hc nh sau:
pH = - log {H+}
Phn ng phn ly ca nc c th hin theo phng trnh:
H2O H+ + OHTheo nh lut tc dng khi lng c th vit:

[ H ][OH ]
=
+

K H 2O

[ H ][OH ] = K
+

Trong :

[ H 2O]

H 2O

[ H 2O] = K w

Kw tch s ion ca nc

[ H ][OH ] - nng nc khng phn ly


+

K H 2O - hng s phn ly ca nc.


nhit 25C, Kw = K H 2O [ H 2O ] = 1,8 10 1000/18 = 10-14

[ H ] = [OH ] = 10
+

Gi tr pH c th hin theo thang o t 0-14, trong pH 7 c xem l pH trung


tnh.
H+

10o
10-1
10-2
10-3
10-4
10-5
10-6
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
----------------------------------------------------------Mi trng acid
H+ 10-7
0
----Mi trng trung ha
H+

10-8
10-9
10-10 10-11 10-12 10-13 10-14
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
----------------------------------------------------------Mi trng kim

1. ngha mi trng:
Bo co th nghim ha k thut mi trng

-9-

GVHD: Trn Th Phi Oanh


Nhm 3
_________________________________________________________________________
Trong lnh vc cp nc, pH lien quan n tnh n mn, ha tan v nh hng n
cc qu trnh x l nc nh keo t, oxy ha, dit khun, lm mm, kh st.
pH chi phi mi qu trnh hot ng ca vi sinh vt trong nc. V vy, pH cn
c kim sot trong khong thch hp khi s l nc thi bng phng php sinh hc.
2. Phng php xc nh:
Hai phng php thng thng xc nh pH l phng php so mu v phng
php in th k.
Phng php so mu: c dy i mu tng ng vi khong pH rng chn
khong pH, sau dung ch th mu chuyn bit ( i mu pH trong mt khong gii
hn pH thay di hp).
Phng php o in th k: da trn nguyn tc chnh lch in th gia din cc
chun calomel v in cc H+ . phng php ny c chnh sc cao, vic s dng my
ty theo nh thit k, do vy thao tc o v cch bo qun my phi theo ti liu hng
dn.
3. Cc yu t nh hng:
- Mu c mu, c cao
- Mu c cha cc cht oxy ha mnh c tc dng ty mu.
- Nhit thay i gy nh hng trn mu, do vy vic so mu trn ch tin hnh
trn iu kin phng th nghim.

3.2 Thit B Ha Cht


1. Thit b
- ng nghim 25ml: 20

- piprt 25ml: 1

- Pipet 10ml: 4

- My o pH

2. Ha cht
- Ch th mu tng hp
- Ch th mu chuyn bit
- Dung dich Borat Na2B4O7
- Dung dch KH2PO4 0,1N

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- 10 -

GVHD: Trn Th Phi Oanh


Nhm 3
_________________________________________________________________________
- Dung dch Na2CO3
- Giy ch th pH
3.3 Thc Hnh
Chun b dung dch m:
Dung dch m Ph > 8.3
Dung dch m pH >4.
Dung dch m pH < 4.5
Nhng in cc thy tinh vo dung dch Ph > 8.3, kt qu o pH c Ph = 11.4
Nhng in cc thy tinh vo dung dch Ph > 4.5, kt qu o pH c Ph = 6.5
Nhng in cc thy tinh vo dung dch Ph < 4.5, kt qu o pH c Ph = 3.9

3.3 Cu Hi V p n
1. Nu mi quan h gia pH v nng ion H+ v ion OHDo vic biu din hot tnh ion hidro di dng nng mol l khng thun tin
nn khc phc kh khn ny nm 1909 Soreson kin ngh biu din nng hot tnh
ca ion hidro di dng logarit m v k hiu l pH +. K hiu ca ng c thay bng k
hiu n gin hn l pH v c biu din bng:
pH = - log [ H+] hay pH =

1
log [ H + ]

pH=2 th [ H+] = 10-2


pH=10 th [ H+] = 10-10
i vi nc tinh khit 200C th
[ H+] [ OH-] = 10-7x10-7 nn pH = - log [ OH-] hay pH =

1
log [ OH - ]

2. Anh hng ca pH i vi qu trnh x l sinh hc, ha l, ha hc?


- Anh hng ca pH i vi qu trnh x l sinh hc:
Vi sinh vt c s dng x l cc ngun nc thi th cn phi c mt mi trng
sng nht nh chng pht trin. V vy pH c xem l mt iu kin gip cho VSV
tn ti v pht trin trong mi trng nc thi. Mi loi VSV cn c pH thch hp
Bo co th nghim ha k thut mi trng

- 11 -

GVHD: Trn Th Phi Oanh


Nhm 3
_________________________________________________________________________
tn ti v pht trin, v th nu pH b thay i t ngt th VSV s b c ch, khng pht
trin c v cht i lm cho hiu sut x l khng t yu cu.
- Anh hng ca pH i vi qu trnh x l ha l
Trong cc cng trnh x l bng keo t, trao i ion th pH l yu t cn xem xt
cc phn ng, cc qu trnh xy ra ti u.
- Anh hng ca pH i vi qu trnh x l ha hc
Trong qu trnh kh trng ca nc, yu t pH quan trng v pH trong nc cng cao th
hiu qu kh trng cng gim. Vic xc nh pH gip chng ta bit c tnh cht ca
nc mang tnh axit hay kim ln k hoch tnh ton hm lng cht kh trng cho
ph hp.
3. Nu s tng quan ca pH i vi kim v acid ca mu nc?
pH thng nm trong dy 0 14, vi pH= 7 25 0C biu din tnh trung ha tuyt
i.
Khong t 0 n 7: dy axit
Khong t 7 n 14: dy kim.
V hng s Kn thay i theo nhit nn pH ca tnh trung ho cng thay i l 7.5
khi 00C.
Tnh axit tng khi gi tr pH gim v tnh kim tng khi gi tr pH tng.

Bo co th nghim ha k thut mi trng

- 12 -

GVHD: Trn Th Phi Oanh


Nhm 3
_________________________________________________________________________

ACID
4.1 i Cng
acid biu th kh nng phng thch ion H+ do s c mt ca mt s acid yu
trong nc nh acid carbonic, acid tanic, acid humic (hnh thnh t s phn hy cht hu
c v s thy phn cc mui acid mnh nh sulfate nhm, st ). c bit khi c s
hin din ca cc acid v c, mu nc s c pH rt thp.
Ngun nc thin nhin lun duy tr mt th cn bng gia cc ion bicarbonate,
carbonate v kh carbon dioxide ha tan. Trong thc nghim, hai khong pH chun c
s dng phn bit acid bao gm: Khong pH th nht ng vi im i mu ca
cht ch th methyl cam (t 4,2 4,5) nh du s chuyn bin nh hng ca cc acid v
c mnh sang vng nh hng ca carbonic acid. Khong pH th hai ng vi im i
mu ca cht ch th phenolphtalein (t 8,2 8,4) chuyn sang vng nh hng ca nhm
carbonate trong dung dch.
1. Ngha Mi Trng
Nc mang tnh acid rt c ch do tnh cht an mn ca chng. c bit trong
cc qu trnh x l sinh hc, pH phi duy tr khong 6 9 . Do vy, da vo acid
ca nc tnh chnh xc lng ha cht s dng.
2 Phng php th nghim(Phng php chun )
Dng dung dch kim mnh nh phn xc nh acid.
- acid do nh hng ca acid v c c xc nh bng cch nh phn n
im i mu ca ch th methyl cam nn c gi l ACID METHYL (dung dch t
mu chuyn sang da cam).
- K tip, nh phn xc nh acid ton phn n im i mu ca ch th
phenolphthalein, gi l ACID TNG CNG (dung dch khng mu chuyn sang tm
nht).
3. Cc yu t nh hng
- Cc cht kh ha tan nh CO2, H2S, NH3 c th b mt i hoc ha tan vo mu
trong qu trnh lu tr hoc nh phn mu lm nh hng n kt qu phn tch. C th
khc phc bng cch nh phn nhanh, trnh lc mnh v gi nhit mu n nh.

Bo co th nghim ha k thut mi trng

- 13 -

GVHD: Trn Th Phi Oanh


Nhm 3
_________________________________________________________________________
- i vi mu nc cp, hm lng chlorine d cao, c tnh ty mu lm nh hng
n kt qu nh phn.
- Trong trng hp mu c mu v c cao, phi xc nh acd bng
phng php chun in th.
4.2 Thit B V Ha Cht
1. Thit B
- Erlen 125ml: 2

- ng ong100ml: 1

- Buret 25 hoc 50ml: 1

- Pipet 25 ml: 1

- My khuy t: 1

- PH k: 1

2. Ha Cht
Dung dch NaOH 0,02 N
- Dung dch NaOH 1N: cn 40 g NaOH ho vi nc ct sau nh mc thnh 1
lt
- Dung dch NaOH 0,02N: Ly 20 ml dung dch NaOH 1N nh mc thnh 1 lt

Ch th Methyl dacam: Ho tan 50 mg methyl cam trong nc ct thnh 1 lt

Ch th Phenolphthalein: Ho tan 500 mg phenolphthalein trong 50 ml methanol,

nh mc thnh 100 ml

Dung dch thiosulfate 0,1 N:Ho tan 15,8 g Na2S2O3 vo nc ct sau nh mc

thnh 1 lt.
4.3 THC HNH :

Nu mu l nc cp, trc khi nh phn thm 1 git Na2S2O3 0,1N loi nh

hng ca chlorine.
Mu c gi tr pH < 4,5:

Ly 25 ml mu vo erlen, thm 3 git ch th methyl cam. Sau nh phn bng

dung dch NaOH 0,02N n 9 ml dung dch chuyn sang mu da cam.


Mu c gi tr pH > 4,5:

Ly 25 ml mu vo erlen, thm 3 git ch th phenolphthalein. Dng dung dch

NaOH 0,02N nh phn n 8 ml dung dch va c mu tm nht.


Bo co th nghim ha k thut mi trng

- 14 -

GVHD: Trn Th Phi Oanh


Nhm 3
_________________________________________________________________________
4.4 Tnh Ton
acid ( mg CaCO3/l ) =

V 0.02 50 1000
V 1000
=
Vm
Vm

0.04 0.02 50 1000


= 16mg / l
25

Vi V : th tch dung dch NaOH dng nh phn ( ml ) : V = V1 + V2

Bo co th nghim ha k thut mi trng

- 15 -

GVHD: Trn Th Phi Oanh


Nhm 3
_________________________________________________________________________

KIM
5.1 Khi Nim Chung
kim la kh nng thu nhn proton H+ ca nc. kim trong nc do 3 ion
chnh to ra: hydroxide, carbonate v bicarbonate. Trong thc t cc mui acid yu nh
borate, silicate cng gy nh hng ln n kim. Mt vi acid hu c bn vi s oxy
ha sinh hc nh acid humic, dng mui ca chng c kh nng lm tng kim.
Nhng ngun nc nhim, mui ca acid yu nh acid acetic, propiomic cng lm thay
i kim. Ngoi ra, s c mt ca ammonia cng nh hng dn kim tng cng
ca mu nc.
kim c trng cho kh nng m ca nc
CO2 + CaCO3 + H2O Ca2+ + 2HCO3Cac mui cua acid yu nh borate, silicate va phosphate co th co mt vi khi
lng nho. Mt vai loai acid hu c kho bi oxy hoa sinh hoc, vi du nh acid humic, tao
thanh cac mui cung gy nn kim trong nc. Trong nc bi nhim hoc tinh
trang ky khi, mui cua cac acid yu nh acid acetic, propionic va hydrogen sulfide cung
co th tao thanh kim. Trong mt s trng hp khac, ammonia hoc cac hydroxide
cung gy nn kim cho nc.
Trong nhng iu kin nht inh, cac ngun nc t nhin co th cha mt lng
ang k kim carbonate va hydroxide. iu kin nay thng xay ra trong ngun nc
mt co tao phat trin. Tao s dung khi carbonic, dang t do va kt hp, trong nc va pH
thng at tri s 9 n 10. Nc lo hi lun lun cha kim carbonate va hydroxide.
Nc sau khi c x ly lam mm bng phng phap hoa hoc co s dung vi hoc sa
thng cha carbonate va hydroxide.
Mc du rt nhiu cht gy ra kim trong nc, nhng mt phn ln kim cua
nc t nhin do ba cht sau gy ra theo th t phu thuc vao gia tri pH t cao n thp:
(1) hydroxide (OH-), (2) carbonate (CO32-) va (3) bicarbonate (HCO3-). Vi hu ht cac
muc ich thc t, kim do cac cht khac gy ra trong nc t nhin la khng ang k
hoc rt nho.
kim cua nc, v nguyn tc, do mui cua cac acid yu va cac loai baz manh
gy ra va cac cht nay la dung dich m gi pH khng giam nhiu khi a acid vao

Bo co th nghim ha k thut mi trng

- 16 -

GVHD: Trn Th Phi Oanh


Nhm 3
_________________________________________________________________________
nc. Vi vy, kim con la s o kha nng m cua nc va c s dung rng rai
trong linh vc x ly nc cp cung nh nc thai.

5.2 Y Ngha Mi Trng


Ngun nc mawtjn iu kin thch hp, c s xut hin ca to. Chnh qu trnh
pht trin tng trng ca to gii phng mt lng ng k carbonate v bicarbonate
lm cho pH nc tng dn c th ln n 9-10. Ngoi ra mt s ngun nc c x l
vi ha cht (lm mm bng vi hay soda) c cha nhm carbonate v OH - lm tng
kim.
5.3 Phng Php Xc nh
kim c xac inh bng phng phap inh phn th tch vi ch th
phenolphthalein v methyl cam (hoc bromoreso lc + methyl ) trong tng giai on
v ty trng hp:
- Ch th phenolphthalein s c mu tm nht trong mi trng c ion hydroxide v
ion carbonate, mu tm s tr nn khng mu khi pH < 8.3
- Ch th methyl cam cho mu vng vi bt k ion kim no v tr thnh mu khi
dung dch tr thnh acid. Vic nh phn c xem l hon tt khi dung dch c mu da
cam (pH = 4.5).
V s i mu ca methyl cam kh nhn thy, nn chn nh phn vi ch th hn
hp bromocresol lc + methyl c khong i mu r rng.
5.4 Cc Yu T nh Hng
- Lng chlorine d trong nc ung nh hng n kt qu nh phn lm nht
mu cht ch th.
- Mu nc c mu v c cao phi dng phng php chun in th.
- Nhng cht kt ta, x bng, cht du, cht rn l lng c th ph in cc thy
tinh lm cho im cui n chm. khc phc hin tng ny, c th chi electrode
mi khi tin hnh th nghim. Khng lc, pha long hay c c mu.
5.5 Thit B ha Cht
1-

thit b:
- Pipet 25ml:1

- ng ong 100ml: 1

- Erlen 125ml: 2

- Buret 25 hoc 50ml : 1

Bo co th nghim ha k thut mi trng

- 17 -

GVHD: Trn Th Phi Oanh


Nhm 3
_________________________________________________________________________
2-

Ha cht
- Dung dch HCl hay H2SO4 0,02 N: Ha tan 28ml H2SO4 m c thnh 1 lt dd

(H2SO4 1N) ly 20 ml dd H2SO4 1N ha tan thnh 1 lt. nh phn lai nng acid bng
Na2CO3 0.02N (ha tan 1.06g Na2CO3 sy 105oC thnh 1 lt).
- Ch th phenolphthalein 0.5%: Ha tan 500mg phenolthalein trong 50ml methanol,
thm nc ct nh mc thnh 100ml.
- Ch th methyl da cam: ha tan 50mg methyl cam trong nc ct thnh 100ml.
- Ch th hn hp bromocresol lc v methyl v 200mg bromocresol luc vo
ethanol, nh mc thnh 100ml bng dung dch ethanol 95o.
5.6 Cu Hi V p n
1.Nc c s xut hin ca to, o kim thay i nh th no? Nu c ch phn ng?
Nhiu ngun nc mt c iu kin tt cho s pht trin ca to, c bit l
nhng ni c cn nhiu, pH c th t ti 10.
To s dng cacbonic cho cc hot ng quang hp dn n pH cao. V CO2 l kh
axit nn khi kh CO2 dn n lm gim nng H+ v th pH tng.
CO2 + H2O
V vy to s dng cacbonic lm cc dng kim thay i t bicacbonat thnh
cacbonat v t cacbonat thnh hidroxit (trong qu trnh thay i ny th kim tng
cng khng thay i)
To c th tip tc s dng CO2 ca nc cho n khi pH tng n gi tr nh
hng, thng pH c gi tr t 10 11.
Vo ban m, to sn xut kh CO2 lm nh hng ngc li ca qu trnh trn.
2.Nu ng dng t cc s liu kim trong phn tch v x l nc?
Da vo s liu kim, pH ca nc, ngi ta xc nh c n nh ca
nc. T xc nh nhng tc ng m nc c th chu: xm thc, lng ng canxi
cacbonat ng dng nhng tnh cht ny bo v ng ng bng kim loi khi qu
trnh xm thc bng cch cho vo nc nhng ho cht ph hp to s lng ng canxi
cacbonat len thnh ng hnh thnh lp bo v vng chc.
La chn bin php x l nc cho thch hp m bo mi trng cn bng v sc
kho con ngi.
Bo co th nghim ha k thut mi trng

- 18 -

GVHD: Trn Th Phi Oanh


Nhm 3
_________________________________________________________________________
kim lm tc dng m cho dy pH ti u cho qu trnh keo t.
kim l thng s phi c xem xt n vic tnh ton nhu cu v vi v soda
trong qu trnh lm mm nc bng phng php kt ta.
L thng s trong qu trnh kim sot n mn, nh gi kh nng m ca nc thi
v bn, l iu kin thi ca nc thi.
1-

Nu mi quan h gia Cacbonic, kim v pH trong nc t nhin ?


Bng phng php thc nghim, xc nh n nh ca nc, ban u xc nh

pH0 v kim Kto, sau em bo ho bng CaCO3 ri xc nh li pH v kim K t .


Nu trong nc c hm lng CO2 t do, n s di chuyn mt phn canxi cacbonat thnh
canxi hidrocacbonat lm cho pH v kim trong nc tng ln. Ngc li nu trong
nc qu bo ho canxi cacbonat th n s tch ra khi nc dng kt ta bm trn b
mt cc ht canxi cacbonat mi a vo lm cho pH v kim ca nc gim.
Ch tiu n nh ca nc c biu th nh sau : C0 = Kto/Kt = pH0/pH, C0 =1: nc n
nh, C0 <1: nc c tnh xm thc. C0 >1: nc c kh nng lng ng CaCO3.

Bo co th nghim ha k thut mi trng

- 19 -

GVHD: Trn Th Phi Oanh


Nhm 3
_________________________________________________________________________

CHLORINE
I. I CNG:
1. Ngha Mi Trng
Chlor ha nc cp v nc thi sau x l nhm mc ch tiu dit nhng vi sinh
vt, ngn nga s pht trin ca vi trng gy bnh sau qu trnh x l, ng thi chlor
ha cng lm thay i cht lng nc do phn ng gia chlorine vi ammonia,
manganese, sulfide v mt s cc hp cht hu c hin din trong dung dch. Tuy nhin,
chlor ha c th gy ra nhng nh hng c hi nh lm tng mi v v ca phenol v
nhng hp cht hu c trong nc. Cc cht hu c c kh nng gy ung th nh
chloroform cng c th hnh thnh trong qu trnh chlor ha. Chlorine phc hp c to
thnh trong phn ng gia chlorine v ammonia s gy nh hng c hi n i sng
ca thc vt nc. Do , khi s dng chlorine chlor ha nc cn phi tnh ton
khng gy ra nhng tc hi sau ny.
Chlor d t do c nng lc kh khun tt, tuy nhin chng d b tiu tn nhanh
trong h thng phn phi. V vy trong x l cn chuyn chlorine t do thnh chlorine
kt hp tn ti bn vng hn.
2. Phng php xc nh (phng php nh phn)
Chlorine dng hypochlorous acid hay ion hypochlorite s phn ng vi DPD
(N N diethyl p - phenylene diamine) nh cht ch th mu v to thnh mu tm.
Cng mu t l thun vi hm lng chlorine trong mu.
3. Cc yu t nh hng
- Mu c kim > 250 mg CaCO3/l hay acid > 150 mg CaCO3/l s lm gim
cng mu hay khng hin mu khi cho DPD vo dung dch. Nn trung ha mu ti
pH 6 7 bng H2SO4 1N hay NaOH IN trc khi thm DPD.
- Mu c cha momochloramin lm tng hm lng ca Cl2 ln 0,1 mg/l.
- Bromine, iodine, ozone v cc dng oxide ca manganese v chromium cng phn ng
vi DPD nh Cl2.

Bo co th nghim ha k thut mi trng

- 20 -

GVHD: Trn Th Phi Oanh


Nhm 3
_________________________________________________________________________

II. THIT B V HA CHT:


1. Thit b
- My Hach DR 2010
- Pipet 25 ml :1
2. Ha cht
- Ch th mu DPD
- Dung dch Potassium lodide : Ha tan 30 g KI vo nc ct , nh mc thnh 1 lt
- Dung dch Sodium arsenite : Ha tan 5 g NaAsO2 vo nc ct v nh mc thnh
1 lt
III. THC HNH:

Mu : nhm 3
a. Chun b mu:
Chnh pH n 6.5 loi tr nh hng ca manganese hay chrormium , sau
thm 3 git potassium iodide vo , lc u v ch trong 1 pht , thm 3 git sodium
arsenite , tip tc lc .
b. o trn my Hach DR/2010
- Bm nt Power m my.
- Bm s 80 v nhn Enter , khi trn mn hnh s hin Dial nm to 530 , xoay nt
trn bn hng my cho ti khi trn mn hnh hin 530 nm . Nhn Read/Enter .
- Ly 25 ml nc ct cho vo ng o ( mu trng ) v t vo my . Nhn Zero ,
trn mn hnh s hin wait v sau l 0,00 mg/l Cl2 .
- Ly thm mt ng khc vi 25 ml mu nc . Thm mt gi DPD Free Chlorine ,
lc u trong khong 20 giy . Ngay sau t mu chun b vo my , nhn
Read/Enter , 29mg/l Cl2 .

Bo co th nghim ha k thut mi trng

- 21 -

GVHD: Trn Th Phi Oanh


Nhm 3
_________________________________________________________________________

ST
I. I CNG:

St hin din khp ni trn tri t. Trong nc hm lng st thay i: thng b


hn 1 mg/l vi nc mt vi mg/l i vi nc ngm v trong mt s trng hp c th
ln n hng trm mg/l. St tn ti trong nc dng ha tr 2 v 3.
iu kin bnh thng, c s hin din ca oxy khng kh v cc vi khun kh
st, kh st 2 d b oxy ha thnh st 3 v b thy gii bn dng Fe(OH)3. Trong mi
trng acid th st 3 d dng ha tan tr li.
1. ngha mi trng
Nc c hm lng st vt gii hn cho php (> 0,3mg/l) thng c mi tanh,
nc c mu sm, c, to cm quan khng tt cho ngi s dng .
Kt ta st trong ng dn lm thu hp tit din ca ng, gy nh hng n qu
trnh phn phi nc.
Nc c hm lng st cao khng th dng trong mt s ngnh cng nghip nh:
Giy, thc phm, dc , dt
2. Phng php xc nh (phng php phenalthroline)
un si mu vi hydroxide amine, pH 3,2 3,3 tt c st ha tan u b kh
thnh st 2, sau ion st 2 s phn ng vi 3 phn t phenanthroline to thnh phc
cht c mu cam. C ch phn ng c biu din nh sau :
Fe( OH )3 + 3 H+ Fe3+ + H2O
4Fe 3+ + 2NH2OH 4Fe2+ + N2O + H2O + 4H+

3. Cc yu t nh hng
- Cc cht oxy ha nh: cyanua, phosphate, crom, km c hm lng vt qu 10
ln so vi hm lng st u nh hng n kt qu phn tch.
- Cobalt, ng c hm lng > 5 mg/l gy tr ngi n kt qu.
- Nu mu c mu hoc cha hm lng cht hu c cao nn un cn v dng acid
ha tan hon ton cn.

Bo co th nghim ha k thut mi trng

- 22 -

GVHD: Trn Th Phi Oanh


Nhm 3
_________________________________________________________________________
- Mu nc cha hm lng st cao d kt t dnh vo thnh bnh. Do vy cn acid
ha mu ngay sau khi ly ng thi nh lc mu tht k trc khi phn tch.

II. THIT B V HA CHT:


1. Dng C v thit b
- Erlen 125 ml: 8

- ng lng 50 m l: 1

- Bnh nh mc 100 ml: 1

- Pipet 5 ml: 2

- Pipet 25 ml: 1

- Pipet 2 ml: 2

- Bp in

- My spectrophotometter

2. Ha cht
- HCl
- Dung dch hydroxide amine: Ha tan 10 g NH2OH.HCl trong 100 ml nc ct
- Dung dch m ammonium acetate CH3COONH3: Ha tan 250g CH3COONH3
trong 150 ml nc ct, thm 700 ml CH3COOH m c, lc u .
- Dung dch phenalthroline:
Ha tan 100 mg 1,10 phenanthroline (C12H8N2H20) trong 100ml nc ct, khuy v
un si khang 80oC .
Ha tan 100mg 1,10 phenanthroline (C12H8N2H20) vo 10ml nc ct, thm 2 git
HCl m c. Khuy u n khi tan han tan sau nh mc thnh 100ml .
- Dung dch chun st
Dung dch lu tr st: Cho 20 ml H2SO4 m c vo 50 ml nc ct, thm 1,404g
Fe(NH4)2(SO4)2.6H2O. Sau khi ha tan dung dch thm tng git KMnO4 cho n khi
xut hin mu hng nht khng i. Pha thnh mt lt vi nc ct.
- Dung dch chun:
+ Ly 50 ml dung dch lu tr st cho vo bnh nh mc sau nh mc thnh
1000ml vi nc ct (10 g/ml).
+ Ly 5 ml dung dch lu tr st cho vo bnh nh mc 1 lt, thm nc ct ti
vch nh mc thnh 1 lt (1 g/ml).

Bo co th nghim ha k thut mi trng

- 23 -

GVHD: Trn Th Phi Oanh


Nhm 3
_________________________________________________________________________

III. THC HNH:


1. Xc nh st 2
- Acid ha mu bng acid chlohydric m c.
- Ly 50 ml mu, ln lt thm 10 ml dung dch m ammonium acetate, 4ml dung
dch phenalthroline, lc u, i khong 10 pht sau o o hp thu bc sng
510nm
2. Xc nh st tng cng
- Lc u mu, ly 25 ml mu cho vo erlen.
- Thm 2 ml HCl m c 1 ml NH2OH.HCl.
- Cho vo vi vin bi thy tinh , un cn n khi th tch cn khong 15 ml 20 ml
- Lm ngui mu n nhit phng , thm nc ct v nh mc n 50 ml
- Thm 10 ml dung dch m ammonium acetate, 4 ml NH2OH.HCl, i 10 pht
phn ng hin mu han ton sau o hp thu bc sng 510 nm ta c hp
thu ca st l 0.057 nm trong ng chun.
- Chun b ng cong chun nh sau:
STT

V dd chun, ml

V nc ct, ml

25

24

23

22

21

20

V HCl , ml

V dd NH2OH.HCl, ml

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

V dd m NH3C2H3O2

V dd phenanthroline

C, mg/l

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

IV. TNH TON

Bo co th nghim ha k thut mi trng

- 24 -

GVHD: Trn Th Phi Oanh


Nhm 3
_________________________________________________________________________
T lot chun o hp thu v gin C = f A s dng phng php bnh phng
cc tiu lp phng trnh C = a * A + b . T tr s hp thu A m ca mu. Tnh nng
Cm
Trong :
- C : Nng ca st c trong mu
- A : hp thu ca mu
Ta c : C = 1,605*A 0,0763
Suy ra :
- Am = 0,285 (mg/l)
- C = 0,381 (mg/l)

Gin hp thu

Bo co th nghim ha k thut mi trng

- 25 -

GVHD: Trn Th Phi Oanh


Nhm 3
_________________________________________________________________________

NITRAT
I. I CNG:
1. ngha mi trng
Nitrat l giai on oxy ha cao nht trong chu trnh nit v l giai on sau cng
trong tin trnh oxy ha sinh hc . lp nc mt , nitrat thng dng vt nhng i
vi nc ngm mch nng , li c hm lng rt cao . Nc ung cha nhiu nitrat c
th gy bnh huyt sc t cho tr em . Do trong ngun nc cp cho sinh hot , nitrat
c quy nh khng vt qu 6 mg/l .
S liu nitrate cho php nh gi mc thi gian nhim ngun nc v kim
sot qu trnh x l sinh hc .
2. Phng php xc nh (phng php so mu)
Nguyn tc Brucin l mt hp cht hu c phc tp c kh nng phn ng vi nitrat
trong mi trng acid mnh v nhit cao to thnh phc cht c mu vng . Tuy
nhin mu ca phn ng khng theo nh lut beer ( ng cong ch khng thng ) m
pht trin theo hm s ca thi gian v nhit do vy nn pha long mu vi hm lng
nirat long t 0,1 1 mg/l v s dng acid nng thch hp .
3. Cc yu t nh hng
- Cc tc nhn oxy ha mnh v cc cht kh trong mu u nh hng n kt qu
- Nn loi tr clo d bng natri arsen
- Fe2+ v Fe3+, kim loi ha tri 4 vi hm lng nh hn 1 mg/l c th b qua
- Ngn nga s chuyn ha nitrit bng acid sulfanilic
II. THIT B V HA CHT:
1. thit b
- ng nghim : 8

- Gi ng nghim

- Pipet 1 ml : 2

- Pipet 10 ml : 3

- My spectrophotometer
2. Ha cht:
a.Dung dch N-NO3 chun ( 1 ml = 2g N-NO3 ) .
Bo co th nghim ha k thut mi trng

- 26 -

GVHD: Trn Th Phi Oanh


Nhm 3
_________________________________________________________________________
- Dung dch N-NO3 lu tr: ( 1 ml = 0,1 mg N-NO3 ). Ho tan 0,7218g anhyrous
potassium nitrate KNO3 + nc ct = 1 lt .
- Dung dch N-NO3 chun: ( 1 ml = 0,002 mg = 2 g N-NO3 ). Pha long 10 ml
dung dch lu tr thnh 500 ml c 1ml dung dch chun = 2 g N-NO3 .
b.

Dung dch brucine sulfanillic: cn 1 g brucine sulfate + 0,1 g sulfanilic

acid trong 70 ml nc ct nng , thm 3ml HCl m c, lm lnh , pha long thnh 100
ml . Gi trong chai m mu 50C . Dung dch ny c mu hng nhng khng nh
hng n kt qu phn tch v c th dng trong vi thng ( ch rt c khng c
dng ming ht dung dch vo pipet )
c.Dung dch H2SO4 m c :
d.

Dung dch sodium arsenite ( NaAsO2 ) : ha tan 5,0 g NaAsO2 vi 1 lt nc

ct ( ch rt c khng c dng ming ht dung dch vo pipet ) .


e.Dung dch sodium chloride : ha tan 300 g NaCl vi 1 lt nc ct.
- H2SO4
- Dung dch Brucin
- Dung dch Natri arsen
III. THC HNH:
Mu nhm 3
Kh clo d nu c (thm 1 git natriarsen ng vi 0,1 mg/l clo cho 50 ml mu)a. Chun b dy dung dch chun
STT ng

V dd chun N-NO3, ml

V nc ct, ml

C ( mg/l)

0.4

0.8

1.2

1.6

Chun b trc 1 lot ng nghim sao cho mi ng cha 4 ml H2SO4 . Sau


trch chnh xc 1 ml dung dch chun v mu cho vo tng ng nghim theo ng s
th t Chun b tip theo bng sau :

Bo co th nghim ha k thut mi trng

- 27 -

GVHD: Trn Th Phi Oanh


Nhm 3
_________________________________________________________________________
STT ng

V dd chun, ml

V mu nc, ml

V dd Brucin, ml

0,5

0,5

0,5

0,5

0,5

0,5

0,5

H2SO4

Dy Chun

0.8

0.16

1.7

1.9

2.0

1.6

V mu qu cao nn ta pha long mu 2 ln


Sau khi pha trn ha cht theo ng th t bng trn , t cc ng vo bng ti ,
i 10 pht cho phn ng xy ra hon ton . Sau 10 pht , thm ng lot 5 ml nc ct
vo tng ng , tip tc trong ti 20 pht . Tin hnh o hp thu mu bc sng
= 400 430 nm . V ng chun i chiu v tnh kt qu .
IV. TNH TON:

T lot chun o hp thu, v gin A = f , s dng phng php bnh


phng cc tiu lp phng trnh Y = a X + b. T tr s hp thu A m ca mu, tnh
nng Cm.
C h a rt Title
2 .5
2
1 .5
1
0 .5
0

y = 0 .7 1 3 x + 0 .7 8
R2 = 0 .8 1 6 2

y
L in e a r (y)

Gin ng chun

AMMONIA
I. I CNG :
Trong nc, amonia thng c ngun gc t s phn hy cc cht hu c do hot
ng ca cc vi sinh vt trong iu kin ym kh. i vi nc sinh hot, NH3 c pht
hin c th do nhim bn bi nc thi, ngai ra cloramin cn hin din di dng
Bo co th nghim ha k thut mi trng

- 28 -

GVHD: Trn Th Phi Oanh


Nhm 3
_________________________________________________________________________
cloramone dit khun c tc dng duy tr lng clo d bn hn khi lu chuyn trn
ng ng, Ty theo t l, NH3 c thkt hp vi clo cho cc dng monocloramine,
dicloramine hay tricloramine.
1. ngha mi trng
Nit l mt trong nhng nguyn t ht sc quan trng, nh hng n qu trnh
sng ca tt c ng vt v thc vt. Cc s liu v nit c s dng vo cc mc ch
nh:
- nh gi mc nhim, kh nng t lm sch ca dng chy
- Kho st s thay i cc bin dng ca vi khun t do
- Ko di v gia tng hiu sut dit khun ca qu trnh clo ha nc sinh hot
- Xc nh s thay i hm lng sinh khi
- nh gi hiu sut cc cng trnh x l
Trong nc t nhin, N-NH3 rt cn thit cho hot ng ca vi sinh vt, do vy
khng cn thit phi loi b chng hon ton khi ngun nc. Tuy nhin c tnh NH3
s nh hng n ng vt, con ngi mt s nng nht nh vi khong pH tng
ng nn cn phi duy tr hm lng nit di ngng cho php nhm m bo an ton.
3. Nguyn tc
Amonia c xc nh bng phg php so mu vi thuc th nessler theo phn ng sau:
2( 2KIHgI2 ) + NH3 + 3 KOH ( NH2 )Hg-O-HgI + 7KI + 2H2O
(NH2 )HgO-HgI l phc cht mu vng, c hp thu cc i bc sng = 430nm.
Mt phng php khc c chnh xc cao hn thng c p dng phn tch NNH3 l phng php chng ct.

4. Cc yu t nh hng:
- Mt s hp cht amine mch thng, hp cht cloramine hu c mch vng,
acetone, aldehit, ru c th phn ng vi nessler cho phc cht mu vng, gy sai s
trn kt qu o.
- Sulfur gy kt ta vi nessler nn cn loi b bng cacbonat ch

Bo co th nghim ha k thut mi trng

- 29 -

GVHD: Trn Th Phi Oanh


Nhm 3
_________________________________________________________________________
- i vi phng php chng ct, khi hm lng calci vt qu 250mg/l, kt qu
o N-NH3 thng thp hn thc t, v vy cn chnh pH trc khi tin hnh chng ct
mu. Dung dch m phosphate c thm vo mu n nh pH v c kh nng kt
ta calci di dng phosphate calc.
II. THIT B, HO CHT :

1. Dng C v Thit B
- Pipet 10 ml: 2

- Pipet 5 ml: 2

- Pipet 25 ml: 1

- B chng ct m

- ng nghim: 10

- ng lng 250 ml: 1

- My spectrophotometer
2. Ha cht
a Dung dch ZnSO4: ha tan 100g ZnSO4.7H2O trong nc ct v nh mc thnh 1
lt.
b Dung dch NaOH 6N : ha tan 240 g NaOH trong nc ct v nh mc thnh 1lt
c Dung dch EDTA: ha tan 50g EDTA-Na trong 60ml nc ct c cha 10g NaOH.
C th un nh cho tan ht, lm ngui n nhit phng v nh mc thnh
100ml.
d Dung dch chun N-NH3 (1ml = 10g N-NH3):
* Dung dch lu tr N-NH3 : (1ml = 1mg = 1000g N-NH3). Ha tan
3,819g NH4Cl ( sy kh 1000C), thm nc ct cho 1 lt ( 1ml = 1 mg N = 1,22
mg NH3 )
* Dung dch chun N-NH3: (1ml = 10g N-NH3).Pha lang 10 ml dung
dch lu tr vi nc ct cho 1lt (1 ml = 0,010 mg N = 0,0122mg NH ).
e Dung dch boric acid: ha tan 20g H3BO3 vi nc ct cho 1lt, thm 10 ml ch
th mu dung dch c mu tm.
f Ch th mu hn hp: ha tan 200mg Methyl Red trong 100ml cn 950, ha tan
100mg Methylen Blue trong 50ml cn 95 . Trn 2 dung dch li c ch th mu
hn hp.

Bo co th nghim ha k thut mi trng

- 30 -

GVHD: Trn Th Phi Oanh


Nhm 3
_________________________________________________________________________
g Thuc th Nessler: Ha tan 100g HgI2 (mercuric iodide) v 70g KI vi mt t nc
ct (dung dch A)
Ha tan 160g NaOH vo 500ml nc ct, lm ngui (dung dch B). Rt
chm v khuy u dung dch A vo dung dch B trn ri pha lang thnh 1lt. lng
trong 1 ngy, s dng phn trong.
* Ch Rt c trnh ht ming .
h Dung dch kh Na2S2O3 N/70: ha tan 500g NaOH v 25g Na2S2O3.5H2O thm
nc cho 1lt .
III. THC HNH:
1. Phng php nessler ha
Yu cu: Mu nc trong, khng nhim clo
Loi tr c: Thm 1ml ZnSO4 v 0,5ml NaOH 6N vo 100ml mu nng pH
n 10,5. Khuy u, ly tm, loi kt ta nu co. Mu nc sau lc thm 1 git EDTA v
2 ml Nessler.
Loi tr clo: Thm 1ml Na2S2O3 N/70 vo 50 ml mu trc khi xt nghim.
Chun b dy dung dch chun:
0

0.5

1.5

2.5

V nc ct , ml

25

24.5

24

23.5

23

22.5

V dd Nessler , ml

C( mg/l )

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

hp thu

0.167

0.292

0.356

0.418

S ng
Vdd N-NH3 chun , ml

0.251

Pha long mu 25 ln Sau khi thm ha cht, i 5 pht, o hp thu dy chun


v mu bc sng 430nm .Ta c hp thu 0.222 nm trong dy ng chun.

IV. TNH TON:

a. Phng php Nessler trc tip

Bo co th nghim ha k thut mi trng

- 31 -

GVHD: Trn Th Phi Oanh


Nhm 3
_________________________________________________________________________
T lot chun o hp thu, v gin A = f , s dng phng php bnh
phng cc tiu lp phng trnh Y = a * X + b. T tr s hp thu Am ca mu, tnh
nng Cm
b. Phng php Nessler ha chng ct phm
T tr s Cm tnh c ca mu chng ct phm, tnh nng N-NH3 trong mu
(mg/l )
a.

Phng php nh phn th tch


N-NH3 ( mg/l )=

(vt vo ) c N 14 1000
vm

Trong :
Vt: Th tch HCL s dng nh phn mu
Vo: Th tch HCL s dng nh phn mu trng
Vmu: Th tch mu ban u

Chart Title
0.5 y = 0.3035x + 0.1147
0.4
R2 = 0.9914
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0

0.5

y
Linear (y)

1.5

Gin ng chun

NITRIT
I. I CNG:
1. ngha mi trng
Nitrit l giai on trung gian trong chu trnh phn hy m. V c s chuyn ha
gia cc dng khc nhau ca nit trong chu trnh m, nn cc vt nitrit c s dng
Bo co th nghim ha k thut mi trng

- 32 -

GVHD: Trn Th Phi Oanh


Nhm 3
_________________________________________________________________________
nh gi nhim hu c. Nitrit hin din ph bin trong cc h thng x l nc thi, do
nhm vi khun nitrosomonas chuyn ha amon thnh nitrit trong iu kin hiu kh.
Trong cp nc, nitrit c dng nh mt cht chng n mn.
2. Nguyn tc:
Da vo phng php so mu, mi trng pH = 2 2,5; nitrit tc dng vi acid
sulfanilic v naphthylamine to thnh acid azobenjol naphthylamine sulfonic c mu
ta.
3. Cc yu t nh hng:
- Do p dng phng php so mu nn ch mt lng nh cht rn l lng s lm
sai lch kt qu.
- S tn ti ca mt s ion nh: Sb, Fe3+, Pb2, Hg2+, Ag+ to kt ta cng lm nh
hng n kt qu.
- Chlorine v tricloride hin din trong mu gy tr ngi cho phng php trn.
II. HO CHT V THIT B:

1. Dng C v Thit B:
- Pipet 1 ml: 2

- Pipet 2 ml:

- Pipt 10 ml: 2

- ng nghim: 10

- My spectrophotometer
2. Ha cht:
Dung dch chun:
- Dung dch lu tr N-NO2 : (1ml = 250 g N-NO2)
- NaNO2 0,05N: ha tan 1,232g NaNO2 trong nc ct v nh mc thnh 1000 ml.
- KMnO4 0,05N: cn 1,6g KMnO4 + nc ct = 1lt
FAS 0,05N: cn 19,607g Fe(NH4)2(SO4)2.6H2O+20ml H2SO4 m c+nc ct=1lt.
Na2Cr2O4 0,05N: cn 3,350g Na2Cr2O4 thm nc ct cho 1 lt (nu khng dng FAS)
Cho vo bnh thy tinh c mi 50ml KMnO4 0,05N v 5 ml H2SO4 m c, thm
50ml dung dch NaNO2 0,05N. Lm mt mu dung dch bng cch thm mi ln 10ml
dung dch FAS 0,05N (hoc Na2Cr2O4 0,05N). i 5 pht ri nh phn lng tha FAS

Bo co th nghim ha k thut mi trng

- 33 -

GVHD: Trn Th Phi Oanh


Nhm 3
_________________________________________________________________________
(Na2Cr2O4) vi dung dch KMnO4 0,05N n khi dung dch chuyn mu hng nht. Tnh
nng dung dch lu tr N-NO2 bng cng thc:

A=

[( B * C ) ( D * E )] * 7
F

(mg/ml N-NO2-)

Trong :
B: ml dung dch KMnO4 dng
C: nguyn chun ca dung dch KMnO4 (0,05)
D: ml FAS (hoc Na2Cr2O4) dng
E: nguyn chun ca dung dch kh (0,05N)
F: ml dung dch NaNO2 dng ng phn
* Dung dch N-NO2 chun: (1ml = 0,0005 mg = 0,500 g N-NO2)
Ly 2ml dung dch lu tr + nc ct = 1 lt
a. Dung dch EDTA: cn 500mg mui natri dn xut t EDTA + nc ct = 100ml
b. Acid sulfanilic: cn 0,6g acid sulfanilic + 70ml nc nng ngui + 20ml HCl m
c pha long thnh 100ml vi nc ct.
c. Dung dch naphthylamine chlorhydrate: cn 0,6g naphthylamine chlorhydrate + 50ml
nc ct + 1ml HCl m c +nc ct = 100ml. Pha dng ngay hoc gi nhit
thp.
d. Dung dch n acetate: cn 16,4g CH3COONa hay 27,2g CH3COONa.3H2O + nc
ct = 100ml.
III. THC HNH:
Mu nhm 3
Nu mu c cn v mu, thm 2 ml Al(OH)3 vo 100ml mu, lng vi pht, lc
b lp nc qua lc u tin.
Chun b mu v dung dch chun nh sau:
STT

Vdd chun N-NO2 , ml

2,5

7,5

10

12,5

Bo co th nghim ha k thut mi trng

- 34 -

GVHD: Trn Th Phi Oanh


Nhm 3
_________________________________________________________________________
V nc ct, ml

25

22,5

20

17,5

15

10

N-(1-Naphthy) ethylenediamine

C (mg/l)

0,05

0,1

0,15

0,2

0,25

hp thu

0.138

0.268

0.412

0.559

0.651

Pha long mu 25 ln
Ta o hp thu mu bc sng 520 nm c 0.152 nm trong ng chun.
IV. TNH TON:
T lot chun o hp thu, s dng phng php bnh phng cc tiu lp
phng trnh y = ax + b. Da vo tr s o hp thu ca mu, tnh nng C m ca dung
dch. Nu tr s hp thu ca mu vt qu cc tr s o hp thu trong dung dch
chun, cn pha long mu n nng thch hp.

Gin hp thu

SULFATE
I. I CNG:
Sulfate l mt trong nhng anion chnh hin din trong nc thin nhin. Trong
nc cp, hm lng sulfate cao s nh hng n sc khe con ngi. Nc cng cng
cha mt lng ng k sulfate d to thnh cn cng trong ni hi v thit b trao i
nhit. Nhng vng t snh ly, bi bi lu nm, sulfur hu c b khong ha dn dn s

Bo co th nghim ha k thut mi trng

- 35 -

GVHD: Trn Th Phi Oanh


Nhm 3
_________________________________________________________________________
to thnh sulfate. Nc chy qua cc min t m mang theo sulfate vi hm lng kh
cao.
1. Ngha Mi Trng
Sulfate l mt trong nhng ch tiu c trng ca nhng vng nc nhim phn. S
hin din ca sulfate nng cao lm cho nc thi c mi v gy nn s n mn cng
rnh. Mi pht sinh do qu trnh kh sulfate thnh H2S di iu kin ym kh.
2. Phng php xc nh (phng php so mu)
V trong nc hm lng sulfat tng i thp nn ta chn phng php o c
phn tch. Trong mi trng acetic acid, sulfate tc dng vi barium chloride to
thnh barium sulfate kt ta mu trng c. Nng sulfate c xc nh bng cch so
snh vi dung dch tham chiu bit trc nng trn ng cong chun.
Ba2+ +S042- BaS04 (ta trng c)
3. Cc yu t nh hng
Mu v cc cht l lng c mt trong nc l tr ngi chnh cho vic xc nh
sulfate. Mt s cht l lng c th loi b bng cch lc, hm lng silica trn 500mg/l
cng cn tr vic to thnh ta BaS04. Ngoi ra trong nc khng cn mt ion no kt
ta vi barium trong mi trng acid mnh nn vic xc nh c th tin hnh nhit
thay i khong 10oC.
II. THIT B V HA CHT:

2.1. Thit B
- Pipet 25 ml: 1

- Pipet 10 ml: 2

- Erlen 125 ml: 8

- Spectophotometer

2.2. Ha Cht

Dung dch m:Ho tan 30g MgCl2, 5 g CH3COONa; 1g KNO3; 20ml CH3COOH

(99%) vo 500ml nc ct v nh mc thnh 1lt.

Barium chloride BaCl2 tinh th

Dung dch sulfate chun (1,00ml = 100MgS04 2-): Ho tan 10,4 ml H2SO4 0,02 N

chun + nc ct = 100 ml hoc 147,9 mg Na2SO4 khan vo nc ct v nh mc thnh


1 lt

Bo co th nghim ha k thut mi trng

- 36 -

GVHD: Trn Th Phi Oanh


Nhm 3
_________________________________________________________________________
III. THC HNH:
Mu nhm 3:
Chun b ng chun theo th t sau :
STT

V dd sulfate chun, ml

V nc ct, ml

25

24

23

22

21

20

25

V mu nc, ml
V dd m, ml

BaCl2 tinh th, g

0,5

0,5

0,5

0,5

0,5

0,5

0,5

C (mg/l)

12

16

20

hp thu

0.413

0.627

0.926

0.1003

0.1226

0.777

Lc u ha tan hon ton BaCl2 thnh dung dch ng nht, sau o hp


thu A ca dung dch chun v mu trn my spectrophtometer = 420nm. Thi gian o
khng qu 5 pht trnh lng ng kt ta BaS04. Nu hp th vt qu gi tr o
trn cc mu chun, cn pha long mu n khong thch hp.
IV. TNH TON:

T lot dung dch chun, o hp thu, v gin A = f(C), s dng phng php
bnh phng cc tiu lp phng trnh y = ax + b. t tr s hp thu Am ca mu,
tnh nng Cm . Nu tr s Am ca mu vt qu cc tr s ca dung dch chun, phi
pha long n nng thch hp.

Bo co th nghim ha k thut mi trng

- 37 -

GVHD: Trn Th Phi Oanh


Nhm 3
_________________________________________________________________________
Gin ng chun

Bo co th nghim ha k thut mi trng

- 38 -

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