Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Nhm 3
_________________________________________________________________________
Bo co th nghim ha k
thut mi trng
-1-
Mc lc
MU................................................................................................................................3
1.1 i Cng:........................................................................................................................3
ngha mi trng.............................................................................................................3
Phng php xc nh.........................................................................................................3
Cc yu t nh hng.........................................................................................................3
1.2 Thit B:........................................................................................................................3
1.3 Ho cht............................................................................................................................4
1.4 Thc Hnh:.......................................................................................................................4
1.5 Cu Hi V p n..........................................................................................................4
C.................................................................................................................................6
2.1 i Cng.........................................................................................................................6
2.2. Ha Cht.........................................................................................................................7
pH............................................................................................................................................9
3.1 i Cng.....................................................................................................................9
3.2 Thit B Ha Cht...........................................................................................................10
3.3 Cu Hi V p n........................................................................................................11
5.1 Khi Nim Chung...........................................................................................................16
5.2 Y Ngha Mi Trng..................................................................................................17
1.Nc c s xut hin ca to, o kim thay i nh th no? Nu c ch phn ng? ....18
2.Nu ng dng t cc s liu kim trong phn tch v x l nc?..............................18
I. I CNG:....................................................................................................................20
II. THIT B V HA CHT: ...........................................................................................21
II. THIT B V HA CHT:............................................................................................23
III. THC HNH:................................................................................................................24
I. I CNG:....................................................................................................................35
3. Cc yu t nh hng......................................................................................................36
2.1. Thit B..........................................................................................................................36
2.2. Ha Cht.......................................................................................................................36
III. THC HNH: ...............................................................................................................37
-2-
MU
1.1 i Cng:
Nc thin nhin sch thng khng mu, mu ca nc mt ch yu do cht mn,
cc cht ha tan, keo hoc do thc vt thi ra. S c mt ca cc ion kim loi (Fe, Mn),
to, than bn v cc cht thi cng nghip cng lm cho nc c mu.
mu ca nc c xc nh theo thang mu tiu chun tnh bng n v Pt-Co.
Trong thc t, mu c th phn thnh hai loi: mu thc v mu biu kin.
- mu biu kin bao gm c cc cht ha tan v cc cht huyn ph to nn, v
th mu biu kin c xc nh ngay trn mu nguyn thy m khng cn loi b cht
l lng.
- mu thc c xc nh trn mu ly tm v khng nn lc qua giy lc v
mt phn cu t mu d b hp th trn giy lc.
ngha mi trng
i vi nc cp, mu biu th gi tr cm quan, sch ca nc. Ring vi nc
thi, mu nh gi phn no mc i nhim ngun nc.
Phng php xc nh
Nguyn tc xc nh mu da vo s hp th nh sng ca hp cht mu co trong
dung dich, phng php xc nh l phng phap so mu.
Cc yu t nh hng
- c nh hng ti vic xc nh mu ca tht ca mu.
- Khi xc nh mu thc, khng nn s dng giy lc v mt phn mu thc c
th b hp th trn giy.
- mu ph thuc vo pH ca nc, do trong bng kt qu cn ghi r pH
lc xc nh mu.
1.2 Thit B:
- Pipet 10ml : 1
- my ly tm
- Erlen 125ml: 6
- pH k
Bo co th nghim ha k thut mi trng
-3-
1.3 Ho cht
Dung dch mu chun Potassium chloroplatinate K2PtCl6 (500 Pt-Co): Ho tan 1,246g
K2PtCl6 v 1 g CoCl2.6H2O trong nc ct c cha 100 ml HCl m c, nh mc thnh
1 lt.
20
1.5 Cu Hi V p n
1. Nguyn nhn gy nn mu i vi nc ?
- Nc mt (sng , ao h): do cc cht mn, cc cht ho tan, keo hay do thc vt thi
ra, cc phiu sinh vt c sn trong nc. Mt khc do nh my thi nc thi c cha
cc ion kim loi, do nc ma chy trn cun theo ph sa hoc cc cht bn c mu khc
nhau lm cho nc mt c mu.
- Nc thi sinh hot: do cc cht ty ra c ln trong nc thi sinh hot, cc cht dinh
dng (P, N) b phn hu, du m, mu thc phm
- Nc thi cng nghip: do cc hp cht mu ca nh my nhum, cc ion kim loi c
mu, cht hu c, cc cht rn l lng
2. Nu cc phng php kh mu trong mu nc?
- S dng cc cht oxy ho nh Cl2, KMNO4, O3 oxy ho cc cht gy mu
trong mu nc.
- Ly tm mu nc loi b cc cht l lng.
- Dng ho cht to kt ta kt hp vi cc cht ph tr loi bt mu ca nc
thi v to kt dnh cc cht mu thnh cc ht ln hn ri em lng hoc ly tm.
-4-
-5-
C
2.1 i Cng
c ca nc bt ngun t s hin din ca mt s cc cht l lng c kch
thc thay i t dng phn tn kh n dng keo, huyn ph (kch thc 0,1 - 10m).
Trong nc, cc cht thay i thng l: t st, cht hu c, v c, thc vt v cc vi
sinh vt bao gm cc loi phiu sinh ng vt.
c pht sinh t nhiu nguyn nhn nh:
- t, t vng ni cao xung ng bng ( do hot ng trng trt)
- nh hng ca nc l lm xo ng lp t, li cun, phn r xc ng, thc
vt.
- Cht thi sinh hot, nc thi sinh hot, nc thi cng nghip.
- S pht trin ca vi khun v mt s vi sinh vt (to).
1.
ngha mi trng
c nh hng quan trng n cp nc cng cng: lm gim v m quan, gy
Cc yu t nh hng
- Cn l lng c kh nng lng nhanh, lm sai lch kt qu o.
- ng o b bn, mu c nhiu bt kh v mu thc ca mu l nhng nguyn
nhn nh hng ti kt qu o d c.
2.2 Thit B
- pipet 5ml: 1
- Erlen 125ml: 10
- pipet 25ml: 1
- My spectrophotometer hoc my o c
-6-
2.2. Ha Cht
Dung dch c chun ( Hydrazine sulfate v hexamethylene tetramine )
Dung dch lu tr (s dng trong 1 thng ) :
Dung dch 1: Ho tan 1g hydrazine sulfate (NH2NH2H2SO4) trong 100 ml nc ct
Dung dch 2: Ho tan 10g hexamethylenetetramine ( C6H12N4 ) trong 100 ml nc ct
Dung dch chun ( 400 FTU ) : Ho trn 5 ml dung dch 1 v 5 ml dung dch 2 . Pha
long thnh 100 ml vi nc ct . Sau lng 24 gi nhit 25 3oC
Thc hnh:
Mu KT I
20
trn?
Theo TCVN c c xc nh bng chiu su lp nc thy c ( trong).
Cht lng nc cp phi t :
-7-
-8-
pH
3.1 i Cng
pH l i lng c trng cho tnh acid hay kim trong mu nc v c nh
ngha theo hm ton hc nh sau:
pH = - log {H+}
Phn ng phn ly ca nc c th hin theo phng trnh:
H2O H+ + OHTheo nh lut tc dng khi lng c th vit:
[ H ][OH ]
=
+
K H 2O
[ H ][OH ] = K
+
Trong :
[ H 2O]
H 2O
[ H 2O] = K w
Kw tch s ion ca nc
[ H ] = [OH ] = 10
+
10o
10-1
10-2
10-3
10-4
10-5
10-6
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
----------------------------------------------------------Mi trng acid
H+ 10-7
0
----Mi trng trung ha
H+
10-8
10-9
10-10 10-11 10-12 10-13 10-14
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
----------------------------------------------------------Mi trng kim
1. ngha mi trng:
Bo co th nghim ha k thut mi trng
-9-
- piprt 25ml: 1
- Pipet 10ml: 4
- My o pH
2. Ha cht
- Ch th mu tng hp
- Ch th mu chuyn bit
- Dung dich Borat Na2B4O7
- Dung dch KH2PO4 0,1N
- 10 -
3.3 Cu Hi V p n
1. Nu mi quan h gia pH v nng ion H+ v ion OHDo vic biu din hot tnh ion hidro di dng nng mol l khng thun tin
nn khc phc kh khn ny nm 1909 Soreson kin ngh biu din nng hot tnh
ca ion hidro di dng logarit m v k hiu l pH +. K hiu ca ng c thay bng k
hiu n gin hn l pH v c biu din bng:
pH = - log [ H+] hay pH =
1
log [ H + ]
1
log [ OH - ]
- 11 -
- 12 -
ACID
4.1 i Cng
acid biu th kh nng phng thch ion H+ do s c mt ca mt s acid yu
trong nc nh acid carbonic, acid tanic, acid humic (hnh thnh t s phn hy cht hu
c v s thy phn cc mui acid mnh nh sulfate nhm, st ). c bit khi c s
hin din ca cc acid v c, mu nc s c pH rt thp.
Ngun nc thin nhin lun duy tr mt th cn bng gia cc ion bicarbonate,
carbonate v kh carbon dioxide ha tan. Trong thc nghim, hai khong pH chun c
s dng phn bit acid bao gm: Khong pH th nht ng vi im i mu ca
cht ch th methyl cam (t 4,2 4,5) nh du s chuyn bin nh hng ca cc acid v
c mnh sang vng nh hng ca carbonic acid. Khong pH th hai ng vi im i
mu ca cht ch th phenolphtalein (t 8,2 8,4) chuyn sang vng nh hng ca nhm
carbonate trong dung dch.
1. Ngha Mi Trng
Nc mang tnh acid rt c ch do tnh cht an mn ca chng. c bit trong
cc qu trnh x l sinh hc, pH phi duy tr khong 6 9 . Do vy, da vo acid
ca nc tnh chnh xc lng ha cht s dng.
2 Phng php th nghim(Phng php chun )
Dng dung dch kim mnh nh phn xc nh acid.
- acid do nh hng ca acid v c c xc nh bng cch nh phn n
im i mu ca ch th methyl cam nn c gi l ACID METHYL (dung dch t
mu chuyn sang da cam).
- K tip, nh phn xc nh acid ton phn n im i mu ca ch th
phenolphthalein, gi l ACID TNG CNG (dung dch khng mu chuyn sang tm
nht).
3. Cc yu t nh hng
- Cc cht kh ha tan nh CO2, H2S, NH3 c th b mt i hoc ha tan vo mu
trong qu trnh lu tr hoc nh phn mu lm nh hng n kt qu phn tch. C th
khc phc bng cch nh phn nhanh, trnh lc mnh v gi nhit mu n nh.
- 13 -
- ng ong100ml: 1
- Pipet 25 ml: 1
- My khuy t: 1
- PH k: 1
2. Ha Cht
Dung dch NaOH 0,02 N
- Dung dch NaOH 1N: cn 40 g NaOH ho vi nc ct sau nh mc thnh 1
lt
- Dung dch NaOH 0,02N: Ly 20 ml dung dch NaOH 1N nh mc thnh 1 lt
nh mc thnh 100 ml
thnh 1 lt.
4.3 THC HNH :
hng ca chlorine.
Mu c gi tr pH < 4,5:
- 14 -
V 0.02 50 1000
V 1000
=
Vm
Vm
- 15 -
KIM
5.1 Khi Nim Chung
kim la kh nng thu nhn proton H+ ca nc. kim trong nc do 3 ion
chnh to ra: hydroxide, carbonate v bicarbonate. Trong thc t cc mui acid yu nh
borate, silicate cng gy nh hng ln n kim. Mt vi acid hu c bn vi s oxy
ha sinh hc nh acid humic, dng mui ca chng c kh nng lm tng kim.
Nhng ngun nc nhim, mui ca acid yu nh acid acetic, propiomic cng lm thay
i kim. Ngoi ra, s c mt ca ammonia cng nh hng dn kim tng cng
ca mu nc.
kim c trng cho kh nng m ca nc
CO2 + CaCO3 + H2O Ca2+ + 2HCO3Cac mui cua acid yu nh borate, silicate va phosphate co th co mt vi khi
lng nho. Mt vai loai acid hu c kho bi oxy hoa sinh hoc, vi du nh acid humic, tao
thanh cac mui cung gy nn kim trong nc. Trong nc bi nhim hoc tinh
trang ky khi, mui cua cac acid yu nh acid acetic, propionic va hydrogen sulfide cung
co th tao thanh kim. Trong mt s trng hp khac, ammonia hoc cac hydroxide
cung gy nn kim cho nc.
Trong nhng iu kin nht inh, cac ngun nc t nhin co th cha mt lng
ang k kim carbonate va hydroxide. iu kin nay thng xay ra trong ngun nc
mt co tao phat trin. Tao s dung khi carbonic, dang t do va kt hp, trong nc va pH
thng at tri s 9 n 10. Nc lo hi lun lun cha kim carbonate va hydroxide.
Nc sau khi c x ly lam mm bng phng phap hoa hoc co s dung vi hoc sa
thng cha carbonate va hydroxide.
Mc du rt nhiu cht gy ra kim trong nc, nhng mt phn ln kim cua
nc t nhin do ba cht sau gy ra theo th t phu thuc vao gia tri pH t cao n thp:
(1) hydroxide (OH-), (2) carbonate (CO32-) va (3) bicarbonate (HCO3-). Vi hu ht cac
muc ich thc t, kim do cac cht khac gy ra trong nc t nhin la khng ang k
hoc rt nho.
kim cua nc, v nguyn tc, do mui cua cac acid yu va cac loai baz manh
gy ra va cac cht nay la dung dich m gi pH khng giam nhiu khi a acid vao
- 16 -
thit b:
- Pipet 25ml:1
- ng ong 100ml: 1
- Erlen 125ml: 2
- 17 -
Ha cht
- Dung dch HCl hay H2SO4 0,02 N: Ha tan 28ml H2SO4 m c thnh 1 lt dd
(H2SO4 1N) ly 20 ml dd H2SO4 1N ha tan thnh 1 lt. nh phn lai nng acid bng
Na2CO3 0.02N (ha tan 1.06g Na2CO3 sy 105oC thnh 1 lt).
- Ch th phenolphthalein 0.5%: Ha tan 500mg phenolthalein trong 50ml methanol,
thm nc ct nh mc thnh 100ml.
- Ch th methyl da cam: ha tan 50mg methyl cam trong nc ct thnh 100ml.
- Ch th hn hp bromocresol lc v methyl v 200mg bromocresol luc vo
ethanol, nh mc thnh 100ml bng dung dch ethanol 95o.
5.6 Cu Hi V p n
1.Nc c s xut hin ca to, o kim thay i nh th no? Nu c ch phn ng?
Nhiu ngun nc mt c iu kin tt cho s pht trin ca to, c bit l
nhng ni c cn nhiu, pH c th t ti 10.
To s dng cacbonic cho cc hot ng quang hp dn n pH cao. V CO2 l kh
axit nn khi kh CO2 dn n lm gim nng H+ v th pH tng.
CO2 + H2O
V vy to s dng cacbonic lm cc dng kim thay i t bicacbonat thnh
cacbonat v t cacbonat thnh hidroxit (trong qu trnh thay i ny th kim tng
cng khng thay i)
To c th tip tc s dng CO2 ca nc cho n khi pH tng n gi tr nh
hng, thng pH c gi tr t 10 11.
Vo ban m, to sn xut kh CO2 lm nh hng ngc li ca qu trnh trn.
2.Nu ng dng t cc s liu kim trong phn tch v x l nc?
Da vo s liu kim, pH ca nc, ngi ta xc nh c n nh ca
nc. T xc nh nhng tc ng m nc c th chu: xm thc, lng ng canxi
cacbonat ng dng nhng tnh cht ny bo v ng ng bng kim loi khi qu
trnh xm thc bng cch cho vo nc nhng ho cht ph hp to s lng ng canxi
cacbonat len thnh ng hnh thnh lp bo v vng chc.
La chn bin php x l nc cho thch hp m bo mi trng cn bng v sc
kho con ngi.
Bo co th nghim ha k thut mi trng
- 18 -
- 19 -
CHLORINE
I. I CNG:
1. Ngha Mi Trng
Chlor ha nc cp v nc thi sau x l nhm mc ch tiu dit nhng vi sinh
vt, ngn nga s pht trin ca vi trng gy bnh sau qu trnh x l, ng thi chlor
ha cng lm thay i cht lng nc do phn ng gia chlorine vi ammonia,
manganese, sulfide v mt s cc hp cht hu c hin din trong dung dch. Tuy nhin,
chlor ha c th gy ra nhng nh hng c hi nh lm tng mi v v ca phenol v
nhng hp cht hu c trong nc. Cc cht hu c c kh nng gy ung th nh
chloroform cng c th hnh thnh trong qu trnh chlor ha. Chlorine phc hp c to
thnh trong phn ng gia chlorine v ammonia s gy nh hng c hi n i sng
ca thc vt nc. Do , khi s dng chlorine chlor ha nc cn phi tnh ton
khng gy ra nhng tc hi sau ny.
Chlor d t do c nng lc kh khun tt, tuy nhin chng d b tiu tn nhanh
trong h thng phn phi. V vy trong x l cn chuyn chlorine t do thnh chlorine
kt hp tn ti bn vng hn.
2. Phng php xc nh (phng php nh phn)
Chlorine dng hypochlorous acid hay ion hypochlorite s phn ng vi DPD
(N N diethyl p - phenylene diamine) nh cht ch th mu v to thnh mu tm.
Cng mu t l thun vi hm lng chlorine trong mu.
3. Cc yu t nh hng
- Mu c kim > 250 mg CaCO3/l hay acid > 150 mg CaCO3/l s lm gim
cng mu hay khng hin mu khi cho DPD vo dung dch. Nn trung ha mu ti
pH 6 7 bng H2SO4 1N hay NaOH IN trc khi thm DPD.
- Mu c cha momochloramin lm tng hm lng ca Cl2 ln 0,1 mg/l.
- Bromine, iodine, ozone v cc dng oxide ca manganese v chromium cng phn ng
vi DPD nh Cl2.
- 20 -
Mu : nhm 3
a. Chun b mu:
Chnh pH n 6.5 loi tr nh hng ca manganese hay chrormium , sau
thm 3 git potassium iodide vo , lc u v ch trong 1 pht , thm 3 git sodium
arsenite , tip tc lc .
b. o trn my Hach DR/2010
- Bm nt Power m my.
- Bm s 80 v nhn Enter , khi trn mn hnh s hin Dial nm to 530 , xoay nt
trn bn hng my cho ti khi trn mn hnh hin 530 nm . Nhn Read/Enter .
- Ly 25 ml nc ct cho vo ng o ( mu trng ) v t vo my . Nhn Zero ,
trn mn hnh s hin wait v sau l 0,00 mg/l Cl2 .
- Ly thm mt ng khc vi 25 ml mu nc . Thm mt gi DPD Free Chlorine ,
lc u trong khong 20 giy . Ngay sau t mu chun b vo my , nhn
Read/Enter , 29mg/l Cl2 .
- 21 -
ST
I. I CNG:
3. Cc yu t nh hng
- Cc cht oxy ha nh: cyanua, phosphate, crom, km c hm lng vt qu 10
ln so vi hm lng st u nh hng n kt qu phn tch.
- Cobalt, ng c hm lng > 5 mg/l gy tr ngi n kt qu.
- Nu mu c mu hoc cha hm lng cht hu c cao nn un cn v dng acid
ha tan hon ton cn.
- 22 -
- ng lng 50 m l: 1
- Pipet 5 ml: 2
- Pipet 25 ml: 1
- Pipet 2 ml: 2
- Bp in
- My spectrophotometter
2. Ha cht
- HCl
- Dung dch hydroxide amine: Ha tan 10 g NH2OH.HCl trong 100 ml nc ct
- Dung dch m ammonium acetate CH3COONH3: Ha tan 250g CH3COONH3
trong 150 ml nc ct, thm 700 ml CH3COOH m c, lc u .
- Dung dch phenalthroline:
Ha tan 100 mg 1,10 phenanthroline (C12H8N2H20) trong 100ml nc ct, khuy v
un si khang 80oC .
Ha tan 100mg 1,10 phenanthroline (C12H8N2H20) vo 10ml nc ct, thm 2 git
HCl m c. Khuy u n khi tan han tan sau nh mc thnh 100ml .
- Dung dch chun st
Dung dch lu tr st: Cho 20 ml H2SO4 m c vo 50 ml nc ct, thm 1,404g
Fe(NH4)2(SO4)2.6H2O. Sau khi ha tan dung dch thm tng git KMnO4 cho n khi
xut hin mu hng nht khng i. Pha thnh mt lt vi nc ct.
- Dung dch chun:
+ Ly 50 ml dung dch lu tr st cho vo bnh nh mc sau nh mc thnh
1000ml vi nc ct (10 g/ml).
+ Ly 5 ml dung dch lu tr st cho vo bnh nh mc 1 lt, thm nc ct ti
vch nh mc thnh 1 lt (1 g/ml).
- 23 -
V dd chun, ml
V nc ct, ml
25
24
23
22
21
20
V HCl , ml
V dd NH2OH.HCl, ml
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
V dd m NH3C2H3O2
V dd phenanthroline
C, mg/l
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
- 24 -
Gin hp thu
- 25 -
NITRAT
I. I CNG:
1. ngha mi trng
Nitrat l giai on oxy ha cao nht trong chu trnh nit v l giai on sau cng
trong tin trnh oxy ha sinh hc . lp nc mt , nitrat thng dng vt nhng i
vi nc ngm mch nng , li c hm lng rt cao . Nc ung cha nhiu nitrat c
th gy bnh huyt sc t cho tr em . Do trong ngun nc cp cho sinh hot , nitrat
c quy nh khng vt qu 6 mg/l .
S liu nitrate cho php nh gi mc thi gian nhim ngun nc v kim
sot qu trnh x l sinh hc .
2. Phng php xc nh (phng php so mu)
Nguyn tc Brucin l mt hp cht hu c phc tp c kh nng phn ng vi nitrat
trong mi trng acid mnh v nhit cao to thnh phc cht c mu vng . Tuy
nhin mu ca phn ng khng theo nh lut beer ( ng cong ch khng thng ) m
pht trin theo hm s ca thi gian v nhit do vy nn pha long mu vi hm lng
nirat long t 0,1 1 mg/l v s dng acid nng thch hp .
3. Cc yu t nh hng
- Cc tc nhn oxy ha mnh v cc cht kh trong mu u nh hng n kt qu
- Nn loi tr clo d bng natri arsen
- Fe2+ v Fe3+, kim loi ha tri 4 vi hm lng nh hn 1 mg/l c th b qua
- Ngn nga s chuyn ha nitrit bng acid sulfanilic
II. THIT B V HA CHT:
1. thit b
- ng nghim : 8
- Gi ng nghim
- Pipet 1 ml : 2
- Pipet 10 ml : 3
- My spectrophotometer
2. Ha cht:
a.Dung dch N-NO3 chun ( 1 ml = 2g N-NO3 ) .
Bo co th nghim ha k thut mi trng
- 26 -
acid trong 70 ml nc ct nng , thm 3ml HCl m c, lm lnh , pha long thnh 100
ml . Gi trong chai m mu 50C . Dung dch ny c mu hng nhng khng nh
hng n kt qu phn tch v c th dng trong vi thng ( ch rt c khng c
dng ming ht dung dch vo pipet )
c.Dung dch H2SO4 m c :
d.
V dd chun N-NO3, ml
V nc ct, ml
C ( mg/l)
0.4
0.8
1.2
1.6
- 27 -
V dd chun, ml
V mu nc, ml
V dd Brucin, ml
0,5
0,5
0,5
0,5
0,5
0,5
0,5
H2SO4
Dy Chun
0.8
0.16
1.7
1.9
2.0
1.6
y = 0 .7 1 3 x + 0 .7 8
R2 = 0 .8 1 6 2
y
L in e a r (y)
Gin ng chun
AMMONIA
I. I CNG :
Trong nc, amonia thng c ngun gc t s phn hy cc cht hu c do hot
ng ca cc vi sinh vt trong iu kin ym kh. i vi nc sinh hot, NH3 c pht
hin c th do nhim bn bi nc thi, ngai ra cloramin cn hin din di dng
Bo co th nghim ha k thut mi trng
- 28 -
4. Cc yu t nh hng:
- Mt s hp cht amine mch thng, hp cht cloramine hu c mch vng,
acetone, aldehit, ru c th phn ng vi nessler cho phc cht mu vng, gy sai s
trn kt qu o.
- Sulfur gy kt ta vi nessler nn cn loi b bng cacbonat ch
- 29 -
1. Dng C v Thit B
- Pipet 10 ml: 2
- Pipet 5 ml: 2
- Pipet 25 ml: 1
- B chng ct m
- ng nghim: 10
- My spectrophotometer
2. Ha cht
a Dung dch ZnSO4: ha tan 100g ZnSO4.7H2O trong nc ct v nh mc thnh 1
lt.
b Dung dch NaOH 6N : ha tan 240 g NaOH trong nc ct v nh mc thnh 1lt
c Dung dch EDTA: ha tan 50g EDTA-Na trong 60ml nc ct c cha 10g NaOH.
C th un nh cho tan ht, lm ngui n nhit phng v nh mc thnh
100ml.
d Dung dch chun N-NH3 (1ml = 10g N-NH3):
* Dung dch lu tr N-NH3 : (1ml = 1mg = 1000g N-NH3). Ha tan
3,819g NH4Cl ( sy kh 1000C), thm nc ct cho 1 lt ( 1ml = 1 mg N = 1,22
mg NH3 )
* Dung dch chun N-NH3: (1ml = 10g N-NH3).Pha lang 10 ml dung
dch lu tr vi nc ct cho 1lt (1 ml = 0,010 mg N = 0,0122mg NH ).
e Dung dch boric acid: ha tan 20g H3BO3 vi nc ct cho 1lt, thm 10 ml ch
th mu dung dch c mu tm.
f Ch th mu hn hp: ha tan 200mg Methyl Red trong 100ml cn 950, ha tan
100mg Methylen Blue trong 50ml cn 95 . Trn 2 dung dch li c ch th mu
hn hp.
- 30 -
0.5
1.5
2.5
V nc ct , ml
25
24.5
24
23.5
23
22.5
V dd Nessler , ml
C( mg/l )
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
hp thu
0.167
0.292
0.356
0.418
S ng
Vdd N-NH3 chun , ml
0.251
- 31 -
(vt vo ) c N 14 1000
vm
Trong :
Vt: Th tch HCL s dng nh phn mu
Vo: Th tch HCL s dng nh phn mu trng
Vmu: Th tch mu ban u
Chart Title
0.5 y = 0.3035x + 0.1147
0.4
R2 = 0.9914
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0
0.5
y
Linear (y)
1.5
Gin ng chun
NITRIT
I. I CNG:
1. ngha mi trng
Nitrit l giai on trung gian trong chu trnh phn hy m. V c s chuyn ha
gia cc dng khc nhau ca nit trong chu trnh m, nn cc vt nitrit c s dng
Bo co th nghim ha k thut mi trng
- 32 -
1. Dng C v Thit B:
- Pipet 1 ml: 2
- Pipet 2 ml:
- Pipt 10 ml: 2
- ng nghim: 10
- My spectrophotometer
2. Ha cht:
Dung dch chun:
- Dung dch lu tr N-NO2 : (1ml = 250 g N-NO2)
- NaNO2 0,05N: ha tan 1,232g NaNO2 trong nc ct v nh mc thnh 1000 ml.
- KMnO4 0,05N: cn 1,6g KMnO4 + nc ct = 1lt
FAS 0,05N: cn 19,607g Fe(NH4)2(SO4)2.6H2O+20ml H2SO4 m c+nc ct=1lt.
Na2Cr2O4 0,05N: cn 3,350g Na2Cr2O4 thm nc ct cho 1 lt (nu khng dng FAS)
Cho vo bnh thy tinh c mi 50ml KMnO4 0,05N v 5 ml H2SO4 m c, thm
50ml dung dch NaNO2 0,05N. Lm mt mu dung dch bng cch thm mi ln 10ml
dung dch FAS 0,05N (hoc Na2Cr2O4 0,05N). i 5 pht ri nh phn lng tha FAS
- 33 -
A=
[( B * C ) ( D * E )] * 7
F
(mg/ml N-NO2-)
Trong :
B: ml dung dch KMnO4 dng
C: nguyn chun ca dung dch KMnO4 (0,05)
D: ml FAS (hoc Na2Cr2O4) dng
E: nguyn chun ca dung dch kh (0,05N)
F: ml dung dch NaNO2 dng ng phn
* Dung dch N-NO2 chun: (1ml = 0,0005 mg = 0,500 g N-NO2)
Ly 2ml dung dch lu tr + nc ct = 1 lt
a. Dung dch EDTA: cn 500mg mui natri dn xut t EDTA + nc ct = 100ml
b. Acid sulfanilic: cn 0,6g acid sulfanilic + 70ml nc nng ngui + 20ml HCl m
c pha long thnh 100ml vi nc ct.
c. Dung dch naphthylamine chlorhydrate: cn 0,6g naphthylamine chlorhydrate + 50ml
nc ct + 1ml HCl m c +nc ct = 100ml. Pha dng ngay hoc gi nhit
thp.
d. Dung dch n acetate: cn 16,4g CH3COONa hay 27,2g CH3COONa.3H2O + nc
ct = 100ml.
III. THC HNH:
Mu nhm 3
Nu mu c cn v mu, thm 2 ml Al(OH)3 vo 100ml mu, lng vi pht, lc
b lp nc qua lc u tin.
Chun b mu v dung dch chun nh sau:
STT
2,5
7,5
10
12,5
- 34 -
25
22,5
20
17,5
15
10
N-(1-Naphthy) ethylenediamine
C (mg/l)
0,05
0,1
0,15
0,2
0,25
hp thu
0.138
0.268
0.412
0.559
0.651
Pha long mu 25 ln
Ta o hp thu mu bc sng 520 nm c 0.152 nm trong ng chun.
IV. TNH TON:
T lot chun o hp thu, s dng phng php bnh phng cc tiu lp
phng trnh y = ax + b. Da vo tr s o hp thu ca mu, tnh nng C m ca dung
dch. Nu tr s hp thu ca mu vt qu cc tr s o hp thu trong dung dch
chun, cn pha long mu n nng thch hp.
Gin hp thu
SULFATE
I. I CNG:
Sulfate l mt trong nhng anion chnh hin din trong nc thin nhin. Trong
nc cp, hm lng sulfate cao s nh hng n sc khe con ngi. Nc cng cng
cha mt lng ng k sulfate d to thnh cn cng trong ni hi v thit b trao i
nhit. Nhng vng t snh ly, bi bi lu nm, sulfur hu c b khong ha dn dn s
- 35 -
2.1. Thit B
- Pipet 25 ml: 1
- Pipet 10 ml: 2
- Spectophotometer
2.2. Ha Cht
Dung dch m:Ho tan 30g MgCl2, 5 g CH3COONa; 1g KNO3; 20ml CH3COOH
Dung dch sulfate chun (1,00ml = 100MgS04 2-): Ho tan 10,4 ml H2SO4 0,02 N
- 36 -
V dd sulfate chun, ml
V nc ct, ml
25
24
23
22
21
20
25
V mu nc, ml
V dd m, ml
0,5
0,5
0,5
0,5
0,5
0,5
0,5
C (mg/l)
12
16
20
hp thu
0.413
0.627
0.926
0.1003
0.1226
0.777
T lot dung dch chun, o hp thu, v gin A = f(C), s dng phng php
bnh phng cc tiu lp phng trnh y = ax + b. t tr s hp thu Am ca mu,
tnh nng Cm . Nu tr s Am ca mu vt qu cc tr s ca dung dch chun, phi
pha long n nng thch hp.
- 37 -
- 38 -