DN LUN NGN NG HC

Bi 1 - NHNG KHI NIM C BN

I. Bn cht v chc nng ca ngn ng

1. Bn cht ca ngn ng Ngn ng c phi l mt hin tng khng ? Ngn ng khng phi l mt hin tng t nhin v cng khng phi l mt hin tng di truyn v khng phi ngi ca dn tc no th s ni ngn ng ca dn tc . Ngn ng l mt hin tng x hi v ngn ng l do cng ng qui c v s dng, n tn ti v pht trin ty thuc vo x hi, l c s hnh thnh x hi v l cng c giao tip, cng c t duy ca x hi. 2. Chc nng ca ngn ng Ngn ng l cng c giao tip, cng c ca t duy. Ngn ng l cng c giao tip v n l cng c ngi ta trao i t tng v tnh cm. II. Ngn ng l mt h thng du hiu

1. nh ngha du hiu (sign): Du hiu (DH) l mt s vt hay mt thuc tnh vt cht, mt hin tng kch thch vo gic quan ca con ngi lm ngi ta tri gic c, l gii v suy din mt ci g ngoi s vt y. [DH (= vt cht) kch thch vo gic quan hiu] (nh ngha du hiu bng k hiu) c im ca du hiu: Du hiu phi l vt cht (vt th, m thanh, nh sng).

Du hiu l ci thay th cho ci g . Du hiu nhn to th do con ngi quy c v nm trong mt h thng nht nh v n dng phn bit.

2. Phn loi du hiu: Du hiu nhn to: a. Du hiu ngn ng (language sign) b. K hiu (Grafic sign) c. Bin bo giao thng, ct mc ch ng (sign post) d. Bng hiu (sign board) e. Lm du, ra du (mark trace on the face or hands) f. Vt tng trng (symbol) g. Ch hiu (index) h. Hnh hiu (icon) i. Tn hiu (Siqual) Du hiu t nhin: Chng hiu (symptom) v cc loi du hiu t nhin khc. V d: my ma, khila, III. Du hiu ngn ng 1. nh ngha du hiu ngn ng: Du hiu ngn ng l thc th tm l c 2 mt l m thanh v ngha. m thanh l ci biu t, ngha l ci c biu t. 2. Cc tnh cht ca du hiu ngn ng: a. Tnh 2 mt (m + ngha) b. Tnh u vit DH1 (du hiu 1) DH2 DH3 Cc du hiu khc nhau gi cho ta bit n cc s vt, s vic khc nhau.

c. Tnh hnh tuyn Cc du hiu ngn ng c ln lt pht ra theo thi gian, du hiu ny ni tip du hiu kia. Ngi ta khng th pht ra hai du hiu trong cng mt lc. d. Tnh v on Mi quan h gia m v ngha khng c l do (iu ny c gi l v on) V on c 2 loi: tng i v tuyt i. e. Tnh h thng Cc du hiu ngn ng c lin h vi nhau th chng phi phn bit cc s vt, s vic khc nhau. IV. Cp v n v ngn ng 1. Cp (level) l g ? Cp l bc ca nhng n v ng lot. 2. n v (element) n v l yu t lm thnh mt chnh th ni trong quan h vi chnh th . 3. Cc cp v n v trong ngn ng Cu T Hnh v m v Cu (sentence): Cu n (C V), cu ghp (C V, C V, ) T (word): T n (single word), t ghp (compound word), t ly (reduplication), t phi sinh (derivative word). Hnh v (morpheme): Cn t (root of word); Ph t (affix): gm c: tin t (prefix), hu t (suffix), trung t (infix), lin t (intenfix), bin t (inflextion).

m v (phoneme): Gm c ph m, nguyn m, bn nguyn m v thanh iu. V d: Inter/nation/al relation/s (International relations l mt t phi sinh) Trong : Inter l tin t nation l cn t al l hu t s l bin t Cn t + ph t = t phi sinh (khng thay i ngha) V d: work + er = worker (er l mt hu t) re + read = reread (re l mt tin t) Cn t + bin t (khng lm thay i ngha) V d: Cat Cats (y l mt t n) Happy happiness (y l mt t phi sinh) V. Cc quan h trong ngn ng 1. Quan h bao hm (hierarchical relation) n v cp cao hn th bao hm cc n v cp thp hn. n v cp thp hn th nm trong n v cp cao hn v l thnh t cu to nn n v cp cao hn .

V d: Nng dn ang thu hoch la. y l mt cu gm 4 t (nng dn, ang, thu hoch, la); 6 hnh v (nng, dn, ang, thu, hoch, la); mi t c 5 m v. 2. Quan h ngang (syntagmatic relation) Quan h ngang l kh nng kt hp ca t ny vi t khc to thnh cu. 3. Quan h dc (paradigmatic relation) Quan h dc l kh nng thay th t ny bng t khc trong cng mt v tr. VI. Thuc tnh h thng v cu trc ca ngn ng

1. nh ngha h thng (system) H thng l mt tp hp cc yu t, cc phn t c quan h vi nhau trong mt chnh th. c im ca h thng: Phi c t 2 yu t tr ln mi hnh thnh mt h thng. Cc yu t phi lin h vi nhau, nu thiu 1 yu t th h thng hot ng khim khuyt ( hot ng khng c). V d: Cc b phn trong c th hnh thnh mt h thng. Mt i giy hay i dp gm c hai chic, mt chic i bn phi v mt chic i bn tri. Nu thiu mt trong hai hay d ra mt chic u khng hnh thnh nn mt h thng cht ch. Vy ngn ng l mt h thng v n c nhng c im ca h thng (h thng m v, hnh v, t).

V d: h thng ch s nhiu trong ting Anh: -s (banks), -es (classes), -ee (feet), 2. nh ngha cu trc (structure) Cu trc l mt tng th cc quan h ni ti gia cc yu t lm nn mt chnh th. V d: ngn ng l mt h thng mang tnh cu trc Cu (sentence) on ng (phrase) T (word) m tit Cu (sentence): S V O (Ch ng - V ng - B ng) I read a newspaper. (Ti c bo) on ng (phrase): P3 (t ph) P2P1 + T (t trung tm) + P1P2 Tt c nhng ci con mo en y. Tt c l P3, nhng l P2, ci l P1, con mo l T, en l P1, y l P2. Lu : cu trc ca cc ngn ng khc nhau th khc nhau. T (word): C C, C P / P C C C : cc loi t ghp ng lp, t ly C P: chnh trc ph sau (do Vit Nam sng to ra, v d: ngi li my bay) P C: ph trc chnh sau (ngun gc t ting Hn, v d: phi cng) m tit: m tit ph thuc vo ngn ng, mi ngn ng khc nhau c m tit khc nhau. V d: cat (CVC), go (CV), spring (CCCVC), ago (VCV)

Sau m tit l m v nhng m v khng c cu trc. VII. Ngn ng (language) v li ni (parole) Ngn ng l ci chung, mang tnh cht x hi. Li ni l ci ring, mang tnh cht c nhn. Li ni l s th hin ca ngn ng. VIII. V d: i ng gii by, tm s, tr chuyn Mi quan h ng i v lch i Quan h ng i l quan h gia cc t ng cn ang c s dng. Quan h lch i l quan h gia cc t ang c s dng vi cc t mt i.

Quan h ng i

Quan h lch i IX. Ngun gc ca ngn ng Theo Angent, ngn ng hnh thnh do qu trnh lao ng.

Lao ng cn hp tc lao ng cn trao i cn phng tin qui c ngn ng ra i. Theo ch ngha duy vt, ngn ng l do con ngi qui c ra s dng.

Bi 2 CC NGN NG TRN TH GII

I. Cc h ngn ng

1. H n u: Dng n : ting Hini, Bengali, Pengip (ting Phn/ Xancrit l t ng).

Lu : t ng l th ting khng cn c ni hay s dng na. Dng Iran: ting Iran, Irag, Afghanixtan, Tatgitixtan (ting Persic l t ng). Dng Xlav:

ng Xlav: ting Nga, Ucraina, Bilrutxia Ty Xlav: Sc, Slivec, Ba Lan Nam Xlav: Bungari (Xlav c l t ng) Dng Gicmani: ting Anh, c, Nauy, Thy in, an Mch, H Lan. Dng Roman: ting Php, , B o Nha, Ty Ban Nha, Rumani (Latin l t ng). Dng Xent: Airlen, Xctlen Dng Hy Lp Dng Anbani Dng Acmni 2. H Ug Phn Lan: Hunggari, Phn Lan. 3. H Tuyc (Uran Altaic): Th Nh K, Tuycmni, Udbch, Agic baigian, Tcta, Triu Tin, Nht, Mng C. 4. H Xmit Hamit: Rp, Ai Cp (t ng Do Thi C). 5. H Nam : ting Vit, Khme, Mn (Mianma), Muna (n ) 6. H Nam o: Giava, Madura, Sunda (Indonxia), Tangal (Philippin), M Lai (Malayxia), Chm, Raglai, Chu Ru, , Giarai ( Vit Nam) 7. H Hn Tng: ting Hn, Ha, Ty Tng II. Cc loi hnh ngn ng:

1. Loi hnh khut chit/ ha kt (inflerional language) Quan h ng php, ngha ng php din t bn trong t. T c bin hnh. C s i lp gia cn t v ph t.

Cc ngn ng khut chit: Phn, Hy Lp c, Latin, Xlav, Gicman, Roman, Do Thi, Rp 2. Loi hnh chp dnh (aqglutinative language) Quan h ng php, ngha ng php din t bn trong t. T c bin hnh. C cn t, ph t, khng c bin t. Mi ph t ch c 1 hnh thc v 1 ngha.

Cc ngn ng chp dnh: Th Nh K, Mng C, Triu Tin, Nht V d: ev (nh = cn t), ler (nhng = ph t), i (ca ti = ph t) ev + ler = evler ev + i = evi ev + ler + i = evleri 3. Loi hnh n lp (isolating language) Quan h ng php, ngha ng php din t bn ngoi t thng qua trt t t, h t, ng iu. T khng bin hnh. Ting = m tit= hnh v = t.

Cc ngn ng n lp: ting Vit, Hn, Aranta chu c, nhiu ngn ng ng Nam . 4. Loi hnh lp khun (incorporating language)

T c bin hnh. C loi n v na l t, na l cu. Ch ng v v ng ng chn 2 u cu nh 1 ci khun.

V d: Inialudam = Ti n cho c ci ny Trong : I (), n (ti), i (ci ny), a (c), lu (ch hnh ng xy ra vi ngi ni), d (cho cn t), am (n ) Cho cu: N lkit kinet = H i Trong : N (h), lkit (i), kinet (hin ti) Hay cu: N gtg jk lkit kinet = H i nhanh n h Trong : N (h), gtg (h), jk (nhanh), lkit (i), kinet (hin ti) 5. c im loi hnh ca ting Vit Ting Vit l mt ngn ng n lp. T khng bin hnh. Ch c cn t, khng c ph t v bin t. Ting = m tit = hnh v = t. S dng cc phng thc ng php c bn l: trt t t, h t, ng iu, ly.

Bi 3 NG M HC I. Mt s khi nim c bn

1. m tit (Syllable) m tit l n v pht m nh nht. V d: Con h ti m, chu h ti b. (mi t trong cu c 1 m tit) Radio c 3 m tit: ra, di, o City c 2 m tit: ci, ty 2. Ph m (consonant) Ph m l m khi pht m th lung hi t phi qua thanh hu gp phi s cn tr ng k trc khi pht ra ngoi. Cc loi ph m: a. Xt theo c im cu m Ph m v thanh (ch c ting ng): p, t, k, ch, f, s, x, kh, h Ph m hu thanh (c mt phn l ting thanh): b, , v,z, r Ph m vang (c t l ting thanh ln hn ting ng): m, n, ng, nh, l b. Xt theo phng thc cu m Ph m tc: lung hi b chn hon ton: b, , t, th, tr, ch, k Ph m xt: lung hi khng b chn hon ton: f, s, x, kh, h, v, z, r, g, l Ph m tc xt: na u tc, na sau xt: gin /dzin/ Ph m bt hi: bt mnh: th Ph m tc mi: tc ming ra mi: m, n, ng, nh Ph m rung: /r/ Kapma (y l t ting Nga ngha l bn )

3. Nguyn m (vowel) Nguyn m l m m khi pht m th lung hi t phi thot ra khng gp phi tr ngi ng k no: i, , e, i, , , a, , , , u, , o u. V d: nguyn m n: i, t, a, . Ngoi ra cn c nguyn m i hoc ba: lin min 4. Bn nguyn m (semi vowel) Ting m na mang tnh cht nguyn m, na mang tnh cht ph m. V d: ton (o bn nguyn m; a nguyn m) Tun (u bn nguyn m; nguyn m) Mai (a nguyn m; i bn nguyn m) 5. m v (phoneme) m v l n v khu bit m thanh nh nht, m v c th l ph m, nguyn m, bn nguyn m v thanh iu. V d: con g (con cvc; g cv) 6. m t (sound) m t l s th hin c th ca m v 7. Bin th ca m v Nhng m t cng th hin mt m v gi l bin th ca m v. V d: ngang ngnh (ng v nh l 2 bin th ca 1 m v //) 8. Thanh iu (tone)

Thanh iu l s nng cao hay h thp ging ni trong mt m tit phn bit ngha ca t. V d: ba, b, b, b, b, b (b v b l thanh bng, cn li l thanh trc) 9. Ng iu (intonation) Ng iu l s nng cao hoc h thp ging ni trong c cu. II. H thng ng m ting Vit

Ph m u (consonant): 22 1) /b/ = 2) /m/ = m 3) /f/ = ph 4) /v/ = 5) /tc/ = th 6) /t/ = t 7) /d/ = 8) /n/ = n 9) /s/ = x 10) /z/ = d, gi 11) // = 12) // = 13) // = 14) // = 15) // = ch 16) // = nh 17) /k/ = c, k, q 18) // = ng, ngh 19) // = kh 20) /T/ = g, gh 21) // =

22) /h/ = Bn nguyn m (pretonal) 1) /-w-/ = o (ton); u (tun, xun) 2) / / = (tn, tn) Nguyn m (vowel) 1) /i/ = i, y 2) /e/ = 3) // = e 4) // = a (anh ch) 5) /ie/ = i, y, ia, ya (kin, khuyn, kia, khuya) 6) // = 7) // = (sn, cn) 8) // = (sn, cn) 9) /a/ = a 10) // = , u 11) // = , a (mng, ma) 12) /u/ = u (cau) 13) /o/ = 14) // = oo (boong, soc) 15) // = o (ong, c) 16) /uo/ = u, ua (ung, cua) m cui 1) /-p/ = p (tp) 2) /-t/ = t (mt) 3) /-k/ = c, ch (cc, cch) 4) /-m/ = m

5) /-n/ = n 6) /-/ = ng, nh (ngang, nganh) 7) /-/ = u, o (cau, cao, sau, sao) 8) /-/ = i, y (tai, tay) 9) / / = (ta, to, t) III. T vng hc 1. T (word) T l mt n v nh nht c ngha c lp, c th gi mt chc nng ng php nht nh v c th quy v mt t loi nht nh. 2. Hnh v (morpheme) L n v ngn ng nh nht c ngha dng cu to t. 3. c im cu to t: t n, t ghp, t ly, t phi sinh. 4. Ngha ca t Ngha t vng (thc t), ngha ng php (h t) 5. Cc phm tr ng ngha T a ngha (polysemy), t ng m (homonym), t ng ngha (synonym), t tri ngha (antonym) IV. Ng php hc

1. Cc phng thc ng php nh ngha: phng thc ng php l cch thc th hin ngha ng php, th hin ngha ca ton cu. l cch ni 1 cu sao cho ng. a) S dng trt t t: kt hp t thnh cu. V d: ba c bo.

b) S dng h t V d: ba ang c bo. c) S dng ng iu Cu tng thut ( ) Cu hi ( ) Cu mnh lnh v cu cm than ( ) d) S dng trng m Promise (n) li ha Promise (v) ha Lu : ting Vit dng trng m nhm mc ch ngi khc ch , khng lm thay i ngha. e) S dng ph t, bin t f) Bin i bn trong t cn V d: man men Hes a man. They are men. g) Thay th bng mt t cn khc V d: good better best h) Ly 2. Cc phm tr ng php

nh ngha: phm tr ng php l s khi qut ca mt s ngha ng php nht nh th hin bng s bin hnh ca t hay s kt hp ca h t. iu kin c phm tr ng php l: t nht phi c t 2 ngha tr ln. t nht phi c 2 hnh thc ng php biu th nhng ngha y tr ln.

Cc loi phm tr ng php: 1. Phm tr ging: c/ ci/ trung V d: cmygerem v cmygeremka (t ting Nga: sinh vin nam v sinh vin n) 2. Phm tr s: t/ nhiu 3. Phm tr cch: ch cch, s hu cch, tng cch, i cch, cng c cch, v tr cch 4. Phm tr ngi V d: I, you, he, she 5. Phm tr thi: qu kh, hin ti, tng lai 6. Phm tr th: hon thnh, tip din V d: Ive spoken English. Im speking English. 7. Phm tr dng: ch ng, b ng V d: The teacher criticized me. I was criticized by the teacher.

8. Phm tr thc: hin thc, gi nh V d: If I were rich, I would travel around the world. 3. Cc quan h ng php a) Quan h C V (li tm) V d: Nhng chic o hoa y rt p. (nhng chic o hoa y l ch ng, rt p l v ng) b) Quan h chnh ph (hng tm) V d: Nhng chic o hoa y (chic o l chnh; nhng, hoa, y l ph) c) Quan h ng lp (hng tm) V d: Nhng chic o hoa y v nhng chic o hoa ny. 4. Cc loi cu: Cu n (bnh thng v c bit), cu ghp.