Con ngi suy ngh bng bng, d, rut, gan hay tim c? Tn mn v t Hn Vit t duy (phn 6.

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Nguyn Cung Thng nguyencungthong@yahoo.com

T ngy phu thut thay tim thnh cng, gii y hc bt u ch n nhiu trng hp nh cu chuyn v c Claire Sylvia (1988) sau khi thay tim li tr nn thch ung bia (c rt ght ung bia trc khi thay tim) v c nhiu suy ngh khc hn lc trc (ging vi ngi cho c tri tim). Ngoi ra c nhiu d kin khoa hc cho thy tri tim khng ch l c quan (my) bm m cn c nhng t bo qun l cc tn hiu nh no b (c n 60-65 % t bo nh no b) v c khong 40000 n-ron lin kt vi no b. Cng ngy cng nhiu d kin cho thy con ngi suy ngh khng ch bng no b (u) m cn dng nhiu b phn khc nh tim, lng ... Bi vit ny ghi nhn cc suy ngh v suy ngh v cm xc t kinh nghim c nhn khi gii quyt vn (v gii ton) v nht l t gc ngn ng vn ha phn nh qua ting Vit, ting Trung (Quc) so vi cc ngn ng khng lin h nhng thng gp trn th gii. Nhiu d kin ngn ng cho thy cc khuynh hng t duy tp trung vo mt s phn khc nhau trn c th con ngi nh quy-no (no l ngun, ch cha) so vi quy-phc (bng l chnh, mc 3.7). Bi vit ny (phn 6.1) gii thiu s qua cc nghin cu mi v cc cch dng rt c (truyn thng) trong cc nn vn ha con ngi, phn nh phn no n lc tm hiu cc hot ng tinh thn qua ngn ng.

Mt h thng thn kinh nm dc theo rut (lng) cn c gi l no b th hai (the second brain) trch t bi vit http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=gutsecond-brain

1. T duy phng Bc (quy-no)

Sau y l cc t Hn Vit/HV thng gp ch s suy ngh hay nhng hot ng lin h

1.1 T hay t (suy ngh, suy t)1 l t HV vit bng b tm hp vi ch tn (m c, ci

thp , ngha l nh u tr s sinh) ch khng phi l ch in nh cch vit by gi (vit n gin nhng li vit sai) suy ngh l lin hp (tng hnh) gia con tim v u no - ta thy r iu ny khi xem cc cch vit c hn nh tiu trin trch t trang http://www.chineseetymology.org/CharacterEtymology.aspx?submitButton1=Etymology&chara cterInput=%E6%80%9D

so vi ch t khi th

Cch vit va tng hnh va hi ca ch t phn nh lng tin ca ngi Hn c v kh nng t duy ca con ngi: t tri tim n u (c) - theo Thuyt Vn Gii T (TVGT, bin hiu 6666) th t l

dung d - tng tm tn thanh - phm t chi thuc giai tng t - tc t thit

Theo hc gi on Ngc Ti th ch t khng phi l loi ch hnh thanh (nh TVGT ghi), v dung (hay dong, y l khi nim ch/vt cha s bn n phn sau) cn c th l ch du (hiu bit, sng sut). Tn l ch tng hnh ci u ngi

Gip Ct vn

Tiu trin

Khi th

Thnh ra ta khng ngc nhin khi thy nhiu ch Hn khi din t qu trnh suy ngh thng dng b tm nh t , tng , l/l (lo lng) , nim , hoi , duy , thn ...v.v Ch tt gm c ch (b) tim v ch thi (la chn) cho ra ngha bit r (tng tn): s hiu bit tng tn c lin quan n hot ng ca tri tim. Th d nh hai ch tm hp li ta c ch him thm ngha l xt xa (au lng), nu ba ch tm hp li thnh ra ch him ta (hay cn c l nh) hm hay lo ngh, ngoi ra t ghp tm a (vng t cha con tim) hm ngha tnh tnh! Ch hoi c ngha c nht l ngh n (ng t), sau ny ngha m rng ch lng, bng hay ngc (danh t): th d nh cch dng hoi bo (m p trong lng), ng hoi (cng rut/anh em rut) ... Khuynh hng m rng ngha ny ca ting Hn c phn ngc chiu vi ting Vit: t bng d (c th) n sng d, ti d (tru tng).

1.2 Duy
Duy cng l suy ngh (t), l mt dng ngc cng ha ca chuy , cc ngha khc ca duy l ch c mt, tuy (d). Hc gi on Ngc Ti ghi nhn cc lin h t nh gia duy v nim (thng t suy ngh thng xuyn), duy v l (mu t lo lng suy ngh), duy v nguyn
(dc t suy ngh thm mun), duy v hoi (nim t lun suy ngh), duy v tng (k t mong c trong suy ng) y l cc ch da vo b tm ch nhng hot ng tinh

thn, tuy nhin trong vn t Hn Vit c mt ch thng dng hn nhiu v cng cng ngha hay l suy dng b th (tay) thay v b tm. Mt im ng ch l cc t in Vit B La/VBL (1651), t in Taberd (1772/1838) khng c ghi ch duy.

1.3 Suy
Ch c cc cch c tha hi thit (ng Vn/V) thng hi thit (Tp Vn/TV, Vn Hi/VH) hay l thi: nh trong cch dng thi phin (x ng, lt ). Ngha c
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nht ca thi l y (c th, dng tay) nh thi mn (y ca), thi xa (y xe) ... Tuy nhin thi cn mt cch c khc l xng try thit (V), xuyn try thit (TV, VH) hay l suy: y l cch c ph thng hn, VBL ch c ghi dng suy cng nh t in Taberd; suy l tm cho ra manh mi, khai m c ngha nguyn thy rt c th.

1.4 Ngh
Ngh l son tho , c lng, d tnh Hai ch suy v ngh u c ngha c nht l nhng hot ng c th nh tm ti, o lng (v u dng b th) so vi hai ch t v duy c ngha c nht l xt on, nhng hot ng tinh thn (v u dng b tm). Khng phi ngu nhin m suy v ngh tng hin din trong ting Vit t lu i (VBL, t in Taberd ) so vi t v duy, cng nh t ghp t duy2 khng thy trong cc t in trc th k 21. Ti thi Tp Vn (1037/1067) mi thy cch vit ngh bng b tm hay b ngn - cho thy trng hp nng cp (cho ph hp vi truyn thng vn ho Hn) t tay (di) ln tim hay ming ( trn). Ngh b tm ngha nguyn thu (Thuyt Vn Gii T, c l ngi) l s hi, e ngi ... Mt cch nhn khc l kh nng tng ng ca cc c quan thn th nh tay (b th), tim (b tm) v ming (b khu) trong qu trnh t duy theo truyn thng (ngi Hn). Thay i b th cng cho thy trung tm tnh cm l tim nh no l tc gin, phin h dng b tm so vi no b nhc l c, u li dng b nhc (hai ch c ging nhau/ng m nhng khc ngha/d ngha). Ch no b tm cn c mt dng tng ng l hay no b n (Unicode 36F4). No b n3 l ch him
so vi cc ch no dng b nhc (tn s dng l 86730 trn 369369126) v no b tm (tn s dng l 7388 trn 175865108). Tnh cht c th qua cch dng tay chn, bng d ... l mt trong nhng c

tnh ca ngn ng v vn ha nng nghip (phng Nam) m ta s gp li nhiu ln trong bi vit ny.

Tn s dng (tn sut) ca ngh b th l 13399 trn 175865108 Tn s dng ca ngh b ngn l 17 trn 237243358

Ch ngh dng b tm (Unicode 61DD) l ch him (trch t trang http://www.chinalanguage.com/dictionaries/?mode=view&module=chardict&query= )

2. T duy phng Nam (quy-phc)

T duy trong vn ha truyn thng nng nghip cho thy nhng tnh cht c th v thc t, lin h trc tip n cc c quan tiu ha ca con ngi nh lng (rut), d (dy) v bng Hnh v sau y trch t cun Dictionnaire franco-tonkinois illustr ca tc gi P.G. Vallot (1898)

Theo t in Taberd (1772/1838) th d cng l bng (venter, ting La Tinh), tuy nhin theo hc gi Paulus Ca (i Nam Quc m T V/NQATV/1895) th di rn gi l d v trn rn gi l bng bng di cn gi l tiu d Tm li, cc c quan lng, bng, d u nm v tr thp nht trong c th con ngi so vi tim v no b. C phi v tr rt thp ca cc trung tm tinh thn (d, bng, lng ) nh hng ti tm nhn ngn hn hay khng? Hay c lin h g n ngun gc M-Lai a-o/Malayo-Polynesian t thi xa xa? Tng phn vi cch nhn quy-no rt r nt ca phng Ty (xem 3.6), c h lun quan trng no t cc d kin ngn ng vn ha ny ? Dn tc Vit tng tri qua bao nhiu th thch t mi trng sng (bo t cng lt li) v lch s (b xm ln) nn ch sinh tn th u tin phi l n ung (c thc mi vc c o) sng qua ngy ch kh lng m c thi gian ngh n nhng chuyn xa vi hay l c an c mi lc nghip c. Tnh hung ngy nay c khc so vi qu kh, c l
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cng l lc chng ta phi nh bng xem cn phi thay i t duy phn no hi nhp vi tro lu vn minh hin i.

2.1 D
D l ci bao trong bng cha n ung, tc l con v - ngha rng: ni chung c ci bng (Vit Nam T in/1931/1954). Nh vy c tng quan g gia d v v? Phn 4 s phn tch cc lin h ng m gia v v d. Cc cch dng ch ghp d lit k sau y, tm thm cc cu ca dao lin h trn trang mng ny http://e-cadao.com/cadaosearch.asp .

Gan d Lng d, bng d Sng d (sng tr, thng minh) Ti d (ti tr) Xu d Ngi d (nghi s, h nghi) Tho d (i/a chy) Chc d vng lng Kho d (VBL) Bo d (to gan) Ch d ( bng, ghi vo lng) Ti d v.v

Cht d Non d Tt d Chuyn d Lnh d Lng mung (lang) d th Ghi lng tc d

D lnh (VBL) D c (VBL) Hp hi d (VBL) Hn d (tin chc) Ph d Lng chim d c Ngay d (tht th)

Bun d (bun nn, bun ma) Tho d (i/a chy) Gan vng d st

Cng d (VBL, khng tiu) Mt d Rng d (rng lng) Bn d H d

Truyn Kiu dng ch d 6 ln so vi VBL dng 11 ln, t in Taberd dng 11 ln. NQATV dng d 16 ln.

2.2 Bng
Cc ch ghp dng bng ng bng Tc bng
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Bng bng (bng lng) Mt bng (mt lng, mt ) Xu bng/bng xu Tt bng/bng tt m bng (NQATV) au bng

Nt bng Hp bng/bng hp (bng d hp hi) Nh bng (nh mn, hp bng) Bn bng (VNT) M bng (rng chu) Nga bng (nh trn)

Ln bng (rng lng - to bng hay bng cha) Chuyn bng C bng (ln bng, bng to, c thai) Bng ng (bng mang, bng cha ) Snh bng y bng (no bng) Thit bng (tht lng) Chc bng (no bng) Cht bng (cht d) Cht bng (khng yn tm, cht d) Si bng Trng bng (khng c ) Tht bng (nghi ng, s st) Thng bng (no bng) i bng Bng m (m phng ra, gin) Vng bng Buc bng v.v
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Bng rng (rng lng) Ny bng (bng a ra trc) Bng ph V bng (nh lng chu) m bng (khng chu) m bng (cam chu) Phnh bng bng (ghi lng) Rng bng (to bng, NQATV) Bp bng (cam chu) Nng bng (nng lng, nng rut) Nhn bng (bng cha con trai, NQATV) Trn bng (bng cha con gi, NQATV) Bu bng (bng trn nh tri bu) Mt bng Ngh bng

Truyn Kiu dng ch bng mt ln so vi t in Taberd dng 7 ln, VBL dng bng nh vng (qu ma). NQATV dng bng 58 ln.

2.4 Lng
Cc ch ghp dng lng Lng d (bng d, tm a ) Lng ngay Lng tht/tht lng Lng lnh Lng c Lng gian Lng khng (lng sch hay bng i) Toi lng Tha lng Cung lng (chnh lng) Ht lng Du lng (mc lng) Ng lng Dc lng Tr lng (tr mt) Mua lng (ly lng) ng lng Thn lng m lng (bng lng) Bn lng Tm lng Lng n Lng thnh Lng tt Lng tham Lng t Lng chay (lng khng) p lng Phi lng Mi lng Kh lng Xiu lng Gic lng Non lng Chu lng C lng Bng lng Rn lng (sa lng) Mt bng Cn lng (d thay i) Tc lng Lng son Lng nhn Lng thng Lng dm Lng ty Vui lng Ph lng (ph d) ng lng Sn lng V/v lng (v n) Sn lng N lng C lng (c gan) Va lng (da lng) nh lng (nh d) Rn lng Dn lng Vng lng Cng lng (cng u)
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Ngui lng Ngui lng Mch/mch lng Bun lng Cam lng Ri lng Du lng V lng ng lng Mt lng m lng Dn lng No lng (no bng) Quyt lng Xui lng Gi lng Di lng Hi lng Buc lng Rt lng

Lt lng (hay ng lng thng hi) Nng lng Mt lng Nng lng lng ( bng) au lng Lt lng Thuc lng c lng Hai lng Dn lng Chay lng (NQATV) Cc lng Rp lng (rp tm) Nao lng Thun lng Pht lng m lng Nao lng Chch lng Phin lng An/yn lng Ghi lng Cm lng M lng Nm lng ng lng Th lng Th lng i lng (i bng) Lt lng Soi lng Ngi lng Buc lng No lng Ni lng u lng

Hay lng (An Nam Dch Ng)

Ly lng mnh m liu lng ngi (VBL) suy bng ta ra bng ngi v.v Truyn Kiu dng ch lng 162 ln, k c mt s t ghp (v ly) nh lng lng (tt c mi lng) so vi t in Taberd dng 91 ln, VBL dng 18 ln. NQATV dng lng 133 ln. Truyn Kiu l mt kit tc ca ngh thut phn tch tm l ca vn hc VN, m ch tm ch c dng 8 ln, iu ny cho thy cch dng ngn ng dn ta thin v c quan di tim (bng, d, lng)
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 din t tnh cm. Hy xem phm tr ngha ca ch lng (Nm) trong cc ti liu Tam Thin T (on Trung Cn bin son, ti bn ln th nm/2004) v Ng Thin T (V Vn Knh/Khng c bin son/2002 ) thy ti sao c cc cch dng trn

hung (ngc) lng lng thm (thnh tht) lng

trung (ni tm) lng ng lng hoi (ngc) lng

xoang lng tm lng ch lng

tnh lng - lng ch Nm, mt dng vit bng b tm hp vi ch Hn lng

T bng so snh trn, mt ln na ta thy ngay ting Hn c khuynh hng dng cc c quan trn (nh tim, ngc) din t tinh thn, tnh cm so vi ting Vit lng (c quan di) bao gm cc ngha ny.

2.5 Rut
Cc ch ghp dng rut t rut Xu rut (xu bng) Xt rut Rut mm (mu chy rut mm) No rut v.v Truyn Kiu dng ch rut 12 ln so vi VBL dng 7 ln, t in Taberd dng 10 ln. NQATV dng rut 41 ln. gii thch phn no s tn dng c quan tiu ha phn di c th trong ting Vit din t trng thi tinh thn, GS Nguyn Th Bch H4 nhn xt rng T duy ca ngi nng dn trng la Vit Nam lun gn vi ci n. Ni lo i km mt ma, lo nht l thiu n, i bng khin ci bng tr thnh i tng t duy ca ngi Vit Nam, h
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au rut

Tht rut

Bun rut (bun d, bun nn) Qun rut St rut Nt rut Nng rut Ln rut Thi rut

thng ly ci bng (d, lng, rut) lm thc o mi hin tng i sng t c th n tru tng: tt - xu, yu - ght, vui - bun, c - thin, suy ngh - hnh ng, thng minh - ngu dt, trng thi lo lng, ch i... Tt bng - xu bng, sng d - ti d, c lng - mt lng, hi lng bng lng - mch lng, phi lng, ngh bng, au lng, nng lng, st rut, suy bng ta ra bng ngi, khc mu tanh lng, lng lang d th,... ri t bng, lng, d, c gn cho mun vt trong th gii t nhin: lng sng, lng bin, lng t, lng h, lng sng, lng mng,... trong khi ngi Trung Quc thng dng ch tm (tri tim) din t (ht trch).

3. Nhn rng ra - tnh cht ph qut (universality) 3.1 Tuy cc trung tm suy ngh da vo ngn ng c v nh khc bit: tim, u c (c quan
trn/CQT so vi bng lng d rut/c quan di/CQD... Nhng vn c vt tch trong ting Hn dng cc t ch CQD din t tnh tnh hay tnh trng tinh thn nh (qua vi th d ca ch ghp/hai ch, khng k n cc thnh ng tc ng nhiu hn hai ch)

Can trng Can m i m m i m tiu Tm m Tm phc Phc tm

(gan v rut, ch tnh tnh) (gan v mt, ngha rng ch tnh can m khng s hi) (mt ln, ngha rng l gan d) (ln mt, ngha rng l gan d, liu) th t ch ngc (nh mt, ngha rng l nht gan) (tim v mt, ch kh, can m) (tim v bng, ngha rng l t him yu, ngi thn tn ) ngha nh trn nhng th t ch ngc, cho thy phn no cch dng hai c quan tim v bng mi l quan trng (hm thn tn) thay v th t trc sau! (ch cha tim, bng d con ngi) (trong tim, ngha rng l t tng, lng thnh) (tim v rut, un khc trong lng) (tim v gan, ch thn i hn ht)

Tm a Ni tm Tm trng Tm can

on trng (t rut, ct m rut, au n v cng nh b t rut)

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v.v Trong truyn thng chn v cha bnh TQ, ng tng (tm, can, t, ph, thn- tim, gan, d dy, phi, thn) ng vai tr ch o cng nh khi din t cc trng thi tinh thn. Cc th d trn cho thy khng ch c ting Vit mi tn dng cc c quan c th trong cch dng n d hay hon d ch tnh trng tinh thn. Lch s cu to ch Hn nh ch no phn nh r nt khuynh hng chung tim lm ngun (source) hay ch cha (container) cm xc, cng nh ch phin cho thy la (b ha, kh dng ln) v v tr nh hng (hit, ci u) hi nng

dng ln u l cch dng n d rt thng gp trong cc ngn ng trn th gii5, ch trng

thi tc gin - so vi cc cch dng nng bng, si bng, si rut trong ting Vit. T in Taberd (1772/1838) v i Nam Quc m T V (1895) cn ghi cc t ghp bng gan, chy bng bng (bng bng) v ni gan, chy gan Thng ta ni cn gin ni ln, ni sng (si sng sc) cng cng mt nh hi trong mt bnh cha hay nc si mun trn (vt) ra ngoi!

Gip ct vn

Tiu trin

Khi th - ch ha (la)

Gip ct vn

Kim vn

Khi th - ch hit (u)

3.2 Ting Nht c t hara

(c theo m Nht/KUN reading) ch bng, cn c l fuku

(c theo m Hn/ON reading so vi phc HV ). Theo truyn thng Nht th bng l trung tm ca tinh thn, hay phn chnh ca mt con ngi, tng ng vi ci u (c) ca Ty phng. Tri tim ting Nht l shinzou (tm tng), i khi kokoro (tm, tinh thn) hay mune
(hung, ngc) c dng din t tm t (tru tng).

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Mt kim s Nht ang sa son nghi thc harariki trch t mng http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seppuku C l nhiu ngi bit n tc m bng harariki ca gii hip s o Nht, harariki tht ra l m Nht (so vi m Nm/nm na) ca t Hn thit phc (ct bng) seppuku nhng c ngc li (th t ch ngc); t ghp haramaki l ming (vi) bao bng cho khi lnh Xem qua vi t ghp vi hara nh

Hara guroi Hara no ookii Hara gitanai Hara gei Hara ga tatsu Hara o miseru Hara o yomu Hara o shimeru v.v

bng en, ngha rng ch tnh tnh ln lo (khng tin c) bng ln, hm qung i, rng lng bng d, hm c n, tnh xu kh nng bng, ngha rng l kh nng c bit (siu vit) bng ng dy, hm tc gin (si bng, ln rut) m bng ra cho thy, hm chn tht, lng thnh c bng, hm c c t tng ca ngi no bp (lm cho cht) bng, hm sn sng, quyt ch lm vic g

Cc ch ghp trn, nht l vi t hara (bng) thng dng c bit cho phi nam, cn phi n3 li dng t onaka.
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3.3 Ting Thi6 cng dng jai (tim) l trung tm ca tnh tnh nh jai dee

(jai l tim, dee l tt) ngha rng l tt bng, lng tt (ho tm); hua l (ci) u v hua dee l thng minh (u tt, sng d); dt ai (dtk l ri, rt) ngha rng l sng st, kinh ngc; p ai (jp l tn thng, au) ngha rng l au kh (au lng, bun lng); kao pung (ko l nhp vo, pung l bng) ngha rng l hc thuc lng ( bng). Theo hc gi Thi Peansiri Vongvipanond7 th jai (tim, tm) dng nhiu hn hua (u) cho thy ngi Thi chung tnh cm hn l ch.

3.4 Ngay c ting Basque (Euskara), mt loi ngn ng bit lp (language isolate), vng ng
bc Ty Ban Nha cng cho thy nhiu cch dng tn cc c quan bng/tim ch trng thi tinh thn v tnh cm. Gan thng dng din t cc tnh tiu cc nh li bing, a nghi, th hn So vi tri tim c th dng ch trng thi tch cc (yu thng, rng lng, gan d ) hay tiu cc (hn nht, c c, bun phin ). C nhiu bng chng8 cho thy ting Basque cng dng buru (u) suy ngh (thng minh, sng tr) so vi bihotz (tim) ch cc xc ng.

3.5 Ting Akan (hay Kwa) ni pha ng Phi Chu (ng nam Ivory Coast) cng dng tn gi
tri tim ch cm xc. Trong mt bi nghin cu v khi nim n d trong ting Akan v ting Anh, tc gi Gladys Nyarko Ansah9 pht hin tnh nng gin c th biu hin qua cc cch dng nc nng (hay si, nh si bng/si rut/si gan ting Vit) trong mt (ch) cha u hin din trong c hai ngn ng v.v

3.6 Ting Mwan10 (trong ng h Mande Ty Phi chu) cng dng tn gi cc b phn c th
nh bng (kp) ch trung tm tinh thn, tnh cm nh cu ja n p ngha l ti qun mt cu truyn ri; ngha en cu ny l cu truyn ri khi bng ti ri. Cch dng zr m l ch ngi n b thng yu vi ngha en l ngi n b trong gan (zr l gan).

3.7 Theo cc hc gi M Lai11, tn gi gan trong c th l hati cng chnh l trung tm ca t

duy, linh hn, s sng Ting Chm hatai l gan so vi ting Giarai htai, hai ngn ng ny u dng t ghp vi gan ch gan d, can m. Ngi M Lai tin rng gan c kh nng iu khin con ngi (cha t/raja), iu ny thy rt r qua cch dng hati trong ting M Lai Baik hati Murah hati Sakit hati Patah hati Lembut hati Ambil hati Jatuh hati gan tt, ngha rng l tt bng, lng tt (ho tm) gan r, ngha rng l rng lng, qung i gan au, ngha rng l tc gin gan b/v, ngha rng l au lng, bun lng, t rut gan nh, ngha rng l lng tt em (mang) gan, ngha rng l c tnh, ng chm ri (rt) gan, ngha rng l say m, thy thng
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Panas hati Kecil hati Hati buntu Buah hati Hati-hati v.v

gan nng, ngha rng l tc gin (nng bng) gan nh i, ngha rng l cm thy au lng, tn thng gan b chn/cn, ngha rng l cm thy khng thoi mi, s st qu (tri) gan, ngha rng l ngi yu Coi chng! Hy cn thn!

Cch dng gan l trung tm (ngun) ca cm xc tng ng vi lng/bng/d ca ting Vit, hay ni cch khc l cc c quan di (thp nht, CQD) ng vai tr chnh trong ngn ng din t tnh cm v tnh thn. Ting Anh/Php hin i thuc ng h n u cho thy r trung tm tnh thn quy v no so vi trung tm tnh cm li quy v tim; khi phn tch cc d kin t cc dn tc v vn ha khc nhau trn th gii, ta thy c ba khuynh hng chnh12 khi dng ngn ng (tn gi cc b phn trn ngi) ch trng thi tinh thn (t duy) hay cm xc i) Cerebrocentrism (quy-no, dng no b hay u c l trung tm t duy, d no vi trung) ii) Cardiocentrism (quy-tm, dng tim lm trung tm t duy) iii) Abdominocentrism (quy-phc, dng bng lm trung tm t duy) Cc khuynh hng trn c th thay i theo thi gian (lch i) v khng gian (a l, mi trng) cng nh c nhng c tnh chung (ph qut) hay ring cho tng khu vc vn ha: y l nhng chiu hng nghin cu rt th v nhng khng nm trong phm vi bi vit ny. Nh thy trn, ngi Hn c khuynh hng quy-tm khc vi khuynh hng quy-phc ca phng Nam, tuy nhin vn khng n gin nh vy v c kh nng cc t HV v (d dy) v m (mt) c lin quan n d v lng ting Vit. Phn sau s pht ho s qua cc tng quan ng m ny.

4. Nhng tng quan bt ng: v l d v m l lng? 4.1 V

V (d dy) - ging Bc Kinh by gi l wi (theo pinyin) so vi ging Qung ng wai6, ging H wui5, vui5, wi5 - v l m HV c theo phin thit

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qu thit (Qung Vn/QV, Tp Vn/TV, Vn Hi/VH) u thit (Chnh T Thng/CTT) v qu thit (Ngc Thin/NT, T V/TVi) vn qu thit (TVGT) v.v

So vi cch c ca dy hay duy (c, ch, bui, d/vng) l v.v Ngoi ra, c hai cun Tam Thin T (sd) v Ng Thin T (sd) u ghi dy l d: qu phn (TVa) b phn (Tva) duy qu phn (Tva) v phi thit (Tvi) v ph thit (CTT) nhc hu thit (theo T Gim ) vi dng ngc cng ha nh- (j-): v-d-nh

dy d - d ch Nm, mt dng vit bng b khu hp vi ch Hn d/m

Nh vy ta thy c kh nng dy l d (vng), v v cng l d (dy) v cc m tng ng trn. Ngoi ra, ta cn c mt s tng quan ng m khc da vo thnh phn hi thanh v nh v b ngn ngha l bo cho, bo cho bit m ting Vit cn c dng ngc cng ha l dy; v c l qu thit (V, TV, VH) v hin din trong Lun Ng nh (Khng) T v (dy) T H rng hay T dy Nhan Uyn rng T dy T Cng rng v.v Ch v b tm l ch him (Unicode 395C) cng c l qu thit (QV, TV, VH) c ngha l s st, tm bt an (Ngc Thin, QV) m ting Vit tng c dng di nh knh di, di s, quen di d - l di o, yu nhau ch em gi di nhau ch em du, hn cho ngi ta di di cho ngi ta thng v.v
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Tm li, khi so snh cc ch dng thanh ph v ta thy V - d (dy) da vo tng quan dy d v khuynh hng ngc cng ha ca ting Vit V - dy (dy bo) V - di (knh di, knh s) Tng quan gia nguyn m trc vi m ming nh -i- vi nguyn m sau vi m ming ln hn nh -a/aj- d nhn ra khi quan st cc cp phi-bay, thi-thy, th-thy, mi-my, ch-giy, si-say, s-si, uy-oai, thy-thoi, du-d v vai, vi -vy v vi -da?

4.2 m
m m (ngha l mt) - ging Bc Kinh by gi l dn (theo pinyin) so vi ging Qung ng daam2, ging H dam3 - m HV l c theo phin thit cm thit (TVGT, NT, V, QV, TV)

() cm thit (VH, CV) v.v T thi Qung Vn , Tp vn, Loi Thin bt u dng dng (gin th) thay cho (phn th) v nguyn m cng ph m cui cng bt u bin i. Mt s cch dng m ng ch nh xch m (khng phi l mt , nhng c ngha l lng , lng son, trung thnh) dng nh xch tm, an tm; phng m (bung/pht mt ra, hm m lng, mnh dn ). Cc thnh ng trn u hm lng/bng13 . Mt nhn xt thm l m cn c ngha l pha trong hay lng, v mt dng m c phc nguyn14 ca m l *tlam? hay *klam?
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lm thit (Tvi) gim (hm) thit (CTT) ng hn thit (TV) ng can thit (TV) m n can thit (QV) ng ct thit (TV)

so vi klum (gan, ting Khng), klm (Bahna, Mnng, Biat), kloom (Laqven), khlm (Boloven) v dng tin-Bc Bahna *klm; lm/lom (Cht), lm (Mng Bi, Ngun) v dng tin-VitMng *lom?, tin-Katuic *luam v tin-Palaunic *kntom. T hp ph m u kl- hay tl- khi nhp vo ting Hn c khuynh hng mt ph m xt u li -l- cho ra dng m. Do , m c kh nng rt cao l n t phng Nam, hay l mt t Nam (Austroasiatic) nhp vo vn t vng Hn c, v lm s vn t Hn tr nn phong ph.

4.3 Thay lng i d?

Ting Anh C (Old English) tng dng tim th hin tinh thn/tnh cm nhng t thi Descartes (1596-1650) th khuynh hng lng phn tr nn r nt: trung tm tinh thn cho suy lun l u (no) v trung tm tnh cm th tim. Cc d kin v m (ngun gc phng Nam) v cc cch dng n d lin h cho thy phn no ting Hn tng dng cc c quan di (bng, lng hay b nh hng phng Nam) trc khi hng v cc c quan trn nh tim, c y l mt kt qu ph hp vi nhng d kin ngn ng khc v ngun gc tn gi 12 con gip, cc danh t nh giang (sng), d (vui-voi) u n t phng Nam v lm giu cho vn ha Hn m rt t ngi nhn ra. Vn tr nn th v hn na khi ta thy rng cc b phn tiu ha n hay phn di c th lin quan trc tip n vn ha n ung (m thc), c tnh cch tm thi (so vi lu di), tn ngng phn thc, trng tnh hn l: cc c tnh ca t duy VN - nn c khai trin thm nhng khng nm trong phm vi bi ny.

5. Ph ch v ph bnh thm
Phn ny khng hon ton theo cch ghi ti liu (Bibliography) tham kho APA hay MLA v bao gm cc ph bnh thm v ti, ti liu v tc gi ngi c c th tra cu thm chi tit v chnh xc. Bn c nn xem thm cc bi vit lin h nh "Tm l con nui, Lng l con " ca BS Nguyn Hy Vng trang ny http://www.gioo.com/NguyenHyVong/NguyenHyVongTamLong.html hay bi bo "Ngi Vit t duy bng ... ci bng ?!" trang http://tuanvietnam.vietnamnet.vn/nguoi-viet-tu-duy-bang-cai-bung , bi vit "Ci bng cha ... tinh thn" (GS Nguyn c Dn) trn trang http://tuoitre.vn/Van-hoa-Giaitri/360580/Cai-bung-chua-tinh-than.html hay http://khoavanhocngonngu.edu.vn/home/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=863%3Acai-bng-chatinh-thn&catid=71%3Angon-ng-hc&Itemid=107&lang=en ; bi vit i mi Gio dc: Cn mt hi ngh Din hng trang http://giaoduc.net.vn/Giao-duc-24h/Doi-moi-Giao-duc-Canmot-hoi-nghi-Dien-hong/100243.gd ... Xem cc tm tt v Ngn Ng Hc Tri Nhn (Cognitive Linguistics) ca GS Trn Vn C trn mng nh http://khoavanhocngonngu.edu.vn/home/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=2327%3Atrn-vn-cnhng-khai-nim-ngon-ng-hc-tri-nhn-lien-quan-n-vn-hoa-hc&catid=71%3Angon-nghc&Itemid=107&lang=en v.v C nhiu ti liu tham kho bng ting nc ngoi v cng ch , nh c lit k di v sch xut bn nh "Metaphor and Culture - Universality and Variation" tc gi Zoltn Kvecses (Etvs Lornd University, Budapest) - NXB cambridge University Press (2005). Cc
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hc gi tin phong trong lnh vc nghin cu n d v vn ho ngn ng l George Lakoff v Mark Johnson xut bn nhiu bi vit v ti liu nh cun "Metaphors We Live By" - NXB The University of Chicago Press (Chicago, 1980).

1) T in Annam-Lusitan-Latinh Alexandre de Rhodes (1651) thng gi l t in Vit B La khng c ghi t (suy ngh) nhng li c t trong cch dng c t (gian t) cng ngha vi su d, lng c

2) Ngi vit c xem li cc t in nh VBL, Taberd, Petit Dictionnaire francais annamite (Trng Vnh K, 1884), i Nam Quc m T V (Hunh Tnh Ca, 1895/1896), Dictionnaire annamite francais (J. F. M. Gnibrel, 1898), Dictionnaire franco-tonkinois illustr (P. G. Vallot, 1898): khng thy ti liu no ghi nhn cch dng t duy.

3) cch dng ch no (phin lng, bc mnh) b n phn nh khuynh hng k th phi n trong ngn ng, cng nh cch dng t hara ting Nht, y l mt ch rt ng nghin cu thm nhng khng nm trong phm v bi vit ny xem bi vit Tn mn v t Hn Vit nhng thnh kin ha thch trong ngn ng (b n) phn 5 cng tc gi (Nguyn Cung Thng).

4) Nguyn Th Bch H (2008) M v m vn ha khoa Vit Nam Hc, i Hc S Phm H Ni. C th c ton bi trn trang http://vanhoahoc.vn/nghien-cuu/ly-luan-van-hoa-hoc/llvhhnhung-van-de-chung/694-nguyen-thi-bich-ha-ma-va-ma-van-hoa.html hay trang http://tailieu.vn/xem-tai-lieu/ma-va-ma-van-hoa.932604.html

5) Zoltn Kvecses (2000) The Concept of Anger: Universal or Culture Specific? Trong tp ch Psychopathology 2000; 33:159170. C th c ton bi trn trang http://www.asc.upenn.edu/courses/comm360/anger1.pdf , hay bi vit "Metaphor and Culture" trong tp ch Acta Universitatis Sapientiae, Philologica, 2, 2 (2010) 197-220 - c th c ton bi trn mng http://www.acta.sapientia.ro/acta-philo/C2-2/philo22-1.pdf ...v.v...

6) bn c no thy thch th v mun tm hiu thm v cc tng ng ca ting Thi, Nht v Anh trong cch dng n d ca tri tim, c th c bi vit The Heart of Things: A conceptual
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metaphoric analysis of heart and related body parts in Thai, Japanese and English ca cc tc gi Erich A. BERENDT (Assumption University & Seisen University) v Keiko TANITA (Seisen University). Cun sch Heart tal say what you feel in Thai ca tc gi Christopher G. Moore ghi li trn 900 t ghp vi jai (tri tim) trong ting Thi v cch dng cc t ghp ny trong cc tnh cnh khc nhau NXB Trade paperback (hay NXB Amazon 1992, 1998). 7) LINGUISTIC PERSPECTIVES OF THAI CULTURE bi vit ca TS Peansiri Vongvipanond cho
hi tho khoa hc nhn vn ti i hc New Orleans (H 1994). C th xem ton bi trn cc trang http://thaiarc.tu.ac.th/thai/peansiri.htm hay http://www.thaihealingalliance.com/membersonly/Research_and_Other_Items_of_Interest/Linguistic%20 Perspectives%20of%20Thai%20Culture.pdf

8) Iraide Ibarretxe-Antuano (2008) Guts, heart and liver:The conceptualization of internal organs in Basque. Trong cun Language, Body, and Culture:Cross-linguistic conceptualizations of Internal Body Organs F. Sharifian, R. Dirven & N. Yu (Ch bin) Berlin: NXB Mouton de Gruyter, trang 103-128. C th c ton bi trn trang http://www.academia.edu/810850/2008._Guts_heart_and_liver_The_conceptualization_of_inter nal_organs_in_Basque

9) Gladys Nyarko Ansah (2010) The Cultural Basis of Conceptual Metaphors: The Case of Emotions in Akan and English - bi vit cho hi tho ti i hc Lancaster bn Anh (Lancaster University Postgraduate Conference in Linguistics & Language Teaching 2010). C th c ton bi trn trang http://www.lancs.ac.uk/fss/linguistics/pgconference/v05/Ansah.pdf hay http://www.ling.lancs.ac.uk/pgconference/v05/LAEL_Volume5_2011.pdf
10) Elena Perekhvalskaya (2008) Body parts and their metaphoric meanings in Mwan and other South Mande languages thuc Vin Nghin Cu Ngn Ng St. Petersburg Institute of Linguistic Research St. Petersburg, Russia c th c ton bi trn mng nh http://mandelang.kunstkamera.ru/files/mandelang/perexval_metaph.pdf hay http://llacan.vjf.cnrs.fr/PDF/Mandenkan44/44perexvals.pdf ...v.v...

11) Lim Kim Hui (2010) How Malay Proverbs Encode and Evaluate Emotion? A Paremiological Analysis ng trong tp ch Sari - International Journal of the Malay World and Civilisation 28(1) (2010): 57-81. C th c ton bi trn trang http://journalarticle.ukm.my/2427/1/Sari_28%281%29_2010_3_Lim_Kim_Hui_%28Final%29.p df . T ting M Lai qua ting Indonesian, s tc gin c nhng n d chung nh cc ngn ng khc hay tc gin u l la (ni ln), cht lng nng trong mt bnh cha, mt loi vt nguy him; s tc gin trong ting Indonesian li c nhng c tnh ring nh bc tc l nt nhc, mt kh gii, mt loi cy, bnh hay ly, mn n Xem thm chi tit trong bi vit Indonesian Metaphorical Conceptualizations of Anger: Does Anger Taste Delicious or Disgusting? ca tc gi Tessa Yuditha trang ny
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http://lingweb.eva.mpg.de/jakarta/docs/Indonesian_Metaphorical_Conceptualizations_of_Anger, _Tessa_Yuditha.pdf v.v 12) Susanne Niemeier (2008) Whats in a heart? Culture-specific concepts of emotionality and rationality bi ng trong cun Culture, Body, and Language: Conceptualizations of Internal Body Organs across Cultures and Languages (xem ph ch 8). C th c ton bi trn trang http://www.cognitive-sciences.de/docs/all.abstracts/Niemeier.pdf hay http://www.cognitivesciences.de/docs/presentations/Niemeier.pdf . C th xem thm chi tit v cc nghin cu trn trang nh GS Niemeier y http://userpages.uni-koblenz.de/~niemeier/ . 13) trong vn t Hn c c ch him *mt/mt (Unicode 43DE) c ngha l lng/bng so snh vi m (mt) vi phm tr m rng ch lng/bng.

Tp Vn (nm 1037/1067)

Loi Thin (1039/1066)

14) Axel Schuessler (2007) ABC Etymological Dictionary of Old Chinese. NXB University of Hawaii Press, Honolulu.

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