TRNG I HC CNG NGHIP TP.

HCM
KHOA CNG NGH IN T
---------oOo--------- N HC PHN I:

MCH BO TRM DNG TIA HNG

NGOI

Sinh vin thc hin:

1. TRN TH THO N 07726991
2. PHM VN ON 07733211
Lp :
CT9B
Khoa :
CNG NGH IN T
Nm hoc:
2008-2009
GVHD:
L L QUYN QUYN

TP.HCM, Ngy 12 Thng 6 Nm 2009

LI M U

Vit Nam ta ngy pht trin v giu mnh. Mt trong nhng thay i ng k
l Vit Nam gia nhp WTO, mt bc ngoc quan trng t nc thay i b
mt ngho nng ca mnh, chng ta con ngi Vit Nam c c hi nm bt nhiu
thnh tu v i ca th gii, c bit l v cc lnh vc khoa hc k tut ni chung v
ngnh in T ni ring.
Th h tr chng ta khng t mnh phn u hc hi khng ngng th chng ta
s sm lt hu v nhanh chng b tht li. Nhn ra c iu trng I HC
CNG NGHIP THNH PH H CH MINH sm ch trng hnh thc o
to su rng, t thp n cao. cp nht chng trnh ging dy sinh vin c th
lun nm bt c nhng kin thc tt nht p ng cho nhu cu hc tp v x hi.
Nhng mn hc v in t c ng dng rt nhiu. Bn cnh nh trng cn
to mi iu kin sinh vin c th lm quen vi cc trang thit b qua cc m hnh
hc tp.
tng cht lng hc tp ca sinh vin nh trng ni chung v trung tm
in T ni ring, khoa in T t chc cho sinh vin lm cc n mn hc
nhm to nn tng vng chc cho sinh vin khi ra trng, p ng nhu cu tuyn
dng vic lm.V hiu su thm nhm chng em xin chn ti MCH BO
TRM DNG TIA HNG NGOI.

LI CM N
Trong qu trnh thc hin n chng em xin chn thnh cm n s tn tnh
hng dn ca thy c trong Khoa in t trng H Cng Nghip TP H CH
MINH.
Chng em xin cm n n 1 s din n, Webside :DIENDANDIENTU .COM
ANT7.COM; DIENTUVIETNAM.COM ; WINKIPEDIA.COM cung cp ti liu,
kinh nghim qu gi chng em c th hon thnh tt n ny.
Do kin thc cn hn hp nn trong qu trnh thc hin n chng em khng
th trnh khi sai st, mong qu thy c trong hi ng kho th v cc bn ng gp
kin bi hon chnh hn. Knh mong nhn c s gip .
Chng em xin chn thnh cm n!

NHN XT CA GIO VIN HNG DN

Tp H Ch Minh, ngy thng nm

GIO VIN HNG DN

NHN XT CA GIO VIN PHN BIN

Tp H Ch Minh, ngy .thng.nm.

GIO VIN PHN BIN

PHN I: GII THIU V MT VI LINH KIN

C S DNG TRONG MCH
1.in tr:
- in tr l mt linh kin c tnh cn tr dng in v lm mt s chc nng khc
ty vo v tr in tr trong mch in.
- Cu to: in tr c cu to t nhng vt liu c in tr sut cao nh lm bng
than, magie kim loi Ni-O2, oxit kim loi, dy qun. biu th gi tr in tr.
Ngi ta dung cc vng mu biu th gi tr in tr.
- K hiu:

- Hnh dng thc t:

- Cch c tr s in tr 4 vng mu: Gi tr in tr thng c th hin qua cc

vch mu trn thn in tr, mi mu i din cho mt s. Mu en: s 0, mu nu:
s 1, mu : s 2, mu cam: s 3, mu vng: s 4, mu lc: s 5, mu lam s 6, mu
tm s 7, mu xm: s 8, mu trng: s 9.
- Nhn trn thn in tr, tm bn c vch mu nm st ngoi cng nht, vch mu
v vch mu th hai, k n c dng xc nh tr s ca mu..
- Vch th ba l vch xc nh nhn t ly
tha: 10(gi tr ca mu) . Gi tr ca in tr c
tnh bng cch ly tr s nhn vi nhn t ly
tha
Gi tr in tr = tr s x nhn t ly tha)
- Phn cui cng: (khng cn quan tm
nhiu)lvch mu nm tch bit vi ba vch
mutrc, thng c mu hong kim hoc
mubc, dng xc nh sai s ca gi tr
intr, hong kim l 5%, bc l 10%.
2.T in:

-T in l linh kin c kh nng tch in. T in cch in vi dng in mt chiu

v cho dng in xoay chiu truyn qua.
-T in c chia lm hai loi chnh: loi khng phn cc v loi c phn cc.
-Loic phn cc thng c gi tr ln hn loi khng phn cc, trn hai chn ca
loi phn cc c phn bit chn ni m, ni dng r rng, khi gn t c phn cc vo
mch in, nu gn ngc chiu m dng, t phn cc c th b h v hot ng sai.
Ngoi ra ngi ta cn gi tn t in theo vt liu lm t, v d: t gm, t giy, t
ha...
-Hnh dng: t in c kh nhiu hnh dng khc nhau.
K hiu: c k hiu l C

Biu tng trn mch in:

n v ca t in
- n v ca t in l Fara, 1 Fara c tr s rt ln v trong thc t ngi ta thng
dng cc n v nh hn nh
+ P(Pico Fara) 1 Pico = 1/1000.000.000.000 Fara (vit gn l 1pF)
+ N(Nano Fara) 1 Nano = 1/1000.000.000 Fara (vit gn l 1nF)
+ MicroFarra 1 Micro = 1/1000.000 Fara
(vit gn l 1F)
=> 1F = 1000nF = 1.000.000 Pf
Cch c gi tr ca t in:
- c trc tip trn thn in tr, v d 100F (100 micro Fara)
Nu l s dng 103J, 223K, 471J vv th n v l pico, hai s u gi nguyn , s th
3 tng ng s lng s 0 thm vo sau( ch J hoc K cui k k hiu cho sai s).
-V d 1:103J s l 10000 pF (thm vo 3 s 0 sau s 10) = 10 nF.
- V d 2: 471K s l 470 pF (thm 1 s 0 vo sau 47)
Sau tr s in dung bao gi cng c gi tr in p, in p ghi trn t chnh l in
p cc i m t c th chu c, vt qua gi tr ny th t in c th b h hng
hoc b chy n.

3. Tranzitor:
K hiu : transistor NPN

Transistor PNP

Q 2

Q 2

Cu to: bi 2 tip xc P-N ghp lin tip gm cc vng bn dn loi P v N xp xen

k nhau, vng gia c tnh cht dn in khc vi 2 vng ln cn v c b rng rt
mng khong 10A0 m nh to ln tip xc P-N gn nhau. Nu vng gia l N ta
c transistor PNP, ngc li nu vng gia l vng P ta c transistor NPN.
4. Diode_Led
- Diode thng

-Led
- Photodiode :
nh sng hng ngoi (tia hng ngoi)
c pht ra t Led l nh sng khng
th nhn thy c bng mt thng,
c bc sng khong t 0.86m n
0.98m. Tia hng ngoi c vn tc
truyn bng vn tc nh sng v c
thu li v s l sang tn hiu s bng:
TSOP1138, TSOP1738, TSOP173638Khz
5. IC NE555.
IC NE555 gm c 8 chn.
- Chn s 1(GND): cho ni mase ly dng cp cho IC
- Chn s 2(TRIGGER): ng vo ca 1 tn so p.mch so p dng
cc transistor PNP. Mc p chun l 2*Vcc/3.
- Chn s 3(OUTPUT): Ng ra .trng thi ng ra ch xc nh theo
mc volt cao(gn bng mc p chn 8) v thp (gn bng mc p chn 1)
-Chn s 4(RESET): dng lp nh mc trng thi ra. Khi chn s 4 ni masse th ng ra
mc thp. Cn khi chn 4 ni vo mc p cao th trng thi ng ra ty theo mc p trn
chn 2 v 6.
8

- Chn s 5(CONTROL VOLTAGE): dng lm thay i mc p chun trong IC 555

theo cc mc bin p ngoi hay dng cc in tr ngoi cho ni mase. Tuy nhin trong
hu ht cc mch ng dng chn s 5 ni masse qua 1 t t 0.01uF n 0.1uF, cc t c
tc dng lc b nhiu gi cho mc p chun n nh.
- Chn s 6(THRESHOLD) : l ng vo ca 1 tng so p khc .mch so snh dng cc
transistor NPN .mc chun l Vcc/3.
- Chn s 7(DISCHAGER) : c th xem nh 1 kha in v chu iu khin bei tng
logic .khi chn 3 mc p thp th kha ny ng li.ngc li th n m ra. Chn 7 t
np x in cho 1 mch R-C lfc IC 555 dng nh 1 tng dao ng .
- Chn s 8 (Vcc): cp ngun nui Vcc cp in cho IC.Ngun nui cp cho IC 555
trong khong t 5v - 15v v mc ti a l 18v.
Cu to ca NE555 gm OP-amp so snh in p, mch lt v transistor x
in. Cu to ca IC n gin nhng hot ng tt. Bn trong gm 3 in tr mc ni
tip chia in p VCC thnh 3 phn. Cu to ny to nn in p chun. in p 1/3
VCC ni vo chn dng ca Op-amp 1 v in p 2/3 VCC ni vo chn m ca
Op-amp 2. Khi in p chn 2 nh hn 1/3 VCC, chn S = [1] v FF c kch. Khi
in p chn 6 ln hn 2/3 VCC, chn R ca FF = [1] v FF c reset.

Gii thch s dao ng:

K hiu 0 l mc thp bng 0V, 1 l mc cao gn bng VCC. Mch FF l loi RS
Flip-flop,KhiS=[1]thQ=[1]v

=[ 0].

Sau , khi S = [0] th Q = [1] v

Khi R = [1] th

= [0].

= [1] v Q = [0].

Tm li, khi S = [1] th Q = [1] v khi R = [1] th Q = [0] bi v = [1], transisitor

m dn, cc C ni t. Cho nn in p khng np vo t C, in p chn 6 khng
vt qu V2. Do li ra ca Op-amp 2 mc 0, FF khng reset.
Giai on ng ra mc 1:
Khi bm cng tc khi ng, chn 2 mc 0.

V in p chn 2 (V-) nh hn V1(V+), ng ra ca Op-amp 1 mc 1 nn S = [1],

Q = [1] v = [0]. Ng ra ca IC mc 1.Khi = [0], transistor tt, t C tip tc
np qua R, in p trn t tng. Khi nhn cng tc ln na Op-amp 1 c V- = [1] ln
hn V+ nn ng ra ca Op-amp 1 mc 0, S = [0], Q v vn khng i. Trong khi
in p t C nh hn V2, FF vn gi nguyn trng thi .
Giai on ng ra mc 0:
Khi t C np tip, Op-amp 2 c V+ ln hn V- = 2/3 VCC, R = [1] nn Q = [0] v
= [1]. Ng ra ca IC mc 0.
V

= [1], transistor m dn, Op-amp2 c V+ = [0] b hn V-, ng ra ca Op-amp 2

mc 0. V vy Q v khng i gi tr, t C x in thng qua transistor

Kt qu cui cng:
Ng ra OUT c tn hiu dao ng dng sng vung, c chu k n nh
Thit k mch dao ng = IC
Ni dung : IC to dao ng h XX555, Thit k mch dao ng to ra xung vung c
tn s v rng bt k.
1. IC to dao ng XX555 ; XX c th l TA hoc LA v v ...

Mch dao ng to xung bng IC 555, Vcc cung cp cho IC c th s dng t 4,5V
n 15V , ng mch mu l dng ngun, mch mu en di cng l m
ngun.
T 103 (10nF) t chn 5 xung mass l c nh v bn c th b qua ( khng lp cng
c )
Khi thay i cc in tr R1, R2 v gi tr t C1 bn s thu c dao ng c tn s
v rng xung theo mun theo cng thc:
T = 0.7 (R1 + 2R2) C1 v f = 1.4 / ( (R1 + 2R2) C1 )

10

T = Thi gian ca mt chu k ton phn tnh bng (s)

f =Tn s dao ng tnh bng (Hz)
R1 = in tr tnh bng ohm (W )
R2 = in tr tnh bng ohm ( W )
C1 = T in t nh bng Fara ( W )
T=Tm+Ts T: chu k ton phn
Tm = 0,7 x ( R1 + R2 ) x C1
Tm : thi gian in mc cao
Ts = 0,7 x R2 x C1 Ts : thi gian in mc thp
Chu k ton phn T bao gm thi gian c in
mc cao Tm v thi gian c in mc thp Ts
T cc cng thc trn ta c th to ra mt dao
ng xung vung c rng Tm v Ts bt k.
Sau khi to ra xung c Tm v Ts ta c T =
Tm
+
Ts
v
f
=
1/
T
* Th d thit k mch to xung nh hnh di y.
Bi tp : Lp mch dao ng trn vi cc thng s :
C1 = 10F = 10 x 10-6 = 10-5 F
R1 = R2 = 100KW = 100 x 103 W
Tnh Ts v Tm = ? Tnh tn s f = ?
Bi lm:
Ta c Ts = 0,7 x R2 x C1 = 0,7 x 100.103 x 10-5 = 0,7 s
Tm = 0,7 x ( R1 + R2 ) x C1 = 0,7 x 200.103 x 105 = 1,4 s
=> T = Tm + Ts = 1,4s + 0,7s = 2,1s
=> f =1 / T = 1/2,1 ~ 0,5 Hz
Mch to xung c Tm = 0,1s , Ts = 1s
6. IC 7805_ IC n p 5 Vol.
Vi nhng mch in khng i hi n nh ca in p
qu cao, s dng IC n p thng c ngi thit k s dng v
mch in kh n gin. Cc loi n p thng c s dng l IC
78xx, vi xx l in p cn n p. V d 7805 n p 5V, 7812 n
p 12V. Vic dng cc loi IC n p 78xx tng t nhau, di y
l minh ha cho IC n p 7805
S pha di IC 7805 c 3 chn:
Chn s 1 l chn IN
Chn s 2 l chn GND
Chn s 3 l chn OUT
Ng ra OUT lun n nh 5V d in p t ngun cung cp thay
i. Mch ny dng bo v nhng mch in ch hot ng in p 5V (cc loi
11

IC thng hot ng in p ny). Nu ngun in c s c t ngt: in p tng

cao th mch in vn hot ng n nh nh c IC 7805 vn gi c in p ng
ra OUT 5V khng i.
Mch trn ly ngun mt chiu t mt my bin p vi in p t 7V n 9V a
vo ng IN. Khi kt ni mch in, do nhiu nguyn nhn, ngi dng d nhm ln
cc tnh ca ngun cung cp khi u ni vo mch, trong trng hp ny rt d nh
hng n cc linh kin trn board mch. V l do mt diode cu c lp thm
vo mch, diode cu m bo cc tnh ca ngun cp cho mch theo mt chiu duy
nht, v ngui dng cng khng cn quan tm n cc tnh ca ngun khi ni vo ng
IN na.
Ch : in p t trc IC78xx phi ln hn in p cn n p t 1.5V n 2V
T in ng vai tr n nh v chng nhiu cho ngun. (c th b hai t in nu
mch in khng i hi).
7. IC pht nhc.
IC3 UM66 ch l con chp pht nhc c khuych i bi
Transitor nhm cnh bo khi c s t nhp.

PHN II: S KHI V NHIM V CC

KHI CHNH
1. S khi pht hng ngoi.

Khi chn chc nng v khi m ha: Khi ngi s dng bm vo cc phm chc
nng pht lnh yu cu ca mnh, mi phm chc nng tng ng vi mt s thp
phn. Mch m ha s chuyn i thnh m nh phn tng ng di dng m lnh
tn hiu s gm cc bt 0 v 1. S bit trong m lnh nh phn c th l 4 bit hay 8 bit
ty theo s lng cc phm chc nng nhiu hay t.
.
- Khi dao ng c iu kin: Khi nhn 1 phm chc nng th ng thi khi ng

12

mch dao ng to xung ng h, tn s xung ng h xc nh thi gian chun ca

mi bit .
- Khi cht d liu v khi chuyn i song song ra ni tip: M nh phn ti mch
m ha s c cht a vo mch chuyn i d liu song song ra ni tip. Mch
chuyn i d liu song song ra ni tip c iu khin bi xung ng h v mch
nh thi nhm m bo kt thc ng lc vic chuyn i s bitcamtmlnh.
- Khi iu ch v pht FM: m lnh di dng ni tip s c a qua mch iu
ch v pht FM ghp m lnh vo sng mang c tn s 38Khz n 100Khz, nh
sng mang cao tn tn hiu c truyn i xa hn, ngha l tng c ly pht.
- Khi thit b pht: l mt LED hng ngoi. Khi m lnh c gi tr bit =1 th LED
pht hng ngoi trong khong thi gian T ca bit . Khi m lnh c gi tr bit=0 th
LED khng sng. Do bn thu khng nhn c tn hiu xem nh bit = 0 .
2. S khi thu hng ngoi.

- Khi thit b thu: Tia hng ngoi t phn pht c tip nhn bi LED thu hng
ngoi hay cc linh kin quang khc.
- Khi khuch i v Tch sng: trc tin khuch i tnh hiu nhn ri a qua
mch tch sng nhm trit tiu sng mang v tch ly d liu cn thit l m lnh.
- Khi chuyn i ni tip sang song song v Khi gii m: m lnh c a vo
mch chuyn i ni tip sang song song v a tip qua khi gii m ra thnh s
thp phn tng ng di dng mt xung kch ti ng ra tng ng kch m mch
iu khin.
-Tn s sng mang cn c dng so pha vi tn s dao ng bn phn thu gip
cho mch thu pht hot ng ng b , m bo cho mch tch sng v mch chuyn
i ni tip sang song song hot ng chnh xc.

13

PHN III: S NGUYN L V NGUYN L

HOT NG
1. Khi ngun.
- Khi ngun ly ngun AC_ 220V t in li gia nh,dng bin th h p xung
12Vol_AC, khi qua cu chnh lu c DC_ 12V, dng IC 7805 p cung cp 2
mc in p cho ton mch l +12vol v +5vol.

2. Khi pht tn hiu hng ngoi.

Tn hiu ng ra ca IC 555 trong b pht hng ngoi l dng xung vung c tn s
1KHz v c truyn n led pht sng hng ngoi c tn s tng t. Tn hiu ra
chn s 3 c khuych i bi 2 Transistor mc theo kiu Darlington. Mch c
pht xa khong 6m.

R1-27K, R2-3.3K, R3-27K, R4-330

Q1- A1015, Q2- C1815
C5- 103, C6- 10u, C7- 0.47u, C8- 0.1u
IR LED1: led pht hng ngoi : 5mm, trng
IC1 : NE 555

14

3. Khi thu tn hiu hng ngoi v pht tn hiu bo ng.

- IR 1838 l IC thu nhn hng ngoi chuyn dng, c s dng rng ri v ph bin
trn th trng, n c nhim v thu tia hng ngoi v khuych i tn hiu nhn c
t b pht hng ngoi. Khi c tn hiu hng ngoi, u ra OUT l dng xung c tn s
rt cao khong 38KHz, xung nay c a vo chn s 2 ca Ic555 khuych i so
snh khi IC nhn in p chun l 1/3 Vcc. Khi so snh tn hiu SET iu khin
Flip_Flop lm cho chn s 3 xut hin xung vung.
Xung vung ny lm cho Q1 dn trng thi bo ha, Relay trng thi ng, tin
hiu mc cao li c chuyn n cc B ca Q1, lm cho Relay lun trng thi
ng khi khng cn tn hiu hng ngoi.
Khi Relay ng, s cung cp ngun cho thit b bo ng. Khi bo ng c s
dng l loi mch khuych i thng thng s dng ic nhc UM66, hoc l khi n
c m phng bi Led D5.
K1 lm nhim v ngt tn hiu bo ng khi cn thit .
Mch thu ny c th thu nhn tn hiu hng ngoi t rt xa trn 20m m khng b
nhiu bi nh sng mi trng.

R5-R7-R8-R9-R12-1K, R6-100, R10-330, R11-22K

C9-C11-1u, C10- 10u
Q3-Q4-C1815, Q5- D468
D1-4148, D2-D3-D4- 4007
Diode Zenner- 3.3V
Bin tr: RV1- 100K
Ic thu hng ngoi: IR-1838
Relay: RL1 12V
Ic pht nhc: UM66
Ic NE 555
Speaker : 8W
Kha K ON/ OFF: K1

15

S ton khi:

16

17

Mch ta c th t n trong cnh ca t, nh, xe t, xe myv mch c pht

rng, thu rt xa nn c th t nhng v tr khc nhau. Mch c th c dng
iu khin cc thit b trong gia nh bng remost TV.

PHN IV: THI CNG TI

18

V v lm mch in ng:

19

PHN V: KT LUN
1. Kt qu.
Sau thi gian thc hin n mn hc, cng vi s hng dn tn tnh ca c
Quyn, chng em hon thnh n ng theo quy nh. thc hin c yu
cu ca ti, chng em khng ngng hc hi, tm hiu nhng vn v cc loi
linh kin in t v cc vn khc lin quan.V th kin thc v in t; kinh
nghim thc t khi lm mch c s tin b vt bc. Mt ln na, chng em xin
chn thnh cm n!
2. Hn ch.
V sn phm lm ra ch nhm mc ch nghin cu nn cn mang tnh c bn
v khng c s dng rng ri ngoi thc t.
3. Hng pht trin.
C th nng cp t s nguyn l hot ng ln hng t ng ha bng
cng ngh cao hn: bo trm bng sng in t, cm bin hnh nh,cm bin nhit ,
FM,

TI LIU THAM KHO

20

1.GIO TRNH MCH S ca NGUYN HU PHNG _ NH XUT

BN THNG K.
2.BI GING K THUT XUNG _ TRNG I HC CNG
NGHIP TP H CH MINH.
3.BI GING K THUT S _ TRNG I HC CNG NGHIP
TP H CH MINH.
4.WEBSIDE:
WWW.DIENDANDIENTU.COM
WWW.ANT7.COM
WWW.DIENTUVIETNAM.COM
WWW.WINKIPEDIA.COM.
ALLDATASHEET.COM

21

MC LC
Trang

LI M U...2
LI CM N...3
PHN I: GII THIU V MT VI LINH KIN.6
C S DNG TRONG MCH
1. in tr...6
2. T in7
3. Tranzitor.8
4. Diode_Led..8
5. IC NE5558
6. IC 7805_ IC n p 5 Vol..11
7. IC pht nhc.12
PHN II: S KHI V NHIM V CC KHI CHNH...12
1. S khi pht hng ngoi.12
2. S khi thu hng ngoi..13
PHN III: S NGUYN L V NGUYN L HOT NG14
1. Khi ngun..14
2. Khi pht tn hiu hng ngoi.14
3. Khi thu tn hiu hng ngoi v pht tn hiu bo ng.15
PHN IV: THI CNG TI ...17
PHN V: KT LUN18
1. Kt qu18
2. Hn ch18
3. Hng pht trin.18
TI LIU THAM KHO....19
MC LC20

22