B NNG NGHIP V PHT TRIN NNG THN

CHNG TRNH H TR NGNH LM NGHIP & I TC

CM NANG

NGNH LM NGHIP

Chng

CNG NGHIP CH BIN G

VIT NAM
KS. Nguyn Tn Quyn - Ch bin
KS. Trnh V
KS. Hunh Thch
TS. V Bo

NM 2006

1-

Mc lc
Phn 1: Cng nghip ch bin g Vit nam ...........................................................................5
1. S Lc v cng nghip ch bin g Vit Nam qua cc thi k ........................................ 5
1.1. Thi k Php thuc 1858-1945.......................................................................................5
1.2. Giai on khng chin chng Php 1945-1954 .............................................................. 5
1.3. Giai on xy dng ch ngha x hi v u tranh thng nht t nc 1954-1975 .....6
1.4. Ch bin g vng thuc quyn kim sot ca chnh quyn Si Gn (1955-1975)......9
1.5. Thi k thc hin k hoch pht trin kinh t 1976-1980 v 1980-1985....................... 9
1.6. Thi k i mi (t 1986 n nay)................................................................................. 9
2. Cc c s php l v nhng chnh sch hin hnh v pht trin cng nghip ch bin g................ 13
2.1. Cc c s php l.......................................................................................................... 13
2.2. Quy nh v nhp khu ................................................................................................. 16
2.3. Qui nh bo v v pht trin rng ............................................................................... 18
2.4. Vn chuyn kinh doanh lm sn ................................................................................... 19
2.5. Cc chnh sch hin hnh v pht trin cng nghip ch bin g ................................ 20
3. nh ngha v cng nghip ch bin g ............................................................................... 21
3.1. Ch bin g l khu sn xut quan trng ...................................................................... 21
3.2. K thut x g............................................................................................................... 21
3.3. Cng ngh sy g.......................................................................................................... 22
3.4. K thut bo qun g .................................................................................................... 22
3.5. Cng ngh sn xut mc .......................................................................................... 23
3.6. S ra i ngnh cng nghip sn xut vn nhn to..................................................... 23
3.6.1. Vn dn ................................................................................................................. 23
3.6.2. Vn dm ................................................................................................................ 25
3.6.3. Vn si .................................................................................................................. 25
3.6.4. Ch bin g bng phng php ha hc ............................................................... 26
4. Ngun nguyn liu g .......................................................................................................... 27
4.1. Nguyn liu g trong nc ........................................................................................... 27
4.2. Phn nhm g ............................................................................................................... 29
4.3. Khai thc v s dng rng t nhin trong nc ........................................................... 33
4.4. Khai thc s dng rng trng ....................................................................................... 33
4.5. C cu s dng g nguyn liu..................................................................................... 34
4.6. S dng g gn vi mi trng v qun l rng bn vng .......................................... 36
4.7. C cu v t trng tiu th g hin nay v xu th pht trin ........................................ 36
4.8. nh gi tim nng v s a dng ti nguyn g Vit nam .........................................37
-

2-

4.9. Cc lai sn phm g ch bin...................................................................................... 39

5. Hin trng ngnh ch bin, xut khu sn phm g ............................................................. 42
5.1. Quy m ngnh ch bin g ........................................................................................... 42
5.2. Thc trng cng ngh v nng lc ngnh ch bin v xut khu sn phm g............ 43
5.2.1. Cc tnh pha Bc v cc Vng khu IV c ............................................................ 43
5.2.2. Cc tnh Nam b, Duyn hi Trung b v Ty nguyn ........................................43
5.3. Thc trng sn xut, xut khu sn phm g................................................................ 44
5.3.1. Tnh hnh ch bin v xut khu sn phm g ...................................................... 44
5.3.2. Tnh hnh nhp khu nguyn liu g..................................................................... 45
5.4. nh gi chung .............................................................................................................46
6. Th trng g v sn phm t g.......................................................................................... 47
6.1. Th trng xut khu sn phm g ............................................................................... 47
6.2. Th trng nhp khu g............................................................................................... 49
Phn 2:D bo pht trin cng nghip ch bin g giai on 2006-2020................................ 51
1. Phng hng pht trin cng nghip ch bin g v lm sn n nm 2010 v 2020 ......51
2. Nhu cu tiu dng g............................................................................................................ 51
3. Cc nhu cu g cng nghip giai on 2003 - 2020 theo phng n chin lc................. 52
Tng nhu cu g ....................................................................................................................... 52
Tng nhu cu g ....................................................................................................................... 53
4. D kin Qui hoch cc nh my vn dm, vn si t ngun g rng trng tp trung........ 53
5. Tng sn lng sn phm g, lm sn v gi tr .................................................................. 57
Phn 3: Tim Nng v Quy Trnh S Dng G Ph Liu........................................................ 58
1. Khi nim g ph liu........................................................................................................... 58
2. c tnh ca g ph liu ....................................................................................................... 59
3. Tnh trng s dng g ph liu hin nay .............................................................................. 60
4. Quy trnh s dng g ph liu .............................................................................................. 62
5. Kh nng v trin vng s dng g ph thi Vit Nam ....................................................63
6. Ci, than ............................................................................................................................... 64
Phn 4: Khai Thc v S Dng Ci ......................................................................................... 66
Phn 5: Sn Xut Bt Giy....................................................................................................... 68
1. Nguyn liu sn xut bt giy .............................................................................................. 68
2. Cng ngh sn xut bt giy ................................................................................................ 70
2.1. Bt c hc ..................................................................................................................... 74
2.2. Bt Sunphit ................................................................................................................... 77
2.3. Bt sunpht (bt KRAFT) ............................................................................................79

3-

3. Thit b nu bt..................................................................................................................... 81
3.1. Thit b nu gin on .................................................................................................. 81
3.2. Thit b nu lin tc ...................................................................................................... 83
4. Thu hi tc cht t dch en v x l bt sau nu ................................................................ 84
4.1. Thu hi tc cht t dch en.......................................................................................... 84
4.2. L thu hi kim............................................................................................................. 85
4.3. Nng sut ca h thng thu hi kim............................................................................ 85
4.4. Phn ng kim ho xy ra qua hai giai on: ............................................................... 86
4.5. X l bt sau nu .......................................................................................................... 86
4.6. Ty trng bt giy ......................................................................................................... 89
4.7. Cc loi giy v cng dng........................................................................................... 92
4.8. Tiu chun lin quan n cng nghip bt giy v giy............................................... 94

4-

Phn 1: Cng Nghip Ch Bin G Vit nam

1. S Lc v cng nghip ch bin g Vit Nam qua cc thi k
1.1. Thi k Php thuc 1858-1945
Theo ti liu Lm nghip ng Dng ca Paul Maurand, nm 1943 din tch rng
nc ta chim 14.352.000 ha trn tng din tch lnh th 33.090.000 ha, t che ph l
43,7% ( Bc b che ph l 68%, Trung b l 44% v Nam b l 13%). Tuy nc ta c
nhiu rng, nhiu g v lm sn nhng chnh sch lm nghip ca ngi Php trong thi k
ny ch yu l qun l rng thu thu v khai thc rng thuc a em v phc v nhu cu
chnh quc, khng u t nhiu vo cng nghip ch bin.
thc hin mc tiu ny, ngi Php ban hnh cc qui ch lm nghip, khai thc g
nh: ch th l lm nghip Bc k (ban hnh ngy 3/6/1902), Ngh nh thit lp ch
c quyn khai thc Bc k (27/3/1914) v Trung k (26/8/1914), quyt nh v iu kin
khai thc g Nam k (14/6/1866).
Do vy nm 1909 s lng g trn cn khai thu l 786.896 m3, ngoi ra nhn dn cn
khai thc ci, tre na, t than. T 1910 n 1931 tin thu thu lm sn tng t 0,6 triu
ng ln n 33 triu ng.
Thi k ny cng nghip ch bin g Vit Nam pht trin chm, s c s t, qui m
nh, k thut th s ch yu l ca x bng my, H ni c cng ty ca my ng Dng,
Bin Ha ng Nai c cng ty BIF. Ngoi cc c s x g cn c mt s nh my dim
H ni, Thanh Ha, Ngh An, 2 nh my giy Vit Tr ( Ph Th) v p Cu (Bc Ninh),
cc xng ch bin nha thng Qung Ninh, Ngh An, Lt. nng thn cng hnh
thnh cc lng ngh mc truyn thng ni ting Ph Kh, ng K, T Sn-Bc Ninh, La
Xuyn - Nam nh.
1.2. Giai on khng chin chng Php 1945-1954
Giai on ny ch trng ca ng v Chnh ph l tp trung lc lng ton quc,
ton dn, cc ngnh, cc i phng va khng chin va kin quc, t cung t cp v mi
mt, lc u bao vy kinh t ch sau c giao lu kinh t vi cc vng ch tm chim mt
cch linh hot, tch cc xy dng kinh t ca ta. Trong giai on ny phn ln cc vng rng
ni u thuc quyn kim sot ca Chnh ph ta v c vai tr quan trng vi cng cuc khng
chin. ng v Chnh ph ta ngay t nhng ngy u ca nc Vit Nam Dn ch Cng ha
ch n vic thnh lp c quan qun l nng nghip v lm nghip thc hin vic
qun l Nh nc i vi rng v ngh rng. Ngy 14/11/1945 Hi ng Chnh ph ra quyt
nh v vic thnh lp B Canh Nng v ngy 1/12/1945 Ch tch Chnh ph lm thi ban
hnh sc lnh 69 a c quan lm chnh thuc B Canh nng. Ngy 14/5/1950, Chnh ph li
ban hnh sc lnh s 69 i tn Nha lm chnh thnh Nha Thy lm. n ngy 9/2/1952 B
Canh nng ra Ngh nh s 1 CN/QT/ND v s 2 CN/QT/CD t chc Nha Thy lm thnh V
thy lm ch c chc nng tham mu t vn cho B, khng cn chc nng ch o trc tip
theo ngnh dc nh Nha Thy Lm c.
Di s ch o ca c quan chc nng tng ng vi tng thi gian nht nh, ngnh
lm nghip trong c nhim v ch bin g tch cc hot ng theo nhim v c
giao gp phn a khng chin chng Php n thng li hon ton.

5-

Tuy nhin thi k u ca cuc khng chin chng Php, ngnh ch bin g ch hn ch
mc t cung t cp cho nhu cu vng t do, nm 1947 khai thc g Bc b ch c 4.698
m3. Nhng khng chin cng c y mnh, cng thu c nhiu thng li, ngnh lm
nghip cng phi y mnh vic khai thc, ch bin g phc v nhu cu cho cc chin
dch, nhu cu quc phng, khi phc giao thng vn ti, cng nghip v th cng nghip,
thng mi v sau ny c nhu cu cn xut khu na...
Thnh tch ni bt trong thi k ny l vo nhng nm 50 ca th k 20, ngnh lm
nghip t chc cc cng trng khai thc g, sn xut t vt phc v vic khi phc ng
st (on Yn Bi- Lang Thp, Chu L-Thanh Luyn-Ha Duyt), cung cp g sa cha
cc tuyn ng giao thng (ng t, ng xe th s, cu cng g...) Vit Bc, Ty
Bc v phc v chin dch in Bin Ph
T nm 1951 ti Vit Bc, ngnh thy lm thnh lp Doanh nghip quc gia sn xut
than cung cp cho cc nh my qun gii, nh my cng nghip v ngnh ha xa lm
nhin liu. Doanh nghip quc gia sn xut than c cc cng trng sn xut than t cc
tnh Ph Th, Bc Kn, Thi Nguyn, Yn Bi v Tuyn Quang. Do trong khng chin khng
c xng du, than g c dng lm nhin liu, nhu cu ny cng kh ln ln ti hng nghn
tn/nm, nn nhim v ny cng l 1 trong nhng nhim v hng u ca ngnh thy lm.
Sau chin dch bin gii thng li Cao Bng, Lng Sn c gii phng vo cui nm
1950 v nc ta k Hip nh Thng mi vi nc Cng ha nhn dn Trung Hoa vo nm
1952, nhn dn hai tnh Cao Bng v Lng Sn tch cc t chc sn xut c 230.000
thanh t vt xut khu sang Trung Quc.
V nhim v sn xut v qun l lm sn, cui nm 1952 Lin B Canh Nng-Cng
thng ban hnh Thng t lin B Canh nng- Cng thng s 9 LB CN/CT ngy
24/12/1952 qui nh s phn cng gia hai ngnh canh nng v cng thng vi nhim v
qun l rng, khai thc lm sn. Thng t ny qui nh "Ngnh Canh nng s ph trch tt
c mi cng vic lin quan n qun tr lm phn t vic bo v rng, vic tu b rng n
vic khai thc lm sn. Ngnh cng thng s ph trch tt c mi vic lin quan n cng k
ngh v thng mi lm sn. . . "
Sau chin dch bin gii vic xut khu hng ha lm sn t nc ta sang Trung Quc
v cc nc khc cng nh vic trao i hng ha lm sn gia vng t do v vng ch tm
chim ngy cng c y mnh v m rng. B Canh nng cng vi B Cng thng, B
Ti Chnh xut Chnh ph ban hnh cc c ch y mnh vic sn xut, xut khu lm
th sn v nhp khu vt t hng ha cho khng chin v i sng nh qui nh mt hng
c hng thu bun chuyn, mt hng c min thu xut khu (c nhiu loi l lm sn).
c bit ngy 4/12/1954 Chnh ph ban hnh Ngh nh bi b cc S Mu dch v
thnh lp Tng cng ty Lm th sn l doanh nghip Nh nc u tin chuyn kinh doanh
cc mt hng lm sn t min ni, c quan h cht ch v tc ng ln n rng v sn xut
lm nghip nhng nm 1950 v 1960.
Nm 1954 Hip nh Gienev c k kt, ha bnh lp li nc ta. Nc ta tm thi
b chia ct thnh 2 min v chuyn sang giai on mi.
1.3. Giai on xy dng ch ngha x hi v u tranh thng nht t nc 1954-1975

Thi k phc hi kinh t 1954-1960

-

6-

Nm 1954 min Bc c hon ton gii phng vi tng din tch t nhin khong
15.600.00 ha, trong c hn 9 triu ha din tch rng. ng v Chnh ph t chc li
ngnh canh nng ph hp v p ng c yu cu ca tnh hnh mi. Thng 2/1955 Hi
ng Chnh Ph ra Ngh Quyt i tn B Canh Nng thnh B Nng lm trong c V
lm nghip.
Trong thi k phc hi v pht trin kinh t ca t nc, g l nguyn vt liu quan
trng cho vic pht trin kinh t v nng cao i sng, nn ngy 5/9/1956 Chnh Ph quyt
nh g (bao gm g trn v g x) l 1 trong 13 loi vt t do Nh nc qun l v phn
phi theo ch tiu k hoch, khng c t do mua bn g trn th trng, mi nhu cu nhn
dn do Mu dch quc doanh sn xut v bn theo ch phn phi nh cc hng ha tiu
dng khc. Ngy 26/4/1960 Hi ng Chnh ph ban hnh Ngh nh 10/CP qui nh ch
tit kim g trong khai thc, s dng, cung cp g.
Ngy 3/1/1959 Th tng Chnh ph ra Ch th s 19/TTg st nhp b phn khai thc,
phn phi cc loi lm sn trong Tng Cng ty lm th sn thuc B Ni thng qun l vo
B Nng lm v giao Cc lm nghip qun l. T vic st nhp ny, bt u hnh thnh cc t
chc sn xut kinh doanh, ch bin, cung ng g, lm sn trong ngnh lm nghip. Ngy
13/4/1959 B Nng lm ra Quyt nh s 9NL/Q thnh lp cc Tng kho lm sn H ni,
Hi phng, Bn thy Ngh An lm nhim v cung ng lm sn cho cc thnh ph v cc khu
vc tiu th lm sn quan trng. Ty theo a bn, Thng t 10/NL ngy 13/4/1959 ca B
Nng Lm qui nh Tng kho lm sn c giao nhim v c th v a bn tip nhn, cung
ng lm sn, t chc cc tuyn vn ti lm sn cng nh gia cng, ch bin g, xut khu g.
C th thy rt r l cc hot ng khai thc, ch bin g v lm sn trong thi k ny
nhm cung cp mt khi lng ln g v lm sn cho nhu cu khi phc v xy dng li t
nc sau chin tranh.
phc v vic khi phc tuyn ng st H ni- Mc Nam Quan, ngnh lm nghip
t chc cc cng trng sn xut t vt Lng Sn, Bc Giang, Thanh Ha, Ngh An, sau
tip tc cung cp t vt xy dng thm ng st mi ng Anh - Thi Nguyn.
V cc c s ch bin g sau ha bnh lp li ch c mt vi xng ch bin g ca cc
nh t sn H ni, Hi phng...sau ny c ci to theo hnh thc cng t hp doanh. Mi
n nm 1957 mi hnh thnh mt s x nghip quc doanh nh K42 H ni (qun i), X85
H Bc, x mc Bc Giang, g x xy dng H ni n nm 1959 c s gip ca
Tip Khc v Trung Quc, B Cng nghip nh (c) xy dng v a vo sn xut 3 nh
my ch bin g l: nh my g dn Cu ung, nh my g Vinh v nh my Dim Thng
Nht.
Thng 4 nm 1960, Hi ng Chnh ph ra Ngh quyt trnh Quc hi ngh tch B
Nng lm thnh B Nng nghip, B Nng trng, Tng Cc lm nghip v Tng Cc thy
sn. Ngh quyt ny c Quc hi thng qua, Tng Cc lm nghip c thnh lp, l c
quan qun l Nh nc v lm nghip trc thuc Hi ng Chnh ph. Trong b my t chc
Tng Cc Lm nghip c Cc ch bin lm sn vi chc nng qun l, ch o cc c s ch
bin g v lm sn.
Thi k thc hin k hoch 5 nm ln th nht (1961-1965) v chng chin tranh ph
hoi min Bc (1965-1975)

7-

Trong k hoch 5 nm ln th nht (1961-1965), ng v Chnh ph rt coi trng vic

pht trin nng, lm nghip. Hi ngh ton th Ban chp hnh trung ng ng ln th 5 kha
III c Ngh quyt v vn ny. Hi ngh Trung ng ln th 8 kha III xc nh "phi
a cng nghip g ln thnh ngnh cng nghip quan trng nht ".
Do vy thi gian ny nhiu nng trng, lm trng c thnh lp. Sn lng g
khai thc cng tng lin tc, nm 1964 t sn lng cao nht thi k l 1,1 triu m3 g.
Nhiu c s ch bin g c hnh thnh, nhng cc c s ln vng ng bng v cc thnh
ph th trn u do ngnh cng nghip nh (c) qun l.
T nm 1965 min Bc bc vo thi k chng chin tranh ph hoi ca quc M v
chuyn t thi bnh sang thi chin. Ngnh lm nghip chuyn hng sn xut cung
cp g cho sn xut v quc phng, ng thi tranh th trng rng, kin thit c bn lm
ng chun b cho thi k hu chin. Do lng g khai thc hng nm ln, bnh qun hng
nm l 800.000 m3, nn cc c s ch bin g cng pht trin, n nm 1969 c 56 c s.
Nhng cc c s ln u do cc ngnh cng nghip nh, ngoi thng qun l, ngnh lm
nghip ch qun l cc c s x g qui m nh cc lm trng quc doanh, ca x g th
cng cc lm trng v cc tng kho lm sn. c bit ti khu IV (c), ni ch nh ph c
lit, ngnh lm nghip t chc hng ngn i th x tay cung cp t vt, g x cung cp
cho vic phc hi ng st, ng tu thuyn, sn xut hm ng v kh nn sn lng g x
thi k chin tranh tng hng chc ln v nhiu mt hng sn xut khu IV c vn c
duy tr.
Xut pht t thc trng cng nghip ch bin g nc ta phn tn nhiu B ngnh
khc ngoi lm nghip, gy kh khn cho vic thng nht qun l nh nc v mc d ngnh
lm nghip c nhim v trng rng, khai thc cung cp g nguyn liu, nhng cc c s ch
bin ca ngnh yu km v trang thit b v trnh cn b cng nhn, ngnh cha c iu
kin quy hoch pht trin cc c s ch bin g hin i v tin tin. Nn ngy 3/2/1972 Hi
ng Chnh ph ra Quyt nh s 17-CP giao ngnh lm nghip qun l thng nht vic
khai thc, thu mua phn phi g v cc c s ca x g. Quyt nh nu r "t nay cc c s
ca g u do ngnh lm nghip qun l thng nht (tr cc c s x chuyn dng do B
Cng nghip nh qun l). Cc ngnh Trung ng v a phng c nhim v chuyn giao
cc c s ca x cho ngnh lm nghip qun l. T ngnh lm nghip tin hnh m rng,
xy dng mi mt s c s ca x g, ch bin g lin hp, lm vn p, bo qun g v ngm
tm g. Thc hin quyt nh trn, nm 1973 ngnh lm nghip tin hnh tip nhn mt s
c s ch bin g nh: nh my g Vinh, cc x nghip ch bin g thuc cc tnh vng ng
bng Bc b...v thnh lp Cng ty Ch bin g ng bng. mt s tnh ng bng v trung
du min ni, cc Ty lm nghip cng tip nhn mt s xng x t ngnh thng nghip bn
giao. Nhng nhiu ngnh, nhiu a phng vn khng chu bn giao cc c s ch bin g
cho ngnh lm nghip vi l do l cc c s ch bin g chuyn dng ca ngnh, a
phng. Cn cc c s c bn giao hu ht c qui m nh, thit b c k, lc hu, nh
xng b chin tranh tn ph nng n, nn sau khi tip nhn nng lc ch bin g ngnh lm
nghip tng ln khng ng k. Ngnh tin hnh qui hoch cc trung tm ch bin g
min Bc nh: Vit Tr, Vnh Phc, H Ni, Vinh, Hi phng v u t i mi thit b,
nng cao nng lc ch bin g nhng do cn hn ch v mt quy hach, u t v bin php
thc hin c th nn kt qu t c cn hn ch.
n nm 1975 min Bc c 135 x nghip ch bin g, ngh mc c ch
pht trin phc v i sng, nn nhiu x nghip c phn xng sn xut mc. Qui m
ca x nghip ch bin g nc ta ch yu l va v nh, trong 135 x nghip trn ch c 8 x

8-

nghip qui m t 20-50.000 m3 trn/nm, 35 x nghip qui m 5.000-10.000 m3 g trn/nm,

66 x nghip qui m 1.500-3.000 m3 g trn/ nm, 23 x nghip qui m di 1.000 m3
trn/nm.
1.4. Ch bin g vng thuc quyn kim sot ca chnh quyn Si Gn (1955-1975)
Tuy min Nam c nhiu rng, din tch rng l 8 triu ha trong tng s 16,8 triu ha
rng t nhin, che ph 47,6%, sn lng khai thc g nm cao nht t 750.000 m3 g.
Nhng cng nghip ch bin g vng thuc quyn kim sot ca Chnh quyn Si gn cng
cha pht trin mnh. Ch c h thng tri ca pht trin t ti cc khu rng, n ngy gii
phng cn 542 tri ca hot ng, i a s u l xng ca qui m nh, ch c 4 tri ca
qui m trn 10.000 m3 g trn/nm. Tng cng sut cc tri ca khong 600.000 m3 g
trn/nm. Cn khu vc thnh th, c mt s nh my ch bin g theo cng ngh tin tin
tp trung khu cng nghip Bin Ha ng Nai l nh my g dn ng Nai, Nh my vn
dm Tn Mai ng nai v x nghip lin hip g dim Ha Bnh (TP HCM). Ngoi ra cn c
2 nh my ngm tm g: mt nh my ngm tm g thng lm ct in Phan Rang, Ninh
Thun cng sut 10.000 m3/nm v mt nh my ngm tm bo qun g Long Bnh (ng
Nai) cng sut 38.000 m3 /nm.
Trong nhng nm 70 ca th k 20, hng nm min Nam c ch bin xut khu g thng
3 l sang Nht khong 200.000 m3/nm.
1.5. Thi k thc hin k hoch pht trin kinh t 1976-1980 v 1980-1985
Nm 1976, B Lm nghip c thnh lp theo sc lnh s 54/LCT ngy 27/6/1976 ca
Ch tch nc, l thnh vin ca Hi ng Chnh ph c nhim v qun l ngnh lm nghip
trn phm vi c nc. Trong t chc b my ca B lm nghip, V Cng nghip rng l c
quan tham mu ca B v lnh vc khai thc, ch bin g. T y nh du mt bc pht
trin mi ca ngnh khai thc, ch bin g (cng nghip rng) vi nhim v nng n phc v
c lc cho cc k hoch pht trin kinh t thi k 1976-1980 v 1980-1985. Cng nghip
ch bin g v h thng cung ng lm sn c t chc li nhm phc v c lc vic cung
ng g theo ch tiu k hoch ca Nh nc, lc u l cc cng ty ch bin, cung ng lm
sn theo min, sau chuyn thnh cc Lin hip ch bin, cung ng lm sn vng. u
nhng nm 80 ca th k 20 B Lm nghip nhp 1 s dy chuyn thit b ton b v ch
bin g nh: 3 nh my g lng KonTum, Bun M Thut, Sng B v nh my vn dm Vit
tr. Do vy s lng nh my ch bin g ca ngnh lm nghip cng tng cng vi lng g
khai thc, ch bin xut khu. c bit cung cp y t vt khi phc tuyn ng
st Thng Nht.
Tuy nhin trong thi k ny vic thay i t chc qun l sn xut kinh doanh ch bin
g din ra qu nhanh trong thi gian ngn gy nn tnh trng xo trn, mt n nh nh
hng nhiu n vic iu hnh cng tc sn xut v s pht trin ngnh theo nh hng
chung vch ra.
1.6. Thi k i mi (t 1986 n nay)

Giai on t 1986-1995

i hi ng Cng sn Vit Nam ln th VI nm 1986 ra ng li mi mi

ton din, pht trin kinh t nhiu thnh phn. Nm 1988 B Chnh tr, Ban chp hnh trung
ng ng ra Ngh quyt s10 v i mi qun l kinh t nng nghip. B Lm nghip
-

9-

ch o ton ngnh chuyn t nn kinh t quan liu bao cp sang nn kinh t th trng c s
qun l ca Nh nc, xy dng nn kinh t hng ha nhiu thnh phn c qun l theo
nguyn tc k hoch ha nh hng v hch ton kinh doanh. Theo tinh thn i mi c ch
qun l g v lm sn, g c cng nhn l mt loi hng ha thng thng, c qun l
theo c ch th trng v lu thng t do. Trn c s tip nhn Tng cng ty xut nhp khu
nng lm th sn chuyn t B Ngoi thng sang B lm nghip vo cui nm 1985, B
hp nht vi cc lin hp ch bin cung ng lm sn vng t chc thnh cc Tng cng ty
dch v sn xut v xut nhp khu I, II, III. Ngoi h thng cc c s ch bin thuc cc
Tng cng ty xut nhp khu I, II, II cn cc c s ch bin cc Lin hip lm cng nghip
cc vng c nhiu rng nh: Kng H Nng, Gia Ngha, Ea spnh vy ch bin c
kt hp vi khai thc v xut nhp khu, gp phn pht trin lm nghip, kinh t nng thn
mt cch ton din theo hng xy dng nng thn mi phc v 3 chng trnh kinh t
lng thc - thc phm, hng tiu dng v hng xut khu ca Nh nc. Ngnh lm nghip
v ch bin g c bc pht trin mi p ng nhu cu g trong nc v xut khu. Theo
thng k n 1/1/1990 c nc c 62 x nghip ch bin g (23 x nghip thuc trung
ng, 39 x nghip thuc a phng).
Sau trong qu trnh thc hin ch chng pht trin kinh t nhiu thnh phn trong
lm nghip v ch bin g, cc ngnh, cc a phng pht trin t cc xng ch bin
g xut khu, khng theo qui hoch v k hoch chung ca ngnh, dn n hu qu rng
b tn ph nng n, nh hng nghim trng n mi trng sinh thi ca t nc. chn
ng nn ph rng, thit lp li k cng trong qun l khai thc ch bin v xut nhp khu
g, lm sn, Ch tch Hi ng B trng (nay l Th tng Chnh ph) c nhiu Quyt
nh, Ch th quan trng nhm thc hin nhng bin php cp bch v bo v rng, pht trin
cng nghip ch bin g, chn chnh vic xut khu g, lm sn.
Ngh nh s 17/HBT ngy 17/1/1992 ca Hi ng B trng v thi hnh Lut Bo
v pht trin rng.
Ch th s 90/CT ngy 19/3/1992 ca Ch tch Hi ng B trng v thc hin nhng
bin php cp bch chn ng nn ph rng .
Ch th s 283/TTg ngy 14/6/1993 ca Th tng Chnh ph v vic thc hin cc bin
php cp bch qu l g qu him.
Quyt nh s 14/CT ngy 15/1/1992 ca Ch tch Hi ng B trng giao B lm
nghip thng nht qun l Nh nc v cng nghip ch bin g, lm sn.
Quyt nh s 624/TTg ngy 29/12/1993 ca Th tng Chnh ph v xut khu g v
lm sn.
chp hnh cc quyt nh ch th trn, B kp thi thc thi cc bin php sau:
- ng ca rng nhng khu vc cn thit, hn ch khai thc, tin hnh duyt thit k
khai thc cho tng vng, tng n v, ct gim sn lng khai thc g xung cn 680.000700.000 m3/nm, nh ch xut khu g trn, g x, nh ch khai thc g pmu, tinh du x x
(re hng).
- Ban hnh Thng t s 07/LSCNR hng dn thc hin Quyt nh s 14/CT ca Hi
ng B trng v vic giao ngnh lm nghip thng nht qun l ch bin lm sn. tin
hnh t chc quy hoch sp xp li mng li ch bin g, lm sn cho cc ngnh a

10 -

phng, n v v trn c s cp giy php hnh ngh ch bin g cho cc n v iu

kin, nh gim c s lng cc x nghip ch bin g trong c nc t 1.600 xung
cn 600 n v.
- Hng dn cc c s ch bin g u t chiu su i mi dy chuyn cng ngh
sn xut sn phm tinh ch theo tinh thn Quyt nh 624/TTg ngy 29/12/1993 ca Th
tng Chnh ph, tuyt i khng xut g trn, g x v sn phm s ch.
Do thc hin ng b cc ch trng v bin php trn nn h thng ch bin g, lm
sn trong c nc c quy hoch sp xp li ph hp tnh hnh ti nguyn rng, c u
t chiu su i mi dy chuyn cng ngh thit b, sn phm sn xut ra p ng c nhu
cu th trng, nhiu doanh nghip vt qua kh khn, tr vng v pht trin sn xut to
ra c nhiu sn phm xut khu c gi tr.
Trong tnh hnh hn ch khai thc rng t nhin, g ln ngy cng khan him, nhng
nm 1990, cc lin hip lm cng nghip, cc lm trng quc doanh, cc a phng u
t xy dng mt s dy chuyn sn xut g dn c nh.

Giai on t 1995 n nay

Cui nm 1995, B Lm nghip, B Thy li v B Nng Nghip & Cng nghip thc
phm c hp nht thnh B Nng nghip v PTNT. Trong t chc b my ca B Nng
nghip v PTNT c Cc ch bin nng, lm sn v ngnh ngh nng thn l c quan tham
mu cho B v ch bin nng, lm sn.
n nm 1995, din tch rng nc ta ch cn 9,3 triu ha, t l che ph l 28%, trong
din tch rng t nhin l 8,252 triu ha, rng trng l 1,049 triu ha. Ch trng ca Nh
nc trong giai on ny l tip tc gim sn lng khai thc g rng t nhin, n nm 2000
gim mnh, ch khai thc 300.000 m3/nm, ng thi khuyn khch vic nhp khu g nguyn
liu, y mnh xut khu g m ngh cng nh sn phm ch bin t rng trng. Nh
nc cng ch trng y mnh trng rng nng cao din tch rng v t l che ph, y
mnh sn xut vn nhn to thay g t nhin.
Th tng Chnh ph ban hnh Quyt nh s 65/1998/Q-TTg ngy 24/3/1998 v
xut khu sn phm g lm sn v nhp khu g nguyn liu, tip theo l Quyt nh s
136/1998-Q-TTg ngy 31/7/1998 sa i b sung mt s qui nh v th tc xut khu sn
phm g lm sn. Ngy 1/6/2004 Th tng Chnh ph ra Ch th s 19/2004/CT-TTg v
mt s gii php pht trin ngnh ch bin g v xut khu sn phm g. Nh c cc th tc
thng thong v xut nhp khu g to iu kin thun li cho cc doanh nghip nhp
khu nhiu g nguyn liu (t 1997-1999 hng nm nhp ti 400.000 m3 g). Nh cc c
ch, chnh sch khuyn khch ch bin, xut khu sn phm g nn cng nghip ch bin g
trong giai on ny pht trin mnh m hng theo xut khu c v lng v cht v tr
thnh 1 ngnh xut khu mi nhn, to nhiu kim ngch cho t nc: Nm 2000 t kim
ngch xut khu 219 triu USD, nm 2001 t 335 triu USD, nm 2002 t 435 triu USD,
nm 2003 t 560 triu USD v nm 2004 t 1,054 t USD a VitNam ln hng th 4 cc
nc xut khu g ti khu vc ng Nam .
C th thy rt r trong giai on i mi ngnh cng nghip ch bin g chuyn
bin rt mnh c v mt t chc, lc lng, c s vt cht v k thut cng ngh: Doanh
nghip Nh nc c t chc, sp xp li hp l, cc thnh phn kinh t ngoi quc doanh

11 -

v u t nc ngoi ngy cng tng, cc c s tng cng u t chiu su i mi cng

ngh thit b...
Cui nm 1995, c s ng ca Th tng Chnh ph, B Lm nghip (c) tin
hnh hp nht cc Lin hip Lm Cng Nghip v Tng Cng ty Dch v sn xut xut nhp
khu lm sn I, II, II thnh Tng cng ty Lm sn Vit nam m ng nhim v xy dng
rng nguyn liu cng nghip, ch bin v cung ng xut nhp khu lm sn, n nm 1997
c i tn thnh Tng cng ty Lm Nghip Vit Nam v c Nh nc cng nhn l
Tng cng ty hng c bit. Tng cng ty lm nghip Vit Nam t chc li cc doanh
nghip thnh vin c phn ha doanh nghip m nhim vai tr nng ct trong kinh doanh
sn xut lm nghip v ch bin xut khu lm sn ca doanh nghip quc doanh lm nghip
ln nht nc.
V c s bin g c nc, theo B Nng nghip v Pht trin nng thn n nay c
1.200 c s ch bin g vi tng cng sut 2 triu m3 g trn/nm trong doanh nghip
ngoi quc doanh chim 65,4%, doanh nghip Nh nc Trung ng chim 10,3% doanh
nghip Nh nc a phng 20,8%, doanh nghip lin doanh v 100% vn u t nc
ngoi 33%.
thu ht c 51 Cng ty nc ngoi u t vo ch bin g xut khu vi tng s
vn ng k l 180 triu USD, trong c nhng cng ty u t vi qui m ln c 40 triu
USD nh Kaiser i Loan Khu cng nghip M Phc Bn ct Bnh Dng v Shing Mark
Vina Trung quc ti Khu cng nghip Bu Xo Trng Bom - ng Nai. Cc Cng ty u t
nc ngoi to ra kim ngch xut khu chim t l 30-49% tng kim ngch xut khu
g c nc.
c bit hnh thnh c 300 doanh nghip chuyn ch bin g xut khu tp
trung cc vng Thnh ph HCM-ng Nai-Bnh Dng, khu cng nghip Ph Ti - Qui
Nhn - Bnh nh, Qung Nam- Nng, Ty Nguyn v H Ni- BcNinh - Nam nh.
V lnh vc s dng g rng trng, cng nghip ch bin g cng t c mt s
thnh tu ng k. Cng vi vic trin khai d n quc gia trng mi 5 triu ha rng, B
Nng nghip & PTNT trnh Th tng Chnh ph chng trnh ch bin g & lm sn n
nm 2010 trong c mc tiu pht trin sn xut 1 triu m3 vn nhn to. c s ng
ca Th tng Chnh ph va qua nc ta tin hnh xy dng 1 s nh my vn nhn to
c cng ngh thit b hin ai nh: MDF Gia Lai cng sut 54.000m3/nm, vn dm Thi
Nguyn 16.500 m3/nm, MDF Ngha n Ngh An 15.000 m3/nm, MDF Cosevo Qung Tr
60.000 m3/nm a cng nghip ch bin g Vit Nam ln mt bc pht trin mi theo
xu th vn minh tin b ca nhn loi l s dng g rng trng, vn nhn to thay th g t
nhin nhm mc ch bo v rng, bo v mi trng sinh thi. Nhiu c s ch bin g xut
khu s dng thnh cng cc loi g rng trng nh trm bng vng, bch n, keo, cao
su, thng... thnh cc sn phm g xut khu c gi tr cao nh Cng ty Theodore, Cng
ty lm c sn xut khu Qung Nam, Cng ty Vinafor nng, Cng ty C phn lm sn
Nam nh, Nng trng Sng Hu, Cng ty Cng nghip v xut nhp khu cao su
V th trng, g Vit nam c xut khu sang 120 nc v vng lnh th, trong
Hoa K, EU v Nht bn tr thnh th trng trng m xut khu g ca Vit
Nam.
Nm 2005, nc ta d kin a kim ngch xut khu g ln 1,6 t USD, trong
sang Hoa K 800 triu USD, sang EU 370 triu USD, sang Nht 200 triu USD.
-

12 -

D kin n nm 2010 kim ngch xut khu g t 2 t USD, ngnh ch bin xut
khu g l 1 trong nhng ngnh xut khu mi nhn, to nhiu kim ngch cho t nc.
2. Cc c s php l v nhng chnh sch hin hnh v pht trin cng nghip ch bin g
2.1. Cc c s php l
Ngh nh s 18-HBT ngy 17/1/1992 ca Hi ng B trng quy nh danh mc thc
vt rng, ng vt rng qu him v ch qun l, bo v.
Ni dung ch yu ca Ngh nh ny l: Thc vt rng, ng vt rng qu, him quy
nh trong Ngh nh ny gm nhng loi c gi tr c bit v khoa hc, kinh t v mi
trng, c s lng, tr lng t hoc c nguy c b tuyt chng.
Thc vt rng, ng vt rng qu him c sp xp thnh 2 nhm theo tnh cht v
mc qu him ca chng (c danh mc km theo).
Nhm I: Gm nhng loi thc vt (IA) v nhng loi ng vt (IB) c hu, c gi tr
c bit v khoa hc v kinh t, c s lng rt t hoc ang c nguy c b dit chng.
Nhm II: Gm nhng loi thc vt (IIA) v nhng loi ng vt (IIB) c gi tr kinh t
cao ang b khai thc qu mc, dn n cn kit v c nguy c dit chng .
Hi ng B trng (Nay l Chnh ph) thng nht qun l thc vt rng, ng vt rng
qu him trong phm vi c nc. B Lm nghip (nay l B Nng nghip v Pht trin Nng
thn) chu trch nhim trc Hi ng B trng (nay l Chnh ph) thc hin vic thng
nht qun l ny.
U Ban nhn dn cc cp chu trch nhim ch o, kim tra v t chc thc vic thng
nht qun l, bo v thc vt rng, ng vt rng qu him trong phm vi a phng mnh
theo lut php, chnh sch, ch , th l ca Nh nc.
Nh nc nghim cm vic khai thc, s dng thc vt rng, ng vt rng qu him
thuc Nhm I, hn ch vic khai thc, s dng thc vt rng, ng vt rng qu, him thuc
nhm II.
Cc c quan qun l Nh nc, cc t chc kinh t, t chc x hi, cc n v thuc lc
lng v trang v mi cng dn c ngha v bo v v pht trin thc vt rng, ng vt rng
qy him.
Chnh ph ban hnh Ngh nh s 48/2002/N-CP ngy 22-4-2002 sa i b sung
Danh mc thc vt, ng vt hoang d qu him v ch qun l bo v ban hnh km
theo Ngh nh 18/HBT ngy 17-1-1992 ca Hi ng B trng. Danh mc thc vt,
ng vt hoang d qu him c sa i b sung km theo Ngh nh ny
(N48/2002/N-CP ) thay th Danh mc thc vt rng, ng vt rng qu him v ch
qun l, bo v ban hnh km theo Ngh nh s 18/HBT ngy 17- 1 - 1992 ca Hi
ng B trng.
Nhm I: Nghim cm khai thc v s dng
IA- Thc vt hoang d
STT
1

Tn Vit Nam
Thng

Tn khoa hc
Taxus wallichiana (T.baccata)

13 -

2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13

Thng P c
Thng nc
Sam lnh
Hong n
Cc loi lan kim tuyn
Cm th
Mun sc
Sa Bc b
i huyt tn (Cm ngui
thn ngn)
T tn nam (Hong lin)
Cc loi hong lin
Cy mt l (Lan mt l)

Pinus kwangtungensis
Glyprostrobus pensilis
Abies fansipangenis
Cupressus torulosa
Anoectochilus ssp.
Diospyros maritima
Diospyros saletti
Dalbergia tonkinensis
Ardisia brevicaulis
Asarum balansae
Berberis spp. V copfis spp.
Nervilia fordii

Ngun: Ngh nh s 48/2002/N-CP ngy 22/4/2002 ca Chnh ph

Nhm II: Hn ch khai thc v s dng
IIA- Thc vt rng
STT
1
2
3
4
5
6

7
8
9
10
11
12

Tn Vit Nam
Bch xanh
Thng lt
Du sam
Trm hng (Gi bu)
Thng 2 l dt
Cc loi cy ly du x xi
V hng
Re hng (g hng)
Re cambot (Tng hng,
cy x x)
Pmu
Sa mu du
Bch hp
C thm
Cc loi bnh vi
Cm lai

13

G (C te)

14

G mt

15
16
17
18
19
20
21

Cc loi Ging hng

Thit inh
Cc loi Nghin
Tri l
ng sm (Sm leo)
Vng ng
Thch hc

Tn khoa hc
Calocedrus macrolepis
Pinus dalatenis
Keteleeria evelyniana
Aquilaria crassna/A.baillonii
Pinus kremptii
Cinnamomum balansea
Cinnamomum parthenoxylon
Cinnamomum cambodianum
Fokienia hodginsii
Cunninghamia konishi
Lilium brownii
Lysimachia congestiflora
Stephania spp.
Dalbergia oliveri ( D.bariaensis, D.
mammosa)
Afzelia
xylocarpa
(Pahudia
cochinchinensis)
Sindora cochinchinensis
(S.
siamensis)
Pieracapus spp.
Markhamia stipulata
Burretiodendron spp.
Garcinia fagraoides
Codonopsis javanico
Coscinium fenestratum
Dendrobium nobile

14 -

STT
22
23
24
25
26

Tn Vit Nam
Hong tinh l mc
Hong tinh l mc vng
Cc loi Hong ng
Cc loi thin tu
Trc

Tn khoa hc
Disporopsis longifolia
Polygonatum kingianum
Fibraurea spp.
Cycas spp
Dalbergia cochinchinensis

Ngun: Ngh nh s 48/2002/N-CP ngy 22/4/2002 ca Chnh ph

Ngh nh s 02/CP ngy 5-1-1995 quy nh v hng ho dch v kinh doanh thng mi
v hng ho, dch v kinh doanh thng mi c iu kin th trng trong nc.
Ngh nh ny quy nh v hng ho, dch v cm kinh doanh thng mi hoc kinh
doanh thng mi c iu kin th trng trong nc.
Hot ng kinh doanh thng mi iu chnh trong hp ng ny l vic kinh doanh v
thc hin dch v trn th trng nhm mc ch sinh li bao gm vic thc hin mt s hoc
tt c cc hnh vi thng mi: mua bn, vn chuyn, xut khu, nhp khu, tn tr, trng by,
qung co, mi gii hoc thc hin cc dch v thng mi khc.
Cn c vo Ngh nh trn, B Nng nghip v PTNT c thng t hng dn s 04
NN/KL-TT ngy 5/2/1996 v vic thi hnh Ngh nh ny.
Phm vi ng thc vt hoang d c qui nh ti thng t ny:
C trong danh mc theo N 48/2002/N-CP ca Chnh ph
Cc loi ng, thc vt hoang d trong cc phc lc I, II Cites quc t.
Cc ng vt thc vt hoang d khc v cc sn phm t ng vt, thc vt hoang d
nu trn.
Ring i vi vic xut nhp khu mt s sn phm g v lm sn c nu ti Quyt
nh 664/TTg ngy 18/10/1995 th tun th cc quy nh nu trn v theo hng dn ti
Thng t lin B s 01/TTLB ngy 22/12/1995.
Cc loi thc vt hoang d cm xut khu:
Thc vt hoang d nhm IA trong bng danh mc thuc N 18/2002/N-CP ngy
22/4/2002 ca Chnh ph.
Cc loi thc vt hoang d c ti Vit Nam c tn trong phc lc I, II Cites quc t.
i vi cc loi thc vt hoang d cm xut khu nu trn, trong trng hp c bit
cn xut (s lng t, phi thng mi) th c quan Cites Vit Nam s xem xt trnh B trng
B Nng Nghip v PTNT v xin kin Th tng Chnh ph.
Danh mc thc vt hoang d cm xut khu theo Ngh nh 18/HBT ngy 17/01/1992
TT
1
2

Tn Vit Nam
Bch xanh
Thng

Tn khoa hc
Calocedrus macrolepis
Taxus chinensis

Ghi ch

15 -

3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13

Phi ba mi
Thng tre
Thng P C
Thng Lt
Thng nc
Hinh vi
Sam bng
Sam lnh
Trm (Gi bu)
Hong n
Thng l dt

Cephalotaxus fortunei
Poodacarpus neirrifolius
Pinus kwangtugensis
Pinusdalatensis
Glyptostrobus pensills
Keteleria calcarea
Amentotaxus argotenia
Abies nukiangensis
Aquilaria crassna
Cupressus torulosa
Ducampopinus kempfii

Ngun: Ngh nh s 18/HBT ngy 19/1/1992 ca Hi ng B Trng

Cc loi thc vt hoang d c php xut khu c kim sot:
T th h 2 (F2) tr i
Cc loi c ti Vit nam c tn trong phc lc II Cites quc t.
Do t chc cc nhn t b vn nui, trng theo qui nh ti iu 9, Ngh nh 18/HBT
c php khai thc s dng v tiu th sn phm.
Mun xut khu cc loi ng, thc vt nu trn, cc c quan, n v phi c B
Nng Nghip v PTNT xc nhn iu kin kinh doanh lm c s xin giy ng k kinh
doanh, sau lp t trnh xin xut khu gi B Nng nghip v PTNT xem xt v gii quyt.
C quan Cites Vit Nam s xem xt trnh B trng B Nng nghip v PTNT duyt v
c vn bn thng bo B Thng mi cho php xut khu hng nm.
2.2. Quy nh v nhp khu
Vic nhp nui ging thc vt rng, ng vt rng phi m bo nhng nguyn tc sinh
hc v nhng quy nh v kim dch quc gia, khng gy hi n h sinh thi v phi c
B Nng nghip v PTNT cho php.
Giy php nhp khu do Cites Vit nam xem xt v cp cho tng trng hp c th i
vi cc ng vt rng theo cng c Cites.
V kinh doanh ni a:
Cm kinh doanh cc chng loi ng, thc vt hoang d c tn trong nhm I (IA, IB)
thuc danh mc km theo Ngh nh 48/2002/N-CP ngy 22-4-2002 ca Chnh ph.
Mi y Chnh ph ban hnh Ngh nh s 32/2006/N-CP ngy 30 thng 3 nm
2006 v qun l thc vt rng, ng vt rng nguy cp, qu, him. Ngh nh ny thay th
Ngh nh s 18/HBT ngy 17 thng 1 nm 19992 v Ngh nh s 48/2002/N-CP ngy
22 thng 4 nm 2002

Quyt nh s 245/1998/Q-TT ngy 21/12/1998 v thc hin trch nhim qun l Nh

nc ca cc cp v rng v t Lm nghip.

16 -

Quyt nh ny quy nh r trch nhim qun l Nh nc ca cc cp c thm quyn

i vi rng v t lm nghip, gp phn ngn chn nhng hnh vi hu hoi ti nguyn rng,
t lm nghip, to iu kin mi t chc, h gia nh, cc nhn tch cc tham gia bo v
v pht trin rng.
Ni dung qun l nh nc v rng v t Lm nghip bao gm:
- iu tra xc nh loi rng, loi t Lm nghip.
- Lp quy hoch, k hoch bo v, pht trin rng v s dng rng, t lm nghip.
- Ban hnh cc vn bn php lut v qun l, bo v, pht trin rng, s dng rng, t
lm nghip.
- Giao t lm nghip v giao rng, thu hi t lm nghip v rng.
- ng k, lp v qun l s a chnh, cp giy chng nhn quyn s dng t.
- Kim tra, thanh tra, x l cc vi phm.
- Gii quyt cc tranh chp v rng v t lm nghip.
Trong Quyt nh cn quy nh r rng trch nhim qun l nh nc v rng v t
lm nghip ca cc B, Ngnh, ca cc U ban nhn dn cc tnh, thnh ph trc thuc Trung
ng, ca cc U ban nhn dn cp huyn, ca cc U ban nhn dn cp x, phng, th trn
thuc huyn.
Ch th 19/1999/CT-TTg ngy 16/7/1999 v vic thc hin cc bin php y mnh tiu
th g rng trng.
Ni dung ch th bao gm:
- Khuyn khch s dng g rng trng lm nguyn liu cho cc ngnh cng nghip
nhm p ng cc nhu cu tiu dng ca nhn dn.
- Khuyn khch xut khu g rng trng, cho php cc doanh nghip c xut khu cc
sn phm g rng trng (k c g cy v g lng).
- Tho g nhng vng mc v th tc cho php khai thc v vn chuyn, tiu th v
xut khu g rng trng.
Quyt nh s 46/2001/Q-TTg ngy 4/4/2001 ca Th tng Chnh Ph v qun l xut
khu, nhp khu hng ho thi k 2001-2005.
Ti Quyt nh ny c quy nh ring i vi mt s hng ho xut khu, nhp khu
thi k 2001-2005.
Ti Quyt nh ny c quy nh ring i vi mt s hng ho xut khu, nhp khu.
V xut khu g v sn phm g quy nh nh sau:

17 -

- Bi b vic ph duyt v phn b hn mc g rng t nhin sn xut sn phm g

xut khu. Mi dng sn phm g u c php xut khu, tr g trn, g x t rng t
nhin trong nc.
- G c ngun gc nhp khu c php xut khu di mi dng sn phm, k c vic
ti xut g trn, g x.
- G trn, g x nhp khu v sn phm lm t g nhp khu khi xut khu khng phi
chu thu xut khu.
- Nh nc khuyn khch xut khu cc loi sn phm g c hm lng gia cng, ch
bin cao, cn c chnh sch thu khuyn khch sn xut.
- Trn c s ch tiu khai thc g rng t nhin c ph duyt hng nm, B Nng
nghip v PTNT phi hp vi UBND cc tnh (c ch tiu khai thc) ch o Ngnh kim lm
kim tra, gim st cht ch vic khai thc g ngay ti a phng.
2.3. Qui nh bo v v pht trin rng
Ch th s 12/2003/CT-TTg ngy 16/5/2003 ca Th tng Chnh ph v vic tng cng
cc bin php cp bch bo v v pht trin rng.
Ngh nh s 163/1999/N-CP ngy 16/11/1999 ca Chnh ph v giao t, cho thu t
Lm nghip cho t chc, h gia nh v cc nhn s dng n nh, lu di vo mc ch
lm nghip.
Ngh nh ny quy nh v vic Nh nc giao t lm nghip cho t chc, h gia nh,
c nhn s dng n nh, lu di di hnh thc giao t khng thu tin s dng t v cho
thu t lm nghip.
t lm nghip quy nh trong Ngh nh ny bao gm:
- t c rng t nhin, t ang c rng trng.
- t cha c rng c quy hoch s dng vo mc ch lm nghip nh trng
rng, khoang nui, bo v phc hi t nhin, nghin cu th nghim lm nghip.
Cc loi t lm nghip bao gm:
- t rng c dng.
- t rng phng h.
- t rng sn xut.
Cc i tng c Nh nc giao t Lm nghip khng thu tin s dng t gm:
- H gia nh, c nhn.
- Ban qun l rng.
- Cc doanh nghip Nh nc (trc 1/1/1999).

18 -

- Cc n v thuc lc lng v trang nhn dn s dng t lm nghip kt hp vi

Quc phng.
Cc i tng c nh nc cho thu t s dng vo lm nghip:
- H gia nh
- T chc trong nc thuc mi thnh phn kinh t.
- T chc, c nhn nc ngoi.
2.4. Vn chuyn kinh doanh lm sn
Quyt nh s 47/1999-Q-BNN-KL ngy 12/3/1999 ca B trng B Nng Nghip v
PTNT v Ban hnh quy nh kim tra vic vn chuyn, sn xut, kinh doanh g v lm
sn.
Cc quy nh v g nguyn liu:
- G nguyn liu khai thc t rng t nhin trong nc gm: g trn, g b i, b t,
g o, g x cc loi cha qua nhp xng ch bin.
- G nguyn liu t rng trng gm cc chng loi g khai thc t rng trng thuc cc
ngun vn khc nhau: g vn, g trng cy phn tn v khoanh nui, g Trm, c v g
Cao su thanh l.
- Ci cc loi bao gm ci rng t nhin, ci rng trng l phn khng th tn dng lm
g.
- G nguyn liu nhp khu bao gm g nhp khu di dng g trn, g x, vn nhn
to cc loi, g tn dng t bao b nhp khu.
Cc loi sn phm qua ch bin gm:
- G x cc loi c ca x t g nguyn liu qua nhp xng ch bin ct thnh
vn, thanh hp, cu phong, lati, lito... bo hoc cha bo b mt.
- Sn phm g hon chnh, chi tit sn phm hon chnh, sn phm th cng m ngh.
- Hng mc qua s dng cc loi.
- Vn nhn to cc loi gm: vn dn, vn p, vn dm, vn si, vn ghp, vn lp c
ph b mt hoc khng ph b nt, c trang tr b mt hoc khng trang tr b mt.
- Dm mnh (dm g, tre na, bao b tn dng)
G v lm sn c phn bit lm 2 loi: thng thng v qu him ( c quy nh
ti Ngh nh 48/2002/N-CP ngy 22-4-2004 ca Chnh ph).
Quyt nh qui nh r v vn chuyn sn xut, kinh doanh g v lm sn bao gm:
chng t, giy php vn chuyn, th tc kim tra, kim sot g lm sn v cc sn phm ch
bin t g v lm sn .

19 -

 Ch th s 19/2004/CT-TTg ngy 1/6/2004 ca Th tng Chnh ph v mt s gii php

pht trin ngnh ch bin g v xut khu sn phm g.
Ni dung Ch th nu r: Trong nhng nm gn y cng nghip ch bin g v sn
xut, xut khu sn phm g nc ta c bc pht trin mi, thnh mt ngnh hng c gi
tr kim ngch xut khu ng k, gp phn to vic lm, thu nhp cho ngi lao ng, tiu th
sn phm cho ngh rng.
Tuy nhin ngnh sn xut sn phm g nc ta vn cn nhiu hn ch: thiu nguyn
liu (khng nguyn liu trong nc cung cp cho nhu cu ch bin, phi nhp khu vi
khi lng ln), quy m nh, phn tn, thit b cng ngh lc hu, sn phm mu m cha a
dng, cng tc th trng, xc tin thng mi, t chc qun l, phn cng hp tc cn yu,
nhiu lng ngh truyn thng chm c khi phc v pht trin.
2.5. Cc chnh sch hin hnh v pht trin cng nghip ch bin g
- Nh nc khuyn khch cc doanh nghip, cc t chc ca mi thnh phn kinh t
tham gia sn xut, ch bin cc sn phm g v lm sn ngoi g, gii quyt tiu dng trong
nc v xut khu, thc y pht trin kinh t gp phn gii quyt cng n vic lm cho x
hi.
- m bo quyn li cho cc doanh nghip, t chc tham gia sn xut v xut nhp khu
g v cc sn phm g, lm sn ngoi g theo ng php lut v cc qui nh hin hnh.
- Chnh sch thu: Nh nc min thu nhp khu i vi g nhp v min thu xut
khu i vi cc sn phm g, i vi thu VAT c hon sau 1 nm.
i vi g v sn phm t rng trng c t do lu thng trn th trng, c xut
khu g cy, g lng.
- Nh nc h tr tn dng u t m rng sn xut i mi cng ngh, thit b v
trng rng nguyn liu cng nghip.
- Trong tnh hnh thiu nguyn liu nh hin nay (nhp khu 80%) nh nc khuyn
khch v to iu kin cho cc doanh nghip v t chc nhp g nguyn liu phc v cho
sn xut trong nc. lp li trt t v n nh th trng g nhp khu, sp ti Chnh ph
s thnh lp cc Trung tm nhp khu g nguyn liu nhm gii quyt n nh lu di v
nguyn liu.
- Tng cng vic cung cp cc thng tin v th trng cho cc doanh nghip, nng cao
vai tr ca cc c quan Thng v Vit Nam ti cc nc, cung cp thng tin, to iu kin
cho cc doanh nghip tip cn vi th trng cc nc, thc y xut, nhp khu g v lm
sn
- Nh nc h tr cc doanh nghip mt bng sn xut v mt phn xy dng c s h
tng trong qu trnh u t pht trin sn xut.
- Thng qua chng trnh xc tin thng mi hng nm, Chnh ph to iu kin
cho cc doanh nghip tip cn v m rng th trng qua vic tham gia cc on kho st, t
chc hi ch, trin lm, o to, pht trin ngun nhn lc, cung cp thng tin, tuyn truyn
qung co xy dng v qung b thng hiu sn phm.

20 -

3. nh ngha v cng nghip ch bin g

3.1. Ch bin g l khu sn xut quan trng
Ni chung g trn ch s dng nguyn dng trong mt s trng hp nht nh nh lm
ct in, g tr m...cn phn ln g trn u phi qua ch bin mi s dng c.
Ch bin g l qu trnh chuyn ha g nguyn liu di tc dng ca thit b, my mc
hoc cng c, ha cht to thnh cc sn phm c hnh dng, kch thc, thnh phn ha
hc lm thay i hn so vi nguyn liu ban u.
Ch qua ch bin g trn mi thnh hng lot cc sn phm tha mn mi nhu cu ca
nn kinh t quc dn v i sng x hi. Thng qua hot ng ch bin g s y mnh vic
s dng g hp l, ng mc ch, trnh s dng lng ph, g tt, g to vo nhng trng hp
khng cn thit, t nng cao t l s dng g. Qua ch bin cn c th nng cao cht lng
g, ko di sc bn t nhin v thi gian s dng g. Ch bin g cn cho php tn dng ph
liu trong khu khai thc, ch bin thnh cc sn phm hu ch. Cui cng ch bin g cn
c tc dng gim c khi lng vn chuyn, tit kim c xng du do s lng sn
phm sau ch bin gim khong 30-40% so vi lng nguyn liu.
Theo phng php ch bin, ngi ta chia ch bin g thnh 2 loi hnh ch bin:
(1) Ch bin theo phng php c gii kt hp vi k thut s (KTS) v ch bin g
theo phng php ha hc. Tuy nhin cch phn loi nh vy khng phi l tuyt i, v
trong mt s loi hnh ch bin theo phng php c gii cng c qu trnh x l bng ha
hc v trong loi hnh ch bin ha hc cng c qu trnh x l bng c gii.
(2) Ch bin g bng phng php c gii kt hp vi KTS. Trong qu trnh ch bin
g ch thay i kch thc v hnh dng m thi, cn kt cu v thnh phn ha hc ca g
khng thay i: ch bin g bng c gii gm cc ngnh chnh sau:
3.2. K thut x g
Nguyn liu l g trn, g hp, qua cc khu x ph, x li, rc ra, ct ngn... to ra
sn phm l cc loi g hp, g vn.. c qui cch, kch thc nht nh. y l loi hnh ch
bin g c gii n gin nht. Trong xng ch bin g, phn xng x c xy dng u
tin. Cc loi thit b c s dng trong xng x l: ca vng nm, ca vng ng, ca
sc, ca a. Vi iu kin nc ta my ca vng ng l thit b c u im nht v c th
xoay lt c g, x g theo s mch x khc nhau , mch x hp nn bo m c cht
lng g x, nng cao t l thnh kh v d c gii ha. My ca vng nm c nhc im
chim din tch ln, cht lng mch x khng cao v kh c gii ha, my ca sc tuy c u
im c th hon thnh nhiu mch x tt, gim c cng lao ng nhng hao tn g do
mch ca ln v ch thch hp vi g c ng knh ln. My ca a ch c dng x li
v dc ra ct ngn hon chnh sn phm, nng cao nng sut ca a c th dng my 2
li hoc ca a nhiu li.
sn xut 1 m3 g x bnh qun cn khong: 1,6 m3 g trn, 15-20 KWh in, cn 1m3
g x xut khu cn 2,5-3,3 m3 g trn (Theo tiu chun 10 CP ).

21 -

3.3. Cng ngh sy g

Trong cng nghip ch bin g, sy g l mt khu cng ngh rt quan trng, quyt nh
cht lng sn phm g, c bit l sn phm xut khu vi nhng yu cu kht khe v cht
lng.
G sau khi x c m cao thng l 80%, c khi n 100%. Mc ch ca vic sy g
nhm gim m ca g x xung cn t 8-14%, t nng cao c cng , bn ca
g, hn ch cong, vnh, nt n, mc, mt, nm, mc, bin cht, gim d gia cng v c
th d tr trong kho.
C th chia phng php sy g thnh 2 nhm: sy t nhin v sy cng bc.
- Phng php sy t nhin (hong phi): to iu kin thun li cho g kh t nhin
trong mi trng khng kh bnh thng kt hp cc bin php hn ch cc khuyt tt c th
xy ra (cong, vnh, nt n, mc, mt, nm, mc). y l phng php sy n gin v c
s dng lm phng php tin sy cho sy cng nghip.
- Phng php sy cng bc c th nng cao cht lng sn phm, tng nng sut,
ph hp sn xut cng nghip, bao gm cc phng php: sy cao tn, sy chn khng, sy
hi nc, sy ngng t m, sy chn khng, sy nng lng mt tri v mt s cng ngh sy
mi khc hn phng php sy thng thng nh EDS, bin i lignhin i vi Vit
Nam, phng php sy hi nc l ph hp v ph bin nht.
Thng phn xng sy g c t trong xng ch bin cnh phn xng x. Bnh
qun sy 1m3 g thnh phm cn 28-35 KWh in, 1,5-2,5 m3 nc, 0,5 tn hi nc.
3.4. K thut bo qun g
Thnh phn ho hc ca g ch yu l cc hp cht hu c nh xenlul, hmixenlul,
lignhin, v vy g d b cn trng, nm mc ph hoi. Trong cc iu kin khng kh nh:
nhit (15-280C), m (80-90%) v iu kin m g (20-50%)... ph hp, cc loi
nm, cn trng pht trin nhanh , hi g v lm gim tnh cht ca g. Do vy phi tin hnh
bo qun g bng cc bit php k thut v ho cht khc nhau, nhm nng cao gi tr s
dng ca g.
Cc loi thuc bo qun g thng dng:
- Chng mt hi g: Kantiborer 10 EC, Celcide 10EC, Cislin 25 EC ( nhp ).
- Chng nm mc mc, cn trng hi g, song my Celbor 90 SP, PCC 100 bt, XM 500
bt.
- Chng mc cho t vt: Du Creosote
C th s dng cc phng php sau:
- Phun qut b mt
- Ngm tm trong b.
- Ngm tm chn khng: theo phng php t bo y hoc t bo rng.

22 -

Phng php t bo y (P/p Bethell): Dng chn khng ht ht khng kh trong g ra

ri dng bm nn bm mnh thuc bo qun vo g di p lc mnh. Nu ct g tm quan
st thy rut t bo thm y thuc.
Phng php t bo kp ( Pp Ruping ): Bm khng kh vo g sau dng p lc mnh
nn thuc vo khng kh trong g b nn li. a p lc v bnh thng, khng kh b nn
lc s dn ra lm thuc b y ra. Ct g ngm, quan st thy thuc ch bm trn thnh t
bo, nn thuc dng t hn m tc dng chng su mt tt hn. C th s dng phng php
Ruping kp lp li chu trnh tm 2 ln v s dng thuc nng nhit cao a thuc
ngm vo nhiu hn.
3.5. Cng ngh sn xut mc
mc c sn xut theo cc cng on gia cng chnh sau:

Nguyn liu g t nhin

G trn Ct khc X g (pha phi) Ngm tm ho cht bo qun Sy g

Gia cng chi tit To cc mi lin kt (c mng, khoan l cht, inh vt) nh bng
X l khuyt tt b mt Lp rp hon chnh Sn ph (trang sc b mt) Sy kh
b mt sn phm ng gi Nhp kho.

Cc bc cng ngh sn xut mc t vn nhn to

B1: Thit k mu
B2: Chun b, kim tra nguyn liu vn nhn to
B3: To chi tit theo thit k (bn v)
B4: Phay rnh, mng, to hoa vn, ng nt, khoan l lin kt bng vt, cht, bn l,
kho
B5: Lp rp cc chi tit
B6: Sn ph, sy kh b mt sn phm
B7: ng gi, nhp kho

3.6. S ra i ngnh cng nghip sn xut vn nhn to

G t nhin c u im nh, d gia cng, c kh nng cch m, nhit, in nhng c
mt s nhc im nh tnh cht khng ng u theo cc hng, d chy, mc, mt, thay
i hnh dng v kch thc theo m, nhit, chiu rng vn x b hn ch bi ng knh
thn cy g khc phc nhng nhc im trn, nh nhng thnh tu ca cng nghip
ho cht to ra cc loi keo dn, loi ngi nghin cu s dng g rng trng v cc
loi ph liu nng nghip sn xut ra cc loi vn nhn to nh vn dn (na cui th k 19),
vn si (nm 1929), vn dm ( nm 1941).
3.6.1. Vn dn
Khi nim: Vn dn l sn phm dng tm phng c to thnh bng cch dn p nhiu
lp vn mng theo chiu vung gc th g vi nhau, nh cht kt dnh trong nhng iu kin
p sut, nhit , thi gian p nht nh.
Vn dn c sn xut theo cc cng on sau:
(1) X l nguyn liu g trn: Bc v, lm sch, ct khc, x l nhit m (hp luc g).
(2) Sn xut vn mng theo phng php bc hoc lng.
-

23 -

(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
(8)

Ct vn mng theo kch thc ph hp kch thc sn phm.

Sy vn mng t m ph hp yu cu cng ngh, thng thng khong 7-12%.
Phn loi vn mng theo cht lng v mc ch s dng.
V, ghp ni cc tm vn mng b mc, rch, ht kch thc.
Trng keo: ph bin dng keo Urea-Formaldehyde v Phenol- Formaldehyde.
Xp cc tm vn mng c trng keo thnh cc chng vn mng ph hp kt cu
sn phm.
(9) p s b vi mc ch tng cht lng sn phm v tng nng sut my p chnh (my
p nhit).
(10) Dn p vn theo cc phng php: Kh-lnh (cn gi l p ngui); kh-nhit;
nhit-m.
(11) X l nhit m vi mc ch cn bng nhit m ca vnvi mi trng.
(12) X l kch thc, b mt vn (rc ra, nh nhn b mt).
(13) ng gi, nhp kho.

Thng thng vn dn l sn phm dng tm phng gm 3 hoc nhiu lp vn mng dn

vung gc chiu th vi nhau. B dy ca vn thng l 1,5; 2; 2,5; 3; 4; 5; 6; 7; 8; 9; 10; 13;
15; 18; 24 mm.
Khi lng th tch vn dn thng ln hn khi lng g nguyn liu t 18-20%,
thng vn dn c khi lng ring 0,6-0,8 g/cm3.
Vn dn c chia theo mc ch s dng nh sau:
Vn dn dng trong nh k hiu INT (interior)
Vn dn chu m k hiu MR (moisture-resistant)
Vn dn dng trong xy dng thng l WB (Weather Boiling), vn dn chu nhit, m
mi trng k hiu WBP ( weather boiling proof).
Vn dn thng c s dng rng ri ng mc, bao b, dng trong xy dng,
lm toa xe, ng tu thuyn...
Ngoi ra cn c loi vn dn c bit nhiu lp lm thoi dt, vn ct pha, lm mc
cao cp (c ph bng vn lng hoc focmica).
Trung bnh, sn xut 1 m3 vn dn cn khong 2,4-2,7 m3 g trn, 98 kwh in, 3,1
tn hi nc, 1m3 nc, 100 kg keo Urea-Formaldehyde hm lng kh 50%.
u im ca g dn l tit kim v nng cao c t l li dng g: c 1m3 g dn 3 lp
4mm c din tch s dng l 250m2, nn c th thay th c 4 m3 vn t nhin dy 1,5 cm.
sn xut 1 m3 g dn cn 2,4 m3 g trn, trong khi c 4m3 vn thin nhin cn ti 6 m3
g trn.
Tuy nhin sn xut g dn cn p ng mt s yu cu nht nh v ng knh g trn,
chng loi g m bo cht lng vn, trong khi ti nguyn rng t nhin nc ta ang b
suy gim nhiu c v cht lng v s lng, nn ngnh cng nghip sn xut vn dn
nc ta cha pht trin.

24 -

3.6.2. Vn dm
Khi nim: Vn dm l loi vn c to thnh bng cch dn p cc dm g hoc thc
vt cha xellulo nh cht kt dnh trong nhng iu kin p sut, nhit , thi gian p
nht nh.
Vn dm c sn xut theo cc cng on sau:
Chun b v x l nguyn liu g chun b dm (sn xut dm) tuyn chn dm
sy dm trn keo tri thm p s b p nhit x l cui cng.
Vn dm c chia lm 3 loi theo khi lng th tch ():
Loi nh < 0,4 g/cm3; loi trung bnh = 0,4-0,8 g/cm3; lai nng > 0,8 g/cm3.
Nguyn liu l g rng trng hoc ph liu, c th sn xut vn dm di dng tm 1
lp hoc 3 lp (lp gia l dm th, hai lp mt l dm mn) hoc p khun thnh sn phm
c hnh dng nht nh nh: cnh ca, mt bn, mt gh... Vn dm c th c ph mt
trang tr bng g lng, foocmica ... Vn dm thng c dng sn xut mc (t l
thnh phm khong 80-90%), dng trong kin trc, ng hm, bao b...
sn xut 1 m3 vn dm bnh qun cn 1,4-1,7 m3 g rng trng, 200-220 kwh in,
2,1-2,2 tn hi, 1,5 m3 nc, 90-100 kg keo hm lng kh 50%, 8-10 kg cht chng m, 2
kg cht ng rn clorua amn (NH4Cl).
3.6.3. Vn si
Khi nim: Vn si l loi vn c to thnh bng cch dn p cc si g hoc si
thc vt, ph gia theo phng php t, kh hoc na kh
Vn si c chia lm 3 loi theo khi lng th tch ():
Vn si mm (xp) < 0,4 g/cm3 c dng lm vt liu cch m, cch nhit.
Vn si c khi lng th tch trung bnh (MDF) = 0,5-0,8 g/cm3 c dng sn
xut mc.
Vn si cng = 0,8 1,1 g/cm3 c dng lm vt liu chu lc.
Nguyn liu l g rng trng, tre na hoc ph liu, c si xenlul. Trong qu trnh sn
xut, vn si c hnh thnh bi phng php chnh sau:
- Phng php t: Dng nc nghin g thnh si theo nguyn tc nghin bt giy,
lng nc dng rt nhiu c th 70 tn nc/1 tn vn si.
Cng ngh sn xut vn si t gm cc cng on sau:
Hi nc qu nhit hoc kim lnh
Nguyn liu Bm dm Ho mm Nghin bt (kiu H Lan) Trn keo Ln
khun thnh hnh p vn sn phm.
Sn phm to thnh c th l vn si p cng thng qua qu trnh p nhit hoc l vn
si xp sau khi sy kh (khng cn p nhit). Vn si cng c khi lng th tch ln, bn

25 -

ko, nn cao nn c s dng trong xy dng, sn xut mcCn vn si xp thng

c dng lm vt liu cch m, cch nhit.
- Phng php kh: Dng my nghin nhit, ti y ng thi xy ra hai qu trnh
ho mm dm g v qu trnh nghin tch dm g thnh si nhit cao 160-180o C nn
qu trnh sn xut n gin, gn nh, hiu sut thu si cao, kt cu si ng u v hon
chnh. Do c nhiu u im nn hin nay ngi ta thng dng phng php kh sn xut
vn si.
Vn si (MDF) c sn xut theo phng php kh qua cc cng on sau:
Chun b v x l nguyn liu g bm dm sng dm ra dm hp dm nghin
si (trn keo) sy si tri thm p s b ct tm p nhit x l kch thc,
b mt vn (rc cnh, nh nhn b mt vn) ng gi, nhp kho.
Vn si c cu to v tnh cht ng u theo mi hng, b mt nhn mn nn c th
gia cng ca, ct, c mng, x rnh, chm khc, phay... trang tr trc tip bng sn hoc ph
bng vn lng, focmica. Hin nay mt s nc pht trin sn xut vn si kt hp trang tr
b mt, to hoa vn, nh hnh, nh v cc mi lin kt ngay trong qu trnh p vn.
sn xut 1 m3 MDF bnh qun cn khong: 1,8-2 m3 g, 700 kwh in, 1,3 m3 nc,
3,3 tn hi, 80-100 kg keo hm lng kh 50%, 10 kg parafin, 1,7 - 2 kg cht ng rn
NH4Cl.
3.6.4. Ch bin g bng phng php ha hc
Trong qu trnh ch bin pht sinh cc phn ng ha hc, thnh phn ha hc g b thay i
to thnh cc sn phm khc khng cn l cht g.
C 2 lai hnh ch bin ha hc:
- Nhit phn g:
S dng ph liu trong khu ch bin hoc khu khai thc, tin hnh phn gii g
nhit cao ( 100-1000oC).
Nu qu trnh nhit phn g xy ra khng c khng kh gi chng kh g, s thu c
than hm v cc loi axit axtic CH3COOH, ru mthylic CH3OH, hc n...
Nu tin hnh chng kh g n gin, khng c b phn thu hi ha cht, ch c l hm
than th cng, gi l t than. T l than thu c t 16-20% lng g, nu t g lim lng
than thu c nhiu hn g tp. Bnh qun lng than thu c khong: 60kg/ ster ci tp,
120 kg/ ster ci hng sc v thit mc.
Nu nhit phn g c lu thng khng kh gi l kh ha g s to thnh gas chy c,
ngoi ra cn thu c than, axit, hc n.
- Thy phn g:

26 -

S dng ph liu g (k c mn ca) dng axit sulfuric H2SO4 hoc H2SO3, thy
phn g to thnh cc ha cht c gi tr nh glucose C6H12O6, ru thylic C2H5OH, furfurol
(C5H10O5), cacbonic CO2, cc loi men thc n gia sc.
Ru thylic dng lm dung mi, cht t, ch cao su tng hp. Furfurol l nguyn liu
qu tng hp ni lng, cht do, dng trong cng nghip khai thc du. Kh Cc bonic CO2
dng lm ma nhn to, CO2 c dng trong my sinh hn.
Thng ngi ta s dng cy l kim, b ma sn xut cn, cy l rng, li ng sn
xut Furfurol.
4. Ngun nguyn liu g
4.1. Nguyn liu g trong nc

Phn chia theo mc ch s dng:

Phn chia theo mc ch s dng l da vo yu cu k thut ca ngnh s dng g v

cc c im cu to, tnh cht g c kh nng p ng cc yu cu k thut t ra.
Trong hot ng ca nn kinh t quc dn c hng trm ngnh s dng g di dng
nguyn liu hoc vt liu, bao gm:
- G lm m ngh, mc cao cp, chm khm.
G c mu sc, vn th, bn t nhin cao, khng b nt, cong vnh khi m bin i, do
dai, mn, d gia cng.
Thng s dng cc loi g nh: Trc, Mun, G mt, Cm lai, Lt, g , P Mu,
Hong n, Ging Hng, Sa, Hu mc. . .
- G dn lng:
G phi c th mn n rt mn, nh , mm do, d gia cng b mt, d bc, lng, dn
keo, nhum mu.
Gic, li khng hoc t phn bit sn phm ng u v mu sc. Thn trn, nhn, g
do, khi bc, lng mt g khng rn nt.
Mu sc vn th tng i p.
G bc c cc loi g: Vng, Trm, Cm, Xoan o, Du..
G lng gm: Lt cc loi, Gi np, Vn vn, Sao, Du.
- G xy dng cng trnh lu nm, khung tu thuyn , ph, nng c..
Yu cu cng cao n rt cao, chu lc xung kch ln. bn t nhin tt, chu c
mi mn.
Cc loi: inh, Lim xanh, Sn mt, Tu mt, Nghin, Trai l, Xoan, Kin Kin, Sao en,
Nhn rng, Trng kn.. thng s dng vo mc ch ny.

27 -

- G lm v tu, thuyn, ph: Yu cu c cng cao, d un cong, kh nng thm

thuc bo qun rt tt, t nt n, cha,t hoc khng c nha, khng c tanin, c bn t
nhin tt, sc chu un va p t do dai n rt do dai.
Cc loi g: Ch ch, Sang l, Tch, C i, Gi cung, Si , Trng mt, Trng
chua, Vn Vn.. l nhng loi g thch hp.
- G lm dim: Yu cu phi thng th, do, d bt la, d bc lng, mm, nh, g phi
cn ti, khng mc mt.
Cc loi : B , Vng trng, Chn chim, Go, Trm trng, Dung giy, Sng, Du.. c
s dng cho cc mc ch ny.
- G bt ch: G lm bt ch cn thng th, mn d gia cng, ct gt, t co dn , nh.
Cc loi g: B , Trm trng, Vng, M, Vng tm , Re xanh, Nng, Thng mc,
Cm, Tru rt thch hp.
- G lm nhc c: g lm nhc c cn c kh nng cch m khuch i m thanh v
cng hng tt. G c cu to u n, rng vng nm trung bnh, t bin ng, th g
thng c vn p, khng c mt, khng mc, mt khng nt, t co dn, d gia cng, nh
bng, d dn keo v un cong.
Cc loi g: Thng nha, Thng ui nga, Thng nng, Kim giao, Samu, Re, Hng,
Gi np, Thng 3 l, Thng 5 l.. . thng c s dng.
- G ng thng ng cht lng: Cc cht hu c cha trong rut t bo g khng nh
hng ti phm cht hay lm thay i mi v ca cht lng, kh nng thm nc km, khng
c tamin, nha cy. Rt t co dn, mm, nh d gia cng.
Cc loi g : M, Vng tm, Gii la, Re xanh, Cm, Re vng, R mt, Thng mc. .
thng c s dng
- G lm giy v vn si
Yu cu quan trng nht l nguyn liu phi c hm lng Xenlulo cao, si di ngha l
qun bo v si g phi chim t l ln. Kch thc nh v di, t cp t di n rt di.
G mm, d nghin, d phn ly bng ho cht, khng c hoc rt t nha.
Cc loi g thn hoc cnh nhnh ca cc loi cy: M, B , Dung giy, Hu, ay,
Trm trng, Go. . hoc ccloi tre na, l , na ng, na tp, mai, bng, vu. . rt thch
hp.

Phn loi cc nhm g theo nhm thng phm

Theo Quyt nh s 2198/CNR ngy 26/11/1977 ca B Lm nghip ban hnh bng

phn loi tm thi cc loi g s dng thng nht trong c nc, g c phn loi thnh 8
nhm vi khong 365 loi g ch yu, c gi tr kinh t cao, c tr lng v sn lng ng
k. Cc cn c phn loi gm cu to, tnh cht c l, bn t nhin v gi tr kinh t ca
loi g.

28 -

4.2. Phn nhm g

Nhm I: bao gm 41 loi, ch yu l Cm lai, Bng lng Cm, Dng hng, Trc, G,
Pmu, G , Mun, Hong n, Lt cc loi ... Tiu chun chnh ca cc loi g trong nhm
ny l phi c mu sc, vn th p, hng v thm, rt khan him, c gi tr kinh t cao nht.
Cc loi g trong nhm ny thng dng lm m ngh, g lng, hng mc chm khm,
vn sn c bit...
Nhm II: bao gm 26 loi, tiu chun chung l c tnh cht c l cao nht, cc ng lc
p dc, un tnh, ko dc th, c tr s ln nht. G nhm ny dng cho vic xy dng cc
cng trnh lu nm, cu cng ln, t vt trn cu st, nng c, my mc nng nghip, khung
tu, thuyn, ph, khung toa xe, vn sn cao cp, cu thang.. .
Nhm III: bao gm 24 loi, tiu chun chnh l tnh cht c l cao nhng km nhm II.
Yu cu chnh l g phi do dai (sc chu un va p cao nht ). Trong phn loi v do
dai g phi dng rt do, chu ng c lc xung kch.
Nhm IV: bao gm 34 loi, tiu chun chnh ca nhm ny l g mm, nh, d gia
cng, t co dn.
T nhm V n nhm VIII:
Tiu chun nh gi l khi lng th tch, cng , bn t nhin v gi tr s
dng gim dn.
Nhm V bao gm 65 loi g
Nhm VI bao gm 70 loi g
G ca 2 nhm ny dng cho mc thng dng, xy dng cng trnh, nh ca bn kin
c, ng thng, toa xe, t vt...
Nhm VII bao gm 45 loi g
Nhm VIII bao gm 48 loi g
G ca 2 nhm ny dng cho xy dng tm thi, lm ct pha, bao b, quan ti. . .
Cc loi g t nhm V-VIII c kch thc ph hp c dng lm g chng l.
Danh sch tn cy g ca 8 nhm g Vit nam xin xem phc lc km theo ti Quyt
nh s 2198/CNR ngy 26/11/1977 ca B trng B lm nghip (nay l B Nng nghip
v PTNT).
B trng B Lm nghip ban hnh quyt nh s 334/CNR ngy 10/5/1988 iu
chnh vic xp hng mt s loi g s dng trong bng phn loi 8 nhm ca Quyt nh s
2198/CNR ngy 26/11/1977.
Bng iu chnh phn loi xp hng mt s chng loi g s dng
(Ban hnh km theo Q s 334/CNR ngy 10/5/1988 ca B Lm nghip)

29 -

TT
1
2
3
4

Tn g
Sao en
Gii
Re hng
Vn vn

Tn khoa hc

Phn nhm c theo

Q s 2198/CNR

Hopea odorata Roxb.

Talauma giooif A.Chev.
Cinamomun parthenoxylon
Meissn
Anisoptera Cochinchinensis

Nhm 3
Nhm 4
Nhm 4
Nhm 4

Phn nhm mi
theo Q s
334/CNR
Nhm 2
Nhm 3
Nhm 3
Nhm 3

Ngun: Quyt nh s 334/CNR ngy 10/5/1988 ca B Lm Nghip

Tnh cht ca cc nhm g

(1) Tnh cht ho hc ca g

Thnh phn ho hc cu to ca g l cc cht hu c (99-99,7%) vi 4 nguyn t ch
yu sau: Cc bon (50%); Hidro (6,4%); Oxi (42,6%) v Nit (1%).
Ngoi cc thnh phn hu c trn, trong g cn cc cht v c, khi t chy g hon
ton, cc cht v c ny bin thnh tro, l hp cht ca cc nguyn t: K; Na; Ca; Mg; Mn;
Fe; Si
Cc cht cu to nn g gm hai loi sau:
- Loi th nht gm Xenlul, Lignhin, Hemixenlulo l nhng cht cu trc nn vch t
bo.
- Loi th hai l nhng cht du nha, cht mu, tamin, tinh du, cht bo... tn ti trong
mt t bo.
Thnh phn ho hc ca g thay i theo loi cy v iu kin sinh trng.
(2) Tnh cht vt l ca g
Tnh cht vt l ca g l nhng tnh cht c th xc nh c trong iu kin khng
cn ci bin thnh phn ho hc ca g hoc khng ph hoi tnh hon chnh ca mu g. Bao
gm cc cht ch yu sau:
m ca g l t l phn trm lng nc c trong g so vi khi lng ca g m.
m tng i Wa l t l (phn trm) gia khi lng nc cha trong g v khi
lng g m tng ng. Wa thng c dng khi nghin cu tnh ton qu trnh sy g
m tuyt i Wo l t l (phn trm) gia khi lng nc cha trong g v khi
lng g kh tuyt i tng ng. Wo thng c dng khi nghin cu cc qu trnh lm
ho, phn tch nh lng.
C mt i lng cn c quan tm l im bo ho th g: l ranh gii gia nc
thm v nc t do.
m bo ho th g l m xc nh bi lng nc thm ti a trong g v thay
i theo loi g.

30 -

Tnh co ngt v gin n ca g

G c tnh cht lun thay i kch thc theo nhit v m, tnh cht ny l nguyn
nhn gy nn hin tng bin hnh, cong vnh, nt n ca g.
Khi lng ring ca g l khi lng ca vch t bo g trn mt n v th tch vch
t bo g tng ng. Khi lng ring ca tt c cc loi g gn bng nhau, khong 1,54
g/cm3.
Khi lng th tch: nh gi lng g thc cht c trong mt n v th tch ngi
ta dng khi nim khi lng th tch. Khi lng th tch ca g () l t s gia khi lng
g trn mt n v th tch g, cch tnh nh sau:
= m/v ( g/cm3 hoc tn/m3)
Cn c vo khi lng th tch c th nh gi c mt phn cng v gi tr cng
ngh ca g. C 4 loi khi lng th tch: Khi lng th tch c bn; Khi lng th tch g
ti; Khi lng th tch g kh; Khi lng th tch g kh kit.
Ngoi ra g cn c cc tnh cht khc nh tnh cht dn nhit (t nhit, tnh cht truyn
nhit, to nhit, dn n do nhit) ; tnh cht dn in; tnh cht truyn m; kh nng chng li
sc xuyn ca sng in t; mu sc; mi v v tnh cht phn quang.
(3) Tnh cht c hc ca g
Trong qu trnh gia cng ch bin v s dng, g thng chu tc dng ca cc lc bn
ngoi. Kh nng chng li tc ng ca ngoi lc l tnh cht c hc hay cng g. Nm
c tnh cht c hc ca g khng nhng cung cp cho ngi s dng nhng s liu cn
thit tnh ton thit k cc kt cu g hp l, gii quyt mu thun gia vic m bo an
ton v tit kim vt liu m cn gip cho ngnh ch bin g tm ra cc phng php gia
cng mi cng nh cc phng php li dng g ngy cng c hiu qu .
ng lc v bin hnh: Khi lc bn ngoi tc ng, cc phn t bn trong g sn sinh
ni lc chng li, l ng lc. Khi chu lc tc ng, hnh dng v kch thc ca g cng
b bin i.
nh gi kh nng chu lc ca vt liu v so snh cng cc loi vt liu khc
nhau, ngi ta dng ng sut. ng sut l ng lc trn n v din tch chu lc.
Bin dng n hi v bin dng vnh cu
Bin dng n hi ca g do Xenlul to ra, cn bin dng vnh cu ca g l do lignhin
to ra. Ni cch khc trong g c 2 vng: vng c bin dng n hi v c bin dng vnh
cu. Hai vng ny nm cnh nhau, bt c v tr no trong g.
Sc chu p ca g: Lc p ca g l mt ch tiu c hc rt quan trng v thng gp
trong thc t, c 2 loi: p dc th v p ngang th.
Sc chu p dc th
Lc p dc th rt t bin ng v d xc nh. Do tnh cht quan trng ca n nn trong
thc t lc p dc th l ch tiu ch yu d nh gi kh nng chu lc ca g.
-

31 -

Sc chu p ngang th: c 2 phng php xc nh nh sau:

p ngang cc b: mt b phn g chu lc, hnh thi ny thng gp trong thc t.
p ngang ton b: lc tc ng trn ton b phn g chu lc. Tuy t gp trong thc t
nhng hnh thc chu lc ny li phn nh trung thc kh nng chu p ngang th ca g.
Sc chu ko ca g: Khi ngoi lc tc dng song song hoc vung gc vi chiu dc
th v lm cho g b cng ra, khi g chu ko. Sc chu ko ca g gm 2 loi: Ko dc
th v ko ngang th.
Ko dc th: Sc chu ko dc th ca g rt ln do hu ht cc mixen xenlul sp xp
theo chiu dc th.
Tu theo cc loi g, ng sut ko dc ca g Vit Nam gp 2-3 ln sc p dc th v
vy trong cc kt cu, g rt t b ph hoi do lc ko dc gy ra.
Ko ngang th: Sc chu ko ngang th g ch bng 1/40-1/10 sc chu ko dc th.
Sc chu trt v ct t th vung gc: Lc trt ca g gm lc trt dc th v
trt ngang th. Sc chu ct t th theo hng vung gc ca g l rt ln, thng gp 3
ln trt dc th v gp nhiu ln so vi lc p ngang th cc b.
Sc chu un tnh: Dm (x) trong cc kt cu g thng do lc un lm bin dng, c
th ni sc chu un tnh l ch tiu quan trng th hai sau lc p dc th.
Sc chu un va p: C rt nhiu loi, thng ch xc nh sc chu un xung kch
dng lm ch tiu nh gi dn hay do ca g.
Tnh cht ny cng rt quan trng trong nhiu cng trnh nh g chng l cn do dai,
kh gy, g lm dn gio cng i hi do dai cao mi m bo an ton.
Sc chu xon: Lc xon l dng lc t gp trong cc kt cu hay cng trnh xy dng
bng g, nhng cc loi trc ci xay, l cnh qut, trc my nng nghip, ct bum, trng ti,
cng c th cng, ba .. . thng chu lc xon.
cng ca g: cng ca g dng biu th kh nng chng li tc dng ca
ngoi lc khi p mt vt khng bin dng vo g lm cho g lm xung. Tnh cht ny c
quan h vi khi lng th tch () ca g, thng thng cng ca g t l thun vi .
cng cng phn no phn nh c sc chu ma st ca g. Trong nhiu cng dng thc t
cng c xem l ch tiu quan trng nh gi phm cht g (vn sn, trc g... ). cng
ca g bao gm 2 loi: cng tnh v cng xung kch.
Lc bm inh:
Kh nng bm inh t l thun vi lc tch ca g. Khi ng inh
vo g, phn g b tch sn sinh lc p ngang vo inh v gy ra lc ma st. Ma st ln th
lc bm inh cng cng ln.
Cc nhn t nh hng n tnh cht c hc ca g
C nhiu nhn t nh hng n cng g, trong khun kh cm nang tra cu, ch
nu nhng nhn t chnh c lin quan trc tip.

32 -

Khi lng th tch: Ni chung g c khi lng th tch cng ln cng g cng
cao.
m: m nh hng nhiu n cng g. Cng g phi kh gp hai ln
cng g ti. Cng g sy kh gp 3 ln cng g ti.
Cu to ca g: l t l t bo vch dy v t bo vch mng, cc loi cy khc nhau
v tr khc nhau trong cy (gc, thn , cnh, ngn) c t thnh t bo khc nhau nn dn n
mi tnh cht g khc nhau.
Cc nhn t vt l v ho hc nh hng ca sy: G c s dng vo cc lnh vc
khc nhau u phi qua hong phi v sy. Sau khi sy nhiu tnh cht ca g c ci thin.
Nu sy g trong l sy vi tc qu nhanh, nhit cao s gy ra hin tng nt n, thm
ch ph v cu to v thay i thnh phn ho hc ca vch t bo, nh hng n tnh cht
c hc ca g.
4.3. Khai thc v s dng rng t nhin trong nc
Rng t nhin Vit Nam sau nhiu nm khai thc, s dng v cng vi nhiu nguyn
nhn khc nhau (du canh du c, pht nng lm ry, khai hoang trng lng thc v cy
cng nghip, di dn t do, khai thc qu mc) n nay rng suy gim nhiu v s lng v
cht lng.
Trong nhng nm trc y, sn lng g khai thc t rng t nhin (trong k hoch) c
nm t n mc cao nht 1,8 triu m3 g trn/nm, sau lng g khai thc gim dn.
ng truc tnh hnh din tch rng b thu hp, tr lng g gim st nghim trng v s
lng v cht lng do khai thc qu mc (k c khai thc ngoi k hoch), s ph hoi ca
cc lc lng lm tc v nhiu nguyn nhn khc, do phi hn ch khai thc bo v
c vn rng hin c. Nm 1997 Chnh ph quyt nh gim lng khai thc g n
mc thp nht v hng ti ng ca rng t nhin to iu kin cho vn rng hi phc.
Sau lng g khai thc t rng t nhin ch cn 500.000 m3/nm (t nm 2000-2003), n
nm 2004 l 300.000 m3/nm v nm 2005 ch khai thc 150.000 m3/nm. Vic quyt nh
ng ca rng t nhin l gii php tnh th trong tnh hnh rng t nhin b qu nhiu p
lc, v l gii php cn thit.
Tuy nhin v lu di, cn c s iu chnh ch trng ny ph hp vi thc t hn.
Bi v cy rng c sinh trng pht trin khi t n mc thnh thc cn khai thc s dng
hp l (trn c s lng tng trng ca rng) rng tip tc sinh trng, pht trin l ph
hp vi quy lut.
4.4. Khai thc s dng rng trng
Cng vi vic thc hin gim dn lng khai thc hng ti ng ca rng t nhin l
chuyn hng y mnh trng rng v tng cng s dng nguyn liu rng trng vo sn
xut, ch bin cc loi sn phm.
Trong vng 15 nm gn y, ngnh Lm nghip c nhiu chuyn bin tch cc trong
lnh vc trng rng nguyn liu, mi nm trng c khong 100.000 ha rng kinh t, bc
u hnh thnh vng rng trng thm canh gn vi ch bin lm sn, ging cy lm
nghip cng c quan tm, nhiu ging mi c la chn kho nghim v a vo s
dng, nng sut, cht lng rng trng dn c nng cao.

33 -

Hin nay c khong 1,3 triu ha rng sn xut, ch yu cung cp nguyn liu cho ch
bin giy, vn nhn to (vn ghp thanh, vn dm, vn si), bm dm, g tr m, cy c sn.
Tr lng g rng trng c nc c khong 35,6 triu m3 g, chim 4,1% tng tr lng
g c nc.
Phn b theo cc cp tui nh sau:
Cp tui II

: 13.483.652 m3

Cp tui III

: 9.582.695 m3

Cp tui IV

: 5.363.751 m3

Cp tui V

: 2.115.971 m3

Cp tui VI

: 32.103 m3

C cu cc loi cy bao gm: Thng, Bch n, Trm, Keo, c, M v cc loi cy

khc.
Vi tr lng rng hng nm c th khai thc khong t 1,5 n 2 triu m3/nm v c xu
hng tng ln trong nhng nm sau ny.
Tuy nhin do hn ch ca g rng trng ch yu l cy mc nhanh, g nh, bn c
hc thp, v vy phn ln ch s dng lm nguyn liu sn xut vn nhn to nh vn ghp
thanh, vn dm, vn si, dm mnh, giy, bao b.
pht huy tim nng v th mnh ca rng trng, trong qu trnh kinh doanh cn la
chn nhng loi cy nh Bch n trng, Bch n chanh, Keo l trm, Keo lai... nui dng
thnh g ln gii quyt nhu cu cho cng nghip ch bin sn xut cc sn phm g
xut khu, hng m ngh. Mt khc cng cn c c ch, chnh sch khuyn khch cc t chc
v h gia nh trng rng g ln, g qu him cng vi vic phc hi loi g ny rng t
nhin to ngun cung cp lu di cho sn xut g, gp phn thay th cho vic nhp khu.
4.5. C cu s dng g nguyn liu
- G rng t nhin: L loi g ln thng c dng lm nguyn liu sn xut g
m ngh, g ni tht, g ngoi tri. G rng t nhin l phn nguyn liu ch yu,
chim t l cao trong c cu nguyn liu ca cng nghip ch bin g.
Hin nay nhu cu nguyn liu g t rng t nhin l rt ln, bnh qun khong trn 3,0
triu m3/nm, trong khi nguyn liu trong nc ch p ng 20% nhu cu, cn li 80%
phi nhp khu (khong 250-500 triu USD). C th nm 2004 nhp khu g khong 522
triu USD vi khi lng g 2,6 triu m3 t 26 quc gia khc nhau (g nhp khu c ng
knh t 25 cm n 60 cm).
- G rng trng tp trung: G rng trng tp trung ca nc ta hin nay phn ln l
loi g va v nh, ch yu dng lm nguyn liu cho ch bin giy, bm dm, sn xut vn
nhn to ( vn ghp thanh, vn dm, vn si p) v mt s sn phm khc.

34 -

Hin nay nhu cu bnh qun hng nm t nguyn liu g rng trng cho cng nghip
ch bin khong 3-4 triu m3/nm, rng trng trong nc p ng c khong 1,5-2,0
triu m3/nm, trn thc t cha p ng c yu cu sn xut, n nay tin trng rng sn
xut mi t khong trn 30% k hoch (613.093 ha/2 triu ha).
Trong thi gian ti, nhu cu s dng g nguyn liu rng trng phc v cng nghip ch
bin g s tng ln khi cng nghip ch bin vn nhn to pht trin mnh.
- G cy trng phn tn
Cy g phn tn c trng ven ng, ven b sng, knh mng, cc ai rng phng
h trn cc cnh ng, ven , trong cc vn gia nh. Trong 15 nm gn y bnh qun mi
nm c nc trng khong 200 triu cy phn tn cc loi.
Cc loi cy g trng phn tn ny ch yu pht huy tc dng phng h mi trng,
chn gi, cy bng mt, ngoi tc dng gii quyt nhu cu g gia dng, ci, cn cung cp cho
nguyn liu giy v bm dm.
- G cng, g mm
G cng: L loi g ln rng t nhin (t nhm I n nhm III). cng ca g biu
th kh nng chng li tc dng ca ngoi lc. Ni chung cc loi g c khi lng th tch
cng cao th g cng cng.
Do g cng c cng cao, c mu sc v vn th p nn loi g ny thng dng
sn xut cc loi g m ngh, mc cao cp, chm khm, g xy dng cng trnh lu
nm, khung tu thuyn, ph , g nng c ... G cng l loi g qu him, phn ln mc
rng t nhin, sinh trng chm, chu k kinh doanh di (50-100 nm) nc ta s lng loi
g ny cn rt t trong khi nhu cu ngy cng ln, v vy p ng nhu cu nc ta phi
nhp khu rt nhiu loi g cng.
G mm: L loi g ln rng t nhin (t nhm IV n nhm VIII) v mt s loi g
rng trng. Ni chung loi g ny c khi lng th tch nh v trung bnh, bn c ca g
thp, sinh trng nhanh, chu k kinh doanh ngn (khong 5-7 nm). Loi g ny thng c
s dng sn xut cc loi g lng, dim bt ch, bao b, bt giy v giy cc loi, vn nhn
to...
Hin nay loi g ny trong nc ang c s dng vi t trng cao, dn thay th cc
loi g cng, qu him ang cn kit dn. Theo xu hng ca thi i l s dng cc loi
sn phm vn nhn to t g rng trng.
- G ln, g nh
G ln: nc ta hin nay bt u trng cy g ln ch yu l c ngun gc t rng
t nhin, mt s ni trng g qu him. Trong d n 661 cng thc hin vic h tr cho h
gia nh, cc t chc trng rng g ln, qu him c chu k kinh doanh di. Hin nay g ln
vn c s dng vi t l ln, phc v cng nghip sn xut cc mt hng nh mc m
ngh, ni tht, ngoi tri, c bit l s dng sn xut cc mt hng xut khu. Bnh qun
mi nm cn khong 3,0-3,5 triu m3 g ln lm nguyn liu cho sn xut (c ngun trong
nc v nhp khu).

35 -

G nh: Ch yu l g nh t rng trng tp trung v cy phn tn. Tuy nhin trong

cc loi cy rng trng c mt s loi cy c th tr thnh cy g ln nh: Bch n trng,
Keo l trm, Keo lai nhng trong thc t cha c xu hng kinh doanh loi g ny thnh g
ln. V vy phn ln g nh hin nay c ngun gc t rng trng v thng c s dng
lm nguyn liu giy, vn nhn to , dm mnh ... Bnh qun mi nm nc ta s dng
khong 2,0 triu m3 g nh.
4.6. S dng g gn vi mi trng v qun l rng bn vng
Vic khai thc, s dng g theo hng thn thin vi mi trng v qun l rng bn
vng l vn rt c quan tm hin nay v trong tng lai, c bit l s dng g c ngun
gc rng c cp chng ch.
"S dng rng bn vng l s dng ti u, n nh lu di cc kt qu ca rng theo
cc chc nng m n c xc nh".
Thc t hin nay, vic khai thc, s dng rng c tc ng rt ln n mi trng, lm
cho mi trng suy suy thoi nghim trng, trn thc t nc ta cha c khu rng no c
cp chng ch. iu ny s l tr ngi ln trong quan h giao dch quc t v thng mi sn
phm g trong tng lai.
V vy cn qun l bn vng cc khu rng t nhin v rng trng ngy cng ng
gp nhiu hn vo qu trnh pht trin kinh t, xo i gim ngho (c bit l khu vc min
ni) v bo v mi trng bng cch s dng cc khu rng hin c, t trng i trc ch yu
sn xut g, lm sn ngoi g, ng thi m bo a dng sinh hc, phng h v cc dch
v mi trng khc.
thc hin c nh hng trn y, t nay n nm 2010 cn t c cc mc tiu
sau:
- Xc lp mt lm phn n nh ton quc trn bn v trn thc a, c qun l bn
vng, c hiu qu.
- Qun l bn vng din tch rng t nhin ch cht trong khun kh lm phn n nh.
- Kim k tt c cc rng sn xut v thit lp h thng ti nguyn rng bn vng.
- Tt c cc khu rng sn xut (trong khun kh lm phn n nh) c a vo qun
l bn vng, trong c phc hi cc khu vc u tin.
Vic ra mc tiu qun l rng t nhin tu thuc rt nhiu vo vic thit lp lm phn
quc gia n nh v kt hp vi vic sp xp u tin nhng khu rng vo qun l a dng
phc v cho cc mc ch sn xut. Theo cn tin hnh ngay vic qun l bn vng nhng
khu rng t nhin trng yu nhm em li li ch trc mt v lu di cho cc a phng v
quc gia.
4.7. C cu v t trng tiu th g hin nay v xu th pht trin
- G rng t nhin v g rng trng
Tiu th g ln v g rng t nhin vn chim t trng cao trong c cu tiu th g hin
nay ca nc ta. Tuy nhin ch xt v kha cnh kh nng sn xut v cung cp ca rng t
-

36 -

nhin trong nc hin nay (t 150.000- 300.000 m3/nm) th kh nng cung cp ca rng
trng vn chim t trng cao. Song do hn ch ca nguyn liu g rng trng l phn ln l
g nh, mm, v vy phn ln c s dng sn xut vn nhn to, dm mnh, bao b... m
khng th s dng sn xut g m ngh, g ni tht phc v cho xut khu. Cc loi
sn phm ny phi s dng g rng t nhin v g nhp khu. Do g ln t rng t nhin
trong nc ch mi p ng cho xy dng c bn v mt phn sn xut mc trong nc, v
vy ch yu ngun g ln phi da vo ngun nhp khu.

- G trong nc v g nhp khu

Ngun nguyn liu cho cng nghip ch bin sn xut sn phm g xut khu t ch
da vo rng t nhin l chnh chuyn sang ngun g nhp khu v g rng trng l chnh.
Trong nhng nm 1990 sn lng g khai thc t rng t nhin khong1,8 triu m3/nm, n
nm 2005 ch cn 150.000 m3/ nm. b p s thiu ht v nguyn liu g rng t nhin,
hng nm phi nhp khu khong t 1,5 triu m3 - n 2 triu m3 g, nm 2004 nhp khu 2,6
triu m3 g t cc nc ln cn v tng cng s dng g rng trng sn xut hng xut
khu (ang dn c xu hng kinh doanh g ln). Nh vy nguyn liu g (g ln) dng
sn xut hng xut khu ch yu l ngun g nhp khu, cn g ln trong nc ch yu
gii quyt nhu cu g xy dng v sn xut g trong nc, cn g rng trng hng nm
cung cp khong 1,5-2,0 triu m3 ch yu phc v nhu cu ni a bao gm c lm nguyn
liu dm g v lm vn nhn to.
Ngun g nhp khu v lu di s kh khn, v cc nc s dn hn ch vic xut khu
g. V vy ch ng ngun nguyn liu, nc ta cn y mnh vic khi phc rng t
nhin v qun l rng bn vng, y mnh trng rng nguyn liu cng nghip. Ngoi vic
trng rng g nh, cn c bit quan tm phc hi g ln rng t nhin, v y mnh trng
rng g ln, g qu him phc v cho ch bin g m ngh v mc cao cp xut khu.
Nu khng c tm nhn chin lc, thiu nhng chnh sch khuyn khch khi phc v trng
rng g ln, g qu him th s pht trin ca cng nghip ch bin g trong tng lai s gp
nhiu kh khn, v khng m bo t cn i c phn ln nguyn liu cho s pht trin
ca ngnh cng nghip ch bin g xut khu.
Mc tiu ca Vit Nam n nm 2020, trong nc t cn i c khong trn 65% nhu
cu nguyn liu g, theo mi pht huy c ngun lc ti ch v ch ng v nguyn liu
cho sn xut.
4.8. nh gi tim nng v s a dng ti nguyn g Vit nam

V din tch

Theo Quyt nh s 116/Q/BNN-KL ngy 18/05/2005 ca B trng B Nng nghip

& PTNT, tng din tch t lm nghip (t c rng v khng c rng) n ngy 31/12/2004
l: 19.025.434 ha, trong t c rng l 12.306.858 ha bao gm rng c dng: 1.920.453
ha, rng phng h: 5.920.688 ha v rng sn xut l: 4.465.717 ha. t trng i ni trc (t
khng c rng) l: 6.718.576 ha.
Vic nh gi tim nng v s a dng ti nguyn g Vit nam tp trung ch yu vo i
tng t c rng l rng sn xut, v rng phng h v rng c dng cn c bo v
duy tr phng h v bo tn a dng sinh hc, vic khai thc s dng rt hn ch, y ch
tp trung nh gi tim nng v s a dng ti nguyn g ca rng sn xut.
Din tch cc loi t rng nh sau:
-

37 -

- Rng t nhin: 3.145.251 ha, trong :

Rng g: 2.492.814 ha
Rng tre, na: 373.686 ha
Rng hn giao: 249.526 ha
Rng ngp mn: 13.053 ha
Rng ni : 16.173 ha
- Rng trng: 1.320.466 ha
Rng c tr lng: 511.370 ha
Rng cha c tr lng: 603.495 ha
Tre, lung: 71.013 ha
Cy c sn: 134.588 ha

V tr lng

+ Tng tr lng cc loi rng g (rng t nhin v rng trng) l rng sn xut trong
c nc: 751.468.487m3. Trong tng tr lng g rng t nhin l 666.163.948m3, chim
95,9% tng tr lng rng g trong c nc, c phn b theo cp tr lng t cao n thp
nh sau:
Cp tr lng I:

4.809.627 m3

Cp tr lng II:

40.232.151 m3

Cp tr lng III:

206.118.829 m3

Cp tr lng IV:

224.896.965 m3

Cp tr lng V:

85.772.820 m3

Rng non c tr lng:

104.322.424 m3

Rng g + Tre na:

41.931.997 m3

Rng l rng + l kim:

9.447.065 m3

Rng ngp mn:

560.155 m3

Rng ni :

2.787.150 m3

Tng tr lng rng trng l rng sn xut: 30.578.172 m3, chim 4,1% trong tng tr
lng g c nc, trong :
Rng g c tr lng:

30.130.912 m3

38 -

Rng tre na:

447.260 m3

Rng c sn:

Rng g cha c tr lng

Cc cp tr lng c quy nh nh sau:
Cp I:

> 300 m3/ ha

Cp II: 2

26 m3/ ha

Cp III:

151 - 225 m3/ ha

Cp IV:

76 - 150 m3/ ha

Cp V:

75 m3/ ha

Ngun: Quyt nh s 116/Q/BNN-KL ngy 18/5/2005 ca B trng B Nng

nghip v PTNN
4.9. Cc lai sn phm g ch bin
C nhiu cch phn loi cc sn phm g ch bin da trn cc quan im sau: theo
ngnh sn xut, theo cng dng, theo cu to sn phm ... nhng cch phn loi no cng ch
c tnh cht tng i. nc ta hin nay thng phn loi cc sn phm g ch bin thnh
cc nhm sau:
(1) Nhm g m ngh
Bao gm cc sn phm ch bin c hm lng m thut cao c ch bin t g rng
t nhin, g nhp khu v g rng trng. g m ngh thng c ch bin bng my
mc kt hp cng ngh th cng nh chm, khc, khm sn mi. g m ngh bao gm cc
loi sn phm sau y:
- Cc sn phm sn mi
- Cc loi tng bng g, cc sn phm bng gc v r cy.
- Cc lai tranh g: tranh chm khc, tranh khm trai, tranh ghp g.
- Cc sn phm trang tr lu nim, qung co nh: cc, chn, a, khay, tha (mung),
qut, l, bnh cung, kim, l, guc, bi v, thm ht, chui ht, hp cc loi, huy hiu, biu
tng, biu trng, khung tranh, khung nh, phao m ngh, thuyn bum m ngh cc loi,
mnh trang tr, gi hng m ngh.
- Nhc c, chi tr em, vt cu lng, vt tennt, vt bng bn, gy chi bi-da, gy
chn cu, t giy (ci n gt), chn tay gi, d cn g, cn d, chi cn g, cn chi sn.
- Bn gh ging t cc loi, n k, n th, bn tr, t ch, t cha, t ng h, t
gng, bn th, t cao cp, hm (o quan) cao cp.

39 -

- Sn phm g m ngh kt hp song, my, tre, trc, vt liu khc.

(2) Nhm g ni tht
Bao gm cc loi sn phm mc dng trong nh nh: bn gh cc loi, ging t,
gi, k sch, vn sn... lm t g t nhin, g rng trng v vn nhn to.
(3) Nhm g ngoi tri
Bao gm cc loi sn phm mc kiu u Chu, thng dng ngoi vn nh:
bn gh vn, gh bng, d che nng, gh xch u, cu trt...c sn xut t cc loi g
rng trng.
(4) Nhm sn phm g kt hp vi cc loi vt liu khc
Bao gm cc sn phm g c ch bin kt hp vi cc loi vt liu khc nh: song,
my, kim lai, nha, vi, gi da... khng nhng lm cho sn phm c tnh thm m, tng
bn chc m cn c ngha tit kim g.
(5) Nhm sn phm g vn nhn to
Bao gm cc sn phm dng tm c sn xut t nguyn liu g v vt liu x si,
c qut, trng, trn keo v dn p, ghp ni trong nhng iu kin p sut, nhit v thi
gian nht nh. Cc loi vn nhn to ch yu gm: vn ghp thanh, vn dn, vn dm, vn
si.

Khi nim chung v cc loi sn phm g tng hp composite

Composite l hn hp ca cht kt dnh v c vi cc phn t thc vt nh: dm

mnh, phoi g, ph liu nng nghip c lin kt vi nhau to thnh vt mi c cu to
phc tp hn, c tnh cht tng hp mi nhng vn gi nguyn tnh ring ca tng thnh
phn. Cht kt dnh v c y l: xi mng, thy tinh, nc Na2SiO3 chim t l gn 50%
trng lng, vn Composite c khi lng ring 450-850 kg/m3, c tnh cch m, cch nhit
tt nn c dng nhiu trong xy dng. K thut, thit b sn xut composite n gin, c
th p nng (p nhit, nhit 50-800 C) hoc p ngui.

Cc loi vn nhn to

Vn nhn to l tn chung ch cc loi vt liu dng tm cu to t nguyn liu thc vt

c x si c lin kt bng keo v dn p di p lc, nhit thch hp. Keo thng c
s dng l loi keo ha hc urea-formadehyd c tng hp t ur CO (NH2)2 v
formaldehyd CH2O. Vi mt s loi vn nhn to yu cu cht lng cao nh chng m, chu
nc... ngi ta dng keo phenol-formalehyd tng hp t fenol C6H5OH v formalehyd.
tng hp 1 tn keo ur formaldehyd nng 48-55% bnh qun cn 32 kg ur, 640
kg formaline v 2 kg xt NaOH rn. Cn tng hp 1 tn keo phenol-formaldehyd nng
35-47% cn 360 kg phenol, 460 kg formaline v 40kg xt rn.
Cc loi vn nhn to chnh:
Vn dn: Sn phm dng tm phng gm 3 hoc nhiu lp vn mng dn vung gc
chiu th vi nhau. B dy ca vn thng l 1,5 2 2,5 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 13 15 18 24 mm.

40 -

Khi lng vn dn thng ln hn khi lng g sn xut ra t 18-20% , thng g

dn c khi lng ring 0,6-0,8g/cm3.
Ngi ta thng chia g ra cc loi theo mc ch s dng nh:
G dn dng trong nh k hiu INT( interior)
G dn chu m k hiu MR ( moisture-resistant )
G dn chu m chu nhit k hiu WB ( weather boiling )
G dn chu m , nhit, mi trng k hiu WBP ( weather boiling proof)
Vn dm: Loi vn nhn to c sn xut bng cch p cc dm g c s tham gia cc
cht kt dnh di tc dng p sut, nhit nht nh.
Vn dm thng c sn xut vi kch thc 1,22x2,44m v dy t 12-28 mm, b
mt c th trang tr bng g lng hoc focmica.
Do vn dm c tnh n nh v kch thc, t l co rt theo cc chiu nh v c tnh c
l bo m yu cu chu lc trong qu trnh s dng nn vn dm c s dng rng ri
ng mc v trang tr ni tht , trong xy dng v lm bao b.
Vn si: Loi vn nhn to c cu to t si g, c trn keo v p nhit thch
hp. Vn si loi trung bnh MDF thng c sn xut vi kch thc 1,22 x 2,44 m v c
dy t 6-30 mm.
Vn MDF c c tnh cu to ng du, li c tnh cht c l cao vng chc nh g
thin nhin, mt vn chc, tnh n nh kch thc tt nn ph hp vi nhiu hnh thc gia
cng b mt k c chm khm, phay, c bit khng phi dn cnh.. nn MDF c s dng
nhiu ng mc trang tr ni tht, trong xy dng, ng tu thuyn, xe c... tt hn
vn dm , c bit do cu to ng cht nhiu l, nn vn MDF cn c dng lm vt liu
cch m cho hp loa, v ti vi, nhc c...
c bit i vi vn MDF v vn dm ch tiu t l formadehyd t do trong vn
(mg/100g vn ) rt quan trng i vi sc khe con ngi, theo qui nh ca Lin minh Chu
u: loi E1 < 10 mg/100g, E2 = 10-30 mg/100g v E3 = 30 -60 mg/100 g.
Vn lng: L sn phm dng ct gt chuyn dng to thnh phi. Phi c tit din hnh
ch nht. Vn lng c chiu dy ph bin t 0,2 n 1,2 mm.
G nguyn liu phi c x l bc v, lm sch, ct khc, x phi, x l nhit (hp,
luc ) ri lng.
Sn xut vn lng P mu dy 0,2 mm c 1m3 g trn c 3000 m2
Cn cc loi vn lng thng thng dy 0,8 mm c 3m3 g trn sn xut c 1000 m2
Quan h gia dao lng v g trong qu trnh ct gt (lng g): g ng yn dao chuyn
ng thng tnh tin kh hi hay ngc li, tu theo phng chuyn ng, c kiu lng ng
hoc lng nm. Vn lng ch yu c dng dn mt vn nhn to.
(6) G x

41 -

L sn phm thu c sau qu trnh ca x dc g trn cy l rng hoc l kim. Thng

thng g x phi c ti thiu hai mt x dc so vi thn g, hnh dng thng thng l hnh
hp hoc theo tha thun.
G x c phn thnh 2 nhm chnh:
- Vn: G x c ti thiu hai mt x dc song song vi nhau m chiu rng b phi ln
hn 3 ln chiu dy a (b> 3a) trong :
Vn mng: chiu dy a < 19 mmm.
Vn va: chiu dy a = 19-35 mm.
Vn dy: chiu dy a = 36-65 mm.
Vn rt dy: chiu dy a > 65 mm.
- Hp : G x c ti thiu hai mt x dc song song vi nhau m chiu rng b phi nh
hn 3 ln chiu dy a, trong :
Hp nh: din tch tit din ngang < 54 cm2 (thanh).
Hp va: din tch tit din ngang khong 55-100 cm2.
Hp ln: din tch tit din ngang khong101 -225 cm2.
Hp rt ln: din tch tit din ngang khong 225 cm2.
Ngoi ra cn t vt l lai g x chuyn dng c 4 mt x dc song song v vung gc
vi nhau tng i mt.
Theo phng php x cn phn loi g x xuyn tm, g x tip tuyn v g x bn tip
tuyn. nng cao bn g x trnh nm mc mt cn tin hnh sy g, bo qun g.
5. Hin trng ngnh ch bin, xut khu sn phm g
5.1. Quy m ngnh ch bin g
Sn phm ch bin g ca Vit nam ch yu gm 5 nhm: mc ni tht, mc bn gh
ngoi tri, vn nhn to, mc m ngh, g kt hp vi vt liu khc (song, my, da, mt,
kim loi, v.v...).
Trong s 1200 doanh nghip ch bin g c 734 doanh nghip Nh nc thuc Trung
ng v a phng qun l, 40 cng ty c vn u t nc ngoi. n nay cng nghip ch
bin g v lm sn hnh thnh mng li ton quc, c nhiu thnh phn kinh t tham gia,
vi tng cng sut ch bin khong 4 triu m3 g trn/nm c phn b theo cc thnh phn
kinh t:
- Cc doanh nghip Nh nc: 374 n v, chim 31,2%.
- Cc doanh nghip lin doanh v 100% vn nc ngoi: 40 n v, chim 3,3%.

42 -

- Cc doanh nghip ngoi quc doanh cn li chim 65,7%.

Bc u ngnh ch bin g Vit nam hnh thnh cc cm ch bin g TP H Ch
Minh, Bnh Dng, Ty nguyn, min Trung v cm lng ngh ch bin g ti pha Bc.
Ring ti Quy Nhn (min Trung) c khu ch bin g vi 50 doanh nghip sn xut g
xut khu. Vng lng ngh v cm lng ngh sn xut th cng m ngh, mc cao cp ti
Bc Ninh, H Ty, Nam nh, H Ni, Bnh Dng vi gn 1.000 doanh nghip t nhn,
hng nm tiu th lng g ln n 100.000 m3/ nm. Sn xut mc xut khu ca Vit
Nam hng nm tiu th hn 2,5 triu m3 g.
Nhn chung, cc c s ch bin g ca Vit Nam l nhng c s ch bin va v nh,
phn b ri rc trong cc vng trn phm vi ton quc.
Cng do tnh trng phn tn, m kh nng c gii ho v hin i ho ngnh ch bin
cng rt hn ch. thc hin cng nghip ho, hin i ho (CNH-HH) ngnh ch bin g
th vn quy hoch li cc c s ch bin g thnh nhng cm cng nghip va v nh l
rt cn thit. Nu thc hin c ch trng ny trong mt thi gian ngn, Vit nam s c
mt ngnh ngh ch bin lm sn mnh v c sc cnh tranh t vic ti u ho cng tc
vn chuyn cc sn phm ch bin cho n kh nng c gii ho vic cung cp nguyn liu
cho cc c s ch bin v hin i ho, chuyn mn ho cao cng tc ch bin cc sn phm
g xut khu.
5.2. Thc trng cng ngh v nng lc ngnh ch bin v xut khu sn phm g
5.2.1. Cc tnh pha Bc v cc Vng khu IV c
- Tng s 410 doanh nghip.
- My mc thit b chm c i mi v ch yu phc v cho mc tiu ch bin g t
rng t nhin.
- Sn phm ch yu l mc ni tht, sn phm g m ngh.
- Mc c gii ho cha cao.
- Ngun nguyn liu l g rng t nhin.
- Kh nng p ng c khi lng hng ho khng ln.
- Hin nay s lng cng nhn tuy c o to nhng thiu cng nhn v cn b k
thut c o to chnh quy theo cc mc tiu mi.
5.2.2. Cc tnh Nam b, Duyn hi Trung b v Ty nguyn
- Tng s 790 doanh nghip.
- H thng trang thit b, my mc c i mi nhanh v hin ang p ng c vi
mc tiu ch bin g rng trng v rng t nhin.
- Cc sn phm sn xut ra ch yu l mc ngoi tri, vn nhn to.
- Mc c gii ho v phn cp trong sn xut tng i cao.

43 -

- Kh nng p ng c yu cu ca bn hng vi khi lng kh ln.

- Hin nay ang c tnh trng thiu cng nhn c tay ngh cao v cn b k thut c
o to chnh quy, bi bn.
Nhn chung, c th thy rng tnh trng my mc thit b ch bin g v lm sn cha
c u t i mi nhiu, nht l cc c s thuc cc tnh pha Bc v khu IV c, t l phn
trm cng sut ch bin theo cc loi thit b nh sau:
- Thit b ca x g v g s ch chim 30% tng cng sut ch bin, trong ch
yu l my ca vng, ca a, my bo mt mt, my xoi, khoan nm... c ch to trong
nc, ch c mt s t l ca Php, Trung Quc, Nht, i Loan, Nga, Tip...
- Thit b g tinh ch hon chnh sn phm chim khong 50% tng cng sut ch
bin gm cc my bo 2, 3 hay 4 mt, my phay 1 hay 2 trc... Nhng nm gn y, a s cc
c s nhp dy chuyn ng b hoc cc thit b l c cht lng cao ca Nht, Php, i
Loan, Hn Quc
- Dy chuyn thit b sn xut vn nhn to ch chim khong 20% tng cng sut ch
bin. Mt s dy chuyn tuy ng b nhng thuc loi thit b c, cng ngh lc hu. Tuy
nhin cc dy chuyn c xy dng t nm 1995 tr li y c cng ngh, thit b tin tin
hn.
- Tng nng lc sn xut ch bin khong 4 triu m3 g trn/ nm, nhng mi thc hin
sn xut ch bin c hn 2 triu m3/nm.
5.3. Thc trng sn xut, xut khu sn phm g
5.3.1. Tnh hnh ch bin v xut khu sn phm g
Ngnh ch bin g trong thi gian qua to ra c cc sn phm phc v trong nc
v xut khu nh g x, g xy dng, mc thng dng, ng tu thuyn, giao thng vn
ti, hng th cng m ngh, dm mnh v cc sn phm Song, My xut khu. C cu sn
phm trn c s gi tr hng ho c th hin ti biu sau:
C cu sn phm g Vit nam
TT
1
2
3
4
5
6

Sn phm
G x
mc, ng thuyn, giao thng vn ti
Hng th cng m ngh
Dm mnh
Song my, Tre trc
Loi khc
Tng

Ngun:

T l%
11
60
13
0,4
4,2
8,4
100

D tho chin lc pht trin Lm Nghip VN giai on 2006-2020 ca Cc Lm

Nghip

44 -

C cu sn phm v khi lng sn phm gia cc vng cng khc nhau, Vng ng
bng Sng Hng sn phm ch bin ch yu gm g xy dng nh khung cnh ca, vn sn,
trang tr ni tht, m ngh... Vng Bc Trung b sn phm l g x v phi mc
cung cp cho cc vng khc ch bin. Vng Duyn hi min Trung sn phm l bn gh
ngoi tri, sn phm song, my, dm mnh... Vng ng Nam b l vng pht trin tng i
ton din, sn phm a dng bao gm mc dn dng cc loi, g xy dng, g m
ngh, sn phm song, my, tre l , dm nguyn liu.v.v...
C cu v t trng tiu th g nguyn liu v lm sn (Thc trng nm 2003)
Khi lng (m3)

Loi sn phm

TT
1
2
3
4

Sn phm g ngoi tri

Sn phm g ni tht
Sn phm g m ngh
Sn phm vn nhn to
Tng

Ngun:

T l%

561.000
2.443.000
265
130.500
3.400.000

17
71
8
4
100

D tho chin lc pht trin Lm Nghip VN giai on 2006-2020 ca Cc Lm

Nghip

Vi c cu v khi lng sn phm nu trn, kim ngch xut khu g ca Vit Nam
t nm 1998 tr li y khng ngng tng ln, th hin ti biu sau:
Gi tr kim ngch xut khu g lm sn qua cc nm
Nm
Gi tr
USD)

1996
(Triu

Tng trng (%)

Ngun:

60,5

1998

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

108,1

219,3

334

435

576

1054

79

103

52

30

32

85

D tho chin lc pht trin Lm Nghip VN giai on 2006-2020 ca Cc Lm

Nghip

5.3.2. Tnh hnh nhp khu nguyn liu g

G nhp khu vo Vit nam rt a dng v chng loi nh g x, g trn, vn nhn to...
Kim ngch nhp khu hng nm khong 250-300 triu USD g nguyn liu t cc nc trong
khu vc v trn th gii. Theo kt qu thng k, nm 2002 Vit Nam nhp khu c khong
245,8 triu USD, nm 2003 khong 250 triu USD v nm 2004 gn 522 triu USD vi khi
lng g ln n gn 2,6 triu m3 t 26 quc gia khc nhau nh Lo, Campuchia, Thi Lan,
Malaysia, Myanma, i Loan, Indonesia, Singapor, Newzealand, Newgine, Australia, Guyan,
Nam phi, Mozambique, M, Costarica, Ecuado, Chi L, Brazin, Urugoay, Phn Lan, Thu
in, c, Rumani, Estonia, Nga.

45 -

Khi lng g nhp khu nm 2003 - 2004 phn theo loi

TT

1
2
3
4
5
6
7

Loi cy

Bch n
Keo
Ch/Gii
Thng
Cy h Du
Tch
Cy khc cha xc
nh tn
Tng s

Ngun:

ng
knh
TB
(cm)
40
28
55
50
55
45
45

Nm 2003
Khi
lng
T l
(m3)
405.000
27.000
90.000
72.000
135.000
27.000
144.000

45
3
10
8
15
3
16

900.000

100

ng
knh
TB
(cm)
40
30
45
50
55
45
50

Nm 2004
Khi
lng (m3)

T l

637.500
127.500
331.500
204.000
637.500
102.000
510.000

25
5
13
8
25
4
20

2.550.000

100

D tho chin lc pht trin Lm Nghip VN giai on 2006-2020 ca Cc Lm

Nghip

G nhp khu, ng knh ch yu t 25 n 60 cm. Vi kch thc ln nh vy, chu k

kinh doanh bnh qun ti Vit nam cn t 15 n 20 nm tu theo loi cy. Qua s liu ti
biu trn cho thy khi lng g nhp khu nm 2004 tng hn 2,5 ln so vi nm 2003. Nu
Vit Nam khng c k hoch xy dng vng nguyn liu cho ngnh cng nghip ch bin v
xut khu sn phm g th ch trong thi gian khng xa kim ngch nhp khu g ca Vit nam
s vt con s 1 t USD/ nm.
5.4. nh gi chung
Vit nam c hn 1200 c s sn xut, ch bin g c cng sut trung bnh v ln tri di
t Lo Cai, Cao Bng n cc tnh cc Nam ca T quc. Phn ln cc c s sn xut ny
c hnh thnh theo nhu cu th trng, nhu cu cng n, vic lm cng nh nhu cu pht
trin ca cc thnh phn kinh t khc nhau. Thi gian trc y, hu nh cha c quy hoch
tng th, hay chin lc pht trin dnh ring cho cng nghip ch bin g, lm sn trn
phm vi ton quc c cp thm quyn ph duyt thc hin. iu ny dn n tnh trng
cc c s sn xut pht trin trn lan khng c b tr, lm nh hng rt ln n mi
trng, lm nhim mi trng sng t trong cc bn lng n nhng vng dn c ng c.
Cng do cha c quy hoch c th v kh nng phi hp sn xut cc mt hng c yu cu
s lng ln b hn ch, iu nay cng gy kh khn n vic x l cc cht thi, mi trng
cng nh kh nng a cng ngh mi v ng dng ti u ho h thng kho bi v vn
chuyn nguyn liu g, sn phm t sn xut ti tiu dng.
Mc d trong thi gian va qua Chnh ph v mt s a phng ang dn c nhng k
hoch pht trin cho mt s vng, mt s lng ngh nhng nhn chung cha p ng c
nhng yu cu mi ra Vit nam trong thi gian ngn c th cng nghip ho, hin i
ha ngnh ch bin lm sn ni chung, ngnh ch bin g ni ring.
n nay, cha c mt phng n quy hoch ring cho vic trng rng nguyn liu phc
v cng nghip ch bin, sn xut sn phm g xut khu. Mc d gn y c mt s
phng n quy hoch v d n u t mt s vng nguyn liu cho nh my sn xut bt v

46 -

giy, nh my vn dm, MDF, v.v... Nhng hin cn thiu mt phng n tng th ring cho
nguyn liu cng nghip ch bin v sn phm g xut khu. Do vy m bo kh nng
cung cp , n nh v bn vng cho vic pht trin cc c s ch bin mc v xut khu
th vic quy hoch vng nguyn liu tp trung, gn lin vi c s ch bin g l rt cn thit.
Ngnh ch bin g v lm sn hin ang thiu nguyn liu v cht lng sn phm sn
xut ra cha cao, ch yu l s dng g nhp khu v g rng trng, mc d ang pht trin
nhng khng ng b, quy m cn nh, phn tn v manh mn. Nhiu doanh nghip chm
i mi c cng ngh v t duy kinh doanh., tay ngh cng nhn cn thp, cha p ng c
vi nhu cu th trng trong nc v th gii. Kh nng sng ch, to mu m sn phm
g cn rt nhiu hn ch. Sn phm xut khu cn phi qua nhiu khu trung gian, dn n
gi thnh cao, nhng li nhun khng ln v c bit l cha c thng hiu sn phm ring.
6. Th trng g v sn phm t g
6.1. Th trng xut khu sn phm g
- g Vit Nam c mt trn th trng 120 nc trn th gii vi gi c hp l v
cht lng va phi, hp vi th hiu ca ngi tiu dng. Theo s liu thng k, kim ngch
xut khu nm 2004 Vit nam xut khu vi kim ngch vo khong gn 1,1 t USD, tuy
nhin do ngun nguyn liu trong nc khng cung cp dn n tnh trng Vit nam phi
nhp khu mt khi lng tng i ln nguyn liu g t cc nc trong vng v trn th
gii. Trong tng lai xut khu cc mt hng g vn cn c nhu cu ln trn th trng
trng im, iu ny m ra hng pht trin tch cc cho ngnh sn xut, ch bin sn phm
g xut khu.
- Sn phm g Vit nam nm 2003 xut khu sang cc th trng sau:
M l nc nhp khu nhiu nht lng sn phm g xut khu ca Vit nam, khong
25,8%, tip ln lt l cc nc Nht 16%; Anh 11%; i Loan 6,1%; Php 4,6%; c
4,3%; c 3,5%; H Lan 3,2%; Hn Quc 3%; Trung Quc 2,8%; B 2%; Ty Ban Nha 1,7%;
an Mch 1,6%; Malaixia 1,4%; Cc nc cn li 17,8%. Mc d hin ti v trong vi nm
ti vn nhp khu g t cc nc trong vng v th gii cha c vn g, tuy nhin trong
tng lai xa hn, khi ngun g t nhin t cc nc xut khu g dn dn cn kit, chc chn
s nh hng ln n nhu cu nguyn liu ca Vit Nam. V vy ngay t by gi, Vit Nam
cn c s chun b phng n ch ng trong vic cung cp nguyn liu cho cng nghip ch
bin g.
- C cu sn phm g xut khu bao gm: Bn gh ngoi tri 32%; ni tht, phng
khch phng n 31,4%; Ni tht phng ng 4,1%; g nh bp 3,2%; Cc loi g khc
17,8% v g kt hp vt liu khc 5,1%. Trong thi gian ti Vit nam s tp trung tho
mn cc n t hng ca cc i tc tim nng nh M, Nht v Ty u, c bit Vit nam
s quan tm n vic nng cao cht lng ca cc sn phm ni tht, nng cao gi bn cc
sn phm xut khu t 1.500 - 2.000 USD/m3 sn phm.

Mt s th trng trng im

(1) Th trng M
Th trng g ca M c tc pht trin cao nht th gii. Nm 2002 M nhp
khong 16 t USD g cc loi, nm 2004 khong 27 t USD.

47 -

Nm 2001 Vit Nam xut khu sn phm g vo M 11,9 triu USD, nm 2003 t 167
triu USD (29,8%), v nm 2004 t 400 triu USD (30%) v nm 2005 c th ln ti 450
triu USD. im ni bt ca th trng M l nhu cu tng thng xuyn, sn phm tiu
dng rt a dng vi khi lng rt ln. Tuy nhin th trng M l th trng m nn s
cnh tranh rt khc lit. Vit nam cng l mt nc c nh gi cao trong vic xut khu
g sang M. y s l c hi cho cc doanh nghip Vit Nam tng cng xut khu g
v sn phm g vo th trng M. Vi 450 triu USD g xut khu hng nm th th phn
g ca Vit Nam mi ch chim gn 2%. Do vy y s l th trng y tim nng i vi
ch bin v sn phm g xut khu ca Vit Nam
(2) Th trng EU
- Hng nm EU nhp mt khi lng ln g v sn phm g v ang c xu hng ngy
cng tng. Nm 2002 Vit Nam xut khu c 291 triu EURO, nm 2003 khong 320 triu
EURO v nm 2004 t trn 400 triu EURO.
- Cc nc nhp khu sn phm g c khi lng ln ca Vit nam trong EU nh: Php
(29,1%), Anh (24,8%), Italia (12,6%), H lan (9%), B (7,2%) c (6,8%), n Mch
(3,5%), Ty Ban Nha (2,8%), Thu in (2,3%)...
- C cu mt s mt hng g nhp khu ca EU:
g ni tht

: 20%

g xy dng

: 5%

g vn phng

: 15%

Cc loi g khc

: 20%

Cc loi g kt hp vt liu khc

: 14%

Bn gh ngoi tri

: 26%

Vi kim ngch xut khu 400 triu USD/ nm th g xut khu ca Vit nam mi ch
chim c 1% th phn g nhp khu ca Chu u . Do vy kh nng m rng th trng
ny l thch thc v c hi ln cho ngnh xut khu hng g ca Vit nam trong thi gian
ti. T nay n nm 2020 Vit nam hy vng s nng th phn g ti Chu u t 1% ln
2% tng ng vi khong 800 triu USD mi nm.
(3) Th trng Nht
- c im ch yu ca th trng g ca Nht l nhp nguyn liu th, khong trn 100
triu m3 g nguyn liu/nm.
- i vi g ni tht, nhp khu tng i n nh, khong 164 t Yn (tng ng
1,6 t USD), khng c s tng t bin. Nm 1997 nhp 164,6 t Yn, nm 2000 nhp 161,7
t Yn , nm 2002 nhp 185,7 t Yn.
- C cu mt hng nhp khu:
Bn gh g:

28,6%.

48 -

Ni tht phng ng, nh bp: 71,4%.

Ring i vi Vit Nam, th trng Nht bn vn cn y tim nng v ha hn, c bit
l tim nng sn xut, nhp khu nguyn liu cho ch bin dm v bt giy. c bit nhu cu
nhp khu ni tht ca Nht rt ln. Vit nam cha c nhiu c hi tip cn th trng
ny. Trong thi gian ti cc doanh nghip Vit nam cn c gng p ng c nhng tiu
chun kht khe m ngi Nht t ra a hng Vit nam vo Nht Bn.
6.2. Th trng nhp khu g
Nhu cu nguyn liu cho ngnh ch bin g Vit nam trong nhng nm ti s khng
gim m ang c xu th tng nhanh. n nm 2010 kim ngch xut khu c th t 2 t USD,
theo Vit Nam cn t nht 10 triu m3 g thnh phm, tng ng vi 10-15 triu m3 g
cy ng. Ring ngnh ch bin g xut khu cn n 2,5 triu m3 thnh phm, tng
ng vi 5 triu m3 g cy ng. Nh vy, xut khu c 2 t USD nm 2010 v
khong 3 t USD nm 2020 th Vit nam cn c phng hng c th ch ng c
ngun nguyn liu.
Vic nhp khu g t mt s quc gia c nn Lm nghip cha pht trin ang ng
trc nhng nguy c b cc t chc phi chnh ph quc t ln n v yu cu hn ch. Cc
nc ny cng ang dn phi hon thin cng tc kinh doanh rng bn vng p ng
nhng yu cu ca cc t chc quc t ra, cc loi g phi c kim tra chng ch rng
trc khi xut khu sang cc nc khc. Nh vy, trong mt vi nm ti vic nhp khu g t
cc nc trn s b hn ch rt nhiu. Do vy ngun nguyn liu cho ch bin s b nh hng
nu nh Vit Nam khng chun b trc k hoch pht trin cho nhng nm ti. Trong thi
gian ti vic nhp nguyn liu t cc nc ng Nam s gp nhiu kh khn, Vit Nam
ang phi chuyn hng nhp nguyn liu t cc nc Chu Phi.
Dm g Vit Nam xut khu trn th trng mt s nc
M HS

4401-22

Nh nhp khu
Gi tr
Nht

Trung Quc

Hn Quc

i Loan

S lng
Gi trung
bnh
Gi tr
S lng
Gi trung
bnh
Gi tr
S lng
Gi trung
bnh
Gi tr
S lng
Gi trung
bnh

Phn tch, tip th dm g

1999

2000

26.678

32.302

2001

2002

2003

2004

40.609

42.609

59.583

74.565

346.843
117.890

391.626
108.800

531.563
112.090

606.302
122.820

0
0
0

0
0
0

0
0
0

6.375
52.527
121.370

2.331

1.405

2.016
30.757
65.550

2.546
32.732
77.780

3.596
52.945
67.920

3.9130
44.698
87.540

3.553

5.762

4.150
68.265
60.790

3.501
57.733
60.64

2.903
46.541
62.380

2.630
38.716
67.930

49 -

M HS

4401-22

Phn tch, tip th dm g

47.054
48.656
66.082
87.383
Tng Gtr
Gi tr
445.865
482.091
631.049
742.243
Tng
S lng
SLng
105.530
100.930
104.720
117.730
Trung bnh Trung bnh
V; Gi tr = CIF triu USD. S lng = M/t kh
Ngun: Hi quan

Ngun:

D tho chin lc pht trin Lm Nghip VN giai on 2006-2020 ca Cc Lm

Nghip

50 -

Phn 2: D Bo Pht Trin Cng Nghip Ch Bin G Giai on 2006-2020

1. Phng hng pht trin cng nghip ch bin g v lm sn n nm 2010 v 2020
(1) Nhanh chng pht trin cng nghip ch bin g theo hng t ch bin c gii ln
c-ha tng hp v a dng ha sn phm, c bit ch trng chuyn hng s dng nguyn
liu t rng t nhin sang rng trng, y mnh vic tng hp li dng nguyn liu, tn dng
ph liu, ph phm v kt hp cc vt liu khc, pht trin sn xut vn nhn to v cc sn
phm t vn nhn to.
(2) Coi th trng l mc tiu pht trin cng nghip ch bin, p ng nhu cu ngy
cng cao ca ni tiu v xut khu. ng thi th trng l ng lc tng bc u t, i
mi cng ngh, thit b c trnh tin tin, hin i, qui m ph hp vi vng nguyn liu.
(3) Hn ch khai thc rng t nhin, pht trin rng trng, bo v mi trng sinh thi.
ng thi to cng n vic lm, nng cao thu nhp cho nhn dn, gp phn xa i gim
ngho, pht trin nng thn min ni.
2. Nhu cu tiu dng g
Nhu cu g x: D bo nhu cu tiu dng g x s tng t 2,2 triu m3 trong nm 2003 ln
trn 7 triu m3 vo nm 2020. Mc d on v tng nhu cu ny c th qu cao, v c
nguyn liu thay th g x nh b tng, thp, nhm (trong xy dng) v vn nhn to (trong
sn xut mc). Mc tiu th g x nm 2003 cho 1000 dn Vit nam l 27m3, trong khi
n khong 7 m3, Trung Quc khong 12 m3, Malaysia khong 109 m3, Thi Lan
khong 75 m3, Hn Quc khong 126 m3, Brazil khong 110 m3, M khong 420 m3, c
khong 216 m3.
Nhu cu vn si c d bo s tng 40.000 m3 (nm 2003) ln 170.000 m3 vo nm 2020
tc l tng 8000 m3 mi nm, ch yu vn MDF. Tiu dng v vn si nm 2003 cho 1000
dn ca Vit nam khong 0,5 m3, trong khi n khong 0,1 m3, Trung Quc khong 8
m3, Malaysia khong 10 m3, Hn Quc khong 40 m3, Brazil 5 m3, M khong 31 m3, c
khong 20 m3.
Nhu cu vn dm: Tiu dng hin ti v vn dm c c tnh khong 80.000 m3, tc l
khong 1 m3 cho 1000 dn, trong khi Phillipines khong 0,4 m3, Trung Quc khong 0,4
m3, Hn Quc khong 33 m3, Brazil khong 10 m3, M khong 97 m3, c khong 100 m3.
Nhu cu ny s tng n trn 300.000 m3 vo nm 2020, tc l tng gp ba ln trong 17 nm.
Nhu cu g dn, lng: Tiu dng g dn, lng cho 1000 dn Vit nam l rt thp, khong 0,1
m3, trong khi Indonesia khong 10 m3, Trung Quc khong 10 m3, Malaysia khong 41
m3, Hn Quc khong 68 m3, M khong 64 m3, c khong 19 m3. Tiu dng ni a c
d bo tng t 11.000 m3 (nm 2003) ln 37.000 m3 vo nm 2020, tc l tng khong 2.000
m3 mi nm.
Nhu cu giy in bo c d bo s gia tng khong 10.000 tn mi nm v s t 192.000
tn vo nm 2020 so vi 54 000 tn nm 2003. Tiu dng giy in bo tnh cho 1000 dn ca
Vit Nam mi nm khong 0,7 kg trong khi n khong 1,1 kg, Indonesia khong 1,3
kg, Trung Quc khong 2,3 kg, Thi Lan khong 3,2 kg, Malaysia khong 16 kg, Hn Quc
khong 29,2 kg, Brazil khong 2,7 kg, c khong 36,3 kg, Phn lan khong 50,5 kg, c
khong 29,9kg.
-

51 -

Nhu cu giy in v giy vit trong nm 2003 c c on khong 160 000 tn tc l tiu
dng cho mt u ngi khong 2 kg. Nhu cu ny s tng khong 30.000 tn mi nm v t
690.000 tn vo nm 2020. Nm 2003 tiu dng tnh theo u ngi mt s nc nh sau:
n khong 1,5 kg, Trung Quc khong 7.5 kg, Thi lan khong 6 kg, Malaysia khong12
kg, Hn Quc khong 33.5 kg, Brazil khong 12,7 kg, Autralia khong 51,1 kg, M khong
90 kg, c khong 78,2kg.
Nhu cu ba v giy khc c d bo s tng v t khong 3,1 triu tn vo nm 2020.
Mc d c s gia tng nhanh chng v tiu dng vit nam trong nhng nm qua, khong 8,4
kg/ngi l vn cn thp so vi cc nc khc nh Hn Quc 170,4 kg, Malaysia 73,1 kg
hoc Thi lan 30,9 kg.
Xut khu dm g c d on tng t 0.8 triu tn kh (nm 2003) ln khong 1,5 triu
tn kh nm 2015. Sau nm 2015 xut dm g s gim i v nguyn liu g nh c s dng
cho sn xut vn dm, MDF.
Nhu cu g tr m s tng t 60.000 m3 (nm 2003) ln 200.000 m3 vo nm 2020.
Nhu cu g trn: Hin nay s liu thng k cp quc gia rt hn ch, theo c tnh khong
25 triu m3 g trn vo nm 2020.
Nhu cu g ci: Theo kt qu kho st gn y ca Tng cc thng k (GSO 1999) tng s
g ci tiu dng trong nm 1999 khong 25 triu m3, tng ng 0,32 m3/ngi. Nhu cu g
ci c c on s tng theo cng mc gia tng dn s vi phng on lng g ci
tiu th gim khu vc thnh th s c iu ha vi s gia tng dn s cao hn cc vng
nng thn ph thuc vo g ci. Nhu cu g ci c c tnh n nm 2020 khong 33 triu
m3.
3. Cc nhu cu g cng nghip giai on 2003 - 2020 theo phng n chin lc
Triu: m3

(phng n trung bnh)

Nm

2003

2005

2010

2015

2020

Nhu cu g cho tiu dng ni a v

xut khu

4.5

5.3

8.0

10.2

11.9

Tng nhu cu g cng nghip (g ln) bao

gm tt c cc sn phm g tinh ch g nh
cho vn dm, MDF v dm g, nhu cu bt
giy, g tr m.

1.6

2.0

2.4

2.9

1.6

2.5

2.5

3.3

5.2

8.2

0.06

0.09

0.12

0.16

0.20

8.8

10.06

14.0

18.6

22.1

Tng nhu cu g
Ngun:

D tho chin lc pht trin Lm Nghip VN giai on 2006-2020 ca Cc Lm

Nghip

52 -

Nm

2003

2005

Nhu cu g cho tiu dng ni a v xut khu

4.5

5.3

8.0

10.2

11.9

Tng nhu cu g cng nghip (g ln) bao gm tt

c cc sn phm g tinh ch

1.6

2.0

2.5

2.9

1.6

2.5

2.5

4.51

7.2

10.9

6.0

0.09

0.12

0.16

0.20

8.8 10.06

15.1

20.6

24.8

G nh cho vn dm, MDF v dm g nhu cu bt

giy
G tr m.
Tng nhu cu g
Ngun:

2010

2015

2020

D tho chin lc pht trin Lm Nghip VN giai on 2006-2020 ca Cc Lm

Nghip

4. D kin Qui hoch cc nh my vn dm, vn si t ngun g rng trng tp trung

TT

Phn theo
vng

Tng s
I

DT
rng
sn
xut

Tng cng
sut vn nhn
to

Trong

Giai on I
(1999-2005)

(m3 sp)

400.000 913.000

Ty Bc

24.000

Ha Bnh

12.000

45.000

Vn dm

Vn si

Vn dm

Vn si

152.000

183.000

385.000

192.000

15.000

III

ng Bc

53.000

Bc Kn

20.000

Thi
Nguyn

5.000

Lng Sn

20.000

Bc Giang

8.000

Vng
Trung tm
(nay
l
vng
ng

49.000

30.000

15.000

12.000
II

Giai on II
(2006-2010)

30.000
150.000

16.500

50.000

16.500

84.000
54.000

50.000
30.000

120.000

45.000
30.000

21.000

54.000
54.000

53 -

TT

Phn theo
vng

DT
rng
sn
xut

Trong

Tng cng
sut vn nhn
to
Giai on I
(1999-2005)

(m3 sp)

Bc)
Tuyn
Quang
Lo Cai
Yn Bi
Vit Tr
m rng
(PT )
IV

Bc Trung
b
Thanh
Ha
Ngh An
H Tnh
Qung
Bnh

20.000
2.000

7.000

102.00
0

48.000

125.000
15.000

18.000

20.000

50.000

30.000

20.000

15.000

20.000

Nam
Trung B

63.000

Ty

15.000

30.000

7.000

Bnh nh

188.000

28.000

Tha
Thin Hu

Ph Yn

21.000

20.000

Qung Tr

Qung
Ngi

Vi

15.000

7.000

Qung
Nam

Giai on II
(2006-2010)

30.000

129.000

15.000

60.000

54.000

30.000
15.000

12.000
11.000

54.000
30.000

20.000
20.000
60.000

144.000

54.000

90.000

54 -

TT

Phn theo
vng

DT
rng
sn
xut

Trong

Tng cng
sut vn nhn
to
Giai on I
(1999-2005)

(m3 sp)

Giai on II
(2006-2010)

Nguyn

20.000

Gia Lai

12.000

30.000

Kon Tum

20.000

30.000

8.000

30.000

c Lc

54.000

Lm ng
VII

ng
Nam b
B
Ra
Vng Tu
Bnh
Phc
ng Nai
La
Ng
ng Nai

VIII

38.000

Cn Th

An Giang
Ngun:

15.000

30.000

60.000
30.000

12.000

15.000

7.000

30.000
30.000

7.000
12.000

ng
22.000
Bng
Sng Cu
Long
Long An

105.000

11.000

31.500

63.100

31.500

31.500

7.000

15.000

4.000

16.500

D tho chin lc pht trin Lm Nghip VN giai on 2006-2020 ca Cc Lm

Nghip

55 -

Phc lc 3D: D kin qui hoch pht trin sn xut g xut khu t nguyn liu vn nhn
to

TT

Phn theo a
phng

n v
tnh

Tng cng
sut g
cc loi

Tng cng

Trong
Giai on I

Giai on II

200.000

50.000

150.000

M3 SP

20.000

10.000

10.000

10.000

10.000

TP Hi phng

TP H Ni

nt

20.000

Hi Dng

nt

5.000

5.000

Ngh An

nt

10.000

10.000

H Tnh

nt

5.000

5.000

Thanh Ha

nt

5.000

5.000

Tha Thin Hu

nt

5.000

5.000

Tp Nng

nt

10.000

10.000

Bnh nh

nt

20.000

10

Khnh Ha

nt

10.000

11

TP H Ch Minh

nt

30.000

10.000

20.000

12

Bnh Dng

nt

30.000

10.000

20.000

13

ng Nai

nt

20.000

20.000

14

B Ra Vng Tu

nt

10.000

10.000

Ngun:

10.000

10.000
10.000

D tho chin lc pht trin Lm Nghip VN giai on 2006-2020 ca Cc Lm

Nghip

Cng sut mi dy chuyn 5.000-10.000 m3 SP

- Xy dng thng hiu sn phm g Vit Nam.
- Tt c cc doanh nghip g u c t chc sn xut theo tiu chun ISO.
- Cht lng sn phm: Nm 2020 cnh tranh c vi cc nc trn th gii.

56 -

Ghi ch:Sn lng vn nhn to trn khng tnh cc loi lm t ph liu khc (b ma, x
da).
Gi tr tng sn lng bao gm c xut khu v tiu th ni a.
5. Tng sn lng sn phm g, lm sn v gi tr
STT

C cu sn phm

Nm 2010
Sn phm

Nm 2020

Gi tr
(T ng)

Sn phm

Gi tr
(t
ng)

Cc sn phm t g
ln
- G x, mc cc
loi (m3 trn)

8.030.909

11.993935

Trong :
- Sn phm g xut
khu (m3 sn phm)
- Mc ni a (m3 trn)
Cc sn phm t g
nh (m3)
Trong :
- Nguyn liu giy
(m3 trn)
- Vn nhn to, dm
mnh (m3 trn)

235200 (qui
trn:
3793548)

35.280

3360000
(qui trn
5419354)

50.400

4237354

21.186

6574580

30.240

3388856 (qui
bt 847214
tn)

1694

828387 (qui
bt
2070968)

4142

2464804

1232

1682509

841

30

100.000

30

- G tr m (m3)

Ngun:

1006638

5953660

Lm sn ngoi g: tre
na, trc, song my

129.000T

1600

160.000 T

2100

Cng

13.984.569
m3

61.022 (*)

2.206.0316
m3

87.753 (**)

D tho chin lc pht trin Lm Nghip VN giai on 2006-2020 ca Cc Lm

Nghip

Ghi ch: (*) Khng tnh s lng vn nhn to lm t cc ph liu khc (b ma, x da)

57 -

(**) Tng gi tr bao gm c xut khu v ni a

Phn 3: Tim nng v quy trnh s dng g ph liu
1. Khi nim g ph liu
Nguyn liu chnh ca cng nghip sn xut g c gi chung l g trn. Cng
nghip x c coi l cng on u tin ca ton b qu trnh ch bin li dng g.
nh gi kh nng tn dng g ca mt c s sn xut, mt t nc, c th cn c
vo t l li dng.
nh gi trnh k thut, kh nng tn dng g ca mt c s sn xut, mt
ngnh hay mt t nc, c th cn c vo t l thnh kh ca khu x g.
Sn phm g x bao gm sn phm chnh v sn phm ph
- Sn phm chnh l sn phm g x c kch thc v hnh dng ph hp tiu chun nh
trc hoc hp ng tho thun.
- Sn phm ph l sn phm g x phi tiu chun hoc khng ph hp yu cu ca hp
ng tho thun nhng vn c sn xut v tiu dng chp nhn.
Cc sn phm cn li c coi l g ph liu.
Khi nim:
G ph liu l cc dng nguyn liu g khng p ng yu cu ca nguyn liu g x v
cc sn phm ph ca cng nghip khai thc v ch bin g theo phng php c hc.
Khi lng g ph liu nhiu hay t tu thuc vo trnh k thut, cng ngh khai thc
v ch bin g, th hin qua t l li dng v t l thnh kh.
Thc trng cng nghip khai thc v ch bin g hin nay ca Vit Nam:
- Trong khai thc, t l li dng g ch t 30-35% th tch thn cy. Phn ln khi gc,
r, cnh, ngn, l, cy su bnh, dp v c b li trong rng.
- Trong khu ca x, t l thnh kh ch t trung bnh 60% th tch.
T l li dng chung ch t (30-35%) x 60% = 18-21%. Nh vy, mt lng rt ln
ph liu g cha c s dng hp l, gy lng ph rt ln v ti nguyn g.
Ngoi ra, trong qu trnh khai thc, vn xut, vn chuyn, lu bi, g b suy gim cht
lng do nm mc v cn trng ph hoi.
Qua chng ta nhn thy rng, trnh k thut, cng ngh khai thc ch bin g
ca Vit Nam cn rt lc hu, ch bin ch yu theo phng php th cng, cc c s ch
bin nh l, manh mn, rt t c s ch bin tng hp, tn dng cc ngun ph liu, mc
c gii ho, t ng ho cha caoTrong khi , t l li dng g so vi ton thn cy ca
cc nc cng nghip pht trin, v d ca Nga l 80-85%; ca c l 90-95%.

58 -

Ni chung, g ph liu bao gm cc dng sau:

- Ph liu ca cng nghip x bao gm: ba, ra, mn ca, u mu
- Ph liu t qu trnh sn xut mc bao gm: phoi bo, mn ca, bi (bt) g.
- Ph liu ca cng nghip sn xut g dn, g lng bao gm: vn mng vn, vn dn vn,
li bc, vn rc ra...
- Ph liu ca cng nghip sn xut dim, xy dng.
- Ph liu khai thc bao gm: cnh nhnh, u mu, g trn ng knh nh, g khng
hp quy cch, r cy, gc cy...
- G kh mc, cy bi...
- G v sn phm ph thi sau qu trnh s dng
2. c tnh ca g ph liu
Tu thuc mc ch s dng g ph liu, mc ch yu cu c t ra, c th xt c
tnh g ph liu di nhiu gc khc nhau.
Trc ht, g ph liu cng l nguyn liu g vi nhng c tnh vn c. Theo yu
cu ca vic s dng, ch bin, cn xc nh c cc c tnh nh hng ln n qu trnh
x l, ch bin v cht lng sn phm thu c.
c tnh chung ni bt ca g ph liu l s a dng v kch thc v loi g, nh
hng rt ln n vic phn loi theo yu cu x l, ch bin vi mc ch gim thiu cc chi
ph v gi thnh sn phm cui cng.
Di y, chng ta xem xt c tnh ca g ph liu theo cc lnh vc s dng
-

Tn dng ph liu g sn xut vn dm, vn si

i vi g tp, cnh nhnh, u mu ca qu trnh khai thc, ng knh qu nh gy

kh khn cho qu trnh to dm (qua my bm dm). Mt khc, vi ng knh qu nh, cn
non, v chim t l rt ln.
- G ta tha bin dng rt ln, t n hi, khi lng th tch nh hn g gi (thnh thc
sinh hc) nn trong qu trnh to dm, t sinh bi, kch thc dm tng i ng u.
- Cu to, tnh cht c, l, ho ca g ph liu khc nhau, c bit khi lng th tch nh
hng n ch cng ngh. Nu g ph liu khng c pha trn theo t l hp l, thiu
ng u s gy nh hng ln n cht lng vn dm, vn si.
- Trong sn xut vn nhn to ni chung, vn dm ni ring, pH nh hng trc tip
n qu trnh ng rn ca keo. Vic pha trn nhiu loi g ph liu khc nhau, c bit i
vi cc loi g c nhiu cht du tc ng rt ln ti mng keo, lm suy gim cht lng vn
dm.

59 -

- c im cu to g lin quan n b mt dm, tnh cht c hc ca dm, nh hng

n cht lng vn dm. Do vy, vic pha trn nhiu loi ph liu khc nhau, s nh hng
trc tip n cht lng vn dm.
- Trong cng ngh sn xut vn si, hn hp g ph liu pha trn nh hng r nt n
qu trnh phn ly g thnh si. c bit ph liu u mu, cnh nhnh rt kh cho vic to ra
dm mnh c b mt ct phng nhn ng u, cng nh cng cc loi g khng u nhau,
nh hng n cht lng si, t sut thu hi si g.
Tnh cht ho hc v kch thc si g nh hng n tnh cht ca vn si cng nh
phng php sn sut vn si. Nu hn hp g ph liu c kch thc khng u, cht lng
vn si gim ng k. m bo cht lng v mu sc vn si, cn la chn t l hn hp
g ph liu hp l.
Vic tn dng g ph liu l mt xu hng nhm ch ng c nguyn liu, gim chi
ph nguyn liu. Mc d vy, vic s dng hn hp g ph liu s gp mt s kh khn trong
qu trnh t ng ho phn loi, vn chuyn v nh lng nguyn liu. Kh nng dn dnh
keo gim ng k khi hn hp g ph liu khc bit ln v cu to v tnh cht.

Tn dng ph liu g sn xut vn si tc

Cc ph liu g c a vo to dm bng phng php bo tc, to thnh loi dm

si tc, cn gi l bng g (wood-wool).
Mt s loi g c hm lng ln cc cht ng hoc cht chit xut gy cn tr qu
trnh ng rn ca xi mng.
Ph liu g thng l g c ng knh nh, ba bp, u mu ca cng nghip xmc. Tuy nhin, cn ct ngn ph liu trc khi tc, kch thc di ph bin l 50 mm. V
vy, nhng ph liu c kch thc qu ngn khng c s dng lm vn si tc.
3. Tnh trng s dng g ph liu hin nay
Nh ni trn, do thi quen s dng, trnh k thut lc hu nn hin ti
chng ta ch s dng c mt lng rt nh nguyn liu g to ra cc sn phm g ni
chung.
i vi cc nc cng nghip pht trin, trnh dn tr cao, c thi ng x vi
mi trng t nhin, vic x dng ph liu g c coi l trch nhim v ngha v ca cng
dn. V d trong cng nghip sn xut vn dm, nguyn liu ch yu t ngun g ph liu vi
t l trn 50%.
i vi Vit Nam, ngun g ph liu hin nay khng c s dng ng, ph hp vi
tim nng v gi tr v mt kinh t v kha cnh mi trng.
Hin nay Vit Nam c rt t cc nh my ch bin g vi cng sut ln, cha c khu sn
xut ch bin g tp trung. Trong khi ngun g ph thi rt ln, khong 40% so vi cng
sut tnh theo g trn.
Ti mt s c s ch bin khp kn t khu x g trn n sn xut sn phm g cui
cng, lng g ph thi c tn dng lm nhin liu cho vic t ni hi, hoc to khi

60 -

l, sinh nhit cho cng on sy g, cch s dng ny c ngha nht nh v mt kinh t,

gim c gi thnh sy g v gi thnh sn phm ni chung, mt khc cng hn ch
lng rc thi gy nhim mi trng.
V d i vi cc c s ch bin g cao su, t l thnh kh rt thp, ch t 15-20%.
Nguyn nhn chnh l do g cao su c c im b tn thng c gii t vic chch nha, khi
ht tui khai thc nha, thn cy c nhiu vt u bu, mc, thi, khng lin thn... V vy
ton b lng g ph thi c dng lm nhin liu cung cp cho l sy trong c c phoi
bo v mn ca.
Ni chung ti cc c s ch bin g hin nay thng s dng g ph liu bao gm
mn ca, phoi bo, ba bp, u mu lm nhin liu. Tu thuc vo cng on sn xut
m tn dng g ph liu ti ch hay bn cho ngi dn lm ci un.
Hin ti mc sng ca ngi dn c ci thin rt nhiu, rt t ni s dng mn
ca, phoi bo v u mu g ngn lm ci un, ch s dng cc mnh g di thun tin
trong vic vn chuyn v t.
Khi lng mn ca rt ln, khong 8-12% hin nay cha c tn dng trit , pht
thi ra mi trng, nh hng xu n mi trng qua vic b sung lng rc thi.
Ti nhng khu ch bin g c cng sut ln, khi lng g ph thi rt ln, thng
phi vn chuyn n ni khc hoc thu vn chuyn thi ra bi rc, lm tng chi ph, mt khc
v lu di khi cc ch ti v x l mi trng c hon thin, vic pht thi ra mi trng
cn chu cc khon thu mi trng.
Tuy nhin, c mt s c s bit t chc sn xut ch bin tng hp, tn dng ti a
nguyn liu g to ra sn phm. xut hin nhiu m hnh ch bin g tng hp, ph liu
g c s dng bm dm nguyn liu cho sn xut vn dm .
Ti nguyn g ngy cng tr nn thiu ht so vi nhu cu, gi c nguyn liu g tng
ng k, buc cc c s sn xut phi tm cc gii php cng ngh nng cao t l thnh kh,
c bit tm kim cng ngh k thut tn dng ngun g ph thi ang tr thnh xu hng
mi trong cng nghip ch bin g.
Hin nay c nhiu doanh nghip bit tn dng g ba bp, u mu, mn ca, phoi
bo sn xut vn nhn to. G ba bp u mu c s dng lm nguyn liu sn xut vn
ghp thanh dng Finger Joint hoc cc dng vn ghp khung rng, khung c v mt s dng
vn ghp c bit khc. Mn ca v phoi bo c tn dng ti a, kt hp vi cht kt dnh
(keo dn g) to ra cc sn phm tm phng hoc nh hnh dng vn dm.
Vic nghin cu ng dng cng ngh thu phn, nhit phn g to ra cc sn phm
hu c nh cn, ru, cht chit, t si nhn to... pht trin t kh lu trn th gii, nhng
ti Vit Nam th y vn cn l mt lnh vc mi m.
Nhiu doanh nghip c chin lc di hn, bit khai thc, tm hiu nhu cu th trng
v s dng than hot tnh nn mnh dn u t thit b cng ngh tn dng g ph thi,
bc u t c mt s kt qu kh quan. Song do thit b ca ta khng m bo kn
kht v kh nng bo n (cch nhit) nn cht lng than hot tnh cha t yu cu ca cc
th trng kh tnh. V vy, cng ngh hm than hot tnh cha pht trin, thm ch cha c
quan tm.

61 -

Hin nay mt s ni nh min Trung v min ng Nam B v ang tn ti ngh

t than, theo phng php t trc tip to ra than ci, phc v nhu cu ch bin thc
phm v mt s nhu cu khc.
Vic sn xut than ci t pht th cng, khng theo k hoch, ba bi gp phn
lm suy gim ti nguyn rng. Nhng cy g bi, kch thc nh c cht h lm nguyn
liu t than, trong khi g ph thi ca qu trnh ta tha, khai thc phn tn trong rng
cha c tn dng hp l, gy lng ph rt ln.
Vit Nam l mt nc c nhiu ngnh ngh th cng truyn thng, trong c ngh th
cng m ngh nh chm khc, an lt...Theo xut hin nhiu c s bit tn dng ngun
g ph thi nh ba bp, u mu sn xut ra cc mt hng th cng m ngh, chi tr
em, dng c hc tp, lu nim, dng gia nh nh tht g, gi sch bo, in
t...phc v nhu cu tiu dng trong nc v xut khu, em li thu nhp ng k cho ngi
lao ng, ng gp cho ngn sch v c bit c ngha v mt x hi, to cng n vic lm
cho ngi dn nng thn, gp phn hn ch rc thi ra mi trng.
Ngun ph liu g ca qu trnh chm sc ta tha rng v khai thc g cn rt ln,
hin ti ang b b ph trong rng.
Phng thc s dng ph bin v truyn thng i vi loi g ny ch yu cho mc
ch lm nhin liu cho vic un nu v t l.
Khi lng g c dng lm ci un khong 10.000 ste mi nm, v vy khi lng
g ph thi b b li trong rng chc chn phi ln hn con s ny rt nhiu.
Trc y, khi rng t nhin cn nhiu, p ng yu cu pht trin kinh t, chng
ta khai thc qu mc ti nguyn rng, hnh thnh nhng t chc, doanh nghip lm
nhim v khai thc g rng, tt nhin lng g ph thi trong rng rt ln, trong c c
nhng gc cy to, tn ti lu nm.
Ngy nay, khi g rng t nhin cn kit, cng vi xu hng th hiu ngi tiu
dng thch s dng cc sn phm c tnh cht gn gi thin nhin, cc gc cy to k trn
tr thnh ngun vt liu qu phc v qu trnh gia cng ch tc cc sn phm p ng nhu
cu th trng.
Tm li, kh nng tn dng g ph liu hin nay cn rt hn ch, hng nm chng ta
b ph mt khi lng ln g ph liu, trong khi nguyn liu g phc v cng nghip ch
bin b thiu ht, hng nm phi nhp khu 80% phc v nhu cu, chnh l nghch l rt
ln, cu tr li thuc v ngnh cng nghip ch bin g v cc ngnh cng nghip khc c
lin quan nh cng ngh ho hc, cng ngh nhit phn, thu phn
4. Quy trnh s dng g ph liu
Tng loi hnh k thut, cng ngh tn dng ph liu g khc nhau, s c quy trnh s
dng khc nhau. Tuy nhin, vic phn loi ph liu l mt trong nhng cng on cn thit
ca tng quy trnh cng ngh
Mt s quy trnh s dng g ph liu khng c th hin r nt, sn phm to ra
dng n chic, mang tnh cht th cng nn khng cn thit phi a ra quy trnh cng ngh.

62 -

i vi mt s quy trnh s dng g ph liu sn xut sn phm c tnh cht cng

nghip, quy trnh cn c thc hin nghim ngt m bo cht lng sn phm cui
cng.
Phn loi:
- i vi cng ngh sn xut vn dm, g ph liu cn c phn loi theo nhiu tiu ch
khc nhau.
G ph liu c phn loi theo nhm g vi t l hp l, theo kch thc, v theo dng
ph liu.
- i vi cng ngh sn xut vn si, cn phi hp t l cc loi g ph liu theo ng
nh mc, v cc loi g c chiu di si khc nhau, kch thc ph liu khc nhau, nh
hng rt ln n cht lng sn phm.
- i vi cng ngh sn xut than hot tnh, vic phn loi c ngha quan trng i vi
cc ch nhit, cc qu trnh phn hu, thay i cu to ca tng loi g
X l nguyn liu:
Tu theo yu cu cng ngh, g ph thi phi c x l m bo cc thng s k
thut v cng ngh cho cc cng on tip theo.
Cc bc tip theo ca quy trnh c tin hnh theo quy trnh ca tng cng ngh to
sn phm
5. Kh nng v trin vng s dng g ph thi Vit Nam
Ngy nay g rng t nhin cn kit, xu hng ca thi i l pht trin cng
nghip sn xut vn nhn to.
p ng nhu cu tiu dng sn phm g, vn nhn to c quan tm pht trin
mnh, trong c cng nghip sn xut vn dm v vn si.
Cho n nay, cc nh my sn xut vn dm v vn si ang gp kh khn v ngun
cung ng nguyn liu, g rng trng khng p ng c nhu cu cho sn xut.
Trong khi , nh phn tch trn, hng nm chng ta b ph mt lng rt ln
g ph liu nhiu dng khc nhau.
c th tn dng hiu qu cc ngun ph liu g ni trn, c th quy hoch cc khu
vc sn xut lin hon gia khai thc, sn xut g v sn sut vn nhn to.
Hin ti cc c s ch bin g c th cung ng c mt lng g ph liu tp trung,
cung cp nguyn liu (ph liu g) cho cc dy chuyn sn xut vn dm hoc vn si c
quy m nh, khong 15.000-25.000 m3 sn phm/nm, tuy nhin phi kt hp vi ngun g
rng trng.
Trong tng lai, sn lng sn phm vn dm v vn si s tng mnh m. Thng
thng, nguyn liu cung cp cho sn xut vn dm ch yu t g ph liu. Trong thi gian

63 -

ti, s hnh thnh cc h thng thu gom ph thi ca cc nh my sn xut g. Tu theo

mc ch s dng, ph liu g c phn loi v x l theo cc bin php khc nhau.
i vi ph liu ca cc khu sn xut g, c th t h thng cc my bm dm,
to iu kin thun li cho vic vn chuyn dm g n cc c s ch bin, theo gim
c gi thnh vn chuyn.
i vi ph liu g trong rng, c th s dng cc my bm dm lu ng, to ra
mng li thu gom dm g, phc v cng nghip ch bin vn dm v vn si.
Mc sng ca ngi dn ang c ci thin, nhu cu s dng cc sn phm th cng
m ngh chc chn s tng cao, vic tn dng ph liu ca cc c s sn xut g to sn
phm s to ra nhiu vic lm cho ngi lao ng.
Nhu cu v sn phm than hot tnh ngy cng tng mnh trn th trng trong nc
v th gii. Than hot tnh l mt loi sn phm c gi tr kinh t rt cao, ngun nguyn liu
lun sn c t ph liu g, t mt khi g ph liu nu to ra c than hot tnh c cht
lng cao, th gi tr kinh t thu c cao hn rt nhiu so vi sn phm c to ra t mt
khi g trn.
V vy, trong tng lai gn than hot tnh s l mt loi sn phm (t ph liu) thu ht
s u t ca cc doanh nghip bit nm bt nhu cu th trng.
G ph liu cng c th c s dng lm nguyn liu phc v cng ngh thu phn,
nhit phn g v cng ngh sn xut t si nhn to, a phim...
6. Ci, than
Nh chng ta bit, hng nm khi lng ci c s dng khong 10.000 Ste. Trong
bao gm cc loi g ph liu, cc lm sn ngoi g nh cy thn tho, tre, na
Cc khi nim:
Ci l mt loi nhin liu lm cht t bao gm cc loi g ph liu v cc cy thn
tho, tre, na khng c gi tr s dng vo cc mc ch to ra gi tr kinh t cao hn.
Phm vi ng dng:
Thng thng ci c s dng ch yu cho nhu cu lm cht t cho cc h gia
nh.
Hin nay nng thn v cc vng ni, vng su, ci c s dng cho nhu cu un
nu hng ngy.
Ngoi ra ci cn c s dng cho cng nghip t l nh nung vi, chy l tu ho,
cc nh my nhit in, cc l t hi nc, khi l,
Than g l mt sn phm thu c t g sau khi t g vi s c mt hay vng mt ca
oxy
Than hot tnh c kh nng hp ph cao nn c nhng ng dng ch yu sau:

64 -

- Dng lm vt liu hp ph cho cc sn phm cng nghip nh u lc thuc l, mt n

phng c, thit b lc thn nhn to, dng lm thuc cha bnh, cht kh mi hi, vt liu
nhi m cao cp
- Dng lm vt liu cho cc ngnh cng nghip ho hc lm sch tp cht, kh mu
trong cht lng, hp ph hi dung mi.
- Dng lm cht t phc v cc nhu cu ch bin thc phm.
- Dng lm gi sn xut rau sch.
Than hot tnh c sn xut t than g bng cch un nng than g nhit cao,
khong 750-950 oC, thm ch 1.000-1.500 oC (gi l qu trnh hot ho), bng hi nc qu
nhit, kh Cacbonic CO2 khi t than hay khng kh. Trong qu trnh hot ho, cc cht hu
c trong than c bin thnh dng kh, lm cho thnh phn cacbon trong than hot tnh tng
cao (c th ln ti 95%) ng thi to nhiu mao qun, tng din tch b mt lm cho than
hot tnh c kh nng hot ng cao (c 1 cm3 than hot tnh c din tch b mt khong
10.000 cm2). Hiu sut than hot tnh thu c bng 30-40% than g.

65 -

Phn 4: Khai thc v s sng ci

Ci l mt dng nhin liu (cht t) c s dng t th liu v ph liu ca g bao
gm: Cnh, ngn ca g rng trng sau ta tha, ta cnh v khai thc chnh theo chu k

Ci c dng trong cc trng hp sau:

- Ci un cho sinh hot nu nng hng ngy ca ngi dn sng min ni v nng

thn.
- Ci dng t l trong cc phn xng sy g.
- Ci dng trong cc l nung gch, gm (tu cc trng hp dng kh ga)

n v tnh: 1.000 m3

Sn lng khai thc ci hng nm

Thi k

G trn

Ci

Thi k

G trn

Ci

1961-1965

4957.6

1930.5

1980

1576.6

874.4

1966-1970

4170.5

3005.3

1981

1354.9

1203.8

1971-1975

4774.2

2095.9

1982

1294.6

1080.3

1976-1980

8176.4

4458.3

1983

1401.7

1022.3

1981-1985

6966.9

5600.4

1984

1476.7

1204.2

1986-1990

6370.1

3504.7

1985

1439.0

1089.8

1961-1990

35391.5

20619.4

1986

3392.6

28395

1961

826.7

259.8

1987

3708.9

30167

1962

941.3

338.4

1988

3382.9

30432

1963

992.3

397.4

1989

3261.9

30833

1964

1107.4

391.2

1990

3245.8

20111

1965

1089.9

543.7

1991

3210

1966

984.7

650.0

1992

2686

1967

901.5

653.4

1993

2884

28313.2

1968

722.4

647.3

1994

2823.5

28297.1

1969

746.6

547.7

1995

2860

28102.2

1970

815.3

506.9

1996

3070

29072.4

66 -

Thi k

G trn

Ci

Thi k

G trn

Ci

1971

865.1

532.2

1997

2480

25256.5

1972

751.5

461.1

1998

2216.8

24004.3

1973

692.9

387.0

1999

2036.2

24139.1

1974

812.6

382.3

2000

2125.1

24219.5

1975

836.8

333.3

2001

2332.8

24229.0

1976

1635.6

731.8

2002

2402.2

25592.3

1977

1659.8

1045.0

2003

2435.8

26665.4

1978

1564.2

876.6

2004

2433.1

26425.4

1979

1740.3

930.9

Ngun:

D tho chin lc pht trin Lm Nghip VN giai on 2006-2020 ca Cc Lm

Nghip

67 -

Phn 5: Sn xut bt giy

1. Nguyn liu sn xut bt giy
Nguyn liu dng lm giy phi c tnh cht si, c kh nng an kt v p thnh tm
ng nht. lin kt si c nh gi qua khng ko hay bc ca t giy. Mt s
nguyn liu c si rt di nhng li kh lin kt nu khng qua x l c hc lm pht trin s
lin kt gia cc si th cng kh c dng lm giy. Nh vy giy c th c lm t tt c
cc loi cy c cha s si xenlul nh g v phi g. Giy s dng cng c thu hi
sn xut giy.
Nguyn liu g c chia lm 2 loi: g l kim (g mm) nh cc loi thng v g l
rng (g cng) nh bch n, keo cc loi... (Lu khi nim g cng v g mm trong
ngnh cng nghip bt g khc vi khi nim ca ngnh ch bin g).
Nguyn liu phi g nh rm r, b ma, ay, lanh, gai v mt s loi c (c bng). Tuy
nhin ch c mt s cho hiu sut bt tng i cao mi c s dng.
Nguyn liu g l ngun nguyn liu chnh sn xut bt giy v chng c nhiu u
im vt tri so vi nguyn liu phi g: hiu sut bt cao, thu hi ho cht trit .
Chiu di, ng knh x si v t l gia chiu di v ng knh x si ca mt s loi
bt giy thng dng
Loi bt giy

Chiu di (L)

ng knh (D)

T l

(mm)

(mm)

(L/D)

Bt g:
-

G mm

4,0

40

100

G cng

2,0

22

90

Bt rm r:
-

Rm la

0,5

60

1,1

10

110

Rm la m

1,5

13

120

B ma

1,7

20

80

Tre, na

2,8

15

180

Cy thn tho:
-

Li ay

0,25

10

25

V ay

20

20

1000

68 -

Loi bt giy

Chiu di (L)

ng knh (D)

T l

(mm)

(mm)

(L/D)

V lanh

55

20

2600

V gai

130

40

3500

Si l chui

24

250

La da di

2,8

21

130

Si bng vi

30

20

1500

Si bng qu

20

20

1000

Ngun: Handbook for Pulp and Paper Technologists, USA, 1993

Lng nguyn liu lm giy trn th gii nm 1990
Nguyn liu

T l (%)

Lng (Triu tn)

1. Nguyn liu g

55

176

2. Nguyn liu phi g

10

3. Giy ti sinh

30

96

4. Cht n, ho cht

12

38

100

320

Tng cng

Ngun: Economics of the Pulp and Paper Industry, Finland, 1999

Nm 2004, Vit Nam s dung 270.000 tn g, 448.200 tn tre na, 11.920 tn nguyn
liu phi g v 275.200 tn giy ti sinh sn xut giy cc loi.
D bo qui hoch rng n 2020
n v: 1.000 ha
Tiu ch

2003

2010

2020

Tng din tch rng

12.093

14.000

16.000

Rng t nhin

10.004

10.003

12.300

Rng trng

2.089

3.700

3.700

che ph ca rng (%)

36,1

43

43

69 -

Tiu ch

2003

2010

2020

4.551

6.000

7.000

- Rng t nhin

3.313

3.500

4.500

- Rng trng

1.238

2.500

2.500

Rng sn xut
Trong

Ngun: B Nng nghip v Pht trin nng thn - 2003

Khong 50% sn lng g khai thc t rng sn xut c dng cho sn xut bt giy.
V g l nguyn liu ch yu sn xut giy v thnh phn ho hc ca g c lin quan trc
tip n qu trnh sn xut v tnh nng ca bt giy nn ti liu ny c cp n thnh phn
ho hc ca g. Trong g c hai thnh phn cu trc c bn l hydrat cacbon v lignin. Trong
hydrat cacbon c xenlul v hmixenlul, chng khc nhau v trng lng phn t, cu trc,
tnh cht ho hc. Cu trc, hm lng v s phn b ca chng thay i theo loi nguyn
liu, theo v tr trong cy cng nh v tr trong cc lp tng t bo g. Tng qut, g cha
60-80% hydrat cacbon v l thnh phn chnh ca bt giy (xenlul: 45%, hemixenlul: 2535%), 20-40% hp cht phnlic gm lignin, cc cht nha v cc cht mang mu. Thng
thng g mm cha 2530%, g cng cha khong 20% lignin v y l thnh phn ch
yu gy kh khn cho qu trnh sn xut bt giy. Phn cn li l cc cht nha (1-5%),
protin (1%), cht v c (0,5-5%).
Ch bin bt giy t g l qu trnh tc ng c hc hoc ho hc ln hydrat cacbon v
lignin nhm gii phng cc b si xenlul.
2. Cng ngh sn xut bt giy
Cng ngh sn xut bt giy bao gm hai cng on c bn sau:
(1) Cng on sn xut bt giy (c ty trng hoc khng ty trng) l giai on ch bin
tch thnh phn x si t nguyn liu g hay mt s thc vt bng cc phng php
ho hc hay c hc. Tu theo yu cu c th, bt c th khng hoc c ty trng vi
mc khc nhau.
(2) Cng on sn xut giy, hay l giai on to hnh t giy t cc loi bt giy gi l
cng on xeo. Ti cng on ny c mt s x l pht trin lin kt x si nhm t
c nhng tnh cht cn thit cho mt sn phm giy. Tm li, lm giy l xy dng nn
mt tp hp gm bt giy v cc ph gia.
Ngoi ra, nu nguyn liu l giy thu hi, th tu theo tnh cht ca sn phm giy cui
cng, c khi phi cn n giai on kh mc, kh mu bng nhng thit b v qui trnh
cng ngh c th.

70 -

S cng ngh tng qut sn xut bt giy v giy t g

X l ho:
Phng php kim., trung tnh,
axits (bt soda, sulphat, sulphit)
Nguyn liu
(g v phi g)

Bt giy th
X l c:
Phng php mi, nghin.
Phng php nhit c.
Phng php ho nhit c

Phi trn
ph gia

Xeo giy, p, sy

Nghin bt

Bt ty trng

Gia keo b mt,

cn lng (p
quang), cun,
ct

Dch en
(thu hi ho cht)

Ty trng:
Cl2, ClO2,
NaOCl,

Giy thnh phm

Nc
trng
bin g thnh bt giy, cn lm mm hoc ho tan phn lignin (cht kt dnh cc b
si to nn cu trc cht ch ca g), t cc b si s c gii phng. Di tc dng ca
ho hc hoc c hc, cc si xenlul s c tch ri ra v to nn huyn ph ng nht
trong nc.

Phng php c hc cho bt vi hiu sut rt cao, c th t t 85-95%. Bt giy ny c

thnh phn tng ng nh g (ch c mt t l nh cc cht b ho tan trong qu trnh
nghin), c gi l bt c, bt g hay bt hiu sut cao. Vi phng php ny, qu trnh
phn tch si ch yu nh tc ng c hc. Nu qu trnh c thm tc ng nhit ta c bt
nhit c, nu li c thm tc ng ca ho cht ta c bt ho nhit c.

Phng php ho hc: Hiu sut bt t 45-55%, cc thnh phm khng phi l xenlul
ho tan phn ln trong dch nu. Bt giy ch yu l si xenlul c bn t nhin v
c l cao v c gi l bt ho hay bt xenlul. Tu theo ho cht s dng ta c cc loi
bt sau:
+ Bt soda, thuc loi bt kim dch nu g l dung dch NaOH.
+ Bt sunphat (hoc cn gi l bt kraft), cng thuc loi bt kim (tc cht nu l NaOH
v Na2S).
+ Bt sunphit, c th c bt sunphit axit, bt sunphit trung tnh hay bt sunphit kim.

71 -

+ Bt bn ho l loi bt sunphit c nu ch d kh m du vi NaHSO3, sau s h

tr thm mt giai on x l c hc tch si. Hiu sut c th ti 80%. Ph bin l bt
NSSC (Neutral Sulfite Semichemical).
Mt s phng php sn xut bt c bn
Loi g

Dng
nguyn
liu

Hiu
sut
(%)

Bt mi

G mm

G on

90-95

Bt nghin

G mm

Dm g

90-95

5-6

Bt nhit c

G mm

Dm g

90

6-7

Bt mi c x l

G cng

G on

85-90

5-6

Bt kim lnh

G cng

Dm g

85-90

5-6

G cng

Dm g

65-80

Sunphit hiu sut cao

G mm

Dm g

55-75

Sunphat hiu sut cao

G mm

Dm g

50-70

ho Sunphat

C hai

Dm g

40-50

10

7-8

Sunphit

C hai

Dm g

45-55

Soda

G cng

Dm g

45-55

Phn loi
Bt c hc

Bt c ho

Bt
ho

Bt
hc

Phng php

bn NSSC

bn tng i
G mm G cng

7-8

Ngun: TCVN 1864-2000, 3980-2001, 4360-2001, 4361-2002, 4407-2001, 7071-2002, 70722002

Sau tu theo yu cu s dng, bt giy s c ty tng trng nhng vn gi
c ch tiu k thut ca bt.
Sau cng l giai on to hnh t giy huyn ph bt s c pha long, sng lc, phi
trn vi mt s ph gia cn thit, ri a qua my xeo giy. Trn li xeo, hnh thnh bng
giy t, k l cng on p, sy hoc qua mt s x l b mt cho ra nhng sn phm
giy khc nhau.

nh gi tnh cht bt giy

Cc ch tiu c s:

- Chiu di si trung bnh trng lng hay s phn b si (weighted average fiber
length).

72 -

- bn ni ti ca si (intrinsic fiber strength).

- th rp ca si (fiber coarseness).
- B mt ring v th tch ring (specific surface and specific volume).
- cht ca t giy t (wet compactability)].
- Tnh khng lc (filtration resistance).
- im bo ho ca si (fiber saturation point).
Cc ch tiu k thut:
- Ch s kappa (Kappa number)
- nht dung dch xenlul (cellulose solution viscosity)
- Kh nng thot nc (drainability)
- Mu v trng (coler and brightnes)
- sch (cleanlines).
- Thnh phn si theo kch thc (fiber classification)
- Tnh nng c l ca bt: khng t, bc, khng x, khng gp
i vi bt ho ch s kappa (ch s K) cho bit mc ho tan lignin trong qu trnh nu
hay ty trng bt giy. N c trng cho hm lng lignin v nhng cht khng phi l
xenlul bng cch cho bt giy phn ng vi dung dch permanganat trong mi trng axit.
Theo nh ngha, ch s K l s mililt dung dch KMnO4 0,1N cn cho phn ng oxy ho 1
gam bt giy kh tuyt i.
thot nc l cn tr ca lp m si i vi s chy ca dng nc, mt tnh
cht quan trng lin quan n qu trnh x l bt giy v xeo giy. thot nc l s mililt
nc chy tch t t mt l thot bn hng mt thit b o chun ho ca huyn ph bt c
nng 0,3% 200C. Nu nc chy nhanh qua lp m si, ta ni bt t do (free).
thot nc c s dng nh gi kh nng thch ng ca bt giy i vi qu trnh to
hnh trn my xeo.
Kh nng nghin: Tnh cht quan trng nht ca mt loi bt giy l kh nng p ng
qu trnh xeo (to hnh t giy). Kh nng ny c th c iu chnh thng qua qu trnh
nghin bt di nhng iu kin xc nh. Qu trnh nghin lm tnh cht si thay i di
tc ng c hc v l mt cng on rt quan trng trong quy trnh sn xut giy. Nghin lm
tng n hi, lin kt ca si.

nh gi tnh cht giy

- Tnh hai mt ca giy: Giy t my xeo di c mt li (mt p vo li xeo) tng i

th rp hn, cn mt trn th c cu trc cht hn, mn hn. Tnh hai mt ny l do c s khc

73 -

nhau v thnh phn x si, mt li cha thnh phn si di nhiu hn cn mt trn cha
thnh phn si mn nhiu hn.
- Tnh nh hng ca giy: Trong bng giy, x si c nh hng cao hn theo
chiu chy ca my xeo. Ch chy, p lc trong thng u v ng u ca mi phun
c nh hng ti s nh hng ca x si trong bng giy.
Cc ch tiu nh gi tnh cht vt l ca giy
- Tnh cht c hc v khng lc: nh lng (g/m2), b dy (mm), t trng (g/cm3),
khi (cm3/g), khng gp, khng x (mN.m2/g), bc (kPa.m2/g), chiu di t (km),
cng (mN), dn di (%), hp ph nng lng ko j/m2), mm (s/100ml).
- Tnh cht b mt: th rp, khng x lng, chu ma st, chu mi mn.
- Tnh cht quang hc: trng, che ph, bng, mu
- Tnh thm: h, thm du, cht bo, hp th nc, thm kh, thm hi
nc.
Tnh cht ho hc ca giy: Tnh cht ho hc ca giy xc nh bi phng php sn
xut bt, loi v lng ph gia. Tnh cht ho hc rt quan trng i vi mt s loi giy nh
giy ra nh, giy in mu v photocopy, giy cch in, giy bao gi thc phm, giy chng
lm gi mo, giy chng m ( gi bc, thp), giy chng chy...
Cc yu t chiu di si, t trng v th rp ca si, tn thng vt l ca si, tn
thng ho hc ca mch xenlul... c nh hng n vic sn xut giy v cht lng sn
phm.
Bt giy dng sn xut giy c th dng t (huyn ph) nu nh bt v giy cng
c sn xut mt ni; hoc dng kh ( m <10%) nu nh dng bt thng phm mua
t ni khc. Giy lm t bt sy kh c khi ln hn, nhng khng t v bc
thp hn giy lm t bt cha h qua sy do x si bt sy kh cng hn, chc hn,
nhng trng n v to lin kt gia cc si km hn x si bt cha h qua sy.
Giy lm t bt sunphat g mm c bn cao v chu c lc tc ng (giy lm bao
xi mng). B sung thm bt sunphat ty trng khi lm giy in bo s ci thin bn ca giy
khi in tc cao. Bt ho ty trng cng c dng sn xut giy v sinh, giy lm bao
b thc phm. Bt sunphit c dng sn xut cc loi giy in mu v photocopy, giy vit l
nhng loi giy cn bn va phi nhng c kh nng to hnh rt tt, cng nh s dng
trong sn xut giy v sinh v giy trng bng ci thin mm, khi v hp th.
Bt soda v sunphat g cng c thm vo ci thin s to hnh v che ph cho giy.
Bt c hc ch yu dng trong sn xut giy in bo, in tp ch c lp phn trng. Bt c ci
tin (thm nhit, ho cht khi sn xut) c dng trong sn xut giy v sinh, giy dng
bng (fluff), giy lm giy trng, bao b thc phm...
2.1. Bt c hc
Bt c l bt giy c sn xut bng cch mi hoc nghin lng g hoc dm g
tch cc b si. Mi g cho bt c che ph rt cao, nhng tnh cht c, l li km. Nghin
dm g cho bt c tnh cht c l cao hn nhng tnh quang hc li km hn .

74 -

Bt c hc c dng trong thnh phn nhiu loi giy, cn bt ho tuy c bn c, l

rt cao, nhng phm vi s dng hp hn. Sn xut bt c cn g cht lng cao v tn nng
lng. Kh nng to lin kt ca bt c km hn bt ho v do vy tnh cht c, l ca bt c
thp hn. Bt c thng cha tp cht, khng th ty trng bt c ti mc nh bt ho v
hi mu ca bt c kh cao.
Phn loi bt c: Tu theo cch sn xut ta c cc loi bt c sau:
- SGW (Stone Groundwood) - Bt mi p sut thng, nhit nc ti 700-750C.
Hiu sut: 08,5%.
- PGW (Pressure Groundwood) Bt mi p sut 2,5 bar, nhit nc ti: 1000C.
Hiu sut: 98,5%.
- PGW-S (Super Pressure Groundwood) Bt mi p sut 4,5 bar, nhit nc ti:
>1000C. Hiu sut: 98%.
- TGW (Thermo Groundwood) Bt mi p sut thng, nhit nc ti >800C.
Hiu sut: 98,5%.
- RMP (Rafiner Mechanical Pulp) Bt nghin: Dm g c ra (c th c x l
nhit) ri c nghin trong my nghin a,. Hiu sut: 97,5%.
- PRMP (Pressure Rafiner Mechnical Pulp) Bt nghin, tng t nh RMP, nhng
nghin p sut v nhit cao. Hiu sut: 97,5%.
- TMP (Thermo-mechanical Pulp) Bt nhit c. Dm g c x l bng hi nc
nhit 1400-155 0C v nghin trong my nghin a. Hiu sut: 97,5%.
- CMP (Chemi-mechanical Pulp) Bt ho c: Dm g c x l ho cht, thng
nghin p sut cao. Hiu sut: <90%.
- CTMP (Chemi-thermo-mechnical Pulp) Bt ho nhit c. Dm g c s l ho
cht, nhit, nghin di p sut cao. Hiu sut: >90%.
Hiu sut bt trong sn xut bt c kh cao (T 85% n gn 100%). Vic x l ho hc
b sung lm gim hiu sut bt. Bt c hc cha nhiu lignin vi tnh cht v khi lng gn
ging nh g, v vy x si khng th t c s chi ho ni v cn thit nh i vi bt
ho.
Bt c r, ch yu dng sn xut cc loi giy nh giy in bo, giy p quang (SC
Super Calandered Paper), giy trng phn nh lng thp (LWC Light Weight Coated
Paper). Cc loi giy ny c che ph v kh nng in cao ngay nh lng thp. ng dng
khc ca bt c l lm cc loi bao b, giy dn tng, giy sinh hot, giy v sinh, khn giy,
giy c hp th cao.
G mm c th si di nn dng sn xut bt c thch hp hn l g cng, v sau khi
nghin, x si ca bt c t g mm vn cn di lm giy. G cng do th si ngn ch
thch hp sn xut bt ho nhit c, v khi qua x l nhit v ho cht, lignin mm ra nn
khi nghin x si d b tch ra m khng b t gy.

75 -

Phng php sn xut bt c

S khi qut qu trnh sn xut bt c hc
Phn th

Ct,

G,
Bc v

Sng, chn

Sng tinh

Nghin si
khng hp cch

Lc ra

Ty trng

C c

Mi

PP Mi

Ct, sng
Chn dm

My nghin
PP Nghin

Kho
Ra Xeo

Phng php mi: Lng g c p st vo ci chu mi mn quay trn. Nhit sinh ra

t ma st gia g v ci lm mm lignin, gii phng cc b si.
Phng php nghin: Vi phng php ny, ngoi tc ng tch si, cn c tc ng
chi ho si nn bt c tnh nng tt hn so vi bt mi. My nghin mt a nm ngang v
thng ng, my nghin hai a nm ngang, my nghin cn thng c dng trong cng
ngh ny. Thng a mi quay vi tc 1.500 vng/pht. Lng in tiu tn sn xut 1
tn bt khong 1.700-1.800 KWh.
Bt nhit c (TMP): Tnh nng c l ca bt nghin c ci thin ng k khi dm g
c x l nhit cao trc v trong khi nghin (110-1300C). nhit ny, g c
ho do nn si c tch ra d dng v t b tn thng.
Bt ho c: ci thin tnh cht c hc ca bt TMP ngi ta thay qu trnh x l
nhit bng x l ho hc nhit cao. Ho cht thng dng l NaOH v Na2SO3 hay
NaOH v H2O2. Nu qu trnh x l dm g vi Na2SO3 vi t l 10-15% so vi nguyn liu
din ra nhit 140-1600C trong thi gian 30-60 pht ta c bt bn ho (CMP) (cn c
tn NSSC Nuetral Sulfite Semichemical). Nu qu trnh s l dm g vi ha cht vi t l
thp (khong 1-5% Na2SO3 + 1-7% NaOH) din ra nhit thp hn (60-1200C) trong thi
gian ngn hn (<30 pht) th ta c bt ho nhit c (CTMP). Bt ho c mang nhng tnh
cht trung gian gia bt c v bt ho, hiu sut ca bt ho c c th thay trong khong
rng (60-90%) tu thuc lng ho cht v nhit tiu hao do vy bt ho c c th thay th
bt ho hoc bt c trong nhiu loi giy.
Bt bn ho CMP t g mm, thot nc khong 300-400 ml thng dng thay
th bt kraft trong sn xut giy in bo nhm gim gi thnh.

76 -

Bt CMP hoc CTMP t g cng thng dng thay th cho bt nhit c t g mm

sn xut giy in nhng nc khng c ngun g mm.
Bt CTMP t g mm vi nhng tnh cht khc nhau tu lng ho cht v nhit s
dng, c dng cho nhiu loi giy: CTMP c thot nc cao 650-700 ml dng sn
xut bng v sinh, t lt tr em. CTMP c thot nc 350-500 ml dng trong sn xut giy
tissue. CTMP c thot nc 250-500 ml c dng lm lp sng trong cc tng sng v
sn xut giy in.
2.2. Bt Sunphit
Nh vic tm ra phng php nu dm g vi H2SO3 vi s c mt ca cc ion kim loi
kim sn xut bt giy, phng php nu sunphit lan nhanh trn th gii t 1874 v tr
thnh phng php ph bin nht. T 1950 ngi ta s dng nhng baz d ho tan (magnh,
natri v amoniac) thay th canxi, gim axit trong qu trnh nu. Kt qu l thit b b
n mn, sn xut c nhiu loi bt vi tnh nng a dng hn. Do gi mua kim magnh v
natri cao thc y vic nghin cu thu hi kim. Hin nay s nh my dng phng pht
sunphit gim nhng ch cho phng php nu sunphat v phng php sunphat cho php
nu c g c cha nha, thu hi kim trit v n gin hn, ho cht b sung l Na2S r
hn. Tuy nhin nay mt s nh my sn xut bt sunphit vn tn ti v pht trin cung cp
bt sunphit sn xut si nhn to, bt lm bng v sinh, t lt tr em...

iu ch dch nu

Lu hunh c t sinh ra kh SO2, sau kh SO2 ny i vo thp hp th qua dung

dch hoc huyn ph (CaCO3, hoc Mg(OH)2, hoc NH2OH, hoc Na2CO3) SO2 b hp
th, to thnh cc bisunphit ca cc baz tng ng. Dch nu thu c gm: SO2 cha phn
ng SO2 t do, lng SO2 trong phn t bisunphit SO2 lin kt. Tng ca SO2 t do v
SO2 lin kt gi l tng SO2. Trong dch nu SO2 tn ti dng H2SO3, hoc dng ion SO3,
hoc dng ion HSO3. Thnh phn ca dch nu thng gm: M2SO3 + H2SO3 + SO2 + H2O
(M l kim loi kim).
Phng php nu sulfit axit dng huyn ph CaCO lm cht hp th SO2, dch nu thu
c phi duy tr pH =1,5. Trong phng php ny hm lng SO2 t do rt cao (trn
80%).
Phng php nu trong mi trng bisunfit vi cht hp th l magnh oxit, hoc natri
oxit, hoc amoni th dch nu thu c c hm lng SO2 lin kt cao hn, pH cao hn (4,04,5).
Phng php sulfit trung tnh NSSC (Nuetral Sulfit Semichemical): Dm tm Na2SO3
v dung dch Na2CO3 hoc NaHCO3 (15 pht, nhit khong 1000C). Sau dung dch tm
c lc khi dm. Hi c xng trc tip vo dm tm ln 2000C trong khong 60 pht
na. Tip theo x hi v a dm sang my nghin a, nghin thnh bt NSSC. Phng php
ny ch yu dng nu g cng hoc mt ca sn xut giy lp sng cho cc tng sng.
Ngoi ra cn c phng php nu sunphit trong mi trng kim, phng php nu
sunphit hai giai on hoc nu cng anthraquinon.

77 -

Qu trnh cng ngh nu sunphit

Sau khi hp th kh SO2 bng dung dch (hoc huyn ph) kim ta c dch nu th. Sau
dch nu th c tng cng thm tng SO2 bng cch phi trn dch nu th trong thp
cha dch nu p sut thp ri trong thp cha dch nu p sut cao vi lng SO2 cn d
trong kh x sau nu.
Hng mc

Dch nu th

Dch cho vo ni nu

4,0-4,2

6,0-8,0

SO2 t do

2,8-2,5

5,0-6,8

SO2 lin kt

1,2-1,7

1,0-1,2

Tng lng SO2

Ngun: TCVN 1864-2000, 3980-2001, 4360-2001, 4361-2002, 4407-2001, 7071-2002, 70722002

Nu sunphit thng c thc hin trong ni nu gin on hnh tr lm bng thp
khng r, hoc thp chu axit. Cho dm vo ni ri ng np. Dch nu nng t thp cha dch
nu p sut cao c cho vo ni theo th tch dm c tnh trc. Trong ni nu gn
gia c khoang bng li thp vng theo thn ni trch dch nu a ra ngoi ri c gia
nhit bng cch bm qua thit b trao i nhit v tun hon li vo ni phn trn ca ni
nu. Phn u qu trnh nu, p sut hi phn trn ni nu tng dn n gi tr cho trc
(tng n). Sau qu trnh nu c gi nhit khng i trong thi gian nh trc (bo
n). Tip theo l giai on x kh qua van x kh trn nc ni. Kh x c dn qua thp cha
axit H2SO3 p sut cao hp th kh SO2 c trong kh x, phn kh d c dn tip qua
thp cha H2SO3 p sut thp hp th kh SO2 trit hn. Phn kh d t thp cha
H2SO3 p sut thp li tip tc c dn vo thp cha axit th t nguyn liu kh SO2 v
dung dch kim ban u. Nh vy s dng SO2 trit hn v gim thiu kh SO2 thot ra
mi trng. Khi giai on x kt thc, p sut trong ni nu cn khong 1,4-1,7 atm th bt
trong ni c phng vo b cha bt sau nu.
bt c cht lng tt th dm phi c tm dch tht u, v vy qu trnh tng n
phi din ra t t v nhit trong giai on bo n khng cao qu trnh phn ng a
trng ngng ca lignin.
Trong nu sunphit c 5 loi phn ng c trng:
- H2SO3 kt hp lignin to thnh axit lignosulphonic kh ho tan.
- Khi c baz trong dch nu, mui ca axit lignosulphonic d ho tan s c to thnh.
- Cc mui ca axit lignosulphonic b gy mch dn do phn ng thu phn v to thnh
nhng phn t ngn hn v d ho tan hn.
- Hemixenlul cng b thu phn v to thnh nhng phn t ng d ho tan.
- Phn ng trng ngng ca lignin trong dch nu.

78 -

Ba loi phn ng u u c li, hai phn ng cui c hi v lm gim hiu sut bt thu
c v lm en bt nu. Ring xenlul tng i bn trong qu trnh nu hiu sut bt
45%, n thng khng b ho tan m ch gim ch s trng hp. Nhng khi hiu sut bt
xung di 45% th xenlul c th tr nn d ho tan, hiu sut bt s gim nhanh.
So vi nu sunphat, nu sunphit d ho tan lignin hn, nn bt sunphit d ty trng hn.
Vi qui trnh nu thi gian ngn, bt sunphit thng cha t lignin m nhiu thnh phn
hemixenlul hn bt sunphat, nn bt sunphit loi ny l loi bt l tng sn xut cc loi
giy c trong sut cao (giy khng thm du, giy bng knh, giy can bn v). i vi qui
trnh nu di hn, nhit v axit cao hn mt cht th hemixenlul b ho tan trit
hn v thu c bt sunphit vi thnh phn xenlul tinh khit hn (thch hp lm bt xenlul
ho tan s dng sn xut cc loi xenlul bin tnh v si nhn to).
Phn ng a trng ngng ca lignin khi nu sunphit l cc k c hi, n c th xy ra
khi nu ko di nng axit cao v nhit cao. Hu qu l bt c mu en, rt kh ty
trng (m nu chy burnt cook). Phn ng a trng ngng lignin lun xy ra khi ch dng
H2SO3 nu. Khi trong dch nu c mt baz th baz ny cn tr phn ng a trng ngng
ca lignin. Trong mt s trng hp khi c mt baz (canxi hoc magnh) m nu chy vn
c th xy ra nu qu trnh tng n din ra qu nhanh. Phn ng a trng ngng lignin rt t
khi xy ra khi c mt cc baz ho tr 1 (natri, amoni) v trong mi trng nu bisunphit axit
hoc bisunphit (pH=4,0-5,0). Trong nhng mi trng nu ny c th p dng tng n nhanh
hn, nhit bo n cao hn (1600C) v nh vy gim c thi gian nu so vi nu sunphit
dng canxi.
Phng php nu sunphit hai giai on
c c trng bi s thay i pH ca dch nu gia giai on u thch hp cho s
thm thu v phn ng sulphonat ho v giai on sau thch hp cho ho tan v tch lignin.
Gi tr pH ca dch nu trong cc qui trnh nu hai giai on nh sau:
pH trong giai on 1

pH trong giai on 2

5,5

1,5-2,0

3,0-4,0

6,0-6,5

Phng php Stora (Na)

6,0

3,0-4,0

Phng php Silova (Na)

3,0-4,0

9,0-10,0

Phng php nu
Sunphit axit (Mg)
Sunphit Magnhephit

Ngun: TCVN 1864-2000, 3980-2001, 4360-2001, 4361-2002, 4407-2001, 7071-2002, 70722002

u im chnh ca nhng phng php nu sunphit hai giai on l lignin b loi b
trit hn lm cho bt d ty hn; hemixenlul c gi li nhiu hn nn hiu sut bt cao
hn; c th p dng cho nhiu loi g.
2.3. Bt sunpht (bt KRAFT)
L loi bt c sn xut bng cch nu g (hay nguyn liu phi g) vi dung dch kim
gm NaOH v Na2S nhit cao. Mc ch chnh ca qu trnh nu l ly i mt lng

79 -

ln lignin tch si. Sau khi nu s thu c dung dch c mu rt sm gi l dch en. Vic
t dch en s cung cp mt nhit lng rt ln v thu hi lng kim ti s dng trong
nu bt.
S khi qut qui trnh sn xut bt sunphat
Dm g

Dch trng
(Na2S + NaOH)

Thit b nu

Bt g sng
Sng th

Ra

Sng tinh
Lm c

BT SUNPHAT

Dch en

C c

Na2SO4

L t thu hi
ho cht

Dch nng
chy

B ho tan
(Na2S + Na2CO3)

Kim
ho

Dm g v ha cht c gia nhit trong thit b nu cao p. Thi gian gia nhit n
nhit cao nht (165 1700C) thng di hn thi gian n nhit (gi ti nhit cao nht)
nhit phn b u v ho cht thm thu vo dm g. Thi gian tng cng cho mt chu
trnh nu khong t 2,5 n 4 gi (cng ngh Bc M) hoc t 4-6 gi (cng ngh Bc u).
Thi gian nu bt lm bao b, cc tng ch khong 2 gi. Ho cht nu thng l NaOH
vi Na2S vi t l 2/4. Qu trnh nu c th gin on hay lin tc. Sau khi nu dm g tr
thnh bt giy. Bt c y ra ngoi nh chnh lch p sut ca ni nu v kh quyn
(phng bt). Di tc dng ca p lc ny cc b si c nh v v si c tch ra. Qu
trnh tch si cn c h tr nh tc ng nghin bng thit b nghin thu lc tip sau .
K bt qua giai on sng th loi phn bt sng, thng l cc mt g c kch thc
ln. Tip theo bt c ra, sng, tinh ch, lm c... tu theo tng yu cu c th.
Qu trnh nu c theo di qua kim tra hm lng lignin ca bt giy v trng hp
ca mch phn t xenlul. Lng lignin cn li trong bt giy c nh gi qua ch s kappa
(Test TAPPI T236) hay bng hm lng lignin Klason (Test TAPPI T222). trng hp ca
xenlul c kim sot qua nht dung dch xenlul trong cuprietylendiamin (Test TAPPI
T238).
Dch nu trong phng php sunphat:
Dch trng l dung dch ban u c np vo ni nu. Thnh phn chnh ca dch trng
l nc, NaOH v Na2S.

80 -

Dch en l dch thot ra t thp phn ng cng vi dm g mm cui qu trnh nu,

n c mu rt sm. Thnh phn chnh ca dch en bao gm ch yu l nc, cc cht phn r
ca lignin, cc cht ho tan t dm g, NaOH, Na2S cn li (cn gi l tn kim) sau qu
trnh nu.
Dch xanh: Khi t dch en trong l thu hi kim th cc cht hu c (cht ho tan t
dm g) s chy ht, NaOH s bin i thnh Na2CO3 v Na2S th cn li. Nh vy cht nng
chy thu c cui qu trnh t dch en bao gm ch yu l Na2CO3 v Na2S. Khi ho tan
cht nng chy ny trong nc th thu c dch c mu xanh nn gi l dch xanh. Khi cho
vi ti Ca(OH)2 vo dch xanh th Na2CO3 s thnh NaOH v dch xanh bin i thnh dch
trng cng cn l CaCO3. Sau khi lng lc hn hp ny ta thu c dch trng dng cho qu
trnh nu sunphat v cn CaCO3. Nung cn vi ny trong l ta thu c vi sng CaO
dng trong qu trnh sn xut dch trng tip theo. Chnh vng tun hon gn nh khp kn
ca qu trnh s dng dch nu v thu hi kim lm cho lng kim c thu hi gn nh trit
, ch cn b sung thm mt lng Na2SO4 vo l t dch en l c th b li c lng
Na2S b tiu hao theo bt sau qu trnh nu m khng thu hi c. y l u im rt
quan trng c v mt kinh t v mi trng ca phng php nu sunphat.
Mc tiu ca qu trnh nu bt sunphat l tch cc si xenlul t g nh phn ng ho
tan lignin m khng lm ct mch hydrat cacbon (xenlul, hmixenlul). Tic l dung dch
nu vi kim cao khng cho nhng phn ng chn lc gia lignin v hydrat cacbon. Trong
qu trnh nu trng hp ca hydrat cacbon b gim (phn ng thu phn), mt lng ng
k ca hnixemlul v mt phn xenlul b ho tan v phn r trong dch nu (phn ng
peeling). Trong nu sunphat c hn 20% lng g ban u b mt mt do s mt mt ca
hmixenlul v xenlul, trong phn xenlul chim khong 5%. Lignin trong g c th
c tch ra bng dung dch xt, nhng thc t cho thy Na2S rt u vit, c bit nu cc
loi g mm. Lignin trong iu kin ny s phn ng nhanh hn.
Qu trnh nu sunphat bin tnh: lm tng hn na tnh nng k thut bt giy v
qu trnh ho tan lignin ta c th p dng 3 phng php bin tnh trong qu trnh nu sunphat
sau:
- Phng php nu bng polysunphua c th tng hiu sut thm 1,2 n 4% (s dng
0,8-1% polysunphua). 100-1200C polysunphua phn ng vi nhm kh u mch hydrat
cacbon v chuyn thnh nhm axit aldonic bn vi kim, lm gim phn ng peeling.
- S dng antraquinon (AQ) trong dch nu va tng hiu sut va tng tc ho tan
lignin.
- p dng phng php nu ko di ch yu thc y su hn qu trnh ho tan
lignin to ra bt c ch s kappa thp. Trong thc t bt sunphat thng dng sn xut cc
loi giy cao cp vi trng cao, do vy gim tiu hao ho cht khi ty trng (tng tnh
kinh t, gim s nhim mi trng) ngi ta c gng thc y qu trnh ho tan lignin trong
khi nu bt nhng khng lm gim tnh nng ca hydrat cacbon.
3. Thit b nu bt
3.1. Thit b nu gin on
Thp nu bt ng, c nh thng c th tch 200-265 m3, sn xut c khong 19 tn
bt mt m (thp nu ln hn cho nng sut bt cao hn nhng phi tng chiu dy thnh ni,

81 -

ni s rt nng v x l an ton phc tp hn). Thp nu thng c sn xut bng thp

cacbon. Khi mun nu bt c giai on thu phn s b th thp nu c ch to bng thp
khng r. Thp nu theo phng php sunphit th bn trong thp phi lt bng gch chu axit.
Dm g sau khi qua sng c np liu t nh thp. Lng dch en, dch trng c tnh
ton trc theo tng m nu cng ln lt c np vo thp. Dm cn c np cho cht
tn dng th tch ni v gim t l dch. Ngi ta dng mt s bin php t c mc
ch ny nh xng hi trong qu trnh np liu, np dch nu hoc bm tun hon dch nu
ng thi vi vic np dm, xng hi trc tip vo thp t di ln lc cht dm. Nhng
bin php ny cho php tng 10-20% lng dm np vo thp). Khi thp y dm v dch
nu, np c ng li (bng tay hay t ng). Trc y thp nu gin on c gia nhit
trc tip, ngha l hi c a trc tip vo thp cng dm v dch nu. Ngy nay thp nu
thng c gia nhit gin tip qua dch nu dch nu c tun hon qua b phn trao i
nhit bn ngoi thp. Gia nhit trc tip cho php gia tng nhanh nhit , nhng dch nu b
pha long bi hi ngng t, nhit khng c phn b u trong thp ( thp ln c th gy
ra s chnh lch nhit ti 100C) lm cht lng bt khng ng nht. Vi cch gia nhit gin
tip, s lu chuyn ca dch nu to nn s ng nht v nhit v dch nu khng b pha
long. Khi np thp c ng li, nhit c gi n nh cho n khi t tr s H (c
trng cho mc tch loi lignin ca qu trnh nu). Ht thi gian bo n van di thp m
ra, bt t ng phng sang b phng (x bt t p sut ton phn). Di tc dng chnh lch
p sut gia thp nu v b phng cc b si ti ra thnh si bt. Kh x cng cc cht hu c
dng hi thot ra qua b phn thu hi nhit. thu c bt c bn cao hn, kh c
x trc qua van x kh gn np thp h p sut trong thp v nc lnh c bm vo
y thp ho long v lm ngui bt ri mi bm bt qua b cha sau nu.
tit kim nhit, ngi ta p dng qui trnh nu gin on ci tin: Gia nhit thay th
nhanh (Rapid Displacement Heating RDH) v Phng bt ngui (Cold Blow System). Hai
phng php ny tng t nhau v nguyn l, nn y cp n RDH. Qui trnh RDH s
dng thm 3 thp cha dch nu: thp cha dch en m (Warm Black Liquor WBL), thp
cha dch en nng (Hot Black Liquor HBL) v thp cha dch trng nng (Hot White
Liquor HWL). Su giai on ca qu trnh nu nh sau:
- Np nguyn liu c s dng hi p sut thp ln dm.
- Np dch en m, khi dm c thm thu bng dch en m nhm tng lng
sunphua trong dch en tng tnh chn lc cho phn ng tch lignin; ui c kh gi
(khng kh) c trong dm ho cht d dng thm thu vo dm v trnh tnh trng p sut
gi sau ny; tng c nhit ca dm trc khi nu; axit hu c c trong nguyn liu c
trung ho bi lng kim cn li trong dch en, tit kim c kim trong qu trnh nu.
- Np dch trng nng nhm cung cp thm lng kim cn thit cho nu; tng c
nhit trong thp ln gn nhit bo n, tit kim nhit; lng sunphua trong dch trng
tng lm tng tnh chn lc cho phn ng tch lignin; y ra khi thp dch en m v sn
phm to thnh trong giai on 2.
- Giai on nu: Thi gian tng n gim ng k do dm c lm nng trc; tc v
tnh chn lc cho phn ng tch lignin tng do dm c tm sunphua trc nn lignin
c tch trit hn, hiu sut v bn ca bt cao hn.

82 -

- Dch en nng c bm rt t thp nu vo thp cha dch en nng trnh c phn

ng trng ngng ca lignin, thay vo nc c bm vo ni ra bt s b. Nhit t
dch en nng c a qua thit b trao i nhit lm nng dch trng.
- Bm bt vo b cha p sut khng kh bnh thng do vy bt khng b gim
bn.
3.2. Thit b nu lin tc
Trong s cc thit b nu lin tc th h thng Kamyr c lp t sm nht (1950) v
nhiu nht trn th gii. Thp nu bt l mt khi hnh tr ng c ng knh gim dn t
y ln nh, cao khong 60-70 m, cng sut khong 1.000 tn bt/ngy, c thit b tun hon
dch bn ngoi.
Dm g sau khi sng chn i qua khoang kho kh (Air Lock) c tc dng ngn khng
cho khng kh lt vo h thng nu, ri vo thng cha (Chip Bin) c tc dng tch tr dm
trc khi a vo thp nu, sau n thit b o (Chip Meter) ong lu lng dm, tip
qua khoang np liu p lc thp (Low Pressure Feeder), tip tc dm c vt xon a
vo ng xng hi (Steaming Vessel). Ti y dm c xng hi p sut 15 psig (phn ln
hi ny c x t dch d) y khng kh v kh ngng t ra khi dm mnh, lm cho s
thm thu nc v ho cht vo dm cc giai on sau d dng hn. Sau dm ri vo b
tch sn (Tramp Material Seperator). Ti y dm c ra bng nc, sn lng xung y
b v loi b, dm sch c gt vo khoang np liu p lc cao (High Pressure Feeder).
Khoang ny gm nhng ngn k nhau to thnh mt khi hnh cu, dm c np khi ngn
quay ln trn, khi ngn quay xung di th dm c thm dch trng, nh p lc cao ca
khoang np liu s t ng c y vo khoang trn ca thp nu gi l khoang thm thu
(Impregnation Stage). Ti khoang ny hi p sut cao c a trc tip vo thp bt u
qu trnh nu, nhit ca khoang khong 1150C. Dm chuyn ng xung di qua cc
vng nu (Coooking Zone 1) l vng tng n. Khi qua vng ny, dch nu trong thp c
bm ht ra ngoi ri c hm nng khi qua thit b trao i nhit (Heaters). Sau dch nu
tr li thp nu qua cc ng trung tm thp theo 2 nhnh mt t di ln v mt t trn
xung phn tn dch u trong thp, nhit vng ny tng dn t 115-1700C. Sau l
vng bo n (Coooking Zone 2). Dm c on ng di chuyn di nht vng ny. Nhit
vng ny khong 170-1720C. Thi gian dm lu (di chuyn) trong cc khoang nu
cho bt chn. Dm di chuyn tip xung khoang ra nng p sut cao (High Heat Washing
Zone). Gia vng bo n v khoang ra nng c li x kh v dch en. Nh p sut cao
trong thp dch en v kh x thot ra thp cha kh v dch x (Flash Tank 1, Flash Tank 2)
v qua thit b trao i nhit. Nh tn dng c nhit t kh x, thu hi dch en v
nhng sn phm ph ca qu trnh nu. Ti y thp, nc ra c bm vo lm ngui bt
(m bo bn ca bt) v ho long bt trc khi bt c bm sang thp cha bt sau
nu (High Density Storage Tank).
Nng sut ca h thng Kamyr ph thuc vo vn tc quay ca thit b ong dm, hoc
thay i tc np liu, tho bt. Th d mun bt chn k hn th tng thi gian lu ca bt
trong thp nu bng cch gim tc tho bt hoc np liu.T khi ra i, h thng Kamyr
lin tc c hon thin. Thi k u l thp nu Kamyr n (Single Vessel), 100% lng
kim c np ngay t giai on u tin ca qu trnh nu.. Tip theo pht trin thnh h
thng hai thp (Two Vessel). V c 2 thp nn chiu cao ca thp gim, tng an ton, d
thay i qui trnh nu tng cht lng bt. Thp th nht thc hin qu trnh xng hi v
thm k dch cho dm trc khi nu. Thp th hai thc hin qu trnh nu. Dch trng c

83 -

chia ra v a lm nhiu ln vo cc thp. Dch trng vi 50-60% tng kim c a vo

thp u. Lng cn li ca dch trng c np vo thp ti 3 im khc nhau lm tng tnh
chn lc ca phn ng tch lignin, tng hiu sut v bn ca bt. H thng tip tc c
ci tin bng cch b sung dch en trong giai on u thp th nht nhm nng
sunphua trong giai on u ca qu trnh nu, ng thi n cng c bm rt ra ngay
cui gian on thm thu trnh phn ng ngng t ca lignin lm en bt v duy tr nhit
1600C trong thp nu (thp hn so vi cc phng php trc).
4. Thu hi tc cht t dch en v x l bt sau nu
4.1. Thu hi tc cht t dch en
Mc ch: ti to li nhng tc cht v dch nu tinh khit cho qu trnh nu bt giy; tn
dng nhit nng t thiu t cc cht hu c trong dch en v nh vy gim thiu nhim
ngun nc v kh. Qu trnh thu hi tc cht t dch en gm cc cng on:
- C c dch en bng h thng bc hi nhiu cp.
- Oxy ho dch en (nu yu cu).
- C c dch en (b sung Na2 CO3).
- Thiu t dch en c c trong l thu hi kim.
- Ho tan dch nng chy to thnh dch xanh (c th b sung Na2CO3 ti y).
- Kim ho dch xanh vi vi to thnh dch trng.
- t bn vi thu hi vi.
Bc hi: Dch en long t khu ra bt c nng cht rn 13-17%, cn dch en
m c cn cho l thu hi kim phi c nng cht rn 60-80%. S thay i nng ny
tng ng vi mt lng nc cn tch ra rt ln v do vy cn cc thit b v qui trnh bc
hi hiu qu.
Thit b bc hi nhiu cp: L h thng nhiu ni c c c b tr ni tip nhau. Cc
ni c c vn hnh nhng p sut khc nhau hi thu t mt ni ny tr thnh hi cp
cho ni k tip. u im c bn ca h thng l tit kim hi. Trong thit b bc hi dng ng
thng ng, dch en i vo thit b s si v c lm c khi n i vo cc ng (v n hp
th nhit t hi ngng t mt ngoi cc ng). Hi bc ln qua b phn phn tch bng lc
ly tm tch phn cht lng b ko theo dng hi. Dch en k chy xung v c bm
vo mt bung gia nhit kn, ti dch en s ly thm nhit cn thit trc khi vo ni hi
k tip. Dch en c khi ra khi h ni hi cui ca h thng bc hi rt nng p sut kh
quyn (trng thi qu nhit), do vy s c cng on thu hi hi trc khi cho dch en c
ny (nng 50-60%) vo b cha.
c th t c, dch en cn lm c hn na (n nng 65-70%) bng bc hi
trc tip hay trong mt thit b c c. C nhiu thit b c s dng, ph bin nht l kiu
mng nng (rising film), nhng kiu mng ri (falling film) c dng nhiu hn.
Thit b bc hi bng tip xc trc tip..

84 -

H thng ny c b tr trong thit k ca l thu hi kim cho n trc 1968. S tip

xc trc tip gia hi nng v dch en c u im l dng kh nng c th lm gim mi ca
sunphua.
Thit b bc hi kiu nhiu tng cascade gm mt nhm cc ng quay v c tip
xc mt cch lun phin vi dch en v vi kh nng. Kiu ny hay c b tr cng vi h
thng l thu hi kim. Cn c thit b bc hi kiu cyclon (l mt ng tr thng ng c y
hnh nn). Kh t i vo theo phng tip tuyn tip xc vi dch en c phun vo thp
qua cc vi phun, kh thot ra np pha trn, cn dch en xung pha di thp.
Thit b c c (Concentrator): Ph bin nht l thit b c c kiu mng ri. Dch en
c phn b u qua b mt truyn nhit. S bc hi xy ra ti b mt ca dch en ch
khng phi trn b mt truyn nhit.
4.2. L thu hi kim
H thng l thu hi kim ni hi l phn ct yu ca qui trnh thu hi cc tc cht nu
bt sunphat (hay sunphit). H thng ny c nhim v lm bc hi phn m cn li trong dch
en m c; t nhng cht hu c trong dch; cung cp nhit cho h thng to hi ca
nh my; thc hin phn ng kh cc hp cht oxy ho ca lu hunh thnh sunphua; thu hi
cc cht v c t dch nng chy; iu kin ho cc sn phm chy gim tn tht ho cht.
Sau khi c c c n nng 65-70%, dch en c phun vo l thu hi kim. Cc
git dch en c sy kh v nhit phn t t trc khi ri vo lp x than di l. Qu trnh
t chy khng hon ton trong lp x than xp sinh ra C v kh CO, c tc dng nh cht
kh, n s chuyn thiosunphat thnh dng sunphua. Dch nng chy k n nh trng lc s
chy qua mt mng c ti nc lnh n b ho tan.
4.3. Nng sut ca h thng thu hi kim
Khi nng cc cht rn trong dch np vo l tng th nhit kh trong l v cht rn
cng tng. Nu nhit ca kh trong cc ng gia nhit cao n mc nhng ht tro trng
thi huyn ph b dnh li v to khi, th tro c th bt mt sng v ng truyn nhit lm cho
nng sut ti u ca l gim. Nng sut l thut ng ch trng lng cht rn t c
trong 24 gi. h thng mi ngi ta dng nhit tn dng l lng nhit sinh ra t l
nh gi nng lc ca h thng thu hi kim.
Hiu qu nhit ca mt l thu hi kim l phn nng lng thu c do t dch en
sinh ra hi. Nhit ca kh x, nng cht rn trong dch en v vic b sung thm
Na2SO3 nh hng ln n hiu qu nhit ca l. Nhit ti thiu ca kh x l 1300C s
trnh c vic hnh thnh cc cht ngng t (nh H2SO4 gy n mn). Nu nhit qu cao
s lm mt hiu qu s dng nhit. Thng dng kh x c tng 150C s lm gim hiu qu
nhit 1%. Khi nng cht rn trong dch en thp, cn nhiu nhit hn cho nc bc hi,
v vy nu nng ny gim 2%, th hiu qu nhit gim 1%.
Kim ho dch xanh (to dch trng)
Vai tr ca giai on ny l chuyn Na2CO3 (trong dch xanh) thnh NaOH v loi b
mt s tp cht b ln vo t l t v t l vi. u tin, ho tan dch nng chy trong b
cha dch xanh. K loi b cht bn (t, ct...) lm trong dch xanh. Ri cho dch xanh
lng trong phn ng vi CaO to dch trng. Cui cng l lm trong dch trng (loi bn

85 -

CaCO3). Ngoi ra giai on ny cn ra phn cn ct v bn vi tn thu natri, nung bn

vi ti to CaO.
4.4. Phn ng kim ho xy ra qua hai giai on:
(1)

CaO + H2O Ca(OH)2 + Nhit

(2)

Ca(OH)2 + Na2CO3 2NaOH + CaCO3

Mc phn ng (2) c xem l hiu qu ca qu trnh kim ho. Ta lun mun c

chuyn ho cao gim ti trng ca Na2CO3. Hiu qu ca qu trnh kim ho trong
khong 80-90%, tu thuc vo nng kim, sunphua v lng vi d.
Nung vi
Qu trnh kim ho tiu tn CaO v sinh ra CaCO3. Nung vi chuyn CaCO3 tr v
CaO. C ba giai on lin qun n qu trnh nung vi l:
- Sy kh bn vi,
- Tng nhit ca bn vi ti mc yu cu (8000C).
- Duy tr nhit cao trong mt thi gian cho phn ng thu nhit ny xy ra hon
ton.
(CaCO3 + nhit CaO + CO2).
Nu khng ch tt qui trnh, c th t c hiu sut 90-94% v CaO sinh ra phn ng
nhanh vi dch xanh. Nu nhit qu cao cng vi s c mt ca mt s tp cht c th
sinh ra cc tp cht khng phn ng.
Thu hi cc sn phm ph (t hi x hoc t dch en c c): Nu nguyn liu l g
thng, hai sn phm ph quan trng l du thng v nha thng. Tuy nhin gi hai sn phm
ny khng n nh, nn c lc cc nh my bt giy phi dng nh du t.
4.5. X l bt sau nu
Cc giai on x l bt sau nu rt a dng, ph thuc vo phng php sn xut bt v
ng dng sau cng. Nhng x l thng thng theo trnh t c nu di y, tuy nhin qu
trnh ra, sng, lm c v tn tr l nhng x l cho tt c cc loi bt; tinh ch bt
(cleaning) cc cyclon thu lc ch khi cn bt c yu cu cao v b mt; qu trnh phn tn
si bng nghin thu lc thng p dng cho cc loi bt bn ho, hay ni chung l nhng
loi bt ho c hiu sut cao; sng th loi phn bt sng sau nu l cn thit trong qui
trnh sn xut nhng loi bt ho ty trng; qu trnh phi trn rt cn bt t c tnh
ng u, nhng nhiu khi b b qua do tng chi ph sn xut; sy kh bt khi cn tn tr bt
trong thi gian di hay cn vn chuyn i xa.
Phn tn bt bng qu trnh nghin thu lc (defibring, pulping)
i vi cc loi bt bn ho v bt c tr s kappa cao th sau khi nu, bt vn gi
nguyn hnh dng ging dm g, nn phi nghin tch nhng b si ny thnh dng si
phn tn. Nu nghin khi bt cn nng th tn t nng lng hn hn so vi nghin khi bt
-

86 -

ngui. Thng nghin qua hai giai on: giai on 1 s dng ngay bt nng t thp phng bt
m khng cn qua khu ra no trc , sau l giai on ra bt s b. V bt bn ho
hoc bt c hiu sut cao thng rt kh ra sch dch den cn ln trong bt nn phi nghin
ln th hai, sau mi c th ra sch dch en khi bt. Thng dng l nghin a loi c
mt a c nh gia v hai a quay hai bn. Bt th c a vo gn tm ca a, dng
bt chuyn ng theo hng ly tm ra mng thu chu vi phn ngoi a. Tip theo l cng
on ra bt.
Loi b phn g sng sau nu - sng th (deknoting)
i vi cc loi bt c tr s kappa thp v bt dng ty trng, phn bt sng (c
gi li trn mt ry c ng knh l 3/8) cn c loi b trc khi ra bt, n c th c
dng lm cht t hoc c nu li. loi b phn g sng ta c th dng sng chn ng,
nhng nay sng p lc c a dng hn. Sng p lc l mt ng hnh tr kn hon ton,
trong c mt sng c l. Phn bt sng c gi li trn mt ngoi v lin tc c tho
ra ngoi (mt s bt cng b gi lai). Hn ch c bn ca sng p lc l cn c giai on sng
th hai thu hi li phn si tt.
Ra bt (washing) sau nu nhm lm sch bt khi dch en, thu hi dch en cng c
cng tt dng cho qu trnh c c thu hi kim. Hai nguyn l c p dng:
- Ho long - trch ly hay ra bt khuch tn. y bt v nc c xo trn vi nhau
cht bn trong bt s khuch tn vo nc, sau tho nc, cc cht bn trong bt tri
theo. u im l lm sch cht bn c trong v ngoi si bt.
- Ra thay th: dng nc sch hn y v thay th nc bn hn trong huyn ph
bt lm tri i cht bn bn ngoi bt. u im: tiu hao nc t. Nhc im: khng lm
sch cht bn gia v bn trong si bt.
Thng thng thit b ra bt u p dng c hai nguyn l ra bt trn. c ba loi thit
b thng dng: thit b ra chn khng dng trng, thit b ra p lc nhiu khoang dng trng
v thit b ra dng bng ti ngang.
Sng bt (screening) tch loi khi dng bt nhng x si c kch thc ln. Trong
bt ho th l si bt sng, trong bt c hoc bt ti sinh th l nhng b si ngn
nhng dy hoc m si cha phn tn ht. Nguyn tc sng bt nh sau: dng bt khi i qua
nhng tm sng c cc l h th nhng si c kch thc nh, mm mi d dng i hng v
lt qua sng nh trng lc hoc s chnh lch v p lc gia hai bn mt tm sng to thnh
dng bt hp cch, cn nhng si c kch thc ln hoc l qu dy hoc l qa di th b
mc li khng lt qua c l sng to thnh dng bt khng hp cch. Nhng loi sng
thng c dng l sng h v sng p lc. Cu to ca chng ging nh nhng thit b
dng tch loi bt sng. Khc bit l ng knh l sng (sng tch c l to hn) v
mc gia cng mp l (gc cnh mp l sng bt mn si bt khng mc kt). Ta c th
c h thng sng mt giai on, h thng sng hai giai on c hi lu ngc, h thng sng
hai giai on c hi lu thun v h thng sng ba giai on c hi lu ngc.
Tinh ch bt (lm sch) bng cyclon thu lc (centrifugal cleaning) loi b khi
dng bt tp cht nng (sn, ct, mnh vn kim loi), tp cht nh (mnh vn ni lon, nha,
cht kt dnh, sp nn, cao su). Thng dng thit b lc dng cn (cyclon) s dng lc li tm
phn tch ring nhng ht c trng lng ring khc vi bt ra khi bt. Thit b lc c
phn trn l hnh tr cn phn di hnh cn. Bt cn lc c bm di p lc vo phn tr
-

87 -

theo phng tip tuyn, n s chuyn ng xoy trong phn tr. Di tc dng ca lc ly tm,
nhng phn t c trng lng ring cao s chu lc ly tm ln hn nn b vng ra phn ngoi
st vi thnh, ri chuyn ng xung di nh trng lc v thot ra ngoi theo ca y thit
b. Tc dng ca phn cn l gim dn bn knh, lc ly tm tng, nhng vt nng d vng
ra phn ngoi hn. Cn dng c trng lng ring nh hn th chu lc ly tm yu hn nn
chuyn ng phn gn tm, ri theo dng chuyn ng xoy xung pha di gp phn cn
ca thit b lc, n s b di li v chuyn ng ln pha trn v thot ra ngoi theo ng thot
nm tm phn trn ca thit b lc.
Lm c bt (thickening): Cc thit b lm c bt v mt s yu cu k thut trong
bng sau:
Thit b

Nng x liu(%)

Kh nng ra bt

Lm c bng trng lc

4-8

Khng

Lc khng van (ng tt nc to chn khng)

9-12

i khi

Lc chn khng

12-15

Ln

Lc nhiu a

10-12

Khng

Lc vt

>20

Khng

Lc p

>20

Khng Ln

Ngun: TCVN 1864-2000, 3980-2001, 4360-2001, 4361-2002, 4407-2001, 7071-2002, 70722002

Tn tr v phi trn bt (storage, blending).
Trong nh my sn xut bt c, c th ch thc hin tn tr cui qui trnh. Nhng i
vi nh my sn xut bt ho ty trng - c nhiu im c kh nng gin on sn xut,
nn vic tn tr bt l rt cn thit, t nht l sau qu trnh nu bt v ty trng.
V g khng ng nht v c th c nhng dao ng trong nu bt, nn lun c dao
ng mt s ch tiu ca bt c v bt ho. Do vy cn c phi trn bt (t nhiu m nu)
trc khi a vo my xeo. Sau sng v trc ty trng trong nu bt sunphat l nhng im
nn b tr trn bt. Vic trn y lm cho vic kim tra qu trnh ty trng d hn v ci
thin hiu qu ty trng.
Sy v chun b bt xut xng: Trong nh my tch hp, bt thng c tn tr
nng 10-14% trc khi em s dng cho phn xeo. Khi cn vn chuyn bt i xa (ti ni
sn xut giy) th bt cn lm c thm gim chi ph vn chuyn. Nu khong cch khng
ln, nng bt c th mc 40-45% nh h thng p li i, ri ct thnh tng ming.
Khi vn chuyn i xa, bt cn c sy kh dng tm nng 81-86%. Tm c to
trn my xeo di (hoc xeo trn), sy, ct, xp kin v ai np.

88 -

4.6. Ty trng bt giy

Bt giy c hc hoc ho hc sau khi nu c mu vng xm. Bt ny c th dng ngay
sn xut cc loi giy khng cn trng cao nh giy bao b, giy in boNhng nu
sn xut giy c trng cao nh giy in, giy vit, giy v sinh th bt cn phi ty trng.
trng ca bt giy c o bng mc phn x nh sng n sc ca bt giy so vi
mt cht bt c trng cao lm chun (thng l bt MgO), trng ca bt c coi l
100%.
Mi loi bt sn xut bng cc phng php khc nhau c trng khc nhau. Bt
sunphit ty trng c th t ti trng rt cao 940ISO (t 94% so vi trng ca MgO).
Cc loi bt giy cha ty c trng khc nhau:
trng (0ISO)

Loi bt:
Bt sunphat

15-30

NSSC, ammonium bisunphit

40-50

Bt g mi, bisunphit, sunphit

50-65

Xenlul v hemixenlul bn cht c mu trng nn khng lm ti mu ca bt giy.

Chnh nhm mang mu ca lignin gm vng phenyl, cc nhm carbonyl (C=O) v cc ni i
(C=C) khi kt hp vi nhau iu kin nht nh lm cho chng c kh nng hp th mt s
mu trong nh sng trng v lm cho lignin mang mu. Thm na phn ng oxy ho bin
i gc phenol trong lignin thnh cc hp cht dng quinon, cc cht ny hp th nh sng
lm cho bt c mu ti. Nhng ion kim loi nng c mt trong bt giy kt hp vi cc
gc phenol to thnh cc phc cht cng gy ra mu sc cho bt. Ngoi ra cc cht keo, nha
trong bt c cng to mu cho bt.
Mc ch ca ty trng bt c, m lignin nm trong bt nh mt thnh phn s
dng, l bin tnh cu trc lignin ny sao cho chng tr nn sng mu hn. Sau khi lm trng
lignin, trng ca bt c ch c th t ti 700ISO, him khi ti 800ISO. trng ca bt
sau ty cng khng n nh lu di, thng vi ngy sau di tc dng ca nh sng bt li b
ng vng do phn ng hi mu ca lignin.
Ty trng bt ho gm hai qu trnh. Qu trnh 1 c coi l phn tip tc qu trnh nu
nhm ho tan phn lignin cn nm st li trong bt sau nu ri ra tri i. Qu trnh 2 khi
trong bt cn rt t lignin kh tch, dng tc nhn oxy ho ph hu cc nhm mang mu
ca lignin cn li trong bt nng cao mt cht trng ca bt. V thnh phn v cu trc ca
lignin rt phc tp, m mi tc cht ho hc ch c kh nng phn ng vi mt s cu trc c
trng no , nn ho tan hiu qu phn lignin ny ta phi kt hp dng nhiu tc cht
khc nhau trong mt qui trnh ty trng. Mu trng ca bt ch xut hin khi hu ht lignin v
cc nhm mang mu trong bt c loi b.
Qu trnh ty trng bt ho hin i gm nhiu giai on lin tc, mi giai on s dng
ho cht v mi trng khc nhau. Mi giai on ty thng kt thc bng cng on ra
loi b nhng sn phm to thnh trong giai on ty. t hiu qu ra nhanh, ta thng
s dng qui trnh ty sao cho cc gii on ty c thay i lun phin nhau bng mi
trng axit, ri k tip l mi trng baz. Cc giai on ty trng bt ho:

89 -

Ty trng bng kh clo (Clo ho, k hiu: C): Clo nguyn t s tc dng chn lc vi
nhng thnh phn khng phi cacbon hydrat c trong bt, lm cho chng d ho tan trong
nc hoc ho tan trong mi trng kim. Hu ht cc sn phm ca clo ho s c tch ra
trong giai on kim ho. Xu hng chung l loi b giai on clo ho v n to thnh mt s
hp cht c cha clo, qua nc thi lm nhim mi trng. Trong thp ty, vic khuy
trn tht u kh clo vi bt l iu kin tin quyt m bo bt c ty u.
Giai on kim ho (k hiu: E): y l giai on bt buc thc hin sau clo ho. Dng
dung dch NaOH ho tan v loi b nhng sn phm ca lignin vi clo khi clo ho. Kim
ho din ra nng bt 12-15%, nhit 60-800C, thi gian lu khong 2 gi. pH
thi im kt thc phi t trn 10,8, nu khng th lignin ho tan khng hon ton. Ra sch
bt sau clo ho rt quan trng, nu bt ra khng sch n s mang mi trng axit vo cng
on sau, lm tiu hao thm NaOH trung ho axit . Kim ho c b sung oxy (k hiu:
EO) l bc tin quan trng ca kim ho, khi oxy s phn ng c chn lc vi lignin c
trong bt, s gim c lng dioxit clo cn trong giai on k tip. Kim ho c b sung
oxy lm gim mu ca nc thi, tng kh nng phn ng ca bt vi ho cht ty giai on
tip theo, lm cho bt c ty u hn.
Ty bng oxy: Ngy nay giai on ty trng bng oxy thng tr thnh giai on u tin
trong qui trnh ty trng bt cc nh my hin i trc cc giai on ty bnh thng khc.
Nc thi ca cng on ny c th s dng c trong cng on thu hi kim v vy gim
c nhim mi trng. Cng on ny c th loi b c ti 50% lng lignin cn li
trong bt, cn nu mun loi b nhiu lignin hn th bn ca xenlul gim mnh.
Ty trng bng dioxit clo (ClO2). ClO2 c dng nh cht tch loi lignin rt hiu qu
v tnh chn lc cao vi lignin, ngha l n t ph hu xenlul v dng ClO2 an ton hn cho
mi trng v t c kh nng to thnh dioxin so vi Cl2. C hai k hiu cho ty bng ClO2:
nu ty bng ClO2 c p dng trong giai on gn u tin trong qui trnh ty nhiu giai
on th c k hiu Do; nu c dng nh nhng giai on cui trong qui trnh ty trng
th c k hiu l D1 hoc D2.
Ty trng bng hypoclorit: Hin nay t c dng do tnh chn lc km, v n va tc
dng oxy ho mnh vi lignin v vi c xenlul nn lm gim bn ca bt. Tuy nhin
trong cng ngh ty trng bt xenlul sn xut si vissco th hypoclorit vn c dng
nhm gim nht ca bt.
Ty trng bng H2O2 (k hiu: P): Trong giai on ty trng bng H2O2 nu trong bt c
mt cc ion kim loi nng th cc ion kim loi ny tng cng phn ng phn hu ca H2O2
thnh nhng cht khng c kh nng ty trng, nn gim hiu qu s dng ca H2O2. hn
ch tc hi ny th trc khi ty bng H2O2, bt c x l bng nhng cht khng ch ion
kim loi nng (chelating agent). Cc cht ny c tc dng to thnh phc cht vi cc ion kim
loi nng trong bt nn v hiu ho c chng. Giai on x l nh vy k hiu l Q. Sau
khi qua giai on Q th bt c a vo giai on P, ty trng bng H2O2. Giai on ny
c dng nh giai on cui ca qui trnh ty trng nhiu giai on, n c tc dng lm mt
mu ca lignin, tng thm trng ca bt.
Giai on ty trng bng ozon (k hiu: Z): Ozon l tc nhn oxy ho mnh dng ty
trng bt ho. Ngoi tc dng tch loi lignin, ozon cn c tc dng hot ho bt, lm cho cc
giai on ty sau c hiu qu cao hn. Giai on Z thng dng sau giai on O v trc giai
on P hoc PO, hoc trc giai on D.

90 -

Giai on thu phn bng axit (k hiu: A): Bt sau nu cha mt lng nh hexauronic
axit (HexAs). Nu nguyn vy, HexAs s hp th mt lng ho cht ty trng tng t
nh lignin. Do vy i khi ngi ta thc hin qu trnh axit ho bt thu phn lng axit
uronic ny trc khi thc hin qu trnh ty trng bt.
Ty trng bt c v bt bn ho. Nguyn tc l dng ho cht bin nhng nhm mang
mu ca lignin thnh nhng nhm khng mang mu.
Ty bng H2O2.: Ty trng bng H2O2 din ra trong mi trng kim. Trong mi trng
kim H2O2 c phn ng sau:
H2O2 OH- = OOH- + H2O
Ion OOH- c tc dng bin i nhng nhm mang mu ca lignin thnh nhng nhm
khng mang mu. Lng kim khng c qu nhiu v s lm cho bt c b vng do lignin
phn ng vi kim. pH = 11,0-11,5 l thch hp.
S c mt ca cc ion kim loi nng trong bt s lm tng phn ng phn hu H2O2
thnh nhng cht khng c kh nng lm trng bt. V vy trc khi ty bng H2O2, bt phi
c x l tch b hoc v hiu ho cc ion ny bng oxy ho bt trong mi trng pH =
2-3 trong vi gi ri ra sch bt khi axit; dng cc cht khng ch v hiu ho cc ion
kim loi nng ri ra sch bt khi nhng cht ny; dng mt lng nh mui Epxom
MgSO4.7H2O v natrisilicat Na2SiO3 cho vo bt hn ch phn ng phn hu ca H2O2.
Nu sau ty bng H2O2 cn ty tip bng Na2S2O3 th cui giai on ty bng H2O2 cn
trung ho lng kim d trong bt, tc gim pH xung cn pH = 5-6 bng cch dng H2SO3
hoc NaHSO3 hoc kh SO2 nhm kh kim trnh hin tng en bt v kh lng H2O2
d s lm tn thm cht kh Na2S2O3 trong giai on ty tip theo.
Ty bng H2O2 ngay trong my nghin a: Bng cch cho cht ty vo khoang nghin
ca my nghin a trong qu trnh sn xut bt c. Tuy khng t c trng nh ty
trong thp ty, nhng cng c kh nng tng c 10% trng v tit kim c chi ph u
t cho thp ty v lm cho qu trnh nghin bt tt hn. Cch ny dng khi cn t trng
cao hn bt cha ty mt cht.
Ty bng cht kh Na2S2O3 hay phng php ty hydrosunphi:. Na2S2O3 l cht tinh
th mu trng dng bt hay dung dch. Khi gp oxy trong khng kh, Na2S2O3 d b phn hu
v mt tc dng ty trng. Cht ny c kh nng bin i cc nhm mang mu ca lignin
trong bt thnh cc nhm khng mang mu. Qu trnh ty thng din ra trong thp ty (
trng tng khong 10%). Ta cn c th ty bng Na2S2O3 trong b cha bt hoc trong my
nghin a, nhng trng tng khng nhiu (5%). Ty bng Na2S2O3 thng c dng nh
giai on ty th 2 sau giai on ty bng H2O2.
Ty bng ho cht khc nh NaHSO3, NaBH4... t c p dng.
Ty trng bt bn ho (CMP). Bt CMP thng c trng rt thp do nhim mu ca
lignin trong qu trnh ngm tm dm g vi kim hoc vi sunphit. V l loi bt hiu sut
cao nn bt bn ho cng c ty bng phng php gi li lignin nh ty trng bt c.
im khc bit l bt bn ho phi c ra tht k loi b sunphit c trong bt trc khi
ty bng H2O2 . Nu cn sunphit l cht kh th s phi tn thm H2O2. Lng H2O2 cn dng
ty bt bn ho s thp hn mt cht so vi ty bt c.

91 -

Loi bt

Lng SO3 cn
trong bt

T l dng H2O2
khi ty (%)

(%)
TMP

Mc tng
trng
(%ISO)

2,2

12,3

CTMP

0,4

1,7

15

CMP

1,6

1,2

11,4

4.7. Cc loi giy v cng dng

Trong cuc sng ta s dng rt nhiu loi giy vi cc tnh nng s dng khc nhau. Hin
nay v mt thng mi trn th gii c trn 1.500 thut ng c thng nht gi tn
nhng sn phm giy ch yu giao dch trn th trng. Lit k y ra y l iu cha cn
thit. Da vo mc ch s dng Vit nam hin nay, cc sn phm giy c chia thnh cc
chng loi sau:
(1) Giy in bo (Newsprint)
- Mc ch s dng: dng lm giy in bo v cc n phm in r tin, ngn ngy.
- Thnh phn bt: ch yu l bt c hoc bt ti sinh t giy in bo hoc tp ch c c
qua cng on ty mc (bt DIP).
- Cc cht ph gia: thng dng phng php xeo axit phn, nha thng.
- Tnh cht: bn c l khng cn cao, tui th khng cn di, nhng phi bm mc
in, c phi cao v gi thnh thp. Nhng tnh cht ny th bt c v DIP c th p ng
tt. gi thnh thp th giy in bo thng c sn xut trn my xeo kh rng, tc cao.
- nh lng ca giy in bo thng trong khong 45-52 g/m2.
(2) Giy trng cao cp (Bond Paper) l loi giy trng mng, thng xeo theo phng
php kim.
- Mc ch s dng: dng in cao cp (in sch) hoc vit.
- Thnh phn bt: ch yu l bt ho, bt t si bng (rag) c ty trng, dng cht n
lm tng c.
- Cc cht ph gia: keo AKD hoc ASA, cht n CaCO3 hoc kaolin, h bo lu
polymer.
- Tnh cht c bn ca loi giy ny l bn cao, tui th lu.
-

92 -

- nh lng giy trong khong 48, 60, 75 91 g/m2.

(3) Giy vit hoc giy in trng (Fine Paper)
- Mc ch s dng: dng vit, photocopy hoc in.
- Thnh phn bt: bt ho ty trng (bt ho t g mm cho bn c l, bt ho t g
cng cho c).
- Cc cht ph gia: tng t nh sn xut giy trng cao cp.
- Tnh cht: trng, c, nhn, mn b mt giy phi cao.
- nh lng: khong 70-90 g/m2.
(4) Giy la (tissue) l loi giy mng c ln nhn
- Mc ch s dng: dng lm giy v sinh dng cun, lm khn giy cc loi.
- Thnh phn bt: bt ho hoc bt c c ty trng, hoc t bt DIP c ty trng.
- Cc cht ph gia: Ch cn dng nhiu phn lm cht bo lu x si mn trong khi xeo
v nghin ca bt rt nhuyn nn rt nhiu x si mn. i vi sn xut giy khn ut th
phi dng keo bn t.
- Tnh cht: khng cn bn c l, nhng cn mm mi (smooth), xp (bulk), d
thm nc. i vi giy lm khn n t th cn thm bn t
- nh lng: 13-19 g/m2. Do giy qu mng, bn ko thp nn giy v sinh thng
c sn xut trn my xeo trn c l Yankee trnh cc bc chuyn tm giy m t l
sy ny sang l sy khc lm t giy.
(5) Giy lp mt ca cc tng ln sng (linerboard): Thng xeo giy theo phng php axit.
- Mc ch s dng; lm lp mt ca cc tng sng 3 lp, 5 lp.
- Thnh phn bt: bt ho khng ty t g mm m bo bn v tnh m quan cho
t giy.
- Cc cht ph gia: phn, nha thng.
- Tnh cht: va cn bn c l, bn t, va cn tnh m quan (nhn mt)
- nh lng: trong khong rng: 127, 161, 186, 205, 229, ..., 439 g/m2.
(6) Giy lp gia ca cc tng ln sng (corrugating medium)
- Mc ch s dng: dng lm lp gia, lp sng ca cc tng sng 3 lp, 5 lp.
- Thnh phn bt: bt c, bt r tin, bt giy bao b thu hi (OCC), tt c u khng
cn ty trng.
- Cc cht ph gia:
-

93 -

- Tnh cht: cng cao

- nh lng: khong 127 g/m2.
(7) Giy in c trng phn nh lng thp (LWC Light Weight Coated) l giy in c trng
phn. Xeo giy xong th trng phn trn mt hoc hai b mt giy.
- Mc ch s dng: dng in tp ch
- Thnh phn bt: bt c v bt ho c ty trng
- Cc cht ph gia: cht n CaCO3, ho cht trng
- nh lng giy cha trng phn: 35-40 g/m2, sau trng phn: 50-60 g/m2.
(8) Giy cusse (Coated Woodfree Paper) l giy in cao cp c trng phn. Xeo giy theo
phng php kim. Sau khi xeo giy xong th trng phn mt hoc hai mt giy.
- Mc ch s dng: dng in lch, n phm in cao cp qung co hoc trang tr.
- Thnh phn bt: bt ho t g mm hoc g cng
- Cc cht ph gia: CaCO3, keo AKD hoc ASA, ho cht trng.
nh lng: 100-400 g/m2.

4.8. Tiu chun lin quan n cng nghip bt giy v giy

Tiu chun Vit Nam hin hnh
1.
2.
3.

TCVN
TCVN
TCVN

1270
1862
1864

:
:

2000 Giy v cc tng Xc nh nh lng.

2000 Giy v cc tng Xc nh bn ko.
2001 Giy, cc tng v bt giy Xc nh tro ti nhit
9000C.

4.

TCVN

1865

2000 Giy, cc tng v bt giy Xc nh trng ISO

(h s phn x nh sng xanh).

5.
6.

TCVN
TCVN

1866
1867

:
:

2000 Giy Xc nh bn gp.

2002 Giy v cc tng Xc nh kh.

7.

TCVN

3226

2001 Giy v cc tng Xc nh nhm Bendtsen.

8.
9.
10.

TCVN
TCVN
TCVN

3228 - 1 :
3228- 2 :
3229
:

11.

TCVN

3649

12.

TCVN

3651

2000 Giy Xc nh chu bc.

2000 Cc tng Xc nh chu bc.
2000 Giy Xc nh bn x Phng php
Elmendorf.
2000 Giy v cc tng Ly mu xc nh cht lng
trung bnh.
2002 Giy v cc tng Xc nh chiu dc.

94 -

13.

TCVN

3652

2000 Giy v cc tng Xc nh dy v t trng.

14.

TCVN

3980

2001 Bt giy, giy v cc tng Phn tch thnh phn x

si.

15.
16.
17.
18.

TCVN
TCVN
TCVN
TCVN

4360
4361
4407
6001

:
:
:
:

2001
2002
2001
1995

19.

TCVN

6491

2000 Cht lng nc Xc nh nhu cu xy ho hc.

20.

TCVN

6493

1999 Cht lng nc Xc nh halogen hu c d b

hp th (AOX).

21.

TCVN

6725

2000 Giy, cc tng v bt giy Mi trng chun

iu ho v th nghim.

22.

TCVN

6726

2000 Giy v cc tng Xc nh ht nc Phng

php Cobb.

23.

TCVN

3727

2000 Giy v cc tng Xc nh nhn Phng php

Bekk.

24.

TCVN

6728

2000 Giy v cc tng Xc nh c Phng php

phn x khuych tn.

25.

TCVN

6729

2000 Bt giy Xeo t mu trong phng th nghim

xc nh trng.

26.

TCVN

6891

2000 Giy v cc tng Xc nh thu kh - Phng

php Bendtsen.

27.

TCVN

6893

2001 Giy c ht nc cao Xc nh ht nc.

28.

TCVN

6894

2001 Giy v cc tng Xc nh bn un ( cng).

29.

TCVN

6895

2001 Giy v cc tng Xc nh bn nn Php th

khong nn ngn.

30.
31.

TCVN
TCVN

6896
6897

:
:

32.

TCVN

6898

2001 Cc tng Xc nh bn nn vng.

3001 Giy lm lp sng Xc nh bn nn phng sau
khi to sng trong phng th nghim.
2001 Giy Xc nh bn b mt Phng php nn.

33.

TCVN

6899

Bt giy Ly mu th nghim.
Bt giy Xc nh tr s Kappa.
Bt giy Xc nh kh.
Cht lng nc Xc nh nhu cu xy sinh ho
sau 5 ngy (BOD5) Phng php cy v pha long.

2001 Giy Xc nh thm mc in Php th thm

du thu du.

95 -

34.

TCVN

7066

2002 Giy, cc tng v bt giy Xc nh pH nc chit.

35.

TCVN

7067

2002 Giy, cc tng v bt giy Xc nh tr s ng.

36.

TCVN

7068

2002 Giy v cc tng Lo ho nhn to. Phn 1

Phng php x l nhit.

37.
38.

TCVN
TCVN

7069
7070

:
:

2002 Giy v cc tng Xc nh tinh bt.

2002 Giy Xc nh s thay i kch thc sau khi ngm
trong nc.

39.

TCVN

7071

2002 Bt giy Xc nh hm lng alpha-, beta-,

gamma-xenluyl.

40.

TCVN

7072

2002 Bt giy Xc nh nht gii hn bng dung dch

ng etyleniamin (CED).

Tiu chun ISO

1.

ISO

186

1994 Paper and board Sampling to determine average

quality.

2.

ISO

187

1990 Paper, board and pulp Standard atmosphere for

conditioning and testing and procedure for
monitoring the atmosphere and conditioning of
samples.

3.

ISO

287

1995 Paper and board Determination of moisture content

Oven-drying method.

4.

ISO

302

1981 Pulp Determination of Kappa number.

5.

ISO

534

1988 Paper and board Determination of thickness and

apparent bulk density or apparent sheet density.

6.

ISO

535

1991 Paper and board Determination of water

absorptiveness Cobb method.

7.

ISO

536

1995 Paper and board Determination of grammage.

8.

ISO

638

1978 Pulp Determination of dry matter content.

9.

ISO

1924-

1:

1992 Paper and board - Determination of tensile properties

- Part 1: consultant rate of loading method.

96 -

10.

ISO

1924-

2:

11.

ISO

1974

1990 Paper - Determination of tearing resistance

(Elmendorf method).

12.

ISO

2144

1997 Paper, board anf pulp - Determination of residue

(ash) on ignition at 900 degrees C.

13.

ISO

2470

1999 Paper, board and pulp Measurement of diffuse blue

reflectance factor (ISO brightness).

14.

ISO

2471

1998 Paper and board - Determination of opacity (paper

backing) - Diffuse reflectance method.

15.

ISO

2493

1992 Paper and board - Determination of resistance to

bending,

16.

ISO

2758

2001 Paper - Determination of bursting strength

17.

ISO

2759

2001 Board - Determination of bursting strength

18.

ISO

3781

1983 Paper and board - Determination of tensile strength

after immersion in water.

19.

ISO

4119

1995 Pulp Determination of stock concentration.

20.

ISO

5267-

1:

1999 Pulp Determination of drainability Part 1:

Schopper Riegies method.

21.

ISO

5267-

2:

1999 Pulp Determination of drainability Part 2:

Canadian Standard Freeness method.

22.

ISO

5351-

1:

1981 Cellulose in dilute solutions Determination of

limiting viscosity number.

23.

ISO

5626

1993 Paper - Determination of tolding endurance.

24.

ISO

5627

1995 Paper and board - Determination of smoothness

(Bekk method).

25.

ISO

5630-

26.

ISO

5635

1:
:

1992 Paper and board - Determination of tensile properties

- Part 1: consultant rate of elongation method.

1991 Paper and board - Accelerated ageing - Part 1: Dry

heat treatmentat 105 degress C.
1978 Paper - Measurement of dimensional change after
immersion in water.

97 -

27.

ISO

5636-

3:

1992 Paper and board - Determination of air immersion in

water.

28.

ISO

6588

1981 Paper, board and pulp Determination of pH of

aqueous extracts.

29.

ISO

7213

1981 Pulp Sampling for testing.

30.

ISO

7263

31.

ISO

9184-

1:

1990 Paper, board anf pulp Fibre furnish analysis Part

1: General method.

32.

ISO

9184-

2:

1990 Paper, board and pulp Fibre furnish analysis Part

2: Staining method.

33.

ISO

9184-

3:

1990 Paper, board anf pulp Fibre furnish analysis Part

3: Herzberg staining guide.

34.

ISO

9184-

4:

1990 Paper, board anf pulp Fibre furnish analysis Part

4: Graff C staining test.

35.

ISO

9184-

5:

1990 Paper, board anf pulp Fibre furnish analysis Part

5: Lofton - Merrit staining test (modification of
Wisbar).

36.

ISO

9781-

2:

1990 Paper and board - Determination of

roughness/smoothness (air leak method) - Part 2:
Bendtsen method.

37.

ISO

9895

1989 Paper and board - Compressive strength - Short span

test.

38.

ISO

10716

1994 Paper and board - Determination of akali reserve.

39.

ISO

15360-

1:

2000 Ryecycle pulp Estimation of stiskies and plastics

Part 1: Visual method.

40.

ISO

15360-

2:

2000 Ryecycle pulp Estimation of stiskies and plastics

Part 2: Image analysis method.

1994 Corrugating medium - Determination of the flat crush

resistance after laboratory fluting.

Ngun: TCVN 1864-2000, 3980-2001, 4360-2001, 4361-2002, 4407-2001, 7071-2002, 70722002

Tip theo l Cc c s sn xut bt giy v giy ch yu Vit Nam, Sn lng giy
cc loi sn xut Vit Nam trong 10 nm qua, D bo v Nng lc, sn xut, xut nhp
khu v tiu dng bt giy v giy Vit Nam.

98 -

Sn xut tiu th bt
n v: Tn
Hng mc

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

476,000

559,000

690,000

740,000

825,000

845,000

905,000 1,285,000 1,395,000 1,600,000

- Bt ha ty trng

75,000

75,000

75,000

85,000

85,000

85,000

85,000

315,000

315,000

450,000

- Bt ho khng ty

32,000

61,000

65,000

75,000

100,000

120,000

130,000

180,000

180,000

200,000

- Bt c

40,000

40,000

40,000

40,000

40,000

40,000

40,000

50,000

50,000

50,000

- Bt bn ho

102,000

103,000

110,000

120,000

120,000

120,000

120,000

120,000

150,000

150,000

- Bt giy ph thi

227,000

280,000

400,000

420,000

480,000

480,000

530,000

620,000

700,000

750,000

Sn xut

377,112

505,343

602,000

661,400

738,000

795,000

872,000 1,175,000 1,280,000 1,450,000

- Bt ho ty trng

69,510

72,033

40,000

75,000

85,000

85,000

85,000

300,000

300,000

400,000

- Bt ho khng ty

21,854

53,832

60,000

70,000

90,000

110,000

115,000

120,000

130,000

140,000

- Bt c

16,125

25,280

25,000

25,000

25,000

35,000

40,000

50,000

50,000

50,000

- Bt bn ho

89,649

101,000

106,500

113,000

115,000

115,000

115,000

115,000

130,000

130,000

- Bt giy ph thi

179,974

253,198

370,500

373,400

423,000

450,000

517,000

590,000

670,000

730,000

Nhp khu

141,026

60,000

80,000

145,000

145,000

Nng lc bt

99 -

2008

2009

2010

Hng mc

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007
190,000

2008

60,000

2010

- Bt ho ty trng

141,026

60,000

80,000

145,000

145,000

170,000

Tiu dng

518,138

565,343

682,000

789,400

891,000

965,000 1,062,000 1,225,000 1,340,000 1,470,000

- Bt ho ty trng

210,536

132,033

120,000

203,000

230,000

255,000

275,000

350,000

360,000

420,000

- Bt ho khng ty

21,854

53,832

60,000

70,000

90,000

110,000

115,000

120,000

130,000

140,000

- Bt c

16,125

25,280

25,000

25,000

25,000

35,000

40,000

50,000

50,000

50,000

- Bt bn ho

89,649

101,000

106,500

113,000

115,000

115,000

115,000

115,000

130,000

130,000

179,974

253,198

370,500

373,400

423,000

450,000

517,000

590,000

670,000

730,000

- Bt giy ph thi

50,000

2009

Ngun: Chin lc pht trin ngnh Cng nghip Giy VN giai on 2001-2010 ca Tng Cng ty giy Vit Nam

100 -

20,000

D BO CNG NGHIP GIY N NM 2010

n v: Tn
2001

2002

2003

2004

CNG SUT

570,000

899,000

963,000 1,071,500 1,083,000 1,123,000 1,278,000 1,458,000 1,720,000 1,980,000

- Giy tin bo

40,000

40,000

40,000

40,000

2005

40,000

2006

40,000

2007

40,000

2008

40,000

2009

40,000

2010

40,000

- Giy in & vit

140,000 167,000 220,000 260,000 260,000 300,000 350,000 400,000 420,000 500,000

- Giy lm bao b

227,000 470,000 481,000 483,000 485,000 485,000 585,000 685,000 850,000 1,000,00
0

- Tissue
- Giy vng m

45,000

59,000

59,000

60,500

65,000

65,000

70,000 100,000 120,000 140,000

103,000 120,000 120,000 140,000 140,000 140,000 140,000 140,000 140,000 150,000

- Khc

15,000

43,000

43,000

TIU DNG

640,107

810,907

970,574 1,120,619 1,268,350 1,605,540 1,860,270 2,133,650 2,438,210 2,753,380

63,699

54,789

- Giy in bo

88,000

62,709

93,000

69,350

93,000

90,900

93,000

92,760

93,000 150,000 150,000

93,700

94,400

99,180

- Giy in & vit

163,853 159,948 226,683 258,000 308,110 344,550 378,810 432,300 494,560

- Giy lm bao b

377,527 496,381 543,705 622,500 825,140 969,410 1,124,67 1,292,16 1,449,34

0
0
0

101 -

- Tissue

24,000

31,557

35,832

39,000

42,060

51,560

67,550

82,920 101,910

- Giy vng m

24,021

44,209

36,890

40,000

54,400

54,850

58,850

61,500

- Khc
Sn xut
- Giy in bo

65,350

157,807 183,691 214,800 239,500 284,930 347,140 410,070 474,930 543,040

420,107

538,231

642,000

753,719

880,000 1,023,910 1,190,930 1,382,460 1,605,610 1,865,420

35000

34,335

27,000

38,109

41,000

41,000

41,000

41,000

41,000

41,000

- Giy in & vit

130,052 135,120 145,000 212,383 245,000 280,780 320,460 363,250 413,300 473,560

- Giy lm bao b

137,727 233,421 313,400 331,505 393,000 473,530 569,700 677,210 810,010 954,880

- Tissue

17,843

24,000

- Giy vng m

89,278

98,799 105,000

99,890 110,000 122,400 124,850 130,850 135,500 140,850

- Khc

10,207

12,556

18,600

25,000

40,000

50,740

70,460

89,800 110,180 140,220

NHP KHU

290,000

371,554

425,000

484,000

523,850

726,830

833,290

934,600 1,038,420 1,114,660

- Giy in bo

29,364

28,023

25,000

28,850

50,500

52,460

53,510

54,400

59,280

- Giy in & vit

29,833

17,217

17,000

17,000

30,830

28,090

20,560

25,000

28,000

- Giy in bao b
- Tissue

33,000

46,832

51,000

55,460

64,460

80,350

95,620 114,910

166,106 212,840 250,000 275,000 406,610 462,710 519,460 572,150 601,060

1,000

- Giy vng m

1,704

2,000

3,000

2,600

3,100

3,700

4,300

5,000

102 -

- Khc
XUT KHU

145,251 165,216 190,000 200,000 236,290 286,930 337,370 382,570 421,320

70,000

- Giy in bo
- Giy in & vit
- Giy lm bao b
- Tissue
- Giy vng m
- Khc
Tiu dng
kg/ngi

8.19

98,878

96,426 117,100 135,500 145,200 163,950 183,410 205,820 226,700

234

400

500

600

700

810

1,000

1,100

1,100

2,269

2,700

4,000

3,500

4,000

5,000

6,000

7,000

22,000

29,859

37,800

45,500

55,000

63,000

72,000

90,000 106,600

1,000

3,148

13,000

15,000

16,000

16,000

16,500

17,000

18,000

74,778

60,791

63,000

70,000

68,000

70,000

72,000

74,000

75,500

125

200

500

2,100

10,250

17,100

17,820

18,500

10.21

12.04

13.70

15.28

19.07

21.78

24.64

27.77

30.94

Ngun: Chin lc pht trin ngnh Cng nghip Giy VN giai on 2001-2010 ca Tng Cng ty giy Vit Nam

103 -

Chng "Cng nghip ch bin g"

Sn lng giy cc loi sn xut ti vit nam (giai on1996 2005)
n v: tn
1996
Giy cc
loi

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

175,000 220,000 264,500 292,200 350,000 420,107

2002

2003

538,231 642,000

2004

2005

768,000 883,000

Trong
135,120 145,000 200,000 215,000

Giy in
bo

69,170 79,703 101,581 105,014 110,000 130,052

Giy in &
vit

18,174 22,028 37,907 35,239 35,000 35,004

34,335 27,000

26,000

28,000

368,773 470,000 542,000 640,000

Giy khc
87,656 118,269 125,012 151,947 205,000 255,051

Ngun: Bo co thc hin K hoch sn xut giy ti Vit Nam giai on 1996-2005

- 104 -

Chng "Cng nghip ch bin g"

Tiu chun g, sn phm g v thit b ch bin g

Danh mc tiu chun v g hin hnh
TCVN 355-70: G. Phng php chn rng, chn cy v ca khc nghin cu tnh cht c l (4
trang A5)
TCVN 356 70: G. Phng php ly mu v yu cu chung khi th c l (10 trang A5)
TCVN 357 70: G. Phng php xc nh s vng nm (3 trang A5)
TCVN 358 70: G. Phng php xc nh m khi th c l (3 trang A5)
TCVN 359 70: G. Phng php xc nh ht m (4 trang A5)
TCVN 360 70: G. Phng php xc nh ht nc v gin di (6 trang A5)
TCVN 361 70: G. Phng php xc nh co rt (6 trang A5)
TCVN 362 70: G. Phng php xc nh khi lng th tch (8 trang A5)
TCVN 363 70: G. Phng php xc nh gii hn bn khi nn (10 trang A5)
TCVN 364 70: G. Phng php xc nh gii hn bn khi Ko (8 trang A5)
TCVN 365 70: G. Phng php xc nh gii hn bn khi un tnh (4 trang A5)
TCVN 366 70: G. Phng php xc nh cng ring khi un va p (3 trang A5)
TCVN 367 70: G. Phng php xc nh gii hn bn khi trt v ct (12 trang A5)
TCVN 368 70: G. Phng php xc nh sc chng tch (4 trang A5)
TCVN 369 70: G. Phng php xc nh cng (7 trang A5)
TCVN 370 70: G. Phng php xc nh cc ch tiu bin dng n hi (21 trang A5)
TCVN 1072 71: G. Phn nhm theo tnh cht c l (15 trang A5)
TCVN 1073 71: G trn, kch thc c bn (5 trang A5)
TCVN 1074 86: G. Phn dng cht lng theo khuyt tt (3 trang A5) - Thay th TCVN 107471
TCVN 1075 71: G x- Kch thc c bn (3 trang A5)
TCVN 1076 86: G x. Thut ng v nh ngha (2 trang A5) - Thay th TCVN 1076-71
TCVN 1077 86: G chng l (4 trang A5). Thay th TCVN 1077-71
TCVN 1283-86: G trn - Bng tnh th tch (96 trang A5) - Thay th TCVN 1283-72
TCVN 1284-86: G x - Bng tnh th tch (260 trang A4) - Thay th TCVN 1284-72
- 105 -

Chng "Cng nghip ch bin g"

TCVN 1462-86: T vt g (5 trang A5). Thay th TCVN 1462-74
TCVN 1463-74: G trn - Phng php tm khuch tn (3 trang A5)
TCVN 1464-86: G x - Phng php phng mc b mt (2 trang A5) - Thay th TCVN 1464-71
TCVN 1553-74: G. Phng php xc nh lc bm ca inh v inh vt (5 trang A5)
TCVN 1554-74: G. Phng php xc nh thm nc (6 trang A5)
TCVN 1757-75: Khuyt tt g - Phn loi: tn gi, nh ngha v phng php xc nh (38 trang
A5)
TCVN 1758-86: G x - Phn hng cht lng theo khuyt tt (4 trang A5) Thay th TCVN 175875
TCVN 1761-86: G trn lm g dn lng, vn p thoi dt v tay p. Loi g v kch thc c bn
(2 trang A5) - Thay th TCVN 1761-75
TCVN 1762-75: G trn lm g dn lng, vn p thoi dt v tay p. Yu cu k thut (2 trang
A5).
TCVN 3132-79: Bo qun g. Phng php x l b mt bng thuc BQG1 (5 trang A5)
TCVN 3133 79: Bo qun g. Phng php ngm thng bng thuc LN2 (9 trang A5)
TCVN 3134 79: Bo qun g. Phng php phng mc v mi mt cho g trn sau khi khai thc
(4 trang A5)
TCVN 3135 79: Bo qun g. Phng php phng tr mi, mt cho g bng thuc BQG1
(3 trang A5)
TCVN 3136-79: Bo qun g. Phng php phng mc cho vn sn s ch (2 trang A5)
TCVN 3137-79: Bo qun g. Phng php phng nm gy mc v bin mu cho g dng lm
nguyn liu giy (4 trang A5)
TCVN 4093-85: G chng l. Bo qun bng phng php ngm thng vi thuc LN2 (2 trang
A5)
TCVN 4339-86: G trn lm bn bt ch. Loi g kch thc c bn v yu cu k thut( 4 trang
A5), Thay th TCVN 1759-75; TCVN 1760-75
TCVN 4738-89: Bo qun g- Thut ng v nh ngha (11 trang A4)
TCVN 4739-89: G x. Khuyt tt. Thut ng v nh ngha( 11 trang A4)
TCVN 4810-89 (ST SEV 2020-89): G. Phng php th c l. Thut ng v nh ngha (phn
u) (12 trang A4)
TCVN 5505-91: Bo qun g. Yu cu chung (6 trang A4)
TCVN 4340:1994: Vn sn bng g (10 trang A4)- Thay th TCVN 1430-86

- 106 -

Chng "Cng nghip ch bin g"

TCVN 4358-86: Vn lng (6 trang A5)
TCVN 5692: 1992 (ISO 3804:1997): G dn - xc nh kch thc mu th (4 trang A4)
TCVN 5693: 1992 (ISO 1097: 1975): G dn - o kch thc tm (3 trang A4)
TCVN 5694: 1992 (ISO 9427: 1989): Panen g dn. Xc nh khi lng ring (5 trang A4)
TCVN 5695-1992 (ISO 1096:1975): G dn- Phn loi (4 trang A4)
TCVN 4811-89 (ST SEV 2503-80): Vn dm. Thut ng v nh ngha (4 trang A5)
TCVN 4812-89 ( STSEV 2813-80 ) vn si- thut ng v nh ngha (phn u)
TCVN 4340: 1994: Vn sn bng g (10 trang A4) - Thay th: TCVN 4340-86
TCVN 4721-89: Thit b gia cng g. Yu cu chung vi th chnh xc (4 trang A5) Thay th:
TCVN 1742- 75, phn 2 v 3.
TCVN 4722-89: Thit b gia cng g. Yu cu k thut chung (10 trang A5) Thay th TCVN 174475
TCVN 4951-89: Thit b gia cng g. Danh mc ch tiu cht lng (5 trang A5) Thay th TCVN
1743-86,
My ct kim loi v gia cng g. iu kin chung kim cng vng (4 trang A5) Thay th
TCVN 1743-75:
TCVN 2855-79: u trc chnh ca my ca a ca g x. Kch thc c bn (2 trang A5)
TCVN 2856-79: My ca a ct ngang g x. Thng s c bn (1 trang A5)
TCVN 2857-79: My ca a x dc g trn v g hp. Thng s c bn (1 trang A5)
TCVN 2858-79: My ca a lng dc g x. Thng s c bn (2 trang A5)
TCVN 2859-79: My ca a xn cnh xn dc g x. Thng s c bn (2 trang A5)
TCVN 2860-79: My ca vng lm mc. Thng s v kch thc c bn (2 trang A5)
TCVN 3592-81: My tin g. Thng s v kch thc c bn (2 trang A5)
TCVN 3593-81: My tin g - chnh xc (9 trang A5)
TCVN 3594-81: My phay g - Thng s v kch thc c bn (1 trang A5)
TCVN 3595-81: My phay g - chnh xc v cng vng (9 trang A5)
TCVN 3596-81: My mi g bng phng. Thng s v kch thc c bn (3 trang A5)
TCVN 3597-81: My mi g bn mt. Thng s v kch thc c bn (2 trang A5)
TCVN 3598-81: My mi g bn mt. chnh xc v cng vng (10 trang A5)
TCVN 3450-89: Dng c ct kim loi v g. Danh mc ch tiu cht lng (5 trang A5)
- 107 -

Chng "Cng nghip ch bin g"

- 108 -