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Project
Project can be splitted into small tasks with sequence of the their execution. This process is known as work break down structure
Plan your work first..then work your plan
Network analysis
Network analysis is the general name given to certain specific techniques which can be used for the planning, management and control of projects. Main objectives are: 1. Complete the project within stipulated period..
Definition: In PERT activities are shown as a network of precedence relationships in which successive events are joined by arrows. Probabilistic activity times Optimistic time, pessimistic time, most likely time. Event oriented diagram
USED IN : Project management - for non-repetitive jobs (research and development work), where the time and cost estimates tend to be quite uncertain. This technique uses probabilistic time estimates.
Definition: CPM activities are shown as a network of precedence relationships in which successive activities are represented by arrows. .also called PPS Single estimate of activity time Deterministic activity times Activity oriented diagram
USED IN : Production management - for the jobs of repetitive in nature where the activity time estimates can be predicted with considerable certainty due to the existence of past experience.
Arrows
Nodes
Relation ship between Events: 1. Successor Events 2. Predecessor Events Activity: 1. Successor Activity 2. Predecessor Activity 3. Dummy Activity 4. Concurrent Activity
Activity on Arrow
- An arrow represents a task, while a node is the completion of a task - Arrows represent order of events
arrow 2. The starting event should be represented by i 3. The completion of project should be assigned highest number in the network 4. The activities emerging from event i should have no predecessor activities & event having highest number in diagram should have no successor activity 5. The activity must have highest number for its head (arrow) than its tail 6. Network diagram cannot have more than one starting node or end node
8.
7. There should not be a loop in diagram 8. An event cannot occur or an activity cannot start unless all its preceding activities have been completed (not applicable on dummy activity )
Fulkersons Rule
The starting event(having no predecessor activity is numbered as 1 ) other events are numbered in increasing order from 1 to rightwards , if there are more then 1 initial event found in a diagram , anywhere they are to be numbered fro top to bottom in increase order no two events can have the same number in any case
Question 1
Activity A B C D E F G H I J Draw the network diagram Predecessor --A B C,E B C,E F G H,D I
Question 2
A project consist of 7 activities .Activities P,Q,R run simultaneously . The relationship among the various activities is as follow Activity successor P S Q T R U Activity V is the immediate successor to S, T, & U Draw the network diagram
Question 3
Activity A B C D E F G H I J K Draw the network diagram Predecessor ----A C A E B G C,E F D,G,J
Most optimistic completion time Most pessimistic completion time Most likely completion time te = a+4m+b 6
Where, a = Most optimistic completion time b = Most pessimistic completion time m = Most likely completion time
Question 4
Q: Draw the network, labeling activities
Job Activity
Immediate Predecessor
Optimistic time a
Most likely m
Pessimistic time b
A B C D E F G H
A B C, D B E F, G
5 2 6 1 3 6 1 4
6 5 7 2 3 8 4 5
7 8 14 3 3 10 7 6
Activity Slack
Activity Slack
Float/ Slacks
Slack is the amount of time an event can be delayed without delaying the project completion Positive slack Negative slack Zero slack Slack = LST EST LFT EFT
Question 4
Activities Predecessor activities Activity Time L ---3 M ---4 N L 9 O L 3 P O 3 Q N,M 6 R N,M 4 S R 2 T R 5 U P,Q,S 6 Draw the network diagram Calculate EST,EFT,LST,LFT ,activity slack & high light the critical path
Crash Time
Crash time = Crashed Cost Normal Cost Normal Time Crashed Time
Nodes 1-2 2-3 2-4 2-5 3-5 4-5 5-6 6-7 6-8 7-8
Normal Time 3 3 7 9 5 0 6 4 13 10
Question 5
Cost 300 30 420 720 250 0 320 400 780 1000 Time 2 3 5 7 4 0 4 3 10 9
Crash
Project indirect cost is 50Rs. Per week. Draw the network diagram & identify the critical path ? What are the normal project duration and associated Cost ? Find total float associated with each activity Crash the relevant activities systemically and determine the optimal project completion and cost
Question 6
On May 1,Arnie Watson sent a memo to his boss, the director of the project (6) management. Stating that the MX project would require 13 weeks for the completion. Arnie realized that customer wanted the job completed in less time, after discussions with the functional managers,Arnie developed the table shown. According to the contract there is a penalty payment of $5,000 per week for every week over six. What is the minimum amount of additional funding that arnie should request.
Job Activity
A B C D E F
Time 3 5 5 4 2 3
Benefits of CPM/PERT
Interdependencies of activity Project completion time Impact of late start Impact of early start what if exercise Evaluation of performance
Completion date? On Schedule? Within Budget? Critical Activities? How can the project be finished early at the least cost?
Limitations to CPM/PERT
Clearly defined, independent and stable activities Specified precedence relationships Over emphasis on critical paths
Thank you