You are on page 1of 47

NHM CHT MU T NHIN CAROTENOIT

MC LC: 1. M u

Trang

L do chn ti ...................................................................................................... 5 Gii thiu ti........................................................................................................ 5 Mc ch .................................................................................................................. 6 Phm vi nghin cu ................................................................................................. 6 Phng php nghin cu ......................................................................................... 6 2. Ni dung Gii thiu chung....................................................................................................... 7 Ngun carotenoid ..................................................................................................... 7 Tnh cht vt l ........................................................................................................ 8 Tnh cht ha hc ..................................................................................................... 8 Cu to v phn loi ................................................................................................. 8 2.1.5 Chc nng ....................................................................................................... 9 2.2 Cc cht mu tiu biu

2.2.1 Carotene .......................................................................................................... 9 2.2.2 Lycopene ......................................................................................................... 11 2.2.3 Xantophil......................................................................................................... 13 2.2.4 Capxantin ........................................................................................................ 14 2.2.5 Birxin .............................................................................................................. 15 2.2.6 Astarxantin ...................................................................................................... 15 2.2.7 Xitroxantin ...................................................................................................... 16 2.2.8 Criptoxantin .................................................................................................... 17 2.3 S bin i ca carotenoid trong qu trnh ch bin 2.3.1 S oxi ha ....................................................................................................... 17 2.3.2 S ng phn ha............................................................................................ 19 2.3.3 S nhim bn ca ion kim loi ....................................................................... 19 2.3.4 nh hng ca pH .......................................................................................... 19

A. M u Carotenoid l mt nhm sc t rt ph bin trong t nhin, n c tm thy c procaryota, eucaryota v archea. N c bit n nh l cc hp cht c kh nng chng oxy ha do co th c chc nng trong phng chng lo ha, ung th,... Chnh v th m cc nh khoa hc ang quan tm rt nhiu n kh nng a a cc cht ny vo ng dng trong thuc cha bnh v thc phm chc nng. Ngnh cng ngh thc phm l ngnh trc tip nghin cu a cc cht carotenoid vo ng dng trong nhm ngnh thc phm chc nng. Nm 1831, Wackenroder c lp caroten t c rt, 1837 Berzelius t tn cho sc t mu vng l xantophyl c ng chit xut t l ma thu. Cu trc ha hc ca carotenoid c Kauren (1948) v Kuhn (1954) pht hin, vic tng hp nhn to -caroten v licopen c thc hin ln u tin vo nm 1950 phng th nghim ca Kauren. K t carotenoit tr thnh i tng quan tm ca nhng nghin cu lin ngnh trong ha hoc, sinh hc, y hc, vt l hc v nhiu ngnh khoa hc khc. thc vt, ngoi dip lc b, cc sc t quang hp ph cn c carotenoid. l nhm sc t to nn mu vng, da cam ca l, hoa qu (mu ca qu gc chn, mu vng ca qu xoi chn), ca c (mu vng da cam ca c c rt) Carotenoid l mt nhm sc t rt ph bin trong t nhin, n c tm thy c pro caryota, eucaryota v archea. Tng s carotenoid sn xut trong t nhin c tnh khong 100 triu tn/nm. Nhm mu carotenoid gm c: carotene, licopene, xantophyl, capsanthin, bixin, astaxanthin, cryptoxanthin. Mun tm hiu nhm mu ny ta phi tm hiu n ngun gc, cu to, tnh cht, tc dng ca tng cht in hnh. V qua ta c th bit c s bin i trong qu trnh ch bin cc thc phm c cha nhm mu carotenoid c th lu gi chng nhm mc ch tng gi tr cm quan cho sn phm.

I. TNG QUAN V CAROTENOID 1. c im: Cc cht mu t nhin thng gp ch yu trong cc nguyn liu thc vt v c chia lm ba nhm chnh l: clorofil, carotenoid v flavonoid.

(1) C rt

(2) C chua

Hnh: Thc phm cha hm lng carotenoid Carotenoid l mt dng sc t hu c c t nhin trong thc vt v cc loi sinh vt, quang hp khc nh l to, mt vi loi nm v mt vi loi vi khun. Carotenoid khng phi l tn ring ca mt cht no m l tn ca mt nhm cc hp cht c cng thc cu to tng t nhau v tc dng bo v c th cng tng t nhau. Carotenoid kh quen thuc vi chng ta l bta-caroten hay cn gi l tin cht ca vitamin A. Trong my nm gn y ngi ta cn ni nhiu n cc carotenoid khc nh lycopen, lutein v zeaxanthin,... Tiu biu : caroten, licopen, xantophyl, capxantin v xitroxantin. Hin nay ngi ta tm c 600 loi carotenoid, sp xp theo hai nhm, carxanthophylls v otene, trong c 50 loi carotenoid hin din trong thc phm. Th nhng trong mu ca ngi c khong 15 loi c tm thy v chng ang c chng minh l ng vai tr quan trng i vi i sng con ngi. Khc vi cy c, con ngi khng th t tng hp ra carotenoid m s dng carotenoid t vic n thc vt nhm bo v bn thn mnh. Carotenoid gip chng li cc tc nhn oxy ha t bn ngoi. 2. Ngun carotenoid - thc vt: tn ti trong lp th t bo, b che lp bi mu ca chlorophyl, phn b trong cc m thng to mu vng ,cam, . Hu ht mu vng ca hoa qua l do xantophyl, lutein. - ng vt: to mu vng, cho lng cnh cc loi chim - Vi sinh vt: l cht mu ni bo.

- C trong a s cy ( tr 1 s nm) , hu nh c trong tt c c th ng vt.

Hnh : (3) S phn b carotenoid trong t bo 3. Tnh cht vt l - Kt tinh dng tinh th, hnh kim, hnh khi lng tr, a din, dang l hnh thoi. - Nhit nng chy cao: 130- 2200C - Khng ha tan trong nc, tan trong cht bo, cc dung mi cha clor v cc dung mi khng phn cc khc lm cho hoa qu c mu da cam, mu vng v mu . - Tnh hp th nh sng : chui polyene lin hp c trng cho mu thy c ca caroteinoid . Da vo quang ph hp thu ca n, ngi ta thy kh nng hp th nh sng ph thuc vo ni i lin hp, ph thuc vo nhm C9 mch thng hay mch vng, cng nh vo nhm chc gn trn vng. Ngoi ra trong mi dung mi ho tan khc nhau, kh nng hp th nh sng ti a cng khc nhau vi cng 1 loi. Kh nng hp th nh sng mnh, ch cn 1 gam cng c th thy bng mt thng. 4. Tnh cht ha hc - Carotenoid rt nhy i vi axit v cht oxi ha, bn vng vi kim. Do c h thng ni i lin hp nn n d b oxi ha mt mu hoc ng phn ha, hydro ha to mu khc. - Cc tc nhn nh hng n bn mu: nhit , nh sng, phn ng oxi ha trc tip, tc dng ca ion kim loi, enzym, nc. - D b oxi ha trong khng kh => cn bo qun trong kh tr, chn khng. nhit thp nn bao kn trnh nh sng mt tri. - Carotenoid khi b oxyho to hp cht c mi thm nh cc aldehide khng no hoc ketone ng vai tr to hng thm cho tr . II. Cu to v phn loi

1. Cu to - Tt c hp cht Carotenoid c th c xem nh dn xut ca licopen - Hp cht carotenoid (C40) b mt 1 nhm u th gi l Apocarotenoid. y l nhng cht mu quan trng. - c im cu trc ni bt nht, c trng cho mu thy c ca caroteinoid l chui polyen lin hp. - Cc carotenoid c cu to t 8 n v isoprene lin tip nhau trung tm phn t to nn cu trc i xng hp cht Hydro carotenoid nh Keto, methoxyl, epoxy, acid c gi chung l Xantophyl. - a s l vng 6 cnh hoc 5 cnh 1 u hoc 2 u. 2. Phn loi Carotenoid c phn loi theo: * Cu trc ha hc: - Caroten : l mt loi hidrocacbon cha bo ha, trong phn t khng cha oxi - Xantophyl: L dn xut ca caroten, cha oxi trong cc nhm hydroxyl, ceto, cacboxyl * Tnh cht sinh hc: - Carotenoid s cp: tham gia vo quang hp hoc bo v - Carotenoid th cp :c trong cc c quan ho gi hoc b bnh khi thiu dinh d ng khong. Chnh nhm ny l ngun cung cp vitamin A cho chng ta, khi n cc loi hoa, qu c mu nh: t, c chua, b ng, u , gc, 2.1.5. Chc nng Trong gii thc vt, chc nng ca carotenoit rt quan trong i vi s sinh sn, trc ht giao t c v giao t ci c s khc bit v s l ng v cht lng carotenoid. thc vt bc cao, mu vng ca phn hoa c y th phn nh su b l nh c carotenoid. Carotenoid cn c trong cc phn khc nhau ca b phn sinh dc thc vt.Hin nay ngi ta thy vai tr rt ln ca carotenoid i vi quang hp. 2.2. Cc cht mu tiu biu 2.2.1. Carotene Carotene l cht mu thuc nhm mu carotenoid, carotene l loi quan trng nht v tm thy c nhiu -carotene c mu vng, hin din nhiu trong c trong trong rau c. rt, cc tri cy

c mu vng v cc lai rau c mu xanh m. Chnh mu vng ca -carotene lm nn cho mu xanh ca dip lc t m hn cc lai rau giu -carotene. 2.2.1.1. Cu to v phn loi: Carotene (C40H56) l mt loi hidratcacbon cha bo ha, khng tan trong nc, ch tan trong lipit v cc dung mi hu c. Phn trung tm phn t gm 18 nguyn t cacbon hnh thnh mt h thng cc lin kt n, i xen k, c 4 nhm CH3 mch nhnh. Cc loi carotene quan trng l -carotene, -carotene v -carotene. -carotene, -caroten c nhng vng ionon khp kn, -carotene 1 vng -ionon v 1 vng -ionon, -carotene c cu to i xng vi 2 vng -ionon nn khi thy phn cho 2 phn t vitamin A, cn cc carotene khc khi thy phn ch cho 1 vitamin A.

-carotene

-carotene

Quang ph hp th ca carotene trong benzen vng cc tm c cc i hp th nh sau: -carotene: 420; 447,5 v 478 -carotene: 420; 452 v 485 -carotene: 432;462 v 494 2.2.1.2. Tnh cht ha hc v vt l:

- Carotene khi ngoi khng kh d hp th oxi (n 40% so vi trng lng) tr thnh dng oxi ha . - Carotene nguyn cht l cc tinh th en c mu sng ca ng v c nh kim loi, dung dch carotene c mu cam. 2.2.1.3 Ngun cung cp carotene Cc loi thc phm sau y c c bit giu carotene: khoai lang,c rt, xoi, m, hng, rau bina, ci xon, c ci, b cng anh, c ci ng, m tt xanh, ci xoong, rau mi, bng ci xanh, mi ty, x lch, rau dip, b , sn. Trong c th con ngi v ng vt c v, -Carotene c lu tr trong gan, cht bo v chuyn i sang vng mc khi cn thit, do n l tin cht ca vitamin A. 2.2.1.4. Tc dng -carotene l cht chng oxy ha mnh, ngn chn t bo ung th, chng s hnh thnh ca cc cc mu ng trong thnh mch mu. 50mg -carotene mi ngy ngn chn suy gim nhn thc. Khi c hp thu vo c th, -caroten chuyn ha thnh vitamin A gip bo v nim mc mt, tham gia vo cc phn ng nhn ca mt cng nh tng cng min dch c th. Tr em thiu vitamin A s m mt, m yu v d mc bnh nhim trng. Bn thn -carotene cng l cht chng oxy ha mnh, do gip kh cc gc t do trong c th v ngn nga cc bnh mn tnh , ung th, tim mch. Trong cc th nghim cho rng 30mg -carotene mi ngy lm tng t l ung th phi v ung th tuyn tin lit ngi ht thuc v nhng ngi c tin s tip xc vi cht gy nghin. 2.2.2. Lycopene Lycopene l mt carotene mu ti v sc t carotenoid v phytochemical tm thy trong c chua, cc loi qu mu khc chng hn nh c rt , da hu v u (nhng khng c trong du ty). 2.2.2.1. Cu to Ging nh tt c cc carotenoid, lycopene l mt hydrocarbon khng bo ha a (mt anken khng th), l mt tetraterpene lp rp t tm n v isoprene, hon ton bao gm cacbon v hydro, v khng ha tan trong nc

Lycopene 2.2.2.2. Tnh cht Lycopene khng ha tan trong nc nhng tan trong dung mi hu c v cc loi du. Nu lycopene b oxy ha (v d, bng cch phn ng vi cc cht ty trng hoc acid), cc lin kt i gia cc nguyn t carbon s b ph v , tch cc phn t, ph v h thng tri phiu lin hp tng gp i, v loi b cc chromophore.

2.2.2.3. Ngun licopene Lycopene khng phi l mt cht cn thit cho ch con ngi nhng thng c tm thy trong ch n l t cc mn n ch bin vi nc st c chua. Trong c th ngi v ng vt, lycopene ch yu m m v c quan nh cc tuyn thng thn, gan, v Trong tri cy v rau, lycopene c trong gc, c chua, hng, i , u , t chung . Mc d qu gc c chua ph thuc vo ging v tng ln khi qu chn. Khng ging nh cc loi qu v rau cha vitamin C gim khi nu nng, ch bin c chua lm tng nng lycopene. Lycopene trong c chua c ch bin tng gp bn ln trong c chua ti. 2.2.2.4. Tc dng Mc d lycopene l cht ha hc c carotene nhng n khng c vitamin A hot ng. c bit n nh l mt cht c vai tr trung ha cc cht ha hc gy lo ha ln da. Ngi ta cho rng licopen e mnh hn vitamin E trong vic cho rng l loi vitamin cn thit cho da. Hn na, lycopene hot ng nh mt cht chng li s tip xc vi mt tri, tng c ch bo v t nhin ca c th v gim i s hy hoi b gy nn bi nhng tia UV trn da. licopene c th d dng hp th vo c th ta nn gia nhit cc loi thc phm c cha lycopene. phn phi cc tinh nng hon. da hu, bi dinh d ng ca ung, ch yu

lycopene cao nht trong cc loi tri cy, nhiu hn 70 ln so vi c chua. Hm lng lycopene trong c

thc vt, to, v cc sinh vt quang hp khc, lycopene l mt cht trung gian quan trng trong vic sinh tng hp ca nhiu carotenoid, bao gm phin bn beta carotene, chu trch nhim v mu da cam, mu vng hoc mu , quang hp, v hnh nh bo v. Tuy lycopene khng c hi nhng theo mt trng hp c bo co: mt ph n trung nin s dng qu nhiu nc p c chua trong mt thi gian di dn n da v gan c mu vng cam. Nguyn nhn l do mc tng cao ca lycopene trong mu. Sau 3 tun n ung hn ch thc n c cha lycopene, mu da ca c tr li bnh thng. 2.2.3. Xantophyl Xantophyl l nhm sc t mu vng sm, cng thc phn t chung ca phn t ny l C40H56On (n t 1-6). Xantophyl thc vt bc cao, to lun i km vi caroten (thng l c 1 caroten c 2 Xantophyl ).
H3C CH3 CH3 CH3 H3C O OH

HO O

CH3

CH3

H3C

H3C

CH3

Xantophyl Xantophyl l dn xut ca carotene, trong : Lutein l dn xut ca -caroten. Lutein c nhiu trong lng trng g. Trong cc ng phn ca lutein c fucoxantin (C40H56O6) l xantophyl ch yu to nu. Zeaxantin l dn xut ca -caroten, Zeaxantin ln u tin c chit ra t ht ng. Ngoi ra cn c Violaxantin (C40H56O4) c chit ra t cn hoa ca cy Panxe vng. T l cc xantophyl c Melicafo l Lutein 40%, violaxantin 34%, neoxantin 19%, cryptoxantin 4%, zeaxantin 2%. To nu cha phn ln l fucoxantin. Trong lng trng g c hai xantophyl l: dihydroxy-- carotene v dihydroxy-- carotene ( t l 2:1)

2.2.4. Capxantin

CTCT : C40H58O3
CH3 H3C H3C HO O CH3 H3C H3C OH

CH3

CH3

H3C

CH3

capxantin( 3, 3 dihydroxy , carotene-6-one) L cht mu vng c trong t. Chim 7/8 t L dn xut ca carotene nhng mu carotenoid khc 10 ln. Trong t c nhiu hn t xanh 35 ln 2.2.5. Birxin tt c mu ca

mnh

hn

Bixin Birxin l mt apocarotenoid c tm thy trong Annatto, mt loi thc phm mu t nhin ly t ht ca cy achiote (Bixa nhum). Annatto ht sc t cha khong 5%, trong bao gm bixin 70-80%. Birxin l khng n nh v mt ha hc khi phn lp v chuyn i qua isome rization vo birxintrans (-bixin), cc ng phn i tri phiu. Birxin ha tan trong cht bo nhng khng ha tan trong nc. Khi tip xc vi kim, cc ester methyl c thy phn sn xut axit norbixin dicarboxylic, mt dn xut tan trong nc. 2.2.6. Astarxantin Astarxantin l mt carotenoid. N thuc v mt nhm ln hn c gi l tecpen. N c phn loi nh l mt hong th t, c ngha l "sc t vng". Ging nh nhiu carotenoid, astarxantin cng l dn xut ca carotene v c tn gi l 3,3`-dihidroxy-4,4- dixeto -carotene. Astarxantin c tm thy trong vi to, men bia, c hi, c, loi nhuyn th, tm, tm cng, ng vt gip xc, v nhng chic lng ca mt s loi chim.

Trong trng ca loi gip xc c cht mu xanh ve gi l ovoverding c th coi nh l mui dng endiol ca astarxantin v nhm amin ca protein (kt hp ca astarxantin v protein):

Astarxantin Trong mai v gip ca cua, tm astarxantin cng tham gia vo thnh phn ca lipoprotein gi l xianin.Trong qu trnh gia nhit do protein b bin tnh v astarxantin bi tch ra di dng cht mu . Hin nay, vic s dng chnh cho con ngi l nh l mt thc phm b sung . Nghin cu cho thy rng do cht chng oxy ho hot ng mnh ca astarxantin, n c th c ch trong min dch, vim v thoi ha thn kinh bnh tim mch. Mt s nghin cu cho thy tim nng chng ung th . Nghin cu h tr cc gi nh rng n bo v c th m t xy ho. 2.2.7. Xitroxantin Xitroxantin c cng thc C40H50O. Xitroxantin c trong chanh. Xitroxantin c c khi kt hp vo phn t -carotene t oxi to thnh cu trc furanoit: v qu mt nguyn

Xitroxantin dng tinh khit, xitroxantin l mt tinh th mu rn vi nh kim. N c t do ha tan trong cloroform ,benzen , pyridin , v disulfua cacbon. Trong c th con ngi, xitroxantin c chuyn thnh vitamin A ( retinol ) do c coi l tin vitamin . Cng nh carotenoid khc, xitroxantin l mt cht chng oxy ha v c th gip ngn nga thit hi cho cc t bo v DNA, cng nh kch thch sa cha cc thit hi oxy ha n DNA. 2.2.8. Criptoxantin

Criptoxanthin, cn c gi l hong criptoxantin, l mt tin vitamin c tm nhiu loi thc phm bao gm c t chung cam, ng, b v bi. N c chuyn i thnh retinol, l mt hnh thc hot ng Thuc tnh ca n chng lo ha c s nhiu nghin cu, v nghin cu mi y phn t quan trng cho chc nng phi khe mnh.

th t hay beta thy , trong rau c trong mi, th

ca vitamin A. tp trung ca ha hn cho

thy rng n c th lm gim nguy c ca mt s dng ung th. Ngoi ra, hp cht ny c cho l mt

Criptoxantin Criptoxantin c cng thc l: C40H56O (3-hoc 4-hydroxy -carotene). Bin i ca carotenoid trong qu trnh bo qun v ch bin. 1. Trong bo qun. Trong qa trnh bo qun c th xy ra s mt mu hay tng hp carotenoid ty vo loi rau qu v iu kin bo qun ( nhit , nh sng...). S mt mu ca carotenoid cng din ra trong sut thi gian lo ha ca cy nhng chm hn chlorophyll. Thnh phn carotenoid cng c th thay i trong sut qu trnh lo ha, hnh thnh nn cc xantoophyly ester v epoxyde.( Biswal, 1995). V d v s gim hm lng carotenoid t bp v t ngt nhit cng cao carotenoid trong nguyn liu cng b ph hy nhanh. t ngt bo qun trong 9 ngy 700C hm lng carotenoid mt 20%, cn khi bo qun 150C l 60%, 170C l 80% I. v d v s tng hp carotenoid. Lee( 1986) pht hin rng hm lng nhiu carotene bao gm , _ carotene tng nh trong c rt sut 100-125 ngy bo qun 20C v sau gim dn. Nhit thch hp cho s gia tng mu ca c chua khonag3 20-25oC. Di 10oC hay trn 30oC s pht trin mu s b ngn chn. Sau 7 ngy c chua s c mu vng l v mc d trn 30oC s tng hp lycopene b ngn chn nhng s tng hp -carotene vn tip tc.

C chua trn cy

20-25oC

35oC

Hnh 2.9 : s thay i mu ca c chua nhit bo qun khc nhau V d v s nh hng ca nh sng n s n nh ca cc hp cht carotenoid: c rt, carotene v lutein rt n nh trong 8 ngy bo qun 4oC trong ti ln di nh sng. Tuy nhin trong rau bina hm lng violaxanthin v lutein gim ln lt 60% v 20% trong 8 ngy bo qun trong iu kin nh sng ( Kopas- Lane v Warthesen, 1995) Trong bo qun lnh ng. Hm lng carotenoid trong qu trnh lnh ng kh n dnh . c rt t hoc khng c s gim mu v ng phn ha trong c rt, khoai lang, bp. VD: Lm lnh v bo qun khoai lang - 170C trong 6 thng khng c s thay i nhiu trong hm lng v mu sc ca tng ng phn carotene. Tuy nhin oxy v nh sng c th nh hng n s n nh ca carotenoid trong sut qu trnh bo qun lnh ng. V vy ng gi rau qu3 thch hp trc khi bo qun lnh ng c th lao b nh sng v oxi s gip gi mu carotenoid tt hn. Thng thng ngi ta s chn trc khi bo qun lnh ng v hot emzim lipoxygenase Vic mt mu carotenoid ph thuc nhiu vo chng loi rau qu, c chn hay khng chn trc khi lm lnh.

V d: trong bo qun lnh ng c rt - C chn: bo qun trong 12 thng trong -200C hm lng carotene gim rt t - Khng chn: hm lng carotene gim ng k Trong c chua hm lng carotenoid gim lin tc, lm mu nht dn trong thi gian bo qun 24 thng - 200C v 250C. 2. Trong ch bin. a. Bin i trong sn phm Fresh-cut Caratenoid l hp cht nhy cm vi nh sng,Di tc ng ca nh sng c th xy ra cc bin i sau: Xy ra s quang oxy ha: nh sng tc ng lncc cht nhy cm, oxy ha cc cht ny to oxy nguyn t, sau oxy nguyn t s oxy ha ni i trong phn t carotenoid to cht khng mu. Phn ng oxy ha do tc ng ca enzyme lipoxygenase: S oxy ha do hoat ng ca h thng enzyme c tron rau qu.trong vai tr quan trng nht l enzyme lypoxygenase, chng tc ng ln lin kt ni i ca lipid to gc t do v peroxyde ( khi c mt oxy),

cc hp cht ny tip tc oxy ha carotenoid hoc cc enzyme s oxy ha trc tip h thng ni i lin hp to ra cc sn phm khng mu. Phn ng quang ng phn ha: Trans-carotenoid (mu m) cis-carotenoid (mu nht) VD: c chua trn cy m chu nhiu nh sng v nhit khng kh cao th qu s khng p nh khi trng trong iu kin n ha. Bin i ca carotenoid trong x l nhit: nh hng ca x l nhit n s mt mu hay ng phn ha ca carotenoid trong cc loi rau qu mu vng, cam, ty vo tng chng loi, thnh phn carotenoid, phng php gia nhit v iu kin ch bin. Thi gian, nhit v s c mt ca oxy cng nh hng n s bn mu. Qa trnh ch bin nc p qu: Nc p t carot hay c chua ,mu v s n nh thnh phn carotenoid ph thuc u kin ch bin. Nhng phng php nhit khc nhau s cho mu khc nhau t cam n vng. Mu trong nc p carot tng quan vi hm lng carotenoid v s hnh thnh ng phn cis. Cng mu gim khi ng phn cis c hnh thnh. Trong nc p c chua, 1% ca lycopene b mt trong 7 pht gia nhit 90oC. Mt 17% nu gia nhit 130oC Qu trnh chn v nu: Qu trnh gia nhit lm ph hy lc lap,caroten e c th hoa tan trong cht bodn n s i mu, nh hng ca nhit ln carotee rt phc tp c th tng, gim hay duy tr. Khi gia nhit nh di 100oC trong thi gian ngn( chn) c th tng hm lng carotenoid trong 1 n v khi lng l do cc cht tng nng khi t bo b ph hy, lng m b mt i, nhng cht ha tan v s v hot cc enzyme oxy ha carotene. Gia nhit mnh c th lm gim lc carotenoid do phn ng ng phn ha c th xy ty vo nhit v thi gian gia nhit. VD: C chua b mt 10% hm lng lycopene khi phi kh 110oC, nhng 80oC th hm lng ny khng i. u H Lan, hm lng lutein tng 38%, ham lng carotene tng 23% v tng hm lng carotenoid tng 26% khi gia nhit trong nc 3 pht. Mu sc v hm lg carotenoid khc nhau ty vo phng php ch bin VD: S c mt ca oxy trong khi chn c th lm gim hm lng carotenoid cn gim oxy ha tan trong ch bin Khng c s thay i mu ca carot trong nc trong 2 pht 88oC hay gia nhit cao troong thi gian ngn. Sy nhit cao Thng thng tch nc lm cho mu sn phm gim dn v ng phn ha carotenoid, c bit l rau nu rau qu kh khng c bo v bi ng sng, khng kh. Vic lm mt mu ca rau qu kh s din ra nhanh hn khi nhit cao. VD: Trong c chua, hm lng lycopene mt nhiu nht l 4% khi b sy kh trong 17% l ng phn cis. iu ny ch ra rng s ng phn ha v s oxy ha xy ra ng thi. Tuy nhin mu c sy trong i kin chn khng th hm lng carotenoid b tn tht thp nht l 2%. S khc nhau ny

c th l do hm lng ng tn ti trn b mt trong thi gian thm thu ngn cn s xm nhp ca oxy gy oxy ha lycopen S mt mu carotenoid trong carot sy kh t thuc vo nhit thi gian ba qun. Hm lng trans, , -carotenoev tt c ng phn trans-lutein s gin dn khi thi gian v nhit bo qun lu v ng phn cis tng ln

nu sy hnh2.10 : s bin i ca carot trong ch bin b. ng hp: Vic x l nhit 115oC v 121oC s ph hy cc mu ca carotenoid trong nc c rt p, c rt ng hp. Trong qu trnh bo qun nu nhit tng dn th hm lng carotene gim v n thc y cc phn ng oxi hha v ng phn ha. Khi iu kin bo qun l 115oC trong 30 pht th ng phn ca cis ,-carotene tng, cn khong 35% ng phn ca trans ,-carotene gim i. Khi ng hp trong iu kin chn khng, s oxi ha s b ngn chn do osi c loi tr trong qu trnh ng hp. 2.3.1. S oxi ha 2.3.1.1. S oxi ha khng do enzim: - Carotenoid khi tip xc vi khng kh dn dn b oxi ha ti cc ni i, to thnh cc hp cht c mu nu nh hidroperixide, carbonyl sn phm dng sy kh (c b mt tip xc khng kh ln) c bit d b oxi ha. - Thng thng cc carotenoid kh bn vi nhit nhng nhit cao n li b oxi ha gian tip thng qua s oxi ha cc acid bo cha no. - T l carotenoid b mt cn ph thuc vo nhit nh sng. Tt c cc carotenoid u nhy cm vi nh mt tri. nh sng nhn to khng c tc dng xc tc nh nh sng mt tri. V d: Sau 3 gi, 65C ch c 15% lng licopen b mt i, nhng 100C lng mt i l 25% - Khi gi tht nhit thp, 0 hay di 0 mt du cc phn ng ha sinh vn tip tc din ra vi tc chm bn trong v oxi ha mt phn bn ngoi nhng carotenoid ch b bin i khng ng k. - Nu bo qun nhit cao hn, sau mt nm c th mt i 10-20% lng carotenoid tan trong m .

ti

- Khi gi nhit trong bao b khng thm nc , trong chn khng hay kh nit th s mt mt nh. Nhn chung carotenoid khng bn vi nhit khi c c nh sng v oxi. Nh vy tng nhit ch lm tng thm qu trnh bin i nht l qu trnh oxi ha. - S oxi ha cng gim i ti thiu khi c s kt hp sc t vi du. Du bo v cc carotenoid khi s tn cng ca oxi. Ngoi ra ngi ta cn dng cc cht chng oxi ha nh : vitamin C, vitamin E, hydroquinone, thm vo cc sn phm. Viatmin C nhng hydro trc tip cho cc peroxide, trong qu trnh ny vitamin E l cht trung gian. 2.3.1.2. S oxy ha do enzym: Trong t bo, carotenod n nh hn khi to thnh phc hp carotenoid-protein. Carotenoid b tn cng bi cc enzym oxy ha cht bo : Peroxidase lm gim lng cht bo theo c ch : Carotenoid
peroxidase 5,6 epoxide acid

5,8 epoxide

-Lipoxidase to thnh acid t do t acid bo khng no sau d bt u oxy ha cc caroenoid . -Lipoperoxidase ch hot ng khi c mt ca acid bo khng no bi oxy ha bi lipoxidase. ng dng: S cng oxy ha cht bo ca carotenoid c th quan st c qua s bin mu ca sn phm. S mt mu c ng dng trong sn xut bt m. S i mu ca tiu t sang nu, mc d phn ln l do phn ng maillard nhng trc tin l do s oxy ha capxanthin. Nhng sn phm c mi cng c hnh thnh trong qu trnh oxy ha ca carotenoid ng dng trong qu trnh lm mt. Ngoi ra, ru vang c chng ct lu nm c mi c trng l do s oxi ha ca neoxanthin v mt s carotenoid khc thnh 1,2 dihidro-1,1,6 trimethyl naphthalene. 2.3.2. S ng phn ha : Carotenoid trong t nhin dng ng phn trans n nh hn. Dng ng phn trans xon 180 di nh hng ca nhit , nh sng v bc x. ng phn cis t bn hn, hp thu nh sng c bc sng ngn hn nn c mu sng hn. ng phn ha do nhit l thay i xy ra trong sut qu trnh sn xut thc phm. nhit cao sn phm d mt mu, nhit cao hay thp nh hng nhiu hn so vi vic cung cp nhit. 2.3.4. S nhim bn ca ion kim loi: Mt vi ion kim loi c th lm gim cht lng ca carotenoid khi khng c cht bo.

V d: ngi ta chng t rng lm gim cht lng licopen n 3,5 ln so vi bnh thng, ion ng l cht xc tc cho vic to thnh cc gc t do. 2.3.5. nh hng ca pH: pH trung tnh v kim nhit s ph hy d dng cc vitamin A v carotenoid. Thng thng tht v cc ch phm t tht u c pH acid do c th bo v c t nhiu vitamin A.

II.

PHNG PHP TCH CHIT CAROTENOID V PHNG PHP NH LNG. 1. Phng php tch chit

Carotenoid l cc sc t t nhin to ra mu vng, da cam, trong rt nhiu cc loi hoa qu (gc, chanh, o, m, cam, nho), rau (c rt, c chua), nm v hoa. Chng cng c mt trong cc sn phm ng vt nh trng, tm hm, c Chng c bit n nh l cc hp cht c kh nng chng oxi ha do c th c chc nng trong phng chng lo ha, ung th...i vi thc vt carotenoid ng vai tr mt cht chng oxy ha, bo v cc t bo trnh cc tn hi do gc t do, carotenoid cng gp phn n nh v bo v b gen ca t bo. i vi con ngi: khi chng ta n carotenoid, chng ta c c ngun chng oxy ha t thc vt cng nh nhiu d ng cng kh nn cht thit yu khc, carotenoid mang li nhiu li ch cho sc khe, nh tng g khng chng nhim khun, ngn nga tn thng DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid) v cc cht liu di truyn khc, gim nguy c ung th,Ngoi ra carotenoid cn c ng dng trong cong nghip thc phm bi chc nng to mu thc phm. Chnh v vy, cc hp cht carotenoid rt c quan tm nghin cu, t c nhng kt qu khng ch v nh hng ca chng ln cc c th sinh vt m cn a ra mt s sn phm thuc v thc phm thuc b sung hng ngy. Ngy nay, c rt nhiu phng php khc nhau sn xut carotenoid khc nhau. T nhng phng php truyn thng nh trch ly t nguyn liu thc vt cho n vic p dng cng ngh sinh hc nh qu trnh t hp gen t cc vi sinh vt c kh nng sinh carotenoid. V t c nhng kt qu kh quan c ngha rt ln i vi i sng v khoa hc. Gn y, cc loi my mc v thit b cng ngh thc t c nhng kt qu tuyt vi trong vic c lp, ng nht ha v tinh ch cc sc t t nhin trong c c carotenoid. Cc sc t ny va mang gi tr dinh d ng va c ng dng trong sn xut thuc nhum v c kh nng tng cng sc khng cho c th. Trong bi vit ny m t cch trch ly, c lp v tinh ch carotenoid mt cch thc tin t nguyn liu thc vt. Phng php ny c thc hin ch yu a trn nhng nguyn liu t nhin c cha carotenoid v mc trch xut ph thuc vo tnh phn cc v ha tan ca dung mi em s dng . Ngoi ra, thc hin ch cn nhng thit b th nghim v dung mi thng thng sn c. Quy trnh chit tch carotenoid.

Nguyn liu

Dung mi

Trch ly

Lc

Bay hi nc

X phng ha

Dch chit Carotenoid

Sc k ct

Carotenoid

Thuyt minh quy trnh: a. Nguyn liu: Nguyn liu trc khi trch ly c x l s b. Vic sy mu trc khi trch ly l iu cn thit, v d lng m trong c rt v c chua l t 8095%; ngoi ra cng nn gim kch thc mu cho nh li. Theo cc nghin cu ca Goto. M v cng s (1994), Sun. M v cng s (2006), qu trnh trch ly c rt qua sy v ng lnh c hiu sut cng tng khi kch thc nguyn liu cng nh. Tng hiu sut trch ly carotenoids tng t 1109,8 n 1369 v 1503,8 g/g c rt khi kch thc gim t 1-2mm n 0,5-1 mm v 0,25-0,5mm (Sun. M v cng s -2006). [198, 207]

m c nh hng khc nhau n hiu sut trch ly Carotenoids. Cc hiu sut trch ly v carotene tng khi gim m trong nguyn liu ban u, trong khi hiu sut trch ly lutein gim . Hiu sut trch ly lutein gim t 55,3 n 29,9; 19,3 v 13,0 g/g c rt kh khi gim m t 84,6 n 48,3; 17,5 v 0,8%, trong khi hiu sut trch ly -v -carotene tng t 184,1 n 323; 442,3 v 599,0 g/g, v t 354,2 n 547,8; 668,3 v 891,7 g/g c rt kh theo tng ng.

Hnh : Lng nc trch ly cc m khc nhau t nguyn liu b. Trch ly Trch ly bng dung mi. Ly trch (chit) l phng php dung mt dung mi (n hay hn hp) tch l y mt cht hay mt nhm cc cht t hn hp cn nghin cu. Trng hp thng gp nht l s chit hot cht t dung dch nc vo dung mi hu c. Dung mi c t trng nh hn s lp trn nh: eter, benzene, cc hyrocacbua, dung mi c t trng lp hn s lp di nh: chloroform, tetracloriccacbon, icloetan, khi trn ln 2 pha nc v dung mi hu c vi nhau pha ny c th khuch tn mt t sang pha kia nhng v c bn mt pha vn l nc v pha kia vn l dung mi hu c. Khi lc 2 pha li vi nhau, th tch 2 pha khi lc khng bng ng nh th tch trc khi lc. Tuy nhin cho n gin, gi thit rng th tch ca pha l khng i khi lc. Ly trch nhm mc ch iu ch hay phn tch. - y chng ta dng dung mi hexane (hoc hexane/acetone) ly trch cc sc t carotenoid. Cch tin hnh: - Nguyn liu c kh nc ti bnh trch ly 500 ml. - Thm vo ba ln th tch dung dch trch ly (hexane/acetone 1:1(v/v) hoc hexane) sau trn u trong vng 15 pht bng my trn trc chng n huyn ph dung dch. Ch : khng c gia nhit. - Kt hp h thng lc chn khng vi giy lc Whatman lc dung dch v thu hi dch lc - Phn dch c lc ny loi cc cht bn bng giy lc. c th trch ly thm ln na bng cch thm vo 2 ln th tch cht cht ly vo b va c lc, tin hnh lc cho n khi quan st khng thy r c mu ca phn dch chit.

Phn dch chit c c c khong 40ml bng Thit b bc hi quay i km my bm chn khng ti nhit 55C. Thm vo 3ml dung dch x phng ha v khuy u khong 45 pht ti 56C. Chuyn phn dch chit c x phng ha sang phu chit 125ml v thm vo mt lng dung dich kh mui bng th tch ca dch chit. Phn y cn li c ra sch bng nc ly c mt cch ti a dch chit. Thm vo 3 g Na2SO4 sau tin hnh lc bng giy lc whatman v ct gi phn dch lc.

(1) Thit b trch ly Trch ly bng CO2 siu ti hn.

(2) ni c quay

i vi mi cht thng thng, di mi mt iu kin nht nh chng s tn ti mt trng thi no trong 3 trng thi rn, lng v kh. Nu nn cht kh ti mt p sut cao, cht kh s ha lng. Tuy nhin, c mt gi tr p sut m , nu nng dn nhit ln th cht lng cng khng th tr v trng thi kh, m ri vo mt vng trng thi c bit gi l trng thi siu ti hn (supercritical). Vt cht trng thi ny mang nhiu c tnh ca c cht kh v cht lng, ngha l dung mi mang tnh trung gian gia kh v lng. + V vy khi CO2 c a ln nhit , p sut cao hn nhit , p sut ti hn ca n (trn TC = 310C, PC = 73,8 bar), CO2 s chuyn sang trng thi siu ti hn. +Ti trng thi ny CO2 mang hai c tnh: c tnh phn tch ca qu trnh trch ly v c tnh phn tch ca qu trnh chng ct. +N c kh nng ho tan rt tt cc i tng cn tch ra khi mu c 3 dng rn, lng, kh. Sau qu trnh chit, thu hi sn phm ch cn gim p sut thp hn p sut ti hn th CO2 chuyn sang dng kh ra ngoi cn sn phm c thot ra bnh hng. - u im ca phng php SCO2 so vi cc phng php truyn thng. +Sn phm c cht lng cao: i vi tinh du th c mu, mi t nhin, khng ln nhiu thnh phn khng mong mun, vi cc hp cht t nhin th tch c cc cht c hot tnh cao. + Khng cn lng dung mi d + Tch cc hot cht vi hm lng cao + Khng gy nhim mi trng. + L mt phng php c cng ngh cao v an ton vi cc sn phm t nhin

Hnh: trng thi siu ti hn ca CO2

Nguyn l hot ng ca thit b. u tin ngi ta s cho nguyn liu vo bnh trch ly. Sau np CO2 vo bnh ui khng kh trong bnh ra mi trng bn ngoi. Tip theo CO 2 c bm i qua thit b trao i nhit ri i vo bnh trch ly. Ngi ta s hiu chnh nhit ( 60 0C) v nng p sut khong 44MPa cho CO2 t n trng thi siu ti hn. khi kt thc qu trnh trch ly, hn hp trong bnh s a qua bnh phn ring. Bng cch thay i p sut, ngi ta s tch c CO2 v cht chit. khi , CO2 c thu hi v c lm lnh ti s dng cho m sn xut tip theo, cn cht chit s c tch ra khi bnh theo ca y. Song song , ngi ta s tho b nguyn liu v v sinh bnh trch ly trc khi thc hin m trch ly tip theo.

Hnh : Nng Lycopene chit

xut t ht v v c chua 86C v p sut 34,47 MPa.

3. Lc Mc ch: loi b tp cht v kt ta trong qu trnh trch ly.

Hnh : mng lc whatman 4. X phng ha. Mc ch: gip loi b cht bo khng mong mun cng nh cht dip lc, gip thc y nhanh qu trnh phn lp carotenoid 5. Sc k ct:

Sc k ct l phng php m cht nhi (l pha tnh: hp ph, trao i ion, phn gen) c nhi vo ct, dng phn chia cc cht trong hn hp v tinh ch cc cht. Thng thng, ngi ta ho tan hn hp cht nghin cu vo mt dung mi (pha ng) vi lng va , ri np ln ct theo cch ph hp sao cho cht nghin cu lan thnh mt lp phng ln ct; sau , tin hnh rt pha ng chy qua ct sc k. - Phng php sc k da vo s phn b khc nhau ca cc cht gia hai pha ng v tnh. C nhiu nguyn nhn a n s phn b khc nhau ca cc cht, nhng chnh s lp i lp li hin tng hp ph phn hp ph ca cc cht khi dng pha ng chuyn ng qua pha tnh l nguyn nhn ch yu ca vic tch sc k.

Hnh : c ch ca phng php sc k ct

Phng php thc hin: Nt kn bnh bn di ca ct sc k 600 x 40mm bng len lm thy tinh. t mt lp cht hp ph di khong 20cm bn trong ct. San bng lp cht hp ph v ri ln trn mt lp Na2SO4 khan dy khong 2cm. Rt cht ra gii carotene vo trong ct cho ti khi cht ra gii thm t hon ton cht hp ph. Thay bnh thu nhn bng mt ci bnh sch v rt phn dch chit vo trong ct. Tt c cc cht s c thm vo lp cht hp ph sau tin hnh ra gii carotene cho ti khi cc carotenoid tch bit thnh tng di ring bit th thu nhn vo bnh. Ra gii cc sc t monohydroxy bng cht ra gii MHP cn ra gii cc sc t dihydroxy v cc sc t phn cc nhiu hn th dung cht ra gii DHP.

2. Phng php nh lng carotenoid.


a. Phng php n gin (theo Tziret) Nguyn l Cc loi sc t ca mu th bng cch hp th bi Al2O3, mu sc ca caroten cn c so snh vi dung dch mu Kilipicromat sc k Dubot hoc so snh vi thang mu. Bc 1: x l mu. Tin hnh th

Cn thc phm

Ct, nghin Na2SO4 khan, ct sch Them Al2O3 tinh th, nghin o 2 pht 4ml ete du ha, lc u Cho vo ng ong

n khi phn trn dung dch trong sut Bc 2 Chun b mu nghin cu: Ly 10ml dung dch chit trong( trn) cho vo ng nghim Bc 3 Xy dng thang mu chun(cho vo 10 ng nghim c dung dch) STT ng Dung dch Nc ct Hm lng Caroten (mg/100g nghim K2Cr2O7 cht kh). Nu phn tch trn 0.72% 1g cht th chit vi 40ml dung mi 1 10 0.0 16.6 2 9.4 0.6 15.6 3 8.8 1.2 14.6 4 8.2 1.8 13.6 5 7.6 2.4 12.6 6 7.0 3.0 11.6 7 6.4 3.6 10.6 8 5.8 4.2 9.6 9 5.2 4.8 8.6 10 0 5.2 0 Bc 4 So mu v tnh kt qu phn tch So mu mu nghin cu vi thang mu chun. 1ml dung dch K2Cr2O7 0.72% tng ng vi 0.00416 mg Caroten. Nu dng thang mu chun cn ch n h s pha long.

b. Phng php sc k ct Nguyn tc Tch caroten ra khi lng thc, thc phm bng phng php sc k ct ri em so mu. Dng c, ho cht - Cn phn tch - Bnh nh mc V=50ml, 100ml - Ci s - My so mu - Ct sc k: di 30cm, = 1cm - Ct tinh ch: ct qua ry c ng knh l 4-5mm. Ra ct qua ry bng nc my, ri dng HCl (t l 1/1) cho vo ct, khuy k, ngm 1 m.Ra ct cho ti ht axit. Ra li bng nc ct, sy kh. - Benzin: nhit si 70-800C - Cht hp th: Al2O3 loi dng cho sc k, sy 1000C trong 1 gi, bo qun trong bnh lm kh c cht chng m silicagen - Na2SO4 khan - Dung dch azobenzen tiu chun Cch tin hnh: Bc 1:X l mu

Cn G(g) mu lng thc,thc phm kh cho vo ci s, nghin k vi ct sch trong 30 pht. Bc 2:Nhi ct sc k - Chun b ct nha (thu tinh) di 30 cm, ng knh 1cm. Nhi bng thm nc phn di ct. - Nhi Al2O3 khong 2/3 ct.Dng a thu tinh g nh cho cht.Trn cng li t lp bng dy 1cm. - Bt kh t ci c chuyn vo phn trn ct sc k . - Cho benzin vo ct cho n khi lp bt khng thm benzin na. Dng bm ht nh bt c ra bng benzin n khi khng cn thy nhng git mu vng chy ra khi ct sc k th dng li. * Lu : cho benzin ph ngp lp bt v caroten d b oxy ho bi khng kh. Bc 3:Chun b mu chun Chuyn ton b caroten t bnh hng vo bnh nh mc 50ml (100ml) v thm benzin n vch mc ,lc nh. Bc 4: So mu Dung dch caroten ny c em so mu vi dung dch azobenzen tiu chun ( pha long 10 ln), o mt quang. Trong 1ml dung dch c mu ging dung dch azobenzen tiu chun th cha 0,00235mg caroten. Bc 5: Tnh kt qu Hm lng caroten (tnh theo mg trong 100g sn phm) c tnh theo cng thc. X= (0.00235.100.V.Dtc)/Dm.G Trong : V: dung tch bnh nh mc cha caroten (ml). Dtc: mt ca dung dch azobenzen tiu chun (mm). Dm: Mt quang ca dd caroten (mm) G: Lng mu cn (g). Tnh kt qu: Hm lng caroten (tnh theo mg trong 100g sn phm) c tnh theo cng thc: X= Trong : V- dung tch bnh nh mc cha dung dch caroten trong benzin (ml) G- lng mu cn (g) Dtc- mt quang hoc chiu cao thc (trn my ubt) ca dung dch azobenzen tiu chun (mm) Dm- mt quang ca dung dch caroten (mm)

c. nh lng carotenoid bng phng php HPLC. Hin nay, cc phng php phn tch carotenoid ang c pht trin, bao gm sc k lp mng v sc k lng cao p, thay th b sung cho phng php phn tch c in. nh tnh v nh gi cu trc carotenoid, cc phng php ph bin l ph UV-VIS, ph cng hng t ht nhn v khi ph. Ngoi ra, phng php xc nh bng in ha cng l mt cng c rt hu ch, thay th cho phng php HPLC thng thng, trong nhng trng hp i hi nhy cao ( c 10-15) i vi c mu nh hoc phn tch lng vt. Phng php o quang ph t ngoi kh kin thng c dng c lng tng s carotenoid, tuy nhin, phng php sc k lng cao p c dng ph bin nht xc nh tng carotenoid ring bit.

Tuy hin nay cha c mt phng php chun xc nh tt c cc carotenoid trong thc phm nhng phng php ca Hart v Scott, trn thit b sc k lng cao p c s dng rng ri trong nhiu nghin cu thnh phn cc carotenoid cng nh trong mt s th nghim lin phng. Nguyn tc ca phng php:
HPLC l phng php sc k c pht trin da trn phng php ghi sc k ct, cc cht phn tch khi qua ct sc k do c i lc khc nhau vi pha ng( dung mi) v pha tnh (cc ht nhi trong ct) m chng ra khi ct vi thi gian khc nhau,cht no c i lc vi pha tnh ln hn s gi trong ct lu hn, cn cht c i lc nh vi pha tnh s ra khi ct cng vi pha ng sm hn . Thay v dung mi nh git qua mt ct ghi sc k di tc dng ca trng lc, ngi ta t ln dung mi p sut khong 400at s dch chuyn xy ra nhanh hn. Phng php ny cho php chng ta s dng cc ht c kch thc nh trong ct hp ph v lm tng b mt tip xc gia pha tnh v cc phn t cht phn tch i qua n. iu ny s tng cng kh nng phn tch cc cht c trong hn hp

Cht khuch tn

Pha tnh
Cch tin hnh: Ha cht, thuc th.

Pha ng

Hnh : s tng tc gia pha ng, pha tnh v cht khuch tn

Tt c cc loi ha cht s dng u thuc loi ha cht tinh khit phn tch. Methanol, ethanol, acetonitrile, petroleum ethr.... cc cht chun -carotene, lutein, zeaxanthin, lycopene . H thng sc k. H thng sc k lng c s dng trong nghin cu ny l h thng sc k ion vi cc detetor UV VIS 2487, hunh quan, bm mu bng tay. Chun b dung dch chun:
Lutein, -carotene, -carotene c ha tan trong dung chloroform v thm hexane ( t l 1:9) n vch inh mc. Zeaxanthin v lycopen c ha tan trong chloroform. Tr lycopen, tt c cc dung dch chun c bo qun trong l kn sn mu -200C. trnh s phn hy, lycopen c chia vo cc l nh mi l 1ml, thi kh bng nit v ng kn, bo qun -200C. Khi dng ha tan li bng chloroform. Trc khi o hp ph cc l chun c nhit phng v mt lng dung dch ca mi cht c thi kh bng nit v ho tan li bng dung mi thch hp ri o trn my quang ph hp ph. Nng ca dung dch chun c tnh li da trn h s hp ph ring. chun b mu rau qu. Cc mu rau qu gm rau mung, rau ngt, c chua, c rt, t vng v cc mu qu l cam, qut, mn, u , v da hu c ra sch, ly phn n c xay u bng my xay mu t. phng php chit xut carotenoid.

Hnh : Quy trnh chit xut carotenoid theo phng php ca Hart v Scott.

Trong :
12345678Bnh cha dung mi pha ng B phn kh kh Bm cao p B phn tim mu (bng tay hay autosample) Ct sc k (pha tnh) ( ngoi mi trng hay trong b iu nhit) Detector (nhn tn hiu) H thng my tnh gn phn mm nhn tn hiu v x l d liu v iu khin h thng HPLC. In d liu.

Phn III. Quy trnh sn xut mayonnaise b sung tinh du gc. I. Mayonnaise 1. c im: Mayonnnaise l m t lo i s t snh mt xu t x t c c nc ph ng Ty, c s d ng c h m cc lo i nem, ch , v l m cc lo i s alad, c bit ngon khi s d ng vi c c lo i h i s n nh tm, s, c hp . Mayonnnaise t h ng c bn r t nhi u trong cc siu t h, c a hng n vi nhi u nhn mc khc nhau xu t x t c c qu c gia Nga, Php, ... Tuy nhin trong khun k h n i tr gia nh ho n to n c th lm m n ny ct trong t l nh dng d n, v x t rt d l m, vi cc nguyn v t li u d ki m. Tr n kh p th gii, mayo nnaise th ng c dng nhi u nh t vi sandwich ho c sa lt nh sal ad kho ai ty hay c ng ng h p. Ty theo m i t n c, ngi t a l i c nh ng cch dng khc nhau.

2. Thnh phn Mayonnaise lm ti nh c th cha 85% cht bo trc khi hn hp va ra; cc loi mayonnaise thng mi thng c 70-80% cht bo. Cc loi mayonnaise c hm lng cht bo thp thng c cha tinh bt, gel cellulose, hoc cc thnh phn khc to hng v ging mayonnaise tht. Mt vi cch lm mayonnaise ti nh s dng ton b qu trng, bao gm c lng trng trng. Ta cng c th ch s dng mi lng trng lm mayonnaise tc cao trong mt my ch bin thc n. Hn hp c to ra gn ging, v nu c thm gia v nh mui, tiu, m tt, nc chanh, gim, v mt t t ca g th hng v rt ging vi mayonnaise truyn thng c lm t lng trng. Nhng nh sn xut hoc tit trng v lm ng lnh lng trng, thay th phn ln cc loi cht lng bng nc, hoc dng cc cht to nh khc. Vi cc loi mayonaise lm ti nh th nn s dng loi trng ti nht c th. Mt vi ca hng cn bn trng tit trng s dng ti nh. Trng c th c luc trong nc 77C lng ri khi lng trng. Cc loi mayonnaise lm ti nh thng ch gi c trong t lnh 3-4 ngy. Mayonnaise thng mi v c cha cc axt nh gim hay nc chanh nn thng c pH gia 3,8 v 4,6 v l loi thc n c tnh axt. C mt quan nim sai lm rng nhng thc n nh sa lt khoai ty c th khin ngi n mc bnh nu di nh mt tri v mayonnaise b un nng. iu ny l hon ton sai; pH ca mayonnaise c tc dng ngn chn vi khun pht trin. Nu b ra ngoi t lnh, mayonnaise s c mi v v kh chu v b cc loi vi khun v ru mc ph hoi nhng cng khng th lm ngi n mc bnh.
Mayonnaise thng mi thng c cha cht EDTA. Cc nh sn xut ni rng cht ny c thm vo bo qun cht lng, th nhng mt s ti liu vch ra rng cht EDTA c th gy ra nh hng xu cho h sinh sn v s pht trin ca c th. II. Nguyn liu trong sn xut mayonnaise b sung bt gc ti. 1. Trng - Lng : gm cc ht protein phn tn trong dung dch protein - Lng cha gn nh ton b lipit ca trng ch yu l triglixerit (60%), phosphatit (28%) v cholesterol(5%) - Cng mu ca lng ph thuc vo hm lng carotenoit ca thc n v iu kin chn th. Gia cm nui th t nhin, n thc n t nhin th trng c long mu sc p hn so vi gia cm nui theo li cng nghip. Khi luc trng hoc dng cc x l nhit khc (rn) th lng c li mi v bi, bo c trng, c bit t lng trng c th gii phng ra H2S, c th tc dng vi Fe ca lng to kt ta en FeS (vt en trn b mt lng chin). - Cc c ht di nh d ng ch y u t p trung lng tr ng, lng ch a nhi u vit ami n A v caroten, ngo i ra tr ng cn c cc vit ami n khc nh D, E, K, vit ami n nhm B v C.

Bng 1: Thnh phn dinh d ng c trong qu trng Dinh d ng Cht c m Cht bo Bt ng Khong cht T l 10-13% 11% 0,7% 1%

Lecithin Cholesteron Vitamin A,B, D, K v E

4% 0,4% 4mg/ trng

Bng 2: thnh phn dinh d ng c trong lng trng Thnh phn Nc Protein Lipid Glucid Khong Vitamin T l (%) 47-50 15-17 27-36 0,7-1,0 0,7 1,6 Cc loi ( tr vitamin C)

2. Gc ti. Gc l loi cy thn tho dy leo hng nm thuc chi mp ng, l loi n tnh khc gc (dioecious) cui ng sau khi thu hoch qu ngi ta cht n tn gc, sang xun cy li leo ln ti tt. T gc mc ra nhiu thn mi, mi dy c nhiu t, mi t c l. L Gc nhn mc so le, hnh thy chn vt, chia thy kh su, l to di t 10 25cm, mt trn xanh lc thm, pha di mu xanh nht. Hoa Gc mu vng nht, n tnh, n vo thng 5, 6 pha Bc, trong Nam c nhiu v (Nguyn Thin Lun v cng s, 1999). Trung bnh, cn khong 18 20 ngy qu c th chn t khi n hoa ci xut hin. Mt cy c th cho khong 30 60 qu trong mt nm (WHO (1990) c trch dn bi Vng L Thu (2002)). C 2 loi Gc c trng ph bin Vit Nam l:

Gc Np: Tri to, nhiu ht, gai to, t gai. Khi chin chuyn sang mu cam rt p. B tri ra, bn trong cm vng ti, mng bao bc ht c mu ti rt m. Gc T: Tri nh, c t ht, gai nhn. Tri chin b ra bn trong cm c mu vng v mng bao bc ht thng c mu nht hoc mu hng khng c ti nh Gc np.

Hnh (1) tri gc t

(2) tri gc np

Thnh phn ha hc c trong mng ca qu gc S th t 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Thnh phn Nc Protein Lipide Glucide X Mui khong
- Caroten

Gi tr (%) 77 2,1 7,9 10,5 1,8 0,7 0,046 0,038

Lycopen

a. Vai tr ca Gc

Gip sng mt, phng nga cc bnh v nt nh m, nht mi mt, kh mt, qung g, c thy tinh th. Chng lo ha, lm p da, gip da lun mn mng, ti tr. Phng chng suy dinh d ng v thiu vitamin A, c bit i vi tr em v ph n. Ngn nga cc bnh ung th, c bit l ung th gan v ung th v. H cholesterol v lipid mu, rt tt i vi nhng ngi b tim mch, tiu ng, vim gan.

3. Gim a. Phn loi gim: Gim c thnh phn gim ct ( chng) v gm pha ch.

Hnh : gim nui bng chui

Gim ct ( cng gi l gim go) ly lng thc, ng lm nguyn liu chnh, thng qua vic vi sinh vt ln mem, thnh phn dinh d ng ca n c acid acetic, ng, acid hu c, vitamin, mui v c... rt tt cho vic trao i cht ca c th. Cn gim pha ch ( gim ha hc) th ly acid acetic tinh ca thnh phn ha hc lm nguyn liu chnh, thm nc pha long m thnh, khng c thnh phn dinh d ng khc. Nu s dng acid acetic cng nghip lm dm dng pha ch n i vi c th l c hi.

Hnh 4: gim mt Gim mt chu c lch s lu i hn 2000 nm nhiu chng loi. Do hon cnh a l, nguyn liu khng ging nhau, gim n cc nc cng khng ging nhau. Pht trin dn theo nhu cu ngi ta chia ra theo hiu lc v cng dng ca gim t loi n thun gia v pht trin thnh loi dng nu nng, loi lm ngon cm, loi gi sc khe v loi nc ung. - Loi nu nng: acid acetic 5% v nng thm du, vn c tc dng ty mi tanh, gip ti tht. i vi tht c, hi sn, .... v cng thch hp. Nu nh dng gim trng ct, vn khng th nh hng mu sc thc n vn c. - Loi ngon cm: acid acetic 4%, v kh ngt, thch hp trn thc n, nc chm nh trn da chut, im tm...c tc dng ti gin. Loi gim ny c gim go hoa hng, gim go ct v gim lm ngon cm. - Loi bo v sc khe: acid acetic kh thp khong 3%. Khu v kh ngon, mi bui sng sm hay sau khi n ung 1 tha l tt, c th tng cng thn th v tc dng phng chng bnh, loi gim ny c hn 10 loi. - Loi nc ung: acid acetic 1%. Trong qu trnh ln men thm ng, tri cy... hnh thnh tro lu nc ung acid amin. b. Thnh phn ha hc ca gim. - Trong gim c cc acid amin phong ph: 18 loi acid amin c th ngi khng tng hp c trong gim u c, c 8 loi acid amin thc vt cung cp. - Trong gim c vitamin B1, B2, B3, C... bt ngun t kt qu trao i cht vi sinh vt trong qu trnh ln men thc n v nguyn liu. Mt s sinh t dinh d ng loi ny l thnh phn to thnh men ph ca mt s men trong qu trnh trao i cht ca c th, c tc dng quan trng trong cuc sng ca con ngi. - Mt s mui trong gim v cng phong ph Na,K, Ca, Fe, Cu, ... mt s khong cht ly t nguyn liu gim, cha thc n trong qu trnh trao i cht hay tng thm do ngi gia cng thm vo. - Nguyn t vi lng Ca, Fe, Cu, P... gip qu trnh sinh l chng gi, yu v qu trnh sinh trng tui dy th hoc l thnh phn khng th thiu trong vic trao i cht. 4. Nguyn liu ph- gia v- ph gia. a. ng ng dng l ng trng, dng cho sn xut hp cn phi kh, trng, tinh th ng nht, ha tan hon ton trong nc v dung dch khng mu.

ng ng tinh luyn tinh luyn Thng hn Hng I Hng II Hm lng saccharose, 99,8 99,75 99,62 99,48 % CK m ,% KL 0,05 0,05 0,07 0,08 Hm lng ng kh , 0,03 0,05 0,10 0,18 % KL lng Hm tro ,% KL 0,03 0,05 0,07 0,10 o 1,2 1,4 2,5 5,0 mu, ( ST ) Hnh dng Tinh th ng u, ti kh, khng vn cc Tinh th ng v dung dch ng trong nc ct c v ngt, khng Mi v c v l Trng Trng ng, ht Mu sc Trng sng Trng ng nh ng sm hn Ch tiu

b. Mui: Mui n l mt gia v quan trng, mui gp phn to v cho thc n. Mui trong sn xut thc phm phi trng u,sch,khng c tp cht, khng c v l, m khng qu 12%, khi ha tan trong nc ct nhn c dung dch trong v ng nht.

c. Chanh

Chanh hnh trn, mu xanh hoc mu vng, ng knh 3-6cm, bn trong cha tp c v chua.

d. Mustard : Trong ch bin thc phm, chng ta bit n 2 loi mustard sau:
M tc vng (mustard): M hay u trn th gii, qu v no thch n mn hotdog ca M u phi bit mustard. Loi gia v st nh tng t VN, c mu vng a, ch bin t ht ci cay mustard, c v nng nh hay cho thm vo nhng bnh m mm kp cy xc xch gi l hotdog . i vi bp u M y l loi gia v ph thng y nh nc mm VN vy. N dng lm gia v tm p ch bin nhng mn tht c mi nng nh b, nga, cu; to mi chnh cho vi kiu salad, n km nhng mn b nng, chin nu thch. M tc xanh (wasabi): L gia v khng th thiu trong nhng mn hi sn n sng (sashimi) ca ngi Nht. Gia v ny ch bin t cy wasabi (VN va c trng loi cy ny, s ch, xut i Nht h lm thnh M tt xanh ribn li cho ngi Vit). Loi gia v ny trn th trng lun c ch bin c mu xanh l cy, c nh kem nh rng nn hay cha trong tube, v cay rt nh, ch yu l mi nng gt, to cm gic sc ln mi khi n nhiu nhng s du i sau vi pht, cho thc khch rt kinh nghim m chm t i. Wasabi lm gim rt hiu qu v tanh ca nhng mn n ch bin bng hi sn sng ni chung. Nhng ch c tc dng trong thi gian ngn cho nn kh dng Wasabi tm p thc phm khi nu nng nh kiu dng t kho c VN chng hn. Wasabi c s dng nhiu chu v vi nh hng VN Si Gn dng Wasabi km vi chanh vt, gng trong nhiu mn c sng VN.

e. Ph gia lm nh.
Cht n nh nh tng c s dng l gum t nhin bao gm:tinh bt bp,guar gum, locust bean gum, tinh bt go ; tinh bt khoai ty, tinh bt c dong(y l loi cy thn c cha rhizome gums); algin, carrageenan, agar ; pectin (y l cht chit t thc vt); arabic gum (1 lai gum c bit); xanthane, dextran (gum c ln men); carboxymethyl cellulose, hydroxyalkylmethyl cellulose, methyl cellulose, starch phosphate, hydroxyethylated starch, hydroxypropylated starch, oxidized starch, dextrinated starch (these are processed gums); v c cellulose

III.

Quy trnh cng ngh


Trng

Ra

Thanh trng

Tch lng

Albumin

Nc ng Du, dm,gia v Ph gia

Trn

Gc ti

Nh ha

Xay nhuyn

ng ha

Thuyt minh quy trnh: 1. Ra a. Mc ch cng ngh: chun b Nhm loi tr cc tp cht nh t, ct, bi, rm, v gim lng vi sinh vt ngoi v nguyn liu. b. Bin i ca nguyn liu: - Trong qu trnh ra khng c s bin i v mt ha sinh, ha hc v ha l. - Vt l: gim nh khi lng t 0,5 1% - Sinh hc: gim lng vi sinh vt c. Thit b

d. Thng s

cng ngh

Yu cu: - Thi gian ra khng c ko di - Nguyn liu sau khi ra sch khng dp nt - Nc ra phi t yu cu v v sinh v cng - Tn t nc nht. Nc ra phi m bo cc ch tiu v sinh do b Y t quy nh v cng. Ni chung cng ca nc ra khng qu 2mg/l. 2. Thanh trng: a. Mc ch cng ngh: chun b - Thanh trng lng s khng nh hng n thuc tnh nh tng ha. - Mc ch trnh nhim salmonella vo sn phm. Thanh trng lng c b sung mui khng lm nh hng n kh nng nh ha ca trng. - U.S Food and Drug Administration cho php s dng trng khng thanh trng nu sn phm p ng c 3 tiu chun sau: + Cha nhiu 1,4 % acid acetic trong pha nc. + pH cui cng phi bng 4.1 hoc nh hn + c lu 72 h trc khi em ra th trng b. Bin i ca nguyn liu: - Vt l: lng trng c kh nng chu nhit di 650C, qu nhit , lng trn c th b bin tnh. - Sinh hc: tiu dit cc vi sinh vt gy bnh nh salmonella - Ha l: c s bc hi nc c. Thit b

d. Thng s cng ngh - Nhit thanh trng 600C - 3.5 pht 3. Tch lng trng: a. Mc ch cng ngh: khai thc - Tch b v v lng trng, ch ly lng b. Bin i ca nguyn liu: - Vt l: qu trnh thu nhn lng trng c th ph v cu trc ca lng - Ha l: khi cu trc lng b v lm gim kh nng nh ha ca n.

c. Thit b v thng s

Thng s: cho php tch khong 145000 qu/ gi ch vi 12 thng 4. Khuy trn: a. Mc ch cng ngh: Ch bin: Trn cc nguyn liu trng, gc, nc ng li vi nhau theo t l thch hp. - Bt u c ho cnh khu y ho t ng, l c d u c t t vo t o h nh tng t h n c trong d u. - Ti p t heo d m v c c gi a v khc cn g c t hm vo , ng t hi cnh khu y v n ho t ng b. Bin i nguyn liu - Vt l: trong qu trnh khuy trn , nhit ca hn hp tng, nht gim v kch thc cc phn t pha phn tn gim. - Ha l: hn hp nguyn liu lc u, qua qu trnh khuy trn tr thnh h nh tng th ng nht vi du gc, du, trng l pha lin tc, cn nc, ng l pha phn tn. - Ha hc : S b sung acid lm gim pH ca nh tng v tc ng n cu trc. Khi pH gn vi im ng t ca protein lng trng, protein s ng li, kt qu l s kt bng trn b mt sn phm lm tng nht v n nh ca mayonnaise. c. Thit b v thng s cng ngh: My khuy trn ( nng sut: trung bnh 1000kg/ m)

Cu to: thit b c cu to bng thp khng r, Nguyn liu gm trng,nc ng, du gc, gia v s c a vo my phi trn. Mi cyclon nhp liu u c b phn iu chnh lu lng. Thng s: tc 1000 1500rpm

5. ng ha a. Mc ch cng ngh: hon thin - Qu trnh nghin, tiu chun ha (ng nht), to vien to mng siu mng l nhng qu trinh kt thc thu nhn kt qu cui cng. - Ci thin sn phm, ng nht h nh tng th, gim kch thc cc cu t n 12micromet. b. Bin i ca nguyn liu: - Vt l: cc ht cu bo b ph v , lm gim kch thc pha phn tn n 1-2 m. Trong qu trnh nhit ca hn hp tng do ma st; nht ca hn hp gim n thp nht, do cc ht mn v m ca hn hp gim. - Ha l: cc ht phn tn s phn b u hn trong pha lin tc. Do ht phn tn ba gm kch thc nn b mat tip xc pha tng ln. - Cm quan: qu trnh ng ha to cho hn hp mt v ngoi trng mn hn so vi lc cha ng ha. c. Thit b v thng s k thut Ph ng php th c hi n: s d ng thit b nghin keo Cch thc hin: Khi nhng thnh phn c trn hon thin, sn phm c bm vo my nghin keo, ni m s nh ha xy ra. My nghin keo l 1 my c hc vi rotor quay vi tc cao ( trung bnh khong 3600vng/pht) v 1 stator ph hp. My nghin keo hot ng vi vn tc rotor l 3600rpm. Kch c ca khe nghin nh hng n kch c git du. Vic iu chnh khe nghin s to ra sn phm t ch tiu mong mun. Cu trc ca sn phm v kh nng nh ha ca lng trng quyt nh khe nghin thch hp nht. Khe nghin ti thch khong 25-40mm. Khe h gia rotor v stator nh hng n st cui cng ca sn phm -

v cng sut ca my nghin. Mt vi my nghin p lc cao th c bao bc bi h thng cht ti lnh tun hon. iu ny gip duy tr nhit sn phm di 240C. Nh tng s b hng nu nhit ra ca sn phm ln 240C. Lm lnh s b nhng thnh phn cht lng l cn thit duy tr nhit thp. Thit b my nghin keo sonic: My nghin keo Sonic c thit k vi nhng b phn ct v nghin tt nht. Pha phn tn s c y vo mt khoang gia rotor quay trn v stator ng yn, lc ly tm s y nguyn liu n bn ngoi rotor,s dng sc nc vi cng mnh ct v nghin pha phn tn. Rotor ca Sonic c thit k vi 3 khu vc ct ph v ti a cc phn t C th gn thm Stator mt khoang lm lnh ln. Sn phm han thnh s c kch thc t 0.5 m tr ln. My ly nguyn liu ra v ti x l nguyn liu. Tc Rotor 1500-7200 rpm. B tr 3 mt gc ct ti a dy nguyn liu s c ly tm,sau c cha trong khoang ri nghin mn. Kch thc 2.5-12 inch Cng sut 1.5-30 hp Tc thi 2-1600 gal/h Rotor v Stator bng c bn t 36-120 grit. Gn thm vo thit b lm mn bng thp khng g,Rotor v Stator c rng ca.

6. n nh sn ph m:
a/ M c ch cng ngh: b o qu n - Cc s n ph m mayonnaise b gi m ch t lng v h h ng l do s lin k t c a nh ng gi t d u.. Ng i t a c ho th m c c ch t n nh h nh t ng nng cao s n nh c a s n ph m v ko di t hi h n s d ng ln vi thng thay v vi t u n. b/ Bi n i c a ng uy n l i u: - Nguyn li u khng c bi n i g. Tuy nhin h nh t ng s b n v n nh trong t hi gian l u h n.

8/ ng cha i:
a/ M c ch cng ngh: Bo qu n v hon t hi n s n ph m Bo qu n: H n c h s xm nh p c a vi sinh vt vo s n ph m. Ho n t hi n: To s thu n ti n trong phn ph i, l u kho, t o hnh t hc p h p d n ngi ti u dng. b/ Bi n i c a nguyn l i u: H u nh khng c bi n i su s c no di n ra. L u : . ng gi s n ph m khu vc c bc sng 410-450nm c th gim v n oxy ha. V n ng lng nh s ng bc sng 365nm nh nh s ng xanh lm y nhanh s oxy h a v s bi n mu mayonnaise, nh ng b c sng l n hn 470 nm khng t c ng n c ht bo kh ng bo ha

H nh 13: thi t b ng gi My ny s d ng dn 4 c nh c a ti ng gi s t mayo nnaise Dung l ng n g gi cao nh t 1000 ti/pht t c vi c ng gi nhi u dng. My nhi t c c i t trong tr c dn th ng ng t h 2, v v y vt li u t h ng s i b t nh d u, gi m c th c dn ch t . Chi ti t k thut: Ki u FR8-[ ]L Chi u di t i 40-75mm, 55-160mm, 70-210mm Chi u r ng film T i a 400mm T c n g gi 30-150 ti/pht/dy Kh i l ng n g/ti Ph t hu c vo s line ng k nh film n g gi 350mm Kch t hc 1680 x 1320 x 2200(my mc)

Tr ng l ng Nn g l ng cung c p Ti u t h kh

1400kg 3 pha, 200V AC, 50/60Hz (4.8kw cao nh t, trung bnh 4kw) 0.5Mpa, 150 NL/pht

3. Kt lun Cc cht mu t nhin thng gp ch yu trong cc nguyn liu thc vt v c chia lm ba nhm chnh l: clorofil, carotenoid v flavonoid. Carotenoid l nhm cht mu ha tan trong cht bo lm cho rau qu c mu da cam, mu vng hoc mu . Trong nhm mu carotenoid gm c: carotene, licopen, xantophyl, capxanthin, crptoxanthin, birxin, xitroxanthin v astarxanthin. Cc carotenoid c cng thc chung l CxHyOn. Tt c cc carotenoid u l dn xut ca licopen v carotene. Chng c to ra bng cch a nhm hydroxyl, cacbonyl hoc metoxy vo mch nh phn ng hydro ha hoc oxy ha. Carotenoid l nhm mu lm tng gi tr cm quan cho thc phm. Ngy nay ta c th to ra mt s sn phm mu nhn to t cc cht mu t nhin v chng c mu khng khc my so vi mu t nhin. V hin nay, ngi ta ang ng dng trong rt nhiu vo thc phm nhm tng gi tr cm quan cho sn phm. Thc phm cng hp dn s mang li cm gic khoi khu cho mi ngi. Song, cm gic y khng mang li cho con ngi c nhiu cht dinh d ng m cn nh hng n sc kho. Do , chng ta cn phi nhn thc r vai tr ca ph gia thc phm. Nhm em xin dn li trch ca bc s Nguyn Xun Mai - vin ph Vin V sinh y t cng cng TP.HCM: phm mu ch l cht lm tng cm quan v hon ton khng c gi tr dinh d ng g khi n vo. Khc hon ton vi thc phm mang mu t nhin, tt c nhng loi thc phm c mu do con ngi ch ng b vo u lun lun khng tt
46

cho sc khe. Chnh v vy, c quan qun l nh nc ch chn la c mt s rt t phm mu cho php s dng trong thc phm. Chng ta nn cn nhc khi la chn thc phm bn sn v chn cch thc ch bin thc n cho dinh d ng v hn ch nh hng n sc kho. Qua y, nhm em xin a ra mt s ngh nhm tc ng n nhn thc v hnh ng ca mi ngi trong vic s dng thc phm dinh d ng v an ton: - Khi ch bin thc phm nn dng cc loi phm mu v v t nhin (nh: mu ca qu gc, mu c c rt, mu vng ca ngh, ng ma,...). - Khi ch bin khng nn dng cht c tnh ty ra v v tnh a thm vo loi ho cht khc ln vi cht mu trc . - Hn ch vic s dng nhng ho cht to mu, v trong thc phm k c cc ho cht trong danh mc cho php ca B y t v chng cng l cc loi ho cht c tc hi i vi con ngi. - Thn trng khi chn mua nhng mt hng bn sn trn th trng.

47

You might also like