SQL KHTN - Chap05

Chng 5
SQL
C s d liu - Khoa CNTT - H KHTN TPHCM 2
Ni dung chi tit
Gii thiu
nh ngha d liu
Truy vn d liu
Cp nht d liu
Khung nhn (view)
Ch mc (index)

Gii thiu
Ngn ng SQH
- Cch thc truy vn d liu
- Kh khn cho ngi s dng
SQL (Structured Query Language)
- Ngn ng cp cao
- Ngi s dng ch cn a ra ni dung cn truy vn
- c pht trin bi IBM (1970s)
- c gi l SEQUEL
- c ANSI cng nhn v pht trin thnh chun
SQL-86
SQL-92
SQL-99
Gii thiu (tt)
SQL gm
- nh ngha d liu (DDL)
- Thao tc d liu (DML)
- nh ngha khung nhn
- Rng buc ton vn
- Phn quyn v bo mt
- iu khin giao tc
SQL s dng thut ng
- Bng ~ quan h
- Ct ~ thuc tnh
- Dng ~ b
L thuyt : Chun SQL-92
V d : SQL Server
Ni dung chi tit
Gii thiu
nh ngha d liu
- Kiu d liu
- Cc lnh nh ngha d liu
Truy vn d liu
Cp nht d liu
Khung nhn (view)
Ch mc (index)
nh ngha d liu
L ngn ng m t
- Lc cho mi quan h
- Min gi tr tng ng ca tng thuc tnh
- Rng buc ton vn
- Ch mc trn mi quan h
Gm
- CREATE TABLE (to bng)
- DROP TABLE (xa bng)
- ALTER TABLE (sa bng)
- CREATE DOMAIN (to min gi tr)
- CREATE DATABASE
-
Kiu d liu
S (numeric)
- INTEGER
- SMALLINT
- NUMERIC, NUMERIC(p), NUMERIC(p,s)
- DECIMAL, DECIMAL(p), DECIMAL(p,s)
- REAL
- DOUBLE PRECISION
- FLOAT, FLOAT(p)
Kiu d liu (tt)
Chui k t (character string)
- CHARACTER, CHARACTER(n)
- CHARACTER VARYING(x)

Chui bit (bit string)
- BIT, BIT(x)
- BIT VARYING(x)

Ngy gi (datetime)
- DATE gm ngy, thng v nm
- TIME gm gi, pht v giy
- TIMESTAMP gm ngy v gi
Lnh to bng
nh ngha mt bng
- Tn bng
- Cc thuc tnh
Tn thuc tnh
Kiu d liu
Cc RBTV trn thuc tnh
C php
CREATE TABLE <Tn_bng> (
<Tn_ct> <Kiu_d_liu> [<RBTV>],
<Tn_ct> <Kiu_d_liu> [<RBTV>],

[<RBTV>]
)
V d - To bng
CREATE TABLE NHANVIEN (
MANV CHAR(9),
HONV VARCHAR(10),
TENLOT VARCHAR(20),
TENNV VARCHAR(10),
NGSINH DATETIME,
DCHI VARCHAR(50),
PHAI CHAR(3),
LUONG INT,
MA_NQL CHAR(9),
PHG INT
)
Lnh to bng (tt)
<RBTV>
- NOT NULL
- NULL
- UNIQUE
- DEFAULT
- PRIMARY KEY
- FOREIGN KEY / REFERENCES
- CHECK

t tn cho RBTV

CONSTRAINT <Ten_RBTV> <RBTV>
V d - RBTV
HONV VARCHAR(10) NOT NULL,
TENLOT VARCHAR(20) NOT NULL,
TENNV VARCHAR(10) NOT NULL,
MANV CHAR(9) PRIMARY KEY,
NGSINH DATETIME,
DCHI VARCHAR(50),
PHAI CHAR(3) CHECK (PHAI IN (Nam, Nu)),
LUONG INT DEFAULT (10000),
MA_NQL CHAR(9),
PHG INT
)
V d - RBTV
CREATE TABLE PHONGBAN (
TENPB VARCHAR(20) UNIQUE,
MAPHG INT NOT NULL,
TRPHG CHAR(9),
NG_NHANCHUC DATETIME DEFAULT (GETDATE())
)
CREATE TABLE PHANCONG (
MA_NVIEN CHAR(9) FOREIGN KEY (MA_NVIEN)
REFERENCES NHANVIEN(MANV),
SODA INT REFERENCES DEAN(MADA),
THOIGIAN DECIMAL(3,1)
)
V d - t tn cho RBTV
HONV VARCHAR(10) CONSTRAINT NV_HONV_NN NOT NULL,
TENLOT VARCHAR(20) NOT NULL,
TENNV VARCHAR(10) NOT NULL,
MANV CHAR(9) CONSTRAINT NV_MANV_PK PRIMARY KEY,
NGSINH DATETIME,
DCHI VARCHAR(50),
PHAI CHAR(3) CONSTRAINT NV_PHAI_CHK
CHECK (PHAI IN (Nam, Nu)),
LUONG INT CONSTRAINT NV_LUONG_DF DEFAULT (10000),
MA_NQL CHAR(9),
PHG INT
)
V d - t tn cho RBTV
CREATE TABLE PHANCONG (
MA_NVIEN CHAR(9),
SODA INT,
THOIGIAN DECIMAL(3,1),
CONSTRAINT PC_MANVIEN_SODA_PK PRIMARY KEY (MA_NVIEN, SODA),
CONSTRAINT PC_MANVIEN_FK FOREIGN KEY (MA_NVIEN)
CONSTRAINT PC_SODA_FK FOREIGN KEY (SODA)
REFERENCES DEAN(MADA)
)
Lnh sa bng
c dng
- Thay i cu trc bng
- Thay i RBTV

Thm ct

Xa ct

M rng ct
ALTER TABLE <Tn_bng> ADD COLUMN
<Tn_ct> <Kiu_d_liu> [<RBTV>]
ALTER TABLE <Tn_bng> DROP COLUMN <Tn_ct>
ALTER TABLE <Tn_bng> ALTER COLUMN
<Tn_ct> <Kiu_d_liu_mi>
Lnh sa bng (tt)
Thm RBTV

Xa RBTV

ALTER TABLE <Tn_bng> ADD
CONSTRAINT <Ten_RBTV> <RBTV>,
CONSTRAINT <Ten_RBTV> <RBTV>,

ALTER TABLE <Tn_bng> DROP <Tn_RBTV>
V d - Thay i cu trc bng
ALTER TABLE NHANVIEN ADD
NGHENGHIEP CHAR(20)
ALTER TABLE NHANVIEN DROP COLUMN NGHENGHIEP
ALTER TABLE NHANVIEN ALTER COLUMN
NGHENGHIEP CHAR(50)
V d - Thay i RBTV
CREATE TABLE PHONGBAN (
TENPB VARCHAR(20),
MAPHG INT NOT NULL,
TRPHG CHAR(9),
NG_NHANCHUC DATETIME
)
ALTER TABLE PHONGBAN ADD
CONSTRAINT PB_MAPHG_PK PRIMARY KEY (MAPHG),
CONSTRAINT PB_TRPHG FOREIGN KEY (TRPHG)
CONSTRAINT PB_NGNHANCHUC_DF DEFAULT (GETDATE())
FOR (NG_NHANCHUC),
CONSTRAINT PB_TENPB_UNI UNIQUE (TENPB)
Lnh xa bng
c dng xa cu trc bng
- Tt c d liu ca bng cng b xa

C php

V d

DROP TABLE <Tn_bng>
DROP TABLE NHANVIEN
DROP TABLE PHONGBAN
DROP TABLE PHANCONG
Lnh xa bng (tt)
NHANVIEN
TENNV HONV TENLOT MANV NGSINH DCHI PHAI LUONG MA_NQL PHG
PHONGBAN
TRPHG TENPHG MAPHG NG_NHANCHUC
Lnh to min gi tr
To ra mt kiu d liu mi k tha nhng kiu d
liu c sn
C php

V d
CREATE DOMAIN <Tn_kdl_mi> AS <Kiu_d_liu>
CREATE DOMAIN Kieu_Ten AS VARCHAR(30)
Ni dung chi tit
Gii thiu
nh ngha d liu
Truy vn d liu
- Truy vn c bn
- Tp hp, so snh tp hp v truy vn lng
- Hm kt hp v gom nhm
- Mt s kiu truy vn khc
Cp nht d liu
Khung nhn (view)
Ch mc (index)
Truy vn d liu
L ngn ng rt trch d liu tha mt s iu kin
no
Da trn

- Cho php 1 bng c nhiu dng trng nhau
- Bng l bag = quan h l set
Php ton SQH Mt s b sung +
Truy vn c bn
Gm 3 mnh

- <danh sch cc ct>
Tn cc ct cn c hin th trong kt qu truy vn
- <danh sch cc bng>
Tn cc bng lin quan n cu truy vn
- <iu kin>
Biu thc boolean xc nh dng no s c rt trch
Ni cc biu thc: AND, OR, v NOT
Php ton: < , > , s , > , = , =, LIKE v BETWEEN
SELECT <danh sch cc ct>
FROM <danh sch cc bng>
WHERE <iu kin>
Truy vn c bn (tt)
WHERE <iu kin>
o
t

SELECT L
FROM R
WHERE C
t
L
(o
C
(R))
SQL v SQH

V d
SELECT *
FROM NHANVIEN
WHERE PHG=5
Ly tt c cc ct ca
quan h kt qu
TENNV HONV NGSINH DCHI PHAI LUONG PHG
Tung Nguyen 12/08/1955 638 NVC Q5 Nam 40000 5
Hung Nguyen 09/15/1962 Ba Ria VT Nam 38000 5
333445555
987987987
MANV MA_NQL
888665555
333445555
TENLOT
Thanh
Manh
Mnh SELECT
SELECT MANV, HONV, TENLOT, TENNV
FROM NHANVIEN
WHERE PHG=5 AND PHAI=Nam
TENNV HONV
Tung Nguyen
Hung Nguyen
TENLOT
Thanh
Manh
333445555
987987987
MANV
Mnh SELECT (tt)
SELECT MANV, HONV AS HO, TENLOT AS TEN LOT, TENNV AS TEN
FROM NHANVIEN
TEN HO
Tung Nguyen
Hung Nguyen
TEN LOT
Thanh
Manh
333445555
987987987
MANV
Tn b danh
Mnh SELECT (tt)
SELECT MANV, HONV + + TENLOT + + TENNV AS HO TEN
FROM NHANVIEN
HO TEN
Nguyen Thanh Tung
Nguyen Manh Hung
333445555
987987987
MANV
M rng
Mnh SELECT (tt)
SELECT MANV, LUONG*1.1 AS LUONG10%
FROM NHANVIEN
LUONG10%
33000
27500
333445555
987987987
MANV
M rng
Mnh SELECT (tt)
Loi b cc dng trng nhau
- Tn chi ph
- Ngi dng mun thy
LUONG
30000
25000
25000
38000
LUONG
30000
25000
38000
SELECT DISTINCT LUONG
FROM NHANVIEN
V d
Cho bit MANV v TENNV lm vic phng
Nghien cuu
Mnh WHERE
SELECT MANV, TENNV
FROM NHANVIEN, PHONGBAN
WHERE TENPHG=Nghien cuu AND PHG=MAPHG
Biu thc lun l
TRUE TRUE
Mnh WHERE (tt)
SELECT MANV, TENNV
WHERE (TENPHG=Nghien cuu OR TENPHG=Quan ly) AND PHG=MAPHG

u tin
Mnh WHERE (tt)
SELECT MANV, TENNV
FROM NHANVIEN
WHERE LUONG>20000 AND LUONG<30000

BETWEEN
SELECT MANV, TENNV
FROM NHANVIEN
WHERE LUONG BETWEEN 20000 AND 30000

Mnh WHERE (tt)
NOT BETWEEN
SELECT MANV, TENNV
FROM NHANVIEN
WHERE LUONG NOT BETWEEN 20000 AND 30000

Mnh WHERE (tt)
SELECT MANV, TENNV
FROM NHANVIEN
WHERE DCHI LIKE Nguyen _ _ _ _

LIKE
SELECT MANV, TENNV
FROM NHANVIEN
WHERE DCHI LIKE Nguyen %

Chui bt k
K t bt k
Mnh WHERE (tt)
SELECT MANV, TENNV
FROM NHANVIEN
WHERE HONV LIKE Nguyen

NOT LIKE
SELECT MANV, TENNV
FROM NHANVIEN
WHERE HONV NOT NOT LIKE Nguyen

Mnh WHERE (tt)
SELECT MANV, TENNV
FROM NHANVIEN
WHERE DCHI LIKE % Nguyens_% ESCAPE s

ESCAPE
Nguyen_
Mnh WHERE (tt)
Ngy gi
SELECT MANV, TENNV
FROM NHANVIEN
WHERE NGSINH BETWEEN 1955-12-08 AND 1966-07-19
YYYY-MM-DD
MM/DD/YYYY
1955-12-08
12/08/1955
December 8, 1955
HH:MI:SS
17:30:00
05:30 PM
1955-12-08 17:30:00
Mnh WHERE (tt)
NULL
- S dng trong trng hp
Khng bit (value unknown)
Khng th p dng (value inapplicable)
Khng tn ti (value withheld)
- Nhng biu thc tnh ton c lin quan n gi tr NULL
s cho ra kt qu l NULL
x c gi tr l NULL
x + 3 cho ra kt qu l NULL
x + 3 l mt biu thc khng hp l trong SQL
- Nhng biu thc so snh c lin quan n gi tr NULL
s cho ra kt qu l UNKNOWN
x = 3 cho ra kt qu l UNKNOWN
x = 3 l mt so snh khng hp l trong SQL
Mnh WHERE (tt)
NULL
SELECT MANV, TENNV
FROM NHANVIEN
WHERE MA_NQL IS NULL
SELECT MANV, TENNV
FROM NHANVIEN
WHERE MA_NQL IS NOT NULL
WHERE TRUE
Mnh FROM
SELECT MANV, MAPHG
Khng s dng mnh WHERE
MAPHG
1
4
333445555
333445555
MANV
5
1 987987987
987987987
333445555
4
5 987987987

Mnh FROM (tt)
SELECT TENPHG, DIADIEM
FROM PHONGBAN, DDIEM_PHG
WHERE MAPHG=MAPHG
Tn b danh
SELECT TENPHG, DIADIEM
FROM PHONGBAN AS PB, DDIEM_PHG AS DD
WHERE PB.MAPHG=DD.MAPHG
SELECT TENNV, NGSINH, TENTN, NGSINH
FROM NHANVIEN, THANNHAN
WHERE MANV=MA_NVIEN
SELECT TENNV, NV.NGSINH, TENTN, TN.NGSINH
FROM NHANVIEN NV, THANNHAN TN
WHERE MANV=MA_NVIEN
V d 1
Vi nhng n Ha Noi, cho bit m n, m
phng ban ch tr n, h tn trng phng cng
vi ngy sinh v a ch ca ngi y
V d 2
Tm h tn ca nhn vin phng s 5 c tham gia
vo n Sn phm X vi s gi lm vic trn 10
gi
V d 3
Tm h tn ca tng nhn vin v ngi ph trch
trc tip nhn vin
V d 4
Tm h tn ca nhng nhn vin c Nguyen
Thanh Tung ph trch trc tip
Mnh ORDER BY
Dng hin th kt qu cu truy vn theo mt th
t no
C php

- ASC: tng (mc nh)
- DESC: gim
WHERE <iu kin>
ORDER BY <danh sch cc ct>
Mnh ORDER BY (tt)
V d

SELECT MA_NVIEN, SODA
FROM PHANCONG
ORDER BY MA_NVIEN DESC, SODA
SODA
10
30
999887777
999887777
MA_NVIEN
10
30 987987987
987654321
987987987
10
20 987654321
30 987654321
Ni dung chi tit
Gii thiu
nh ngha d liu
Truy vn d liu
- Truy vn c bn
- Mt s dng truy vn khc
Cp nht d liu
Khung nhn (view)
Ch mc (index)
Php ton tp hp trong SQL
SQL c ci t cc php ton
- Hi (UNION)
- Giao (INTERSECT)
- Tr (EXCEPT)

Kt qu tr v l tp hp
- Loi b cc b trng nhau
- gi li cc b trng nhau
UNION ALL
INTERSECT ALL
EXCEPT ALL
Php ton tp hp trong SQL (tt)
C php
SELECT <ds ct> FROM <ds bng> WHERE <iu kin>
UNION [ALL]
INTERSECT [ALL]
EXCEPT [ALL]
V d 5
Cho bit cc m n c
- Nhn vin vi h l Nguyen tham gia hoc,
- Trng phng ch tr n vi h l Nguyen
V d 6
Tm nhn vin c ngi thn cng tn v cng gii
tnh
V d 7
Tm nhng nhn vin khng c thn nhn no
Truy vn lng
SELECT MANV, TENNV
WHERE <so snh tp hp> (
WHERE <iu kin>)
Cu truy vn cha
(Outer query)
Cu truy vn con
(Subquery)
Truy vn lng (tt)
Cc cu lnh SELECT c th lng nhau nhiu mc
Cu truy vn con thng tr v mt tp cc gi tr
Cc cu truy vn con trong cng mt mnh
WHERE c kt hp bng php ni logic
Mnh WHERE ca cu truy vn cha
- <biu thc> <so snh tp hp> <truy vn con>
- So snh tp hp thng i cng vi mt s ton t
IN, NOT IN
ALL
ANY hoc SOME
- Kim tra s tn ti
EXISTS
NOT EXISTS
Truy vn lng (tt)
C 2 loi truy vn lng
- Lng phn cp
Mnh WHERE ca truy vn con khng tham chiu n
thuc tnh ca cc quan h trong mnh FROM truy vn
cha
Khi thc hin, cu truy vn con s c thc hin trc
- Lng tng quan
Mnh WHERE ca truy vn con tham chiu t nht mt
thuc tnh ca cc quan h trong mnh FROM truy vn
cha
Khi thc hin, cu truy vn con s c thc hin nhiu ln,
mi ln tng ng vi mt b ca truy vn cha
V d - Lng phn cp
SELECT MANV, TENNV
FROM NHANVIEN
WHERE PHG IN (
SELECT MAPHG
FROM DIADIEM_PHG
WHERE DIADIEM=TP HCM )
(1, 5)
SELECT MANV, TENNV
FROM NHANVIEN, DIADIEM_PHG
WHERE DIADIEM=TP HCM AND PHG=MAPHG
V d 5
V d 7
V d 8
Tm nhng nhn vin c lng ln hn lng ca
t nht mt nhn vin phng 4
V d 9
tt c nhn vin phng 4
V d 10
Tm nhng trng phng c ti thiu mt thn nhn
V d - Lng tng quan
SELECT MANV, TENNV
SELECT MANV, TENNV
FROM NHANVIEN
WHERE EXISTS (
SELECT *
FROM PHONGBAN
WHERE TENPHG=Nghien cuu AND PHG=MAPHG )
V d 6
Tm nhn vin c ngi thn cng tn v cng gii
tnh
V d 7
V d 8
t nht mt nhn vin phng 4
V d 10
Tm nhng trng phng c ti thiu mt thn nhn
Nhn xt IN v EXISTS
IN
- <tn ct> IN <cu truy vn con>
- Thuc tnh mnh SELECT ca truy vn con phi c
cng kiu d liu vi thuc tnh mnh WHERE ca
truy vn cha
EXISTS
- Khng cn c thuc tnh, hng s hay biu thc no
khc ng trc
- Khng nht thit lit k tn thuc tnh mnh
SELECT ca truy vn con
- Nhng cu truy vn c = ANY hay IN u c th chuyn
thnh cu truy vn c EXISTS
Php chia trong SQL
RS l tp cc gi tr a
i
trong R sao cho khng c
gi tr b
i
no trong S lm cho b (a
i
, b
i
) khng tn ti
trong R
A B
o
|
a
a
a
o a
o a
| a
a
a
C D
o

a
b
a
a
b
a
b
| b
E
1
3
1
1
1
1
1
1
R D E
a
S
b
1
1
A B C
o a
a
RS
a
i
b
i
Php chia trong SQL (tt)
S dng NOT EXISTS biu din
SELECT R1.A, R1.B, R1.C
FROM R R1
WHERE NOT EXISTS (
SELECT *
FROM S
WHERE NOT EXISTS (
SELECT *
FROM R R2
WHERE R2.D=S.D AND R2.E=S.E
AND R1.A=R2.A AND R1.B=R2.B AND R1.C=R2.C ))
V d 11
Tm tn cc nhn vin c phn cng lm tt c
cc n

- Tm tn cc nhn vin m khng c n no l khng
c phn cng lm
- Tp b chia: PHANCONG(MA_NVIEN, SODA)
- Tp chia: DEAN(MADA)
- Tp kt qu: KQ(MA_NVIEN)
- Kt KQ vi NHANVIEN ly ra TENNV

V d 11 (tt)
cc n

Ni dung chi tit
Gii thiu
nh ngha d liu
Truy vn d liu
- Truy vn c bn
Cp nht d liu
Khung nhn (view)
Ch mc (index)
Hm kt hp
COUNT
- COUNT(*) m s dng
- COUNT(<tn thuc tnh>) m s gi tr khc NULL ca
thuc tnh
- COUNT(DISTINCT <tn thuc tnh>) m s gi tr khc
nhau v khc NULL ca thuc tnh
MIN
MAX
SUM
AVG

Cc hm kt hp c t mnh SELECT
V d 12
Tm tng lng, lng cao nht, lng thp nht v
lng trung bnh ca cc nhn vin

V d 13
Cho bit s lng nhn vin ca phng Nghien
cuu

V d 14
Cho bit s lng nhn vin ca tng phng ban

SL_NV
5
4
3
3
PHG
1 1
333445555
987987987
MANV MA_NQL
888665555
333445555
TENLOT
Thanh
Manh
Tam Tran 07/31/1972 543 MTL Q1 Nu 25000 5
Hang Bui 07/19/1968 33 NTH Q1 Nu 38000 4
453453453
999887777
333445555
987654321
Thanh
Ngoc
Nhu Le 07620/1951 219 TD Q3 Nu 43000 4 987654321 888665555 Quynh
Quang Tran 04/08/1969 980 LHP Q5 Nam 25000 4
Vinh Pham 11/10/1945 450 TV HN Nam 55000 1
987987987
888665555
987654321
NULL
Hong
Van
Gom nhm
C php

Sau khi gom nhm
- Mi nhm cc b s c cng gi tr ti cc thuc tnh
gom nhm
WHERE <iu kin>
GROUP BY <danh sch cc ct gom nhm>
V d 14
Cho bit s lng nhn vin ca tng phng ban

V d 15
Vi mi nhn vin cho bit m s, h tn, s lng
n v tng thi gian m h tham gia
SODA THOIGIAN
1 32.5
2 7.5
123456789
123456789
MA_NVIEN
2 10.0
3 10.0
333445555
333445555
10 10.0 333445555
20 20.0
10 35.0
888665555
987987987
30 5.0 987987987
30 20.0 987654321
20 15.0 987654321
1 20.0 453453453
2 20.0 453453453
V d 16
Cho bit nhng nhn vin tham gia t 2 n tr
ln
SODA THOIGIAN
1 32.5
2 7.5
123456789
123456789
MA_NVIEN
2 10.0
3 10.0
333445555
333445555
10 10.0 333445555
20 20.0
10 35.0
888665555
987987987
30 5.0 987987987
30 20.0 987654321
20 15.0 987654321
1 20.0 453453453
2 20.0 453453453
b loi ra
iu kin trn nhm
C php
WHERE <iu kin>
GROUP BY <danh sch cc ct gom nhm>
HAVING <iu kin trn nhm>
V d 16
Cho bit nhng nhn vin tham gia t 2 n tr
ln
V d 17
Cho bit nhng phng ban (TENPHG) c lng
trung bnh ca cc nhn vin ln ln 20000
Nhn xt
Mnh GROUP BY
- Cc thuc tnh trong mnh SELECT (tr nhng thuc
tnh trong cc hm kt hp) phi xut hin trong mnh
GROUP BY
Mnh HAVING
- S dng cc hm kt hp trong mnh SELECT
kim tra mt s iu kin no
- Ch kim tra iu kin trn nhm, khng l iu kin lc
trn tng b
- Sau khi gom nhm iu kin trn nhm mi c thc
hin
Nhn xt (tt)
Th t thc hin cu truy vn c mnh GROUP
BY v HAVING
- (1) Chn ra nhng dng tha iu kin trong mnh
WHERE
- (2) Nhng dng ny s c gom thnh nhiu nhm
tng ng vi mnh GROUP BY
- (3) p dng cc hm kt hp cho mi nhm
- (4) B qua nhng nhm khng tha iu kin trong
mnh HAVING
- (5) Rt trch cc gi tr ca cc ct v hm kt hp trong
mnh SELECT
V d 18
Tm nhng phng ban c lng trung bnh cao nht
V d 19
Tm 3 nhn vin c lng cao nht
V d 12
cc n
Ni dung chi tit
Gii thiu
nh ngha d liu
Truy vn d liu
- Truy vn c bn
Cp nht d liu
Khung nhn (view)
Ch mc (index)
Mt s dng truy vn khc
Truy vn con mnh FROM

iu kin kt mnh FROM
- Php kt t nhin
- Php kt ngoI

Cu trc CASE
Truy vn con mnh FROM
Kt qu tr v ca mt cu truy vn ph l mt bng
- Bng trung gian trong qu trnh truy vn
- Khng c lu tr tht s

C php
FROM R1, R2, (<truy vn con>) AS tn_bng
WHERE <iu kin>
V d 18
Cho bit nhng phng ban (TENPHG) c lng
trung bnh ca cc nhn vin ln ln 20000
iu kin kt mnh FROM
Kt bng

Kt ngoi
FROM R1 [INNER] JOIN R2 ON <biu thc>
WHERE <iu kin>
FROM R1 LEFT|RIGHT [OUTER] JOIN R2 ON <biu thc>
WHERE <iu kin>
V d 20
Tm m v tn cc nhn vin lm vic ti phng
Nghien cuu
V d 21
Tm h tn cc nhn vin v tn cc n nhn
vin tham gia nu c
Cu trc CASE
Cho php kim tra iu kin v xut thng tin theo
tng trng hp

C php
CASE <tn ct>
WHEN <gi tr> THEN <biu thc>
WHEN <gi tr> THEN <biu thc>

[ELSE <biu thc>]
END
V d 22
Cho bit h tn cc nhn vin n tui v hu
(nam 60 tui, n 55 tui)
V d 23
Cho bit h tn cc nhn vin v nm v hu
Kt lun
[WHERE <iu kin>]
[GROUP BY <cc thuc tnh gom nhm>]
[HAVING <iu kin trn nhm>]
[ORDER BY <cc thuc tnh sp th t>]
Ni dung chi tit
Gii thiu
nh ngha d liu
Truy vn d liu
Cp nht d liu
- Thm (insert)
- Xa (delete)
- Sa (update)
Khung nhn (view)
Ch mc (index)
Lnh INSERT
Dng thm 1 hay nhiu dng vo bng

thm d liu
- Tn quan h
- Danh sch cc thuc tnh cn thm d liu
- Danh sch cc gi tr tng ng

Lnh INSERT (tt)
C php (thm 1 dng)
INSERT INTO <tn bng>(<danh sch cc thuc tnh>)
VALUES (<danh sch cc gi tr>)
V d
INSERT INTO NHANVIEN(HONV, TENLOT, TENNV, MANV)
VALUES (Le, Van, Tuyen, 635635635)
INSERT INTO NHANVIEN
VALUES (Le, Van, Tuyen, 635635635, 12/30/1952, 98 HV, Nam, 37000, 4)
INSERT INTO NHANVIEN(HONV, TENLOT, TENNV, MANV, DCHI)
VALUES (Le, Van, Tuyen, 635635635, NULL)
Lnh INSERT (tt)
Nhn xt
- Th t cc gi tr phi trng vi th t cc ct

- C th thm gi tr NULL nhng thuc tnh khng l
kha chnh v NOT NULL

- Cu lnh INSERT s gp li nu vi phm RBTV
Kha chnh
Tham chiu
NOT NULL - cc thuc tnh c rng buc NOT NULL bt buc
phi c gi tr
Lnh INSERT (tt)
C php (thm nhiu dng)
INSERT INTO <tn bng>(<danh sch cc thuc tnh>)
<cu truy vn con>
V d
CREATE TABLE THONGKE_PB (
TENPHG VARCHAR(20),
SL_NV INT,
LUONG_TC INT
)
INSERT INTO THONGKE_PB(TENPHG, SL_NV, LUONG_TC)
SELECT TENPHG, COUNT(MANV), SUM(LUONG)
WHERE PHG=MAPHG
GROUP BY TENPHG
Lnh DELETE
Dng xa cc dng ca bng

C php
DELETE FROM <tn bng>
[WHERE <iu kin>]
V d
DELETE FROM NHANVIEN
WHERE HONV=Tran
WHERE MANV=345345345
V d 24
Xa i nhng nhn vin phng Nghien cuu
Lnh DELETE (tt)
Nhn xt
- S lng s dng b xa ph thuc vo iu kin
mnh WHERE

- Nu khng ch nh iu kin mnh WHERE, tt c
cc dng trong bng s b xa

- Lnh DELETE c th gy ra vi phm RB tham chiu
Khng cho xa
Xa lun nhng dng c gi tr ang tham chiu n
- CASCADE
t NULL cho nhng gi tr tham chiu
Lnh DELETE (tt)
333445555
987987987
MANV MA_NQL
888665555
333445555
TENLOT
Thanh
Manh
Hang Bui 07/19/1968 33 NTH Q1 Nu 38000 4 999887777 987654321 Ngoc
Vinh Pham 11/10/1945 450 TV HN Nam 55000 1 888665555 NULL Van
SODA THOIGIAN MA_NVIEN
10 10.0 333445555
20 20.0 888665555
30 20.0 987654321
1 20.0 453453453
Tam Tran 07/31/1972 543 MTL Q1 Nu 25000 5 453453453 333445555 Thanh
Quang Tran 04/08/1969 980 LHP Q5 Nam 25000 4 987987987 987654321 Hong
10 35.0 987987987
30 5.0 987987987
Lnh DELETE (tt)
Tung Nguyen 12/08/1955 638 NVC Q5 Nam 40000
Hung Nguyen 09/15/1962 Ba Ria VT Nam 38000
333445555
987987987
MANV MA_NQL
888665555
333445555
TENLOT
Thanh
Manh
Hang Bui 07/19/1968 33 NTH Q1 Nu 38000 4 999887777 987654321 Ngoc
Vinh Pham 11/10/1945 450 TV HN Nam 55000 1 888665555 NULL Van
Tam Tran 07/31/1972 543 MTL Q1 Nu 25000
5
5
5 453453453 333445555 Thanh
Quang Tran 04/08/1969 980 LHP Q5 Nam 25000 4 987987987 987654321 Hong
NULL
NULL
NULL
05/22/1988 333445555 Nghien cuu 5
NG_NHANCHUC MA_NVIEN
01/01/1995
06/19/1981
987987987
888665555
TENPHG MAPHG
Dieu hanh 4
Quan ly 1
Lnh UPDATE
Dng thay i gi tr ca thuc tnh cho cc dng
ca bng

C php
UPDATE <tn bng>
SET <tn thuc tnh>=<gi tr mi>,
<tn thuc tnh>=<gi tr mi>,

[WHERE <iu kin>]
V d
UPDATE NHANVIEN
SET NGSINH=08/12/1965
WHERE MANV=333445555
DELETE NHANVIEN
SET LUONG=LUONG*1.1
V d 25
Vi n c m s 10, hy thay i ni thc hin
n thnh Vung Tau v phng ban ph trch l
phng 5
UPDATE DEAN
SET DIADIEM_DA=Vung Tau, PHONG=5
WHERE MADA=10
Lnh UPDATE
Nhn xt
- Nhng dng tha iu kin ti mnh WHERE s
c cp nht gi tr mi

- Nu khng ch nh iu kin mnh WHERE, tt c
cc dng trong bng s b cp nht

- Lnh UPDATE c th gy ra vi phm RB tham chiu
Khng cho sa
Sa lun nhng dng c gi tr ang tham chiu n
- CASCADE
Ni dung chi tit
Gii thiu
nh ngha d liu
Truy vn d liu
Cp nht d liu
Khung nhn (view)
- nh ngha
- Truy vn
- Cp nht
Ch mc (index)
Khung nhn
Bng l mt quan h c t chc lu tr vt l
trong CSDL

Khung nhn cng l mt quan h
- Khng c lu tr vt l (bng o)
- Khng cha d liu
- c nh ngha t nhng bng khc
- C th truy vn hay cp nht thng qua khung nhn

Khung nhn (tt)
Ti sao phi s dng khung nhn?
- Che du tnh phc tp ca d liu
- n gin ha cc cu truy vn
- Hin th d liu di dng tin dng nht
- An ton d liu

nh ngha khung nhn
C php

Bng o ny c
- Danh sch thuc tnh trng vi cc thuc tnh trong
mnh SELECT
- S dng ph thuc vo iu kin mnh WHERE
- D liu c ly t cc bng mnh FROM
CREATE VIEW <tn khung nhn> AS
<cu truy vn>
DROP VIEW <tn khung nhn>
V d
CREATE VIEW NV_P5 AS
SELECT MANV, HONV, TENLOT, TENVN
FROM NHANVIEN
WHERE PHG=5
CREATE VIEW TONGLNG_SLNV_PB AS
SELECT MAPHG, TENPB, COUNT(*) AS SLNV,
SUM(LUONG) AS TONGLNG
WHERE PHG=MAPHG
GROUP BY TENPHG
Truy vn trn khung nhn
Tuy khng cha d liu nhng c th thc hin cc
cu truy vn trn khung nhn

SELECT TENNV
FROM NV_P5
WHERE HONV LIKE Nguyen
NV_P5 t
MANV,HONV, TENLOT, TENNV
(o
PHG=5
(NHANVIEN))
t
TENNV
(o
HONV=Nguyen
(NV_P5))
Truy vn trn khung nhn (tt)
C th vit cu truy vn d liu t khung nhn v
bng
SELECT HONV, TENVN, TENDA, THOIGIAN
FROM NV_P5, PHANCONG, DEAN
WHERE MANV=MA_NVIEN AND SODA=MADA
NV_P5 t
MANV,HONV, TENLOT, TENNV
(o
PHG=5
(NHANVIEN))
TMP NV_P5
MANV=MA_NVIEN
PHONGBAN
SODA=MADA
DEAN
t
TENNV,TENDA,THOIGIAN
(TMP)
Cp nht trn khung nhn
C th dng cc cu lnh INSERT, DELETE v
UPDATE cho cc khung nhn n gin
- Khung nhn c xy dng trn 1 bng v c kha
chnh ca bng

Khng th cp nht d liu nu
- Khung nhn c dng t kha DISTINCT
- Khung nhn c s dng cc hm kt hp
- Khung nhn c mnh SELECT m rng
- Khung nhn c xy dng t bng c RB trn ct
- Khung nhn c xy dng t nhiu bng
Cp nht trn khung nhn (tt)
Sa li h cho nhn vin m 123456789 phng 5
l Pham
UPDATE NV_P5
SET HONV=Pham
WHERE MANV= 123456789
Ni dung chi tit
Gii thiu
nh ngha d liu
Truy vn d liu
Cp nht d liu
Khung nhn (view)
Ch mc (index)
- nh ngha
- Chn la ch mc
Ch mc
Ch mc trn thuc tnh A l mt cu trc d liu
lm cho vic tm kim mu tin c cha A hiu qu
hn
SELECT *
FROM NHANVIEN
WHERE PHG=5 AND PHAI=Nu
Bng NHANVIEN c 10.000 b
C 200 nhn vin lm vic cho phng 5
c 10.000 b
c 200 b
c 70 b
Ch mc (tt)
C php

V d
CREATE INDEX <tn ch mc> ON <tn bng>(<tn ct>)
CREATE INDEX PHG_IND ON NHANVIEN(PHG)
CREATE INDEX PHG_PHAI_IND ON NHANVIEN(PHG, PHAI)
DROP INDEX <tn ch mc>
Ch mc (tt)
Nhn xt
- Tm kim nhanh trong trng hp so snh vi hng s
v php kt
- Lm chm i cc thao tc thm, xa v sa
- Tn chi ph
Lu tr ch mc
Truy xut a nhiu

Chn la ci t ch mc hp l???
V d
Xt quan h
- PHANCONG(MA_NVIEN, SODA, THOIGIAN)
Gi s
- PHANCONG c lu tr trong 10 block
Chi ph c ton b d liu ca PHANCONG l 10
- Trung bnh mt nhn vin tham gia 3 n v mt n
c khong 3 nhn vin lm
D liu c tri u trong 10 block
Chi ph tm mt nhn vin hay mt n l 3
- Khi s dng ch mc
Chi ph c hay cp nht ch mc
- Thao tc thm cn 2 ln truy xut a
V d (tt)
Gi s c 3 thao tc c thc hin thng xuyn
- Q1

- Q2

- Q3
SELECT SODA, THOIGIAN
FROM PHANCONG
WHERE MA_NVIEN=123456789
SELECT MANV
FROM PHANCONG
WHERE SODA=1 AND THOIGIAN=20.5
INSERT INTO PHANCONG
VALUES ( 123456789, 1, 20.5)
V d (tt)
Bng so snh chi ph
Thao tc
Khng c
ch mc
Ch mc trn
MA_NVIEN
Ch mc
trn SODA
Ch mc trn
c 2 thuc tnh
Q1
Q2
Q3
10
10
2
4
10
4
10
4
4
4
4
6
2 + 8p1 + 8p2 4 + 6p2 4 + 6p1 6 - 2p1 2p2 Ch ph TB
Khong thi gian thc hin Q1 l p1
Khong thi gian thc hin Q2 l p2
Khong thi gian thc hin Q3 l 1 - p1 - p2
Bi tp v nh
Bi tp
- 6.1.1 n 6.1.4 / 252 - 253
- 6.2.1 n 6.2.3 / 262 - 263
- 6.3.1 n 6.3.3 / 274 - 275
- 6.3.7 n 6.3.10 / 275 - 276
- 6.4.1, 6.4.2, 6.4.6, 6.4.7 / 284 - 285
- 6.5.1, 6.5.2 / 290 - 291
- 6.7.1 n 6.7.6 / 311 -312

SQL KHTN - Chap05

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