Professional Documents
Culture Documents
March 2013
Sohei SHIMADA
Outline
1: Energy situation World, USA 2: Energy resources production technology 2-1: Conventional resources Coal, Natural gas, Oil 2-2: Unconventional resources
US Energy Situation
Crude oil production, particularly from tight oil reservoirs, rises sharply over the next decade.
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US Energy Situation
Unconventional gas (shale gas, tight sand gas, coalbed methane) share the major natural gas production in the USA.
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US Energy Situation
Natural gas production increase serves the industrial and electric power sectors, as well as an expanding export market.
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US Energy Situation
With improved efficiency of energy use and a shift away from the most carbonintensive fuels (coal) to natural gas, U.S. energy-related carbon dioxide emissions remain more than 5 percent below their 2005 level through 2040. 13
US Energy Situation
Results of Shale Gas Revolution
Drastic decrease of gas price. (1/2 of EU, 1/3 of Japan.) Change of natural gas import country to export country.
Outline
1: Energy situation World, USA 2: Energy resources production technology 2-1: Conventional resources Coal, Natural gas, Oil 2-2: Unconventional resources
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Coal Mining
Surface coal mining or Open pit coal mining
1) Drag-line, 2) BWE=Bucket Wheel Excavator, 3)Blasting + dump car Overburden ratio(or Stripping ratio) =Removed rock m3Produced coal t (Overburden must be usually less than 15 for economical coal mining.
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Roadway
Belt conveyor
Drum Cutter
Bucket Wheel Excavator)
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Cap Rock
Reservoir
a) anticline trap
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Tri-Cone Bit
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Outline
1: Energy situation World, USA 2: Energy resources production technology 2-1: Conventional resources Coal, Natural gas, Oil 2-2: Unconventional resources
Oil sand
Oil shale
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R/P of Oil
R: reserves , P: production (annual) year 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 R/P 34.9 34.9 30.1 34.0 33.1 30.0 28.5 28.2 year 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 R/P 31.4 33.0 33.4 34.0 34.4 32.0 41.3 40.4 year 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 R/P 43.4 43.1 43.1 43.0 42.8 42.2 40.9 41.0
1979
1980
27.1
28.7
1989
1990
43.6
42.6
1999
2000 2001 2002
43.0
39.9 39.9 40.6
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Oil cost curve, including technological progress: availability of oil resources as a function of economic prices
Source: IEA
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Common characteristics of TSG,CBM,SG: Stored in very fine pores of sedimentary rocks (sandstone, shale, coal). Very low permeability. Need special drilling methods for economical production.
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Hydrofracturing (Hydro-frac)
Gel
Proppant
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Monitoring by micro-seismic
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C+H2O=CO+H2
C+2H2O=CO2+2H2
Secondary reaction
C+CO2=2CO
C+2H2=CH4
2CO+O2=CH4 2H2+O2=2H2O CH4+2O2=CO2+2H2O
CO+H2O=CO2+H2
2CO+2H2=CH4+CO2 CO+3H2=CH4+H2O
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SourceNEDO-E-0152
Combusted gas generated in oxidation zone is gasified by reacting with coal in reducing zone. Gas is also produced by pyrolysis. 56
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http://www.zeuslibrary.net/Gasification/project_overview.aspx?plantid=45858
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