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2013/3/17

No.1 Sustainableecosocietyby

Topics 1.TohokuEarthquakeinJapanandmoreimportanceofcleanenergy 2.Worldenergyratio,futurepowersourceandcost 3.Renewableenergy:meritanddemerit Windenergy Solarenergy Geothermalenergy Biomassenergy Wave/tidalenergy Systemandotherenergy 4.Importanceofchangetoenergycarrierofrenewableenergy 5.Smartgrid 6.Someenergysavingtechniques(fromourlaboratoryresearches) ExsituCarbonCaptureStorage(CCS)techniques Reducethefueltouseintheinternalcombustionengine Metalbasedferrofluid (magneticfluid)forenergyconversiondevicesusing sunlight Naturalgashydrate(NGH)productionandtransportationsystemforsmall amountofmethane Importanceofmetalresourcesforenergyproductionandsavetheenergy 7.Sustainableecosociety Resourcesrecycling plussmartcity

consideringofimportanceand problemsofcleanenergyproduction
March,2013 Toyohisa Fujita, EnergyandEnvironmentalcourse, GraduateschoolofEngineering,RACE TheUniversityofTokyo,Japan tfujita@sys.t.utokyo.ac.jp

1.TohokuEarthquakeinJapanandmoreimportanceofcleanenergy

TheTohoku Earthquake March11, 2011


Hypocentral region 500kmfromnorthtosouth 200kmfromeasttowest 19,000Death,missing 400,000Destroyedbuilding Damageoftown Example:Gasfacility

nuclearpowerplantinJapan
Mostofplantsareunderinspection.Onlyi NuclearPower Plantisoperating.September2012

Destroyedbytsunami Operation 2368MW

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2.Worldenergyratio,futurepowersourceandcost

Japanesepowersourceratios
Petroleumoil Nuclear power Natural gas

Regional primaryenergyconsumptionintheworld
1kWh=3.6MJ=0.232L 106TOE=106x42GJ=42PJ

2011 NaturalgasutilizationincreasedafterTohokuearthquakeandtsunami.

MillionTOE;tonofo oil equivalent) =106x41.8 868GJ

Asia and Pacific Africa Middle east FormerSovietbloc Russia Europe SouthandCentralAmerica NorthAmerica ShareofOECD(%)

Energy consumption Extremely increaseinAsia

Year (BP,Statisticalreviewofworldenergy 2010)

MillionTOE;to onofoil equivalent) =106x41.868GJ

Sourceofenergyratiointheprimary energyconsumptionintheworld
Combustible renewableenergy Solar Wind, Solar, Wind Geothermaletc. etc Hydraulic Nuclear LNG Increase Petroleum Coal

Powersourceratiosofseveralcountries Renewable in2010

energyislessthan20%
Renewable energy Naturalgas Petroleumoil Coal Nuclear power

Cleanenergy energ 13%in2008

Increase

Japan

Germany

Europe

France

Korea

Year (IEA,Energy Balance2010,Energy whitepaper2011,Japan) (IEAElectricityinformation, 2010)

Slovakia

USA

Ukraine

China

Italy

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Energyutilization percapitainsome courtiersandworld


TOE;tonofoil equiva alent) /person= 41.868GJ J/person

(Inst.ofEnergyEconomics,Japan)

Primaryenergyper GDP(grossdomesticproduct)of somecourtiersin2008


(indexnumber :Japan=1)

OECDcountriesarelarge.

Australia

Germany y

d Thailand

Canada a

SaudiArabia a

Year

(IEA[EnergyBalancesofOECDCountries2010Edition],[EnergyBalancedofNon OECDCountries2010Edition])Energywhitepaper2011,Japan

Industrial

(US$/MW Wh)(U US$/MWh)

0.1billionTOE;tonofoil equivalen nt)

Africa

0.1billionTOE;tonofoil equivale ent)

Comparison ofelectricity ratesin some countriesfor industrial d l and household

Italy

Outlookforthefutureregional primary energyconsumption intheworld 1.4times

Japan Germany UK France USA Korea

Outlookforthefuturevariousenergy ratiointheprimaryenergy consumptionintheworld 1.4times Other Renewable Biomass Nuclear Water Naturalgas

India China OtherAsia Russia USA OECD 1990 200720152030

Household
Germany Italy Japan UK France USA Korea

Indonesia a

Russia a Coal Petroleum

EU27 7

Korea a

Japan n

UAE

USA A

UK K

France e

World d

China a

1990

200720152030

OECD/IEA,IEA,Energy pricesandTaxes,Year

(IEA/WorldEnergyOutlook2009,Agencyfornaturalresources andenergy, Japan)

India a

USA Korea France Germany Japan UK World China India

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Comparisonbetweennowadaysandfuture generatedpowersourceratiointheworld
3%

9000 8000

RenewableelectricitypotentialsinmajorOECD regionsin2030 (IEA,2011) Windoffshore 1 Windonshore Wave&tidal 5 Solarheat 2 Solar photovoltaic Waterpower 3 Geothermal 5 Biomass 4
OECD North America

6000 Renewable energy Waterpower Nuclearpower Naturalgas Decrease Petroleumoil Coal 0 2000

TWh
4000

5timesincrease

OECD OECD Europe Pacific

(IEA,WorldEnergy Outlook,2010)

Comparisonofpowergeneratingcostofpower sourcesbetween2008and2030
Powergene erating cost(x0.0125US$= =/kWh)

FeedinTariffs)
Germany2000 Subjects Pricesetting HighUtilizationincrease LowInvestmentintention decrease Optimumpricesettingis important. Japan2012,Julystarted.

EffectofFITinGermany
Photovoltaicpower generation

Policy, Additional, Riskcosts CO2 cost 0.1US$


2030203020302030 NuclearCoalLNGPetroleum powerpower power power

Wholesalepower priceinElectric PowerExchange


Windfarm offshore Windfarm Onshore

(a)(b) (a:IEA,WorldEnergyOutlook,2009,b:NationalpolicyunitinJapan2009)

Purchaseexpenseincrease. Purchasepricecontrolandtotal capacitylimitestablishmentis necessary.

(Areva,Germany,fromAsahinewspaper,June6th,2012

Euro/kWh h

Geothermal<15MW42/kW PV42kW,Wind<20kW58/kW Biomassgas41

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PotentialtouserenewableenergyinJapan
Photovoltaicpowergeneration andwindfarmincrease byFIT utilizationBy2020 Photovoltaicpower generation 28GWCapacityFactor 12 29.4TWh peryear Lowcostisimportantby technologicalinnovation Windpowergeneration 5GW CapacityFactor 20 8.8TWh peryear 4oftotalelectricpower generation FIT+technologicalinnovation 64.434.5TWh 735 ofTotalelectric powergenerationperyear inJapan

(MinistryoftheEnvironment,2010)
Unit:GW(4000TWhperyearin2009,Japan) Installedcapacity Maximum FIT potential 150MW 280 1600 14 0 24 140 0 3 1 1 3 1.1 FIT+ technological innovation 0.272 270 140 43 4.3

3.Renewableenergy:meritanddemerit
3.1Windenergy
Electricalpowercapacitychange ofwindelectricityintheworld Windenergy Proportionalto cubedofwind velocityandswept area. Unstablesupply electricityGrid systeminEurope, however,no systeminJapan lowfrequency noise causehealth hazard Birdstrike Failtolandscape

Photovoltaic powergeneration OnShoreWind farm OffshoreWind farm Smallhydraulic powerplant (lessthan30MW)

14 Geothermal powergeneration (withHotSpring Power)

1.14.8

5.2

Electricalpowerplantcapacitychange ofwindelectricityineachcountry

Windturbinegeneratormainly2MWinJapan 3to4MWintheworld
200m 80m 2MWgenerator Principalaxis Gear

80m Ball bearing Electrical generator

Windenergy utilization:3.3timesincrease comparing with5yearsintheworld. Japanonly2.2times. (Globalwindstatistic2010,GlobalWindEnergy Council) (fromT.Minowa)

2to3MW windturbinegenerator Utilizationofseveral1001 Rareearthmagnet Importanceofrareearthmetal Utilization(Nd,Dy)

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Offshorewindpowersystem
Example Denmark,Holland,Germany:7000ofwindturbine(32GW) constructionplan Japan:IbarakiprefectureKamisu 7ofwindturbine(14MW) Merit Goodwindconditions Easyestablishmentofbigscalewindturbine Noeffectofnoiseandbirdstrike Demerit Expensiveconstructioncost Largecostofelectrictransporttothecoast Durabilityofwindturbineandmaintenancecostforoffshore Fishingrightsproblem

Offshorewindpowergeneration

Kamisu

3.2Solarenergy
Photovoltaicpowergeneration
Japan megawattorderofphotovoltaicpowerplantconstruction About30placesby20200.3 ofgrossgeneration Merit Unlimited U li it d Installationavailableinanyplace Easymaintenanceandlongoperatinglife Demerit Unstablepowergeneration Lowenergydensity Expensivepowergenerationcost Improvement High photocarrier generation efficiency technology of PV by ultra slim type Reduce the cost by PV production on a large scale

Photovoltaiccellproductionchangein severalcountries
9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0

Power,GW

KoreaUSATaiwanGermanyJapanChina

(RenewableEnergyPolicyNetworkforthe21st Century,2011)

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Photovoltaicpowergeneration changeinseveralcountries
Others USA Italy Spain byFIT

Photovoltaiccellqualityandcooling system(byT.TomitaTheU.ofTokyo)
Coolingbynomechanicalpump Preventionofcelltemperaturewhencollectingsunlight
Cooling bytransportationoftheheatoutsideusingliquidboiling Possibilityofutilizationinsunbeltanddesertarea
lternativeCFCs

Germany

Japan

Roadmapofsolarcellbattery
Singlecrystal SiCISCuInGaSeCdTeOrganicsystem, Quantumdottype
powergenerating cost(x0.0125US$=/kWh) quantumdot 40%

Combinationofphotovoltaicpower generationandsolarpowergeneration
Operatingtime FlatpanelPV4hours Thermal6hours +thermalstorage16 hours

Organic75/kwh(10%)50(15%) thinfilmsiliconsolarcell 75/kWh(14%)45(18%) CIS75/kWh(18%)50(22%) Si l crystal Single t lSi75/kWh(15%)50(22%) Midscale LargescalePVsystem LargescalePVsystem

Sunlight engineering efficiency 43% =PVcell23% +Thermal20% Electricity250W, Thermal200W 100,000 =US$1,250

Residentialuse Industrialuse Foreigncountries METICoolEarthplan,2008)

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4typesofsolarpowergeneration
type Sicilia islandinItaly moltensalt:24hour Andasol,Spain Generator operatingfrom2010 Turbine DESERTECFoundation F d ti Solarpowergenerationin Fresnel theSaharaDesert type Itdependsontheplace. Generator (notsuitabletoJapan) Turbine Tower T Type

SolarpowertowerTrough

heat storage tank

condenser

Solarpowergenerationintheworld

Heat collection Focusing mirror condenser Heat collection focusing mirror condenser

Sun belt

reheatcombustor (solar Chimney) Generator Turbine Parabolicdish Heliostat (NEDO:Renewable energy technology) ExcellentGoodFairPoor

3.3Geothermalenergy
Electricalpowerplantcapacityintheworld
(byH.Muraoka,Japanrenewable energy foundation, Web1)

Activevolcanonumberofseveralcountries
Active

NationVolcano
(No.)

Electricalpower capacity (GW)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Worldgeothermal powerplantisincreasing.Japanese plantisconstantforthe restrictionofnationalparklaw,however,thenewplantconstructionhasstatednow.

USA1603,000 30.0 Indonesia1462,779 27.8 Japan1192,347 23.5 Philippines476.0 600 Mexico396.0 600 Iceland335.8 580 NewZealand203.7 365 Italy13 3.3 327

18geothermal th lpower plant inJapan 0.535GW

(byH.Muraoka,Japanrenewable energy foundation, Web1)

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Geothermalenergypowergenerationamountofthe maingeothermalresourcescountriesintheworld
Geothermalpowerplantinstalledca apacityMWe

Roadmapvisionofgeothermalpower productionbyregion(TWh/y)
Geother rmalpowerproduction, T TWh/y

2,435 MW MWe In2013 15,516 MWe in 2025 9,500 MWe in2025

ElSalvador

Philippines

NewZealand

CostaRica

Nicaragua

Italy

Indonesia

Mexico

Iceland

Kenya

USA

Japan

Shareofglobal electricitygeneration (%) OECDNorthAmerica OECDEurope OECDPacific Other IndiaandChina DevelopingAsia AfricaandMiddle East
Year

14258763 (Bertani(2010) andIEAGeothermal Energy Annual Report2009(2010)

Geothermalenergyreaches3.5%ofallelectricitygenerationin2050.
(IEA 2011,Technologyroadmap ongeothermal heatandpower)

Subjectsofgeothermalenergyutilization Itisdifficulttogetthepermissiontoconstructthe geothermalpowerplant. deregulation innationalpark Ittakes t k along l time ti (10years) )to t start t tthe th construction t ti ofgeothermalpowerplantafterinvestigationby boring. Thereisariskofnoexpectedhydrothermalwater. Lowcostofelectricpowersellingcomparing geothermalpowergenerationItisnecessaryto reducetheboringcost.Importanceofinnovative boringmethoddevelopment. Developmentofscaleremovaltechnology 200to300Hotwaterandsteam 40to200 Binarycyclepower generation Utilizationofpentane(36boilingpoint)

Geothermalheatpumputilizationsystem
Consumedelectricpowerisonethirdcomparingelectricity changestotheheat.Energyefficiencyislarge.

16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0

(FromFujitalab.)

(Akitaprefecture inwinter)

Temper rature,

0 50 100 Distance from the surface of land

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Greenhouseusingheat pumpsystemofearth thermalenergy(AkitaPrefecture)

Heatconvectionpipe usingtemperature sensitivemagneticfluid

Permanent magnetregulate thefree convectioninthe pipe.

Flowrate 12mm/s

3.4Biomassenergy
CarbonNeutral Solidfuel ofwoodpellet Ethanolfromwoodybiomass Japan:ExistenceofLowdensityandwidearea Itisdifficulttomakelargeandintensivetreatment. Localproductionforlocalconsumptionisimportant. CalorificvalueandlargeamountofmoistureLimitof energyefficiency efficiency,Directutilization50 energy efficiency Priortodistrictheating andhotwaterutilization Cogenerationsystemisimportant.

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Japanesebiomassabundanceandutilizationrate
8.7 7.9 7 3.6 1.9 0.430. .47 1.4 0.8 Timberoffcuts Noedibleinfarmproducts Woodchip pderivedfromconstruction Sawmillremindermaterial Foodwastes Usedpaper Blackliquor Sewagesludge Livestockexcrement
Utilizatin(%) noused(%) 0 20 40 60 80 100

Biomass abundance andutilization ratefrom 2002 to2020 Utilization ofbiomass in2002,2009 and 2020
Material& energy

Composting

Biomassamount,Mt B

construction material& composting

Energy

Feed& composting

Utilization Noused

Livestockexcrement,Sewagesludge,Blackliquor,Usedpaper,Foodwastes

Pper & energy

Paper& Feed

Composting &feed

Compostin g&feed

Paper

Large

Sawmillreminder,Woodchipderived,Noediblein,Edible,Timber material.fromconstruction.farmproducts.farmproducts.offcuts.

(Annual Report on Food, Agriculture and Rural Areas in Japan , MAFF(Ministry agriculture, forestry and fisheries, 2009)

(A.Sakoda,TheU.ofTokyo)

RPF sample
40mm20mm8mm

Bioethanolandbiodiesel
USA Largestproductionofbioethanol 20%ofcornchangestoethanol.Foodproblemby increasingcornprice Brazil secondproductionofbioethanolSugarcane Sugarcaneproductionincreaseinsteadofsoybean. Soybeanpriceincreased. energybalance1.5 to 2 IndonesiaandMalaysia BiodieselproductionfromPalmoilcausesthefood problem. Energyutilizationbydirectincinerationisbetterthanbio dieselproduction.

Refusederivedpaperand plasticsfuelsafe (RefusePaper


PlasticFuel)

6,000kcal25MJ)kg gradesimilartocoal 8,000kcalMJ)kg gradesimilartocoke RDF(Refusederivedfuel)4500200kcalMJ kg Possibilityofexplosionbymethanegasduringstock Calorificvalue

RPFquality
Grade Number Calorificvalue Moisture Ash TotalCl > < < < > < < < > < < < > < < <

JapaneseIndustrial StandardsJIS Z7311:2010 :Fujitaetal.werediscussed.

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Thailand Ethanolproductionfacility
Ethanol production Recoveryofmethane gas Anaerobic fermentation

BiofuelfrommicroalgaeinJapan
KeioUniversityandDenso Biodieselandbioethanolproduction Pseudochoricystis ellipsoidea Oilof30%driedweightcanstoreinthecell. Doublingtime 8to9hours TsukubaUniversitybiodieselproductionusingmicroalgae Botryococcus 155=$1.9/L Aurantiochytrium 50/L=$0.6/L
Biofuelproductionperyearperunitareabyusingvariousbiomass

Wastewater electricpower sellingtothegrid Power generation utilizing methane gas

Algae Palm oil Sugarcane Corn Soybean (fromExxonMobil)

Morethan18.7KL/ha 6.1kL 4.2kL 2.3kL 0.5kL

Large L production d ti preunitarea

Algae(chlorella)cultivationby blowingCO2 underirradiationoflamp

Emittedgasfromcoalpowerplant Initialday

Euglena
Afteroneweek

TheU.ofTokyo,Fujitalab.

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Palmoilproduction

Comparisonofeffectiveutilizationofpalmoilwaste
Technology options Method to use palm oil waste Energy Input (lower is better) Combined Heat and Power Plant Composting Plant Briquette Production Pulp and Paper Plant Bio-ethanol Production Medium Density Board Plant 0.15 0.03 0.09 3 0.96 0.3 Environment Economic Social Value Job mpacts added Opportunity lower is (higher is (higher is Total point better) better) better) 0.2 0.4 0.6 2 0.8 1.2 0.52 0.16 0.25 2 1.7 0.26 0.55 1 0.5 0.95 0.3 0.15
10 10 14 15 16 19

Palmoilproduction amount,kt

Prod ctionarea Production


Indonesia Malaysia Thailand Nigeria Colombia Ecuador Ghana Others

Produc ctionarea,kha

(FAOstat,Ministryoftheenvironment government Japan,2011)

Weight number andtheorderofpriorityof6 technologies byphD thesisbyC.H.Lin,TheU.ofTokyo,2012

3.5Wave/tidalenergy
Waveactivatedpowergeneration Densityofwaveenergyis20to30timeslargercomparing solarenergyand5timesofwindenergy. Powergeneratingcostbywaveislarge,morethan3 timesofwindenergycost.Thedecreaseofcostis important. OceanthermalenergyconversionVaporized ammoniagascanrotatetheturbinethatissimilarto th binary the bi cycle l powergeneration ti by b geothermal th l energy. Tidalpowergenerationisutilized.

Waveactivatedpowergeneration
Spring p g Floatingbody Weight Ballscrew Inertiadisk Generator Movingparts

(A.Hashimoto,theU.ofTokyo)

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wavepower devicebyOPT

Pelamis Wave Power, Ltd

Oceanthermalenergyconversion
Surfacewarm Seawater Vapor ammonia power Turbine generators Temperature difference between surfacewarmsea wateranddeep coldocean water20to25 Exchangefromthermal energytoelectricalenergy Condenser Evaporator Liquid ammonia Pump Pump Deepcold oceanwater Workingfluidammonia 10,000MTWhintheworld powergenerating cost 40to60 60=$0.5 $0 5to0 0.8/kwh 8/kwh 13=$0.2/kwh in2030

Principle
30kWDemonstrationplant,SagaUniversity Imari inSagaprefecture, Japan

Tidalcurrentpowergeneration

Maximumelectricpowergenerationbytidalcurrentin Japan Haikiseto:140kW(Springtide) Average 50kW Harioseto:430MW(Springtide)Average150MW


Openundershot waterwheel

Haiki seto betweenOmura bay andSasebobayinJapan

(fromJapansmallhydropowerCo.,Ltd.)

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Tidalcurrentpowergeneration
Country y Argentina Australia Canada India Korea Mexico England USA
LunarEnergy

Tidalpowergeneration
Place Tidelevel Area ( (km) ) diff difference ( ) (m) 240 1970 100 450 20,500 Largest electric power generation ti (MW) 6800 ? 5338 7000 480 ? 8640 6501 87,000

(fromKawasakiHeavyIndustries,Ltd.)

Russia

SanJose 5.9 SecureBay 10.9 Cobequid 12.4 Cambay 6.8 Garolim 4.7 RioColorado l d 6 7 Severn 7.8 Turnagain Arm 7.5 Alaska Penzhinskava 6.0 Bay

electricpower generation(kW)

Electricpowergenerationsysteminthesea area
10timesper10years

Potentialofoceanenergyintheworld (byT.Kinoshita,IEAOES)
Osmotic power 2 000 2,000 TWh/y

Commercialfacility Prototype

Imari

Experimentalunit Wind Wave Tidal Temperature Year

Oceanenergy
Wavepower Oceancurrent power

8,000 80,000 TWh/y

800TWh/y

Tidalcurrent power

Oceanthermal energy

300TWh/y

10,000 TWh/y

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Annualpotentialhydr roenergy anddeveloped d electricenergy, TW

3.6 Hydroelectricpowergeneration and smallhydroelectricgeneration


Hydroelectricpowergeneration:16%ofgross generation intheworld
hydroelec tricpower Ratioof Gross Power

Hydraulicenergyineachdistricts
Potentialhydroenergy Developed Developed ratio,%

Ratio,%

Canada

USA

Russia

Japan

Sweden

China

Norway

France

Brazil

India

(2007SurveyofEnergyResources; WorldEnergyCouncil2007)

AsiaSouthNorthEuropeAfricaOceaniaMiddleeast AmericaAmerica

3typesof hydroelectric generationsystem


Reservoirsystem Power station Regulatingreservoir system Power station Runofriver powersystem Power station rivers regulating pondage reservoir

Smallhydroelectric generation
Tsuru city,YamanashiPrefecture

DevelopedhydraulicenergyinJapan
Morethan100MW 50100MW 3050 1030 510 35 13 Lessthan1
installedcapacity,GW

Smallhydroelectric generation

Developed U d construction Under t ti Undeveloped

(fromJapanese AssociationforWaterEnergy Recovery)

Developed ratio,%

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4.Importanceofchangetoenergy carrierofrenewableenergy
Hydrogengenerationofelectricenergybywind,Solar, Biomass Storageof fenergyb bypumpinguppowerplant, l power storagebyaircompressionandflywheelbattery Someunstablerenewableenergy Effectonthevoltage andfrequencychangeofsupplyelectricity Smoothingmethodofgenerationoutputbystorage battery l dacid lead idbattery, b tt lithium lithi ion i battery b tt ,sodium di sulfur lf battery b tt (, Na:positive,S:negativeelectrode,300350 chargeanddischarge)3timesofenergydensity comparingleadacidbattery Liioncapacitor

5.Smartgrid
Distributedenergysystem
Combinedheatandpowersystem

Solarenergy,Windfarm, Distributedenergy system(Microgrid) Biomass,Hydraulicpower, Fuelcell,microgasturbine Smartmeter Cable powermonitoringsystem, Wind Fuelcell AdvancedMetering Infrastructure Energy control Demand Customerfor(electric)power Demand system DemandResponse Flexiblegenerator Microgas Solar Weatherforecastutilization turbine power Electricpower storage NecessaryofCordofeach facilityforcontrol (fromNEDO:Distributed energy system)

USA100%ofsmartmeterby202030%in2013 EuropeImportanceofsmartgrid for20%decreaseofgreenhousegas,20%increaseof renewableenergy,20%decreaseofenergy consumption ChinaConstructionofelectricitysupplynetworkfor 82.8 ofmainlycoalfiredthermalpowerand 14.7 ofhydraulicpower. Japan UtilizationofInformation andCommunication Technology gy HomeEnergyManagementSystem) BuildingEnergyManagementSystem) FEMS(Factoryenergymanagementsystem) CEMS(Communitiy energymanagementsystem)

400places:Smartcityprojectintheworld

EU MiddleEast Africa India

China Japan

NorthAmerica

SouthEastAsia Oceania

SouthAmerica

NikkeiBPSmartcitygeneral survey,2012

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Investmentforcleanenergyinseveralcountriesin 2010
China Investment increase20to 50%everyyear. Cleanenergy andsmartgrid areaincrease3 to4timesinthe future10years. Germany USA Italy OtherEUs Brazil Canada Spain France I di India Japan Australia UK 0102030405060BillionUS$ TheCharitable Energy TrustWhosWinningTheCleanEnergyRace? Wind PV,Solarheat Otherrenewable Energy Biofuel Highefficiency, low carbontech.and service

6.Someenergysavingtechniques
(fromourFujitalaboratoryresearches)

6.1 ExsituCarbonCaptureStorage(CCS)techniques: Theacceleratedmineralcarbonationusingdirect incinerationgascontainingCO2 6.2.Nano emulsionpreparationtoreducethefuel 6.3Manufacturingmetalbasedferrofluid forenergy conversiondevicesusingsunlight 6.4NGHproductionandtransportationsystem 6.5Futuredemandofrareearthtoproducemagnet 6.6 Recycling=Howtoreducetheenergyandcostof recyclingforsustainability

7.Sustainableecosociety
7.1Energyproblems Peakoil(oilreserves/productionR/Ppeak)willbecome soon soon. 2. Clean shalegasandcoalutilizationisimportantby reducingCO2method. UtilizationofultraSuperCritical(USC)PowerPlantofcoal andintegratedcoalgasificationcombinedcycle(IGCC) 3.Energyprofitratio(energyoffuel/needenergytoobtain fuel)shouldbelargerthan1. 4 Renewableenergy(solar 4. (solar,wind wind,wastes wastes,biomass biomass,etc etc.) )is sometimeslimitedassmallenergy,however,local productionforlocalconsumption isimportant. 5.Saveenergy,MicroGrid,Hydrogenstorage,Battery,etc. BalancedutilizationofRenewableenergyandfossilfuel.

7.2Comparisonbetweenvariousrenewableenergies
Small Photo Off-shore hydraulic wind voltaic <30MW Energy conversion efficiency,% Stability Utilization factor 10-35% (Max59 Unstable 20% 10-15% (Max 86%) Solar power Geo thermal Wave tidal Ocean thermal

Biomass

80%

40%

10-20%

10-30%

10% (30-50%) Almost stable 30%

1-3%

Stable 60% 40 50 0.6

Unstable Unstable 12% 20 16-31 0.96-1.9

Stable 80% 40 31 0.97

Stable 40-60% 40 5.7-16 1.9-5.3

Stable 80-90%

number of years worked 20 years Energy profit ratio (EPR) Energy payback time (EPT) Cost/kWh 38-54 0.56-0.79 9.9-17.3

8-3.75

5-6 40-50

19.1-22 33.4-38.3

9.2-11.6 17.4-33.2 30-50

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7.3Resourcesrecycling
Recyclerateisinfluencedonmineralsandpurposefor utilization. 1.Howtoreducetheenergyandcostofrecyclingfor sustainability 2 SecureofmineralresourcesInvestigationofnonrecycled 2. wastedmetalsinmunicipalwastes. Extractionofraremetalsfromallovertheworldincluding sea floorandmount(Mnrichcrust,seamountainetc.) 3ProblemforrecyclingtechnologySmallamountofrare metalutilizationinproducts.Thistendencycontinuesto reducetheproductioncost.Innovationofrecycling technologyisimportant. 4.Importanceofinversemanufacturingandecodesign Itisnecessarytoproduceartifactsandmaterials consideringhowtoreuseandrecyclingincludingservice system. 5.Cooperationofrecyclingtechnologyandsystemconsidering environment ineachdistrictofallovertheworld.

Sustainableecosocietyofenergy,materialsaving andsmartcity Renewableenergyandfuelenergysaving

In erseman Inverse manufacturing fact ring design,standardization

SMARTCITY Reuse, Recycle

Minesandsea resources,oil,gas, Plants,etc.

Servicesystemofartifacts (rentalandlease)

Environmentalfriendlyrecyclingorientedsociety

Writeyourname,number,department andUniversityname.
Pleasewriteyourconsiderationforcleanenergy.

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