GVHD: ThS. Nguyn Minh Khang ThS.

Phm Ngc Du

CHNG 1 M U
1.1 t vn

T ngn xa n nay, cuc i bnh thng ca mi mt con ngi u phi tri qua bn giai on mc nh ca to ha, l chu trnh sinh lo bnh t. khc phc phn no ca bnh tt, bo ton mng sng trc ngng ca ci cht v

ko di tui th, cc nh khoa hc khng ngng c gng tm mi cch can thip nh nghin cu s dng nhiu loi thuc, t dng s ch n tinh ch, c c, Ngy nay xu hng s dng cc tho dc thin nhin tr bnh tr nn ph bin, vic tm kim nhng kh nng cha tr t cc loi tho dc c tin hnh nhiu ni trn th gii: Nht Bn, Trung Quc, i Loan, Malaysia,

vo chu trnh sng mc nh y. T nhng kinh nghim lu truyn trong dn gian, hoc trch xut t cc loi tho dc c sn trong t nhin iu tr bnh.

Thi Lan, .Trong , nm Linh chi l i tng nghin cu ca nhiu quc gia. Linh chi l mt loi dc liu qu v c xp trn c nhn sm. Tc dng ca Linh chi l phng tr nhiu bnh: huyt p, tim mch, gan, thn, suy nhc thn kinh, suy nhc c thChnh v th, trn th gii c nhiu nghin cu v linh chi Vit Nam, trong nhng nm gn y cng xut hin kh nhiu sn phm

om pa

nhm tn dng nhng li ch ca n ci thin sc khe con ngi.

t Linh chi: thuc Linh chi dng vin nn, tr ti lc Linh chi, ru Linh chiTuy nhin, nhng sn phm ny cn qu t so vi yu cu ca th trng. p ng c mt phn nhu cu ny v a dng ha sn phm nc gii kht. Chng ti tin hnh nghin cu th nghim ch bin sn phm Nc Linh chi ng chai.

ny

c bit l cc nc vng Chu , v n c nhiu tim nng v ngun dc liu.

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GVHD: ThS. Nguyn Minh Khang ThS. Phm Ngc Du

1.2 Mc ch ti Nghin cu th nghim ch bin nc Linh chi ng chai khng s dng ng, Cung cp sn phm tt cho sc khe m nhng ngi b bnh bo ph, bnh tiu ng v bnh tim mch c th s dng c. 1.3 Ni dung nghin cu - Kho st t l nm Linh chi vi nc - Kho st t l B cng anh vi nc - Kho st t l Cam tho vi nc - Kho st t l C ngt vi nc - Kho st t l Bp gim b sung a dng ha cc sn phm nc gii kht trn th trng khng s dng cht bo qun nhm: -

- Cc t l kho st c nh gi cm quan v mu sc v mi v sn phm. - nh gi cht lng sn phm v cc ch tiu l ha, ch tiu vi sinh v cm quan sau mt thng bo qun xem c thay i hay khng so vi khi mi sn xut. Nu c th s thay i ny cn nm trong gii hn cho php hay khng.

om pa

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T chn ra cng thc ch bin tt nht.

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GVHD: ThS. Nguyn Minh Khang ThS. Phm Ngc Du

CHNG 2 TNG QUAN

2.1 Tng quan v nc gii kht 2.1.1 Ngun gc nc gii kht[29]

Lch s ca nc gii kht c th bt ngun t loi nc khong c tm

thy trong cc dng sui t nhin. T lu, vic ngm mnh trong sui nc khong sui. Cc nh khoa hc cng nhanh chng pht hin ra carbon dioxide (CO2) c Loi nc gii kht khng ga (khng CO2) u tin xut hin vo th k 17 vi thnh phn pha ch gm nc lc, chanh v mt cht mt ong. Nm 1676, Cng gii kht. n nm 1767, tin s Joseph Priestley - mt nh ha hc ngi Anh - Torbern Bergman pht minh loi my c th ch to nc c ga t vi bng cch s dng acid sulfuric. My ca Bergman cho php sn xut loi nc khong nhn

c xem l tt cho sc khe do tc dng tr bnh ca khong cht c trong nc trong cc bt nc khong thin nhin.

om pa

to vi s lng ln. Tuy nhin, mi n nm 1832 lo i nc khong c ga mi tr

nn ph bin nh s ra i hng lot ca loi my sn xut nc c ga trn th Theo cc chuyn gia y t, thc ung bng nc khong t nhin hay nhn to

trng.

u tt cho sc khe. Cc dc s M bt u bo ch thm mt s loi dc tho

vi cc hng v khc nhau cho vo thc ung ny. Do khch hng thch em thc ung v nh nn ngnh cng nghip sn xut nc ng chai cng pht trin theo

p ng nhu cu ca h.

ny

pha ch thnh cng loi nc gii kht c ga. 3 nm sau, nh ha hc Th y in

ty Compagnie de Limonadiers ti Paris (Php) c quyn bn cc loi nc chanh

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GVHD: ThS. Nguyn Minh Khang ThS. Phm Ngc Du Nm 1899, tng v loi my thi thy tinh sn xut t ng chai thy tinh c cp bng sng ch. 4 nm sau , my thi th y tinh i vo hot ng. Khong u nhng nm 1920, my bn nc gii kht t ng bt u xut hin Hom Paks u tin ra i. T y, nc gii kht tr thnh mt phn thit yu trong cuc sng ngi dn M. K t 1852, vi vic nc gng c tung ra th trng, cc sn phm c trn th trng M. Nm 1923, nhng lc nc ngt gm 6 hp carton c gi l

thng hiu xut hin v c cp quyn kinh doanh. Bt u t nhng nm

1880, th trng nc gii kht trn ngp cc loi nc ung c nhn hiu nh

Hnh 2.1 Cc loi nc gii kht c by bn a dng trn th trng

om pa

T khi du nhp vo Vit Nam cho n nay trn th trng nc gii kht a

dng cc loi nh nc gii kht khng cn v c cn, nc gii kht c gas v

khng c gas, nc gii kht c thnh phn thin nhin hay nhn to,ca rt nhiu cng ty v c s sn xut nh Coca-Cola, Pepsi-Cola, Chng Dng, Tn 2.1.2 Tnh hnh tiu th nc gii kht ti Vit Nam Nc ta l mt nc nhit i nn nhng ngy nng nng oi bc lun ko di, v vy nhu cu ca con ngi cn c mt sn phm h nhit nhanh chng, tin li,

Hip Pht,

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Coca-Cola (1886), Moxie (1885), Dr.Pepper (1885), Pepsi-Cola (1898)...

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GVHD: ThS. Nguyn Minh Khang ThS. Phm Ngc Du khng lm mt nhiu thi gian gp phn lm a dng v thc y s pht trin ca th trng nc gii kht Vit Nam. Trong mt khong thi gian di nc gii kht c gas chim lnh th trng, st gim trc s ln t ca cc loi nc khng gas. Theo kt qu iu tra th trng nm 2004 do Cng ty c phn nc gii kht Tribeco thc hin, th trng nc gii kht khng gas tng 10%/nm trong khi sn lng nc ngt c gas tip nhng trong cc nm t nm 2004 tr li y, th trng nc gii kht c gas ang

tc st gim 5% [32]. Bo co ny cng cho thy, duy tr kh nng cnh tranh, nguyn vt liu u vo tng cao. Cc cng ty phi u t ln cho vic nghin cu gia tng th phn cc sn phm c v a thm ngy cng nhiu sn phm mi ra th trng. Theo cng vi xu hng th s nhn thc ca ngi tiu dng dn dn c ci thin, bt u thn trng hn trong vic bo m sc kho ca mnh. Bn cnh , ngi tiu dng ang c xu hng ch trng nhiu hn n sn phm cha

cc cng ty nc gii kht hu nh khng tng gi trong sut nm qua, mc d gi

cc thnh phn c ngun gc thin nhin, ung khng cn nh nc p tri cy ti, nc ung b dng, nc gii kht cha thnh phn tho mc, tr tho dc,bng chng l s xut hin ca Tr tho mc Dr.Thanh gy nn mt cn st trn th trng nc gii kht. Theo iu tra cc h gia nh TP.HCM do Si Gn Tip Th thc hin, cc

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loi tr gii kht c ngun gc thin nhin chim u th vi t trng ln n 34,2%

gi tr chi tiu cho ung. Nu tnh c tr truyn thng (cc loi tr bc, tr tu) th

t trng ny ln n 37,7% th phn gi tr ung gii kht.[31]

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GVHD: ThS. Nguyn Minh Khang ThS. Phm Ngc Du

cn TP.HCM nhng thng u nm 2009 Cc sn phm ung c ngun gc thin nhin ngy nay cn c gi vi tn l Thc phm chc nng. C rt nhiu cc nh ngha v thc phm chc

om pa

nng, song tt c u thng nht cho rng: Thc phm chc nng l loi thc phm

nm gii hn gia thc phm truyn thng (Food) v thuc (Drug). l loi thc

phm khng ch cung cp dinh dng c bn m cn c chc nng phng chng

bnh tt v tng cng sc khe nh cc cht chng oxy ha (beta-caroten, lycopen,

lutein, vitamin C, vitamin E...), cht x v mt s thnh phn khc. Loi thc phm nhng hot cht c li vi lng ln. Tip l nhm thc phm c t hot cht

chc nng c k n u tin l nhng thc phm m khi dng t nhin c hn, phi b sung hoc tinh ch c c li dng d s dng, hay gy bin i gene tng hm lng mt s cht c li.

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Hnh 2.2 Biu biu din t trng chi tiu cho cc sn phm ung khng

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GVHD: ThS. Nguyn Minh Khang ThS. Phm Ngc Du

Nguyn liu cn bn nht l nc, thng l nc tinh khit (pure water) c tinh lc vi nhiu mc khc nhau tu theo cng ngh v thit b x l nc. Nu khng m bo, sn phm s vn c, lng cn, nhim vi sinh

ng hoc cht to ngt (sweeteners) thng c gi mt cch "dn gian" l ng ho hc. Khng phi loi ng ho hc no cng gy nguy him cho sc s dng". Chng cn l th khng c g thay th trong sn xut sn phm cho ngi c tin s tiu ng. Hng liu (flavor): hu ht cc loi nc ngt u c thm hng liu nhn

to vi nhiu mc khc nhau to mi thm ging t nhin, to cm gic d phm. V d hng ch xanh dng cho bt git khng th l hng ch xanh dng trong nc ch xanh ung. Hng liu dng trong ch bin cng nghip thng c tp cht, i khi l c cht, s rt nguy him nu dng cho thc phm. Mu: mu thc phm (food grade) l mt iu bt buc i vi cc nh sn xut nc ngt.

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Cht bo qun (preservatives): nc ngt do c cha ng v mt s cht

dinh dng c kh nng gy h thi nn cht bo qun s ko di thi gian s dng sn phm. C nhng cht c php s dng rng ri trn th gii nhng cng c nhng cht b cm. Thng thng, d c cho php v coi nh khng c hi, cht bo qun ch c php s dng mc mt phn ngn tr li (Theo danh mc cho php s dng ca c quan v sinh an ton thc phm). C th c hoc khng c l C02. Nc ngt c ga C02 d gy cm gic hng phn khi ung nhng vi nhiu ngi, nht l nhng ngi c vn vi h thng tiu ho, th cht ny c th gy no hi kh chu hoc mt tc hi no .

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chu. C hai cp : dng sn xut cng nghip v dng sn xut trong thc

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kho. Saccharin b cm trn c th gii nhng aspartame, sucralose... "c php

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2.1.3 Nguyn liu sn xut nc gii kht trong cng nghip [33,34,35]

GVHD: ThS. Nguyn Minh Khang ThS. Phm Ngc Du 2.1.4 Gii thiu mt s quy trnh sn xut nc gii kht 2.1.4.1 Quy trnh sn xut nc gii kht c gas khng cn trong cng nghip [36]

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ng tinh luyn

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Cht ph gia thc phm

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CO2 tinh khit

Chai, lon ra sch Thnh phm

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Lm lnh bo ho CO2 Chit

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Nc ngm X l 1 X l 2 Nu Sir Lc Lm ngui Pha ch Ho trn

a) Quy trnh

GVHD: ThS. Nguyn Minh Khang ThS. Phm Ngc Du Hnh 2.3 Quy trnh sn xut nc gii kht c gas khng cn trong cng nghip

b) Gii thch quy trnh

Nc ngm c x l qua 2 giai on nhm loi b cc tp cht bn v x l cc thnh phn ho l p ng tiu chun cho php s dng.

Nc sau khi x l c gia nhit ln 700C 800C. ng tinh luyn c cho vo nc nng vi t l nht nh thc hin qu trnh nu Sir. Dch sir sau nu lc loi b cn v lm ngui.

Cc cht ph gia thc phm, cc ph liu nh: nc p tri cy nguyn cht, cht bo qun, cht n nh, hng liu, cht iu chnh chua, vitamin, c phi trn cng vi dch sir nhng t l nht nh. Dch nc sau khi phi trn c chit vo cc chai hoc lon ra sch. phi trn sau em i ghp np. hng dn ca nh sn xut.

Sn phm c th bo qun nhit thng hoc nhit lnh tu theo 2.1.4.2 Quy trnh ch bin nc Linh chi mt ong ng lon [8]

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a) Quy trnh

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CO2 tinh khit c lm lnh bo ho np vo cc chai hoc lon cha dch

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GVHD: ThS. Nguyn Minh Khang ThS. Phm Ngc Du

Qu th nm Linh chi Ra ct ming nh Nu ln 1 (1000C/ 30pht) Lc

Phi ch

Nu ln 2 ( 1000C/ 5pht)

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ny

X l nhit ( 1100C/ 15pht) Thnh phm Bo qun

Lc

Vo lon

Ghp m

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Mt ong ng

GVHD: ThS. Nguyn Minh Khang ThS. Phm Ngc Du Hnh 2.4 Quy trnh ch bin nc Linh chi mt ong ng lon b) Gii thch quy trnh Qu th nm Linh chi c ra sch nhm loi b bi, bo t cn st trn nm, vi sinh vt v cc cht ho hc gy c hi trong phn bn. Qu th c ct Linh chi v nc ho trn theo t l 1%, nu si trong 30 pht nhm ly trch dch chit t Linh chi. vi nc v loi b cn. cc t l 2% v 6%. ming nh nhm lm tng hiu qu trch ly.

Sau khi nu, dch Linh chi c em i lc qua li vi nhm tch phn ci Dch nc Linh chi sau lc c phi trn vi mt ong v ng ln lt theo Dung dch sau khi phi trn em i nu ln 2 1000C trong 15 pht, khi nu Dch nc Linh chi mt ong c rt vo cc lon nhm c thanh trng v em i ghp m lon. Sn phm nc Linh chi mt ong ng lon c x l nhit 1100C trong 15 pht nhm tiu dit vi sinh vt v ko di thi gian bo qun. 2.1.5 Thc t ca cc loi nc gii kht c ngun gc thin nhin ang c trn th trng Vit Nam [30,33,34,35] Sn phm c bo qun nhit thng.

om pa

Cc loi nc tri cy, nc tho mc thin nhin ang chim t l khong

40% th trng nc gii kht.Ngi tiu dng chung cc loi nc ny, bi s lin tng vi hnh nh cng ngh chit xut hin i ly thnh phn tinh cht trong Cng ngh pha ch l hng liu, mu tng hp, cht n nh, cht bo

qu ti m pha ch thnh nc gii kht.

qun khng c nhc ti hoc ch nhc ti rt m nht. Cc loi nc tr xanh

v chanh, bn cnh nhng qung b khng mu nhn to, khng cht bo qun, chit xut t nhng t tr xanh to cm gic t nhin hon ton, trong thnh phn vn c cht iu chnh chua 330, hng chanh. Nhn vo thnh phn ghi trn bao

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GVHD: ThS. Nguyn Minh Khang ThS. Phm Ngc Du b, gn nh tt c cc loi nc cam u pha ch t hng liu. C th, loi nc c coi l ti ngon thin nhin nh Twister ca PepsiCo c thnh phn l nc cam t ct cam c c 65% (150g/l), v thnh phn cha cht iu chnh axt ging t nhin, cht bo qun 202, mu tng hpNc cam ca Orangina t ho vi tp cam ti nguyn cht cng ch c 12% nc cam nguyn cht, 2% tp 330, 331iii, cht n nh 415, 414, 327, cht chng oxy ho, hng cam t nhin v

cam, cn li l nc c gas, tinh du camCn vi nc cam p Mr Drink th nh sn xut ch ghi thnh phn: nc cam p, ng, nc tinh khit, hng liu

ngi tiu dng khng th xc nh c hm lng cam trong l bao nhiu khi t nhin, E110, axt Sorbic, Natricitrate...cng ngh sn xut nc gii kht hin

nay l cng ngh pha ch hng liu. Bi d c l tr, cam, to, nho hay tho mc chng na, nu thiu cht to mu, to mi th khng th gi hng v c nm trn quy k bn ngoi ng m khng b h hng. Nc no mu sc p, thm, v ngon th d bn, quan trng nht l tip th qung co gii s bn chy. to mi, dch qu (cn gi l nc ct), lun c sn cc hng v theo tri cy t nhin. Sn phm cao cp th dng thm ng tri cy vo cng vi ng knh nc c hng v thm ngon hn.Hin nay do gi hng liu v mu thc phm ngun gc thin nhin t 10 - 30 ln sn phm tng hp, nn mun c gi thnh r, nhiu ni khng ngn ngi s dng cc gi hng liu, mu tng hp v pha vi nc v ng. Thm ch, nhiu im cn bn lun gi nguyn liu tng hp pha sn theo t l mt gi 10g/100 lt ncTheo ng Nguyn ng Hin, Gim c Cc cng on pha ch cng ngy cng n gin, khi cc hng liu to mu,

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Cng ty Bidrico nhn xt: Nu ng l nc tri cy, thnh phn ch t phi c 15-

20% nc ct tri cy. Nhng cnh tranh nhau, c c gi thnh r, nh sn xut dng ton hng liu pha ch vn cho mi v mu sc tng t. Cn khu v th ch c ngi tiu dng tinh mi nhn ra. Theo nghin cu ca cc nh khoa hc, Benzen l mt ha cht nm trong danh sch cht c hi c th lm tng nguy c ung th, c bit l ung th mu leukaemia. T nm 1990, c quan thuc v thc phm Hoa K FDA c li cnh

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GVHD: ThS. Nguyn Minh Khang ThS. Phm Ngc Du bo vi ngnh sn xut nc gii kht M v hm lng Benzen c trong nc ngt cao t 2,5 n 5 ln gii hn cho php ca T chc Y t th gii WHO cho nc ung l 10ppb (parts per billion - phn t). Vn pht sinh do hai thnh phn hin ascorbic acid (vitamin C) c th phn ng vi nhau hnh thnh benzene. Sodium nghip thc phm. Ascorbic acid, hay vitamin C, c trong rau qu, nc p tri cy, ha ko di tui th ca sn phm. nay vn thng gp trong nc gii kht l cht bo qun sodium benzoat v

benzoat, k hiu E211, hay 211 thng c dng lm cht bo qun trong cng

thng cng c cho thm vo thc phm v thc ung nh mt cht khng oxy C ch phn ng c Glen Lawrence-mt trong nhng nh ha hc tng th nghim benzen cho FDA u thp nin 1990, gii thch: thnh nhng gc t do hydroxyl. - Thot tin, ascorbic acid tc dng vi kim loi st, ng c trong nc to - Cng lc sodium benzoat trong mi trng acid ca nc ngt, cho ra - Cc gc hydroxyl s tc kch benzoic acid, tch CO2 to thnh benzen. Theo Lawrence, phn ng ny c th xy ra trong thc ung cng nh thc n c cha sodium benzoat v vitamin C, k c vitamin C t nhin c trong nc p tri cy. V vy, nc p tri cy cng nh nc ngt c dng vitamin C khng c dng cht bo qun l sodium benzoat. Trong khi , theo danh mc cc cht ph gia c php s dng trong thc phm ca B Y t Vit Nam ban hnh, sodium benzoat v benzoic acid vn c php s dng trong cc sn phm nc gii kht nh hoa qu ngm gim, ngm

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ng, trong nectar qu thanh trng ng hp, trong nc gii kht, nc ung 2.1.6 Gii thiu s lc cc loi nc gii nhit v nc c thnh phn nm Trn th trng hin nay p ng nhu cu gii nhit ma nng xut hin

dnh cho th thao, nc ung c dc tho,... Linh chi trn th trng

rt nhiu cc loi nc gii nhit c sn xut t nhiu cng ty khc nhau.

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benzoic acid.

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GVHD: ThS. Nguyn Minh Khang ThS. Phm Ngc Du Tr b ao Wanderfarm do Cng ty c phn thc phm Quc t sn xut vi thnh phn nc, nc sng sm, thch rong bin, ng. Tr xanh Green Tea chanh do Cng ty c phn thc phm Quc t sn xut vitamin C, hng to t nhin vi thnh phn nc, tinh cht tr, ng, fructose, cht x ho tan, acid citric, Nc ma lau ca Cng ty trch nhim hu hn sn xut thng mi Hu nh Vnh c thnh phn gm: nc, ng ct, ma, c rt, c nng.

Nc bi p ca Cng ty Tribeco vi thnh phn nc; ng; nc bi p; cht iu chnh chua 330, 331iii; cht n nh 466; cht nh ho 445; hng tng hp; cht chng oxy ho 300, 307; vitamin. 100% tr xanh Thi Nguyn nguyn cht. Pht vi 100% tr xanh nguyn cht.

Tr xanh C2 do Cng ty trch nhim hu hn URC Vit Nam sn xut vi Tr xanh 00 ca Cng ty trch nhim hu hn thng mi dch v Tn Hip c bit vi s xut hin ca Tr tho mc Dr.Thanh do Cng ty Tn Hip Pht sn xut vi cc thnh phn gm 9 loi tho mc cung nh: nc, ng, kim ngn hoa, hoa cc, la hn qu, h kh tho, cam tho, n hoa, hoa mc min, bung lai, tin tho gy ra mt ting vang ln trn th trng nc gii kht thanh nhit. Sn phm c ngi tiu dng yu thch v la chn cho thy mt xu hng mi trong vic la chn cc sn phm gii kht, ngi tiu dng ngy cng hng n cc sn phm c ngun gc thin nhin, thnh phn tho mc. Bn cnh cn c cc loi nc gii nhit c by bn ngoi ng ph

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vi thnh phn v cht lng khng th kim sot c. Cc sn phm gii nhit c thnh phn nm Linh chi trn th trng hin cn

ang rt hn ch, phn ln l cc loi tr: tr ti lc Linh chi, cao nm Linh chi, tr Ngoi ra, cn c cc sn phm c thnh phn nm Linh chi c ch bin

Linh chi Actiso, tr Linh chi Nhn sm,

th nghim nh: vin Linh chi ho tan thnh phn gm nm Linh chi, mt ong, ng Saccharose, maltodextrin; tr ti lc Linh chi c thnh phn nm Linh chi,

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GVHD: ThS. Nguyn Minh Khang ThS. Phm Ngc Du inh lng, c ngt, r tranh; nc Linh chi mt ong ng lon thnh phn gm nm Linh chi, mt ong, ng. 2.2 Tng quan v nguyn liu 2.2.1 Nm Linh Chi 2.2.1.1 Khi qut chung [ 3,7,15,18]

Hn 4000 nm trc y (t thi Hong 2550 2140 trc Cng nguyn),

gi tr dc liu ca nm Linh chi c ghi chp trong cc th tch c, Linh chi 2000 nm thi nh Chu v sau c nh y dc ni ting Trung Quc L Thi qut cng dng dc l khc nhau, ng theo tng mu.

c xp vo Thng dc trong sch Thn Nng Bn Tho cch nay khong

T n nay, tri qua bao thng trm ca lch s, bao bin ng ca thi tit, kh hu, mi trng, Linh chi vn trng tn v th hin gi tr Siu dc liu.

om pa

Trong s cc tn gi: Bt lo tho, Vn nin nhung, Thn tin tho, Chi linh,

Mc linh chi, H nh Linh chi, on tho, Nm Lim,tn gi Linh chi c l tiu biu v mang tnh lch s cn thng nht s dng hn c. l bt ngun t tn phin m ting Trung Quc: Lingzhi, hay theo ting Nht: Reishi hoc Mannentake.

ny

Hnh 2.5 Nm Linh chi

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Trn phn ra thnh Lc Bo Linh Chi (khong 1590) thi nh Minh vi cc khi

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GVHD: ThS. Nguyn Minh Khang ThS. Phm Ngc Du cc nc ng , nht l Trung Quc, Nht Bn, Hn Quc, i Loan,vic nghin cu, pht trin v s dng Linh chi ang c cng nghip ha vi qui m rng ln, c v phn loi hc, thu hi t nhin, nui trng ch ng, ch bin v bo phng php iu tr lm sng. ch dc phm, ng thi nghin cu ha dc cc hot cht, tc dng dc l v

Vit Nam, Hi Thng Ln ng L Hu Trc ni v Linh chi t lu v L Qu n ch r l ngun sn vt qu him ca t rng i Nam. Linh chi c nui trng thnh cng trong phng th nghim nm 1978 v vo thp nin t khong 10 tn. 2.2.1.2 V tr phn loi [3,4]

90, Linh chi mi bng n Thnh Ph H Ch Minh, sn lng hng nm mi

Nm Linh chi c v tr phn loi c tha nhn rng ri hin nay: Ngnh: Ngnh ph: Lp: Lp ph: B: H: H ph: Chi: Eumycota

Basidiomycotina

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Tn khoa hc:

2.2.1.3 c im hnh thi v chu trnh sng ca nm Linh chi

a) c im hnh thi nm linh chi (Ganoderma lucidum) Linh chi thuc nhm nm ln v rt a dng v chng loi. T khi xc lp thnh mt chi ring l Ganoderma Karst (1881), n nay tnh ra c hn 200 loi c ghi nhn, ring Ganoderma lucidum c 45 loi. Nm Linh chi l mt trong nhng loi nm ph g, c bit trn cc cy thuc b u (Fabales). Nm xut hin nhiu vo ma ma, trn thn cy hoc gc cy.

ny

Hymenomycetes

Hymenomycetidae

Aphyllophorales

Ganodermataceae Ganodermoidae Ganoderma Ganoderma lucidum

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fid

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GVHD: ThS. Nguyn Minh Khang ThS. Phm Ngc Du Vit Nam Nm Linh Chi c gi l nm Lim v c pht hin min Bc bi Patouillard N.T (1890 n 1928). Nm Linh Chi (qu th) cy nm gm 2 phn cung nm v m nm (phn knh 0,5-3cm. Cung nm t phn nhnh, i khi c un khc cong queo. Lp v cung mu , nu , nu en, bng, khng c lng, ph sut ln mt tn nm. M nm khi non c hnh trng, ln dn c hnh qut. Trn mt m c vn phin i din vi m nm). Cung nm di hoc ngn, nh bn c hnh tr ng

gch ng tm mu sc t vng chanh- vng ngh- vng nu - vng cam - nu nu tm nhn bng nh lng vecni. M nm c ng knh 2-15cm, dy 0,8-1,2cm, pht tn bo t t phin c mu nu sm. b) Chu trnh sng ca nm Linh chi

on
Qu th m

om pa

ny

Si nm song nhn

Si nm n nhn

m v bo t m

fid

phn nh cung thng g ln hoc hi lm. Khi nm n tui trng thnh th

Hnh 2.6: Chu trnh pht trin ca nm Linh chi [3]

- 17 -

en tia
Phi nhn trong m

GVHD: ThS. Nguyn Minh Khang ThS. Phm Ngc Du Khi nui cy, t nm lc u c mu trng, sau chuyn sang mu vng, si nm ngn thnh nhiu phn v hnh thnh cc bo t v tnh. Chu k sng ca nm Linh chi ging hu ht cc loi nm khc, ngha l cng bt u t cc bo t, bo thnh n nm, n pht trin thnh chi, ri tn v thnh tai trng thnh. Mt di m sinh ra cc bo t, bo t phng thch ra ngoi v chu trnh li tip tc ( Tt Li v ctv, 1991). 2.2.1.4 Thnh phn ha hc ca nm Linh chi(Ganoderma lucidum) Cc phn tch ca G-Bing Lin chng minh cc thnh phn ha dc tng t ny mm pht trin thnh mng si nm gp iu kin thun li si nm s kt

Bng 2.1 THNH PHN HA DC TNG QUT CA NM LINH CHI Nc Cellulose Lignine Lipid

12 13% 54 56% 13 14%

Monosaccharide Polysaccharide

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Sterol

Protein

Thnh phn khc

T nhng nm 1980 n nay, bng cc phng php hin i: ph k UV (t ngoi), IR (hng ngoi), ph k khi lng - sc k kh (GC MS), ph cng hng t ht nhn v c bit l k thut sc k lng cao p (HPLC) cng ph k

ny

1.9 2.0% 4.5 5.0% 1.0 1.2% (chng hot ng khi u, tng

sc khng v h min dch cho c th) 0.14 0.16% 0.08 0.12% K, Zn, Ca, Mn, Na, khong thit yu, nhiu vitamin, amino acid, enzyme v hp cht alcaloid

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THNH PHN

T L CC CHT

fid

qut ca nm Linh chi nh sau:[37]

en tia

GVHD: ThS. Nguyn Minh Khang ThS. Phm Ngc Du plasma (ICP), xc nh chnh xc gn 100 hot cht v dn xut trong nm Linh chi.[18] Bng 2.2: CC HOT CHT SINH HC V DN XUT TRONG NM LINH CHI(GANODERMA LUCIDUM) [38] HOT CHT Cyclooctasulfur Adenosine dn xut Nucleotide NHM HOT TNH DC L

c ch gii phng histamine gim au

c ch kt dnh tiu cu, th gin c, Chng d ng ph rng, iu ha min dch Tr tim

Lingzhi 8

Proteine

nh) Ganodosterone Lanosporeric acid A Lanosterol II, III, IV, V Steroide Steroide Steroide

Ganoderans A, B, C Beta D-Glucan BN-3B:1, 2, 3 D -6

ny

Steroide

Polysaccharide H ng huyt Polysacc. Polysacc. Polysacc. Chng ung th, tng tnh min dch Chng ung th, tng tnh min dch Tng tng hp protein, tng chuyn ha acid nucleic Polysacc. Triterpenoide Tr tim c ch gii phng histamine H huyt p, c ch ACE c ch sinh tng hp Cholesterol H huyt p, c ch ACE

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***

Ganoderic acid R, S

Ganoderic acid B, Triterpen. D, F, H, K, Y Ganoderic acid Ganodermadiol Triterpen. Triterpen.

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***

(Khng

xc Alcaloide

Gii c gan c ch sinh tng hp Cholesterol c ch sinh tng hp Cholesterol c ch sinh tng hp Cholesterol

fid

en tia

GVHD: ThS. Nguyn Minh Khang ThS. Phm Ngc Du Ganodermic acid M, Triterpen. F Ganodermic acid T, Triterpen. O Lucidone A Lucidenol Ganosporelacton A Ganosporelacton B Oleic acid dn xut Triterpen. Triterpen. Triterpen. Triterpen. Acid bo Bo v gan Bo v gan Chng khi u Chng khi u c ch sinh tng hp Cholesterol c ch sinh tng hp Cholesterol

c ch gii phng histamine

2.2.1.5 Tc dng tr liu ca nm Linh chi

Quc, cha thy c ti liu no v tc dng xu, c tnh ca Linh chi. Cch y hn 400 nm, nh y dc ni ting ca Trung Quc L Thi Trn phn ra cc nhm Linh chi chnh v khi qut tc dng tr liu ca chng. Bng 2.3: LC BO LINH CHI THEO L THI TRN (1590) TN GI MU SC Thanh chi (Long chi) Hng chi n chi) Xanh

ny

V chua, tnh bnh, khng c, ch tr sng mt, b sung kh, an thn tng tr nh. V ng, tnh bnh, khng c, tng tr nh, dng tim, b trung, cha tr tc ngc. V ngt, tnh bnh, khng c, an thn, ch t kh. V cay, tnh bnh, khng c, ch phi, thng mi, cng ch, an thn, cha ho, nghch hi. V mn, tnh bnh, khng c, tr ch b tiu, ch thn

om pa

(Xch chi,

Hong chi (Kim chi) Bch chi Hc chi

Vng

(Ngc chi)

Trng en

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Linh chi c dng nh mt thng dc t khong 4000 nm nay Trung

fid
C TNH

en tia

GVHD: ThS. Nguyn Minh Khang ThS. Phm Ngc Du (Huyn chi) T chi Tm V ngt, tnh n khng c, tr au nhc khp xng,
(Ngun Tt Li v ctv, 1991)

kh.

Trn thc t, c th coi Linh chi khng c c tnh. Qu trnh kim tra c thc hin Vit Nam, ti mt s c s sau: - Phn vin kim nghim Dc phm B y t - Si Gn - Trung tm o to v nghin cu Y dc hc dn tc - Vin dc liu, H Ni

Kt qu cho thy dng liu cao (gp 50 150 ln liu dng thng thng cho ngi) cng khng gy ra nhim c cp tnh, hay trng din. Do vy cha xc nh c ch s LD 50 trn chut nht trng. Quan st di ngy, khng thy biu hin bt thng trn chut th nghim, cc thng s hng cu, bch cu, tiu Theo cch din t truyn thng ca ngi phng ng, cc tc dng ln ca nm Linh chi nh sau: [5,6,17] - Bo can (bo v gan) - Kin no (lm sng sut, minh mn) - Cng tm (thm sc cho tim) - Kin v (cng c d dy v h tiu ho) - Cng ph (thm sc cho phi, h h hp) - Gii c (gii ta trng thi d cm) - Trng sinh (tng tui th) Qua phn tch cc hot cht v mt dc l v s dng nm Linh chi, ngi ta i vi cc bnh tim mch: Nm Linh Chi c tc dng iu ho, n nh huyt p. Khi dng cho ngi huyt p cao, nm Linh Chi khng lm tng m lm gim bt, dng nhiu th huyt p n nh. i vi nhng ngi suy nhc c th, cu,vn trong gii hn bnh thng.

om pa

thy Linh chi c tc dng vi mt s bnh:

ny

on
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fid

en tia

gn ct

GVHD: ThS. Nguyn Minh Khang ThS. Phm Ngc Du huyt p thp th nm Linh Chi c tc dng nng huyt p ln gn mc d chu nh ci thin, chuyn ho dinh dng. i vi bnh nhim m, x mch, dng nm Linh Chi c tc dng gim cholesterol ton phn, lm tng nhm lipoprotein t b ca tiu cu, gim nng m trong mu, gim co tc mch, gii to cn au trng cao trong mu, lm gim h s sinh bnh. Nm Linh Chi lm gim xu th kt

tht tim. Nhiu nghin cu pht hin ra vai tr ca cc nguyn t khong vt him. Vanadium (V) c tc dng chng tch ng cholesterol trn thnh mch. Germanium gip lu thng kh huyt, tng cng vn chuyn oxy vo m. Hin nay, ch s Ge trong cc dc phm Linh chi c xem nh l mt ch tiu quan trng, c gi tr trong iu tr tim mch v gim au trong tr liu ung th. [18,19]

i vi cc bnh v h hp: nm Linh Chi em li kt qu tt, nht l vi nhng ca iu tr vim ph qun d ng, hen ph qun ti 80% c tc dng gim v lm nh bnh theo hng khi hn.[5,6] Hiu qu chng ung th: Bng vic kt hp cc phng php x tr, ho tr, dy c th ko di thi gian sng trn 5 nm cao hn nhm khng dng nm. Nhiu thng tin i Loan cho bit nu dng nm Linh chi trng trn g long no iu tr cho cc bnh nhn ung th c t cung t kt qu tt - khi u tiu bin hon ton.[5] Cc nh khoa hc i hc Haifa, Israel kh ng nh nm linh chi - mt loi nm d i thng dng trong ng Y Trung Quc (v Vit Nam) - c th cha ung th tuyn tin lit. Ung th tin lit tuyn l mt trong nhng dng ung th ph bin nht n ng, vi hn 543.000 ngi c chn on mi nm trn ton th Kh nng khng HIV: kho st kh nng khng HIV ca cc hp cht

om pa

gii.

trong nm Ganoderma lucidum, ngi ta s dng dch chit t qu th trong th virt c xc nh qua hot ng phin m ngc trn b mt cc t bo lympho T

nghim khng virt HIV 1 trn cc t bo lympho T ngi. S nhn ln ca

c gy nhim HIV 1. Kt qu cho thy c s c ch mnh m hot ng sinh sn ca loi virt ny (Gau J.P, 1990; Kim, 1996). Do , nhiu quc gia

ny

gii phu vi tr liu nm trn cc bnh nhn ung th phi, ung th v v ung th d

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en tia

GVHD: ThS. Nguyn Minh Khang ThS. Phm Ngc Du a Linh chi vo phc iu tr tm thi, nhm tng cng kh nng min dch v nng th trng cho cc bnh nhn trong khi AZT, DDI, DDC, cn him v rt t.[5] Cc nghin cu ti Nht Bn chng minh cc hot cht t nm Linh chi - Ganoderiol F v ganodermanontirol c hot tnh chng HIV 1 HIV 1 c tc dng nh sau:(Masao Hattori, 2001)

- Ganoderderic acid B v lucidumol B c tc ng c ch hu hiu protease

- Ganodermanondiol v lucidumol A c ch pht trin t bo Meth A (mouse sarcoma) v LLC (mouse lung carcinoma). Ngoi ra cc ganoderma alcohol l lanostane triterpene vi nhm hydroxol (-OH) v tr C25 c kh nng chng HIV 1, Meth A v LLC chut.[18,39] Kh nng chng oxy ho: Nhiu thc nghim ch ra vai tr ca cc saponine v triterpenoid, m trong Ganoderic acid c coi l hiu qu nht (Wang C.H,

1985). Nhng nghin cu gn y ang y mnh theo hng lm giu Selenium vy con ngi c th ch i vo mt dc phm tng tui th, tr ho t nm Linh chi ni chung v Linh chi Vit Nam ni ring.[18] Cc hot cht sinh hc trong nm Linh chi c kh nng kh mt s gc t do trong c ch chng no ha, chng ung th. Bo v v chng nh hng ca cc tia chiu x. Linh chi cng c tc dng gip c th thi loi nhanh cc cht c, k c 2.2.1.6 Mt s ng dng lm sn Tr suy nhc thn kinh: Bnh vin Hoa sn thuc Vin Y hc s 1

om pa

cc kim loi nng nh: Ch, Germanium..[17,19]

Thng hi bo co: Dng c 2 loi Linh chi nhn to v Linh chi hoang di ch

thnh vin ( mi vin tng ng 1g thuc sng), mi ln ung 3 vin, ngy 3 ln,

mt liu trnh t 10 ngy n 2 thng. Tr 225 ca, t l kt qu 83,5 - 86,3%, nhn

xt thuc c tc dng an thn, iu tit thn kinh thc vt v tng cng th lc.

ny

mt yu t khong c hot tnh antioxydant rt mnh vo nm Linh chi. Chnh v

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GVHD: ThS. Nguyn Minh Khang ThS. Phm Ngc Du Tr chng cholesterol mu cao: Bo co ca S nghin cu khng khun t cng nghip T xuyn, dng lin tc t 1 n 3 thng cho 120 ca thuc c tc dng h cholesterol huyt thanh r rt, t l kt qu 86%. co dng siro Linh chi v ng Linh chi, tr 1.110 ca c kt qu v c nhn xt l thuc c tc dng i vi th hen v th h hn. Tr vim gan mn tnh: Tc gi dng polysaccarit Linh chi chit xut t Linh chi hoang di ch thnh thuc bt ha nc ung, tr cc loi bnh vim gan mn hot ng, vim gan mn ko di v x gan gm 367 ca, c nhn xt phn ln Tr chng gim bch cu: dng polysaccarit ch thnh vin (mi vin c 250mg thuc sng) cho ung, theo di 165 ca, ghi nhn t l c kt qu 72,57%. Tr bnh x cng b, vim da c, bnh liput ban , ban trc: dng Linh chi ch thnh dch, tim bp v vin ung. Tr x cng b 173 ca, t l kt qu trc 232 ca, c kt qu 78,88%. 79,1%, vim da c 43 ca, c kt qu 95%, Liput ban 84 ca c kt qu 90%, ban Theo sch Trung dc ng dng lm sng: thuc c tc dng i vi bnh lot bao t, ri lan tiu ha ko di, thng dng phi hp vi Ng bi t, ng sm, Bch trut, Trn b, K ni kim, Sa nhn, Sinh khng. Tr x cng mch, cao huyt p, tai bin mch no: thng phi hp vi triu chng ch quan c ci thin, men SGOT, SGPT gim t l 67,7%. Tr vim ph qun mn tnh: T nghin cu Linh chi tnh Qung ng bo

om pa

K huyt ng, Thch xng b, n b, Cu tch, trng, Th ty t, Hong tinh. Thuc cn cng cha bnh ng mch vnh, au tht ngc. Dng gii c cc loi khun: phi hp vi Cam tho, Gng, To. Ngoi ra sch Nhng cy thuc v v thuc Vit nam ca tt Li c ghi:

thuc cha bnh ph n thi k mn kinh, gip thng minh v tr nh, dng lu ngy gip cho nh ngi, tng tui th. Nhiu ngi mua nm Linh chi v nu

canh, nu sp lm mn n cao cp.

ny

on
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fid

en tia

GVHD: ThS. Nguyn Minh Khang ThS. Phm Ngc Du 2.2.2 C ngt 2.2.2.1 Gii thiu C ngt ( Stevia, Sweetleaf, Candyleaf, Sweet herb of Paraguay) cn c gi l c ng, c mt hoc cc ngt.

Hnh 2.7 Cy c ngt Ngun gc c ngt thung lng Rio Monday nm v pha ng bc ca x Panama, Nam M . Nm 1888, nh thc vt hc ngi Paraguay l Moises Santiago Bertoni phn loi v chnh thc t tn l Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni. Th dn Guarani Paraguay gi c ngt l Ca-h. T c ngn nm nay, h dng loi tho mc ny lm du ngt cc thc n, thc ung c tnh ng, v cng cha tr mt s bnh nh bo ph, bnh tim, cao huyt p[7] C ngt l cy a nin bn nhit i, thuc h Cc Asteraceae( Compositae).

om pa

Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni l mt trong s 154 loi c ngt thuc ging h Stevia. Cy c ngt mc thnh bi, cao ti 75cm khi trng thnh. Thn non c mu xanh, thn gi mu nu. Bn l di 5-7cm, c mp hnh rng ca. Hoa nh mu trng. Phn hoa c th gy d ng. Cht ngt tp trung l. L gi, di thp cha nhiu

cht ngt hn l non pha trn cao. Cht ngt trong l gim i khi cy tr hoa vo thng 9.

ny

on
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fid

en tia

GVHD: ThS. Nguyn Minh Khang ThS. Phm Ngc Du

Ngy nay, cy C Ngt c trng ti nhiu quc gia nh: Brazil, Argentina, Paraguay, Mexico, Nht Bn, Trung Quc, i Loan, Thi Lan, Vit Nam, Israel, British, Columbia, Ontario v Quebec. B Canh Nng v Thc Phm Canada cng c trng th nghim loi tho mc ny ti nng tri thc nghim Delhi ( Ontario) [42] 2.2.2.2 Thnh phn Hoa KRing Canada, cy Stevia cng c thy trng cc tnh bang Alberta,

Thnh phn cc cht c trong c ngt l diterpenoid glycosides v gm c 4

2%), v dulcoside A ( 0,5 1%). Hai loi ph l rebaudioside D v E. Cht ngt stevioside c v ngt gp 300 ln hn ng thng ( saccharose, sucrose). c bit l ngun ng khng to calorie v rt n nh nhit cao 1980C ( 388 F), khng b xm mu v caramel ha.[2,17] Cht ngt chnh trong cy l steviosid, ngt gp 300 ln saccharose.

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Bn cnh steviosid v rebaudiosid, s lng t hn nhng ngt hn steviosid 1,2 1,5 ln. Ngoi ra, trong thnh ph n c ngt cha mt hm lng rt thp cc cht: stigmasterol, sitosterol, campesterol, 8 flavonoid, bn cnh cosmosiin v 2

ny

Hnh 2.8 Cng thc ho hc ca Steviosid (theo wikimedia)

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fid

loi chnh: stevioside ( 5 10%), rebaudioside A ( 2 4%), rebaudioside C ( 1

en tia

GVHD: ThS. Nguyn Minh Khang ThS. Phm Ngc Du cht d bc hi caryophyllen, spathuienol. Mt s khong a lng v vi lng c tm thy trong c ngt: Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn, Sr, Cu, Cr, Cd.[43] V mt sinh vt hc, s hin din ca gibberellin A20 trong c ngt chng rotavirus, chng vi khun Helicobacter pylori, c ng dng tr khi u. Nhng Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli. Nhng ngi b bnh tiu ng dng steviosid gip h ng trong mu, gim huyt p trn chut, trn ch. Cc th nghim trn chut, cht ny c ch s pht trin ung th trn da.[1,16] 2.2.2.3 Cng dng minh steviol c th bin ha thnh gibberillin. Phn chit stevia c tnh cht c ch flavonoid trong cy ( 4,75%) c tnh cht chng nhng vi khun Bacillus subtilus,

Ti nhiu nc trn th gii, cht steviosid hay chit phm c dng lm cht to v ngt thay th cc loi ng thng hoc ng ha hc. C ngt phi kh, sy kh c th lm tr. Bt l kh c th trn vi bt lm bnh thay th ng. Trung Quc xem c ngt nh mt dc liu thin nhin rt tt gip lm nht trn th gii. Mi nm cc cng ty Nh t tiu th t 700 n 1000 tn l stevia. Mt s khc cn phi c nhp t i Hn, i Loan v Trung Quc. H s dng cht to v ngt steviosid trong ko chewing gum, bnh ngt, v trong cc loi nc ngt nh Coca Cola. Nh vy, cc quc gia Chu v Nam M th cht ngt ca Stevia c cng nhn v c cho php s dng nh mt cht ph gia ( food additive). Ngc li cc quc gia phng Ty ( Anh, Php, Hoa K, c Chu, cht aspartame, sodium cyclamate, Stevia c xem l mt loi thc phm b sung Canada, v.v) u cha cng nhn stevia l cht ph gia to v ngt nh cc gim cn, ngon n v tiu ha tt. Nht Bn l quc gia s dng cy c ngt nhiu

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hay yu t dinh dng. Ti Bc M, cc sn phm Stevia c th c tm thy ti nhng tim bn thc phm thin nhin. Bt l kh dng lm tr, c v ngt gp 300 ln v ngt ca ng ct. V ngt ca Stevia thng li trong ming hu v hi ng.[1] C ngt khng to calorie nn rt thch hp lm gim cn . C ngt khng lm bn rng , khng gy su rng , bo v v sinh rng ming ,v cng gip vo

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GVHD: ThS. Nguyn Minh Khang ThS. Phm Ngc Du vic lm lnh cc vt thng ngoi da . B tim , li tiu , lm gim p huyt nhng ngi cao mu , v c bit nht l i vi nhng ngi b bnh tiu ng , c ngt gip ty tng trong vic tit cht insulin . Nhng ngi ny thay g dng to v ngt thin nhin ly t C ngt, v li n cng khng lm tng ng lng . cc loi ng ha hc nh aspartame chng hn, th tt hn ht, h nn dng cht Gii ch trng thuc thin nhin thng dn chng nhng kt qu tt p do Nht Bn nghin cu cc hot cht ca Stevia , nhng khng thy c bo co no

cy Stevia mang n ti Nht bn v ti Nam M. T 30 nm nay, cc nh khoa hc ni ln tnh cht c hi hoc tnh gy ung th ca loi tho mc ny. Th nghim gip em glucose vo trong t bo nh vy ng lng trong mu c gim xung i phn no. [42] 2.2.3 B Cng Anh 2.2.3.1 Gii thiu

anh Trung quc (Taraxacum mongolicum Hand - Mazz) u thuc loi Hoa Cc ( Asteraceae). B phn dng lm thuc l ton cy c r. V ng ngt, tnh hn, qui kinh Can V.

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ny

B cng anh c 2 loi B cng anh Vit nam (Lactuca indica L.) v B cng

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fid

thc hin ti i hc Maringa, Brazil cho bit chit dch l Stevia c khuynh hng

en tia

GVHD: ThS. Nguyn Minh Khang ThS. Phm Ngc Du Hnh 2.9 Cy B cng anh Trung Quc(Taraxacum mongolicum Hand Mazz) B cng anh c trng nhiu Trung Quc, trong nc loi cy ny thng mc hoang, mc nhiu nht l Lt (Lm ng). Trong s dng cha bnh, Dc in Vit Nam quy nh l B cng anh kh c m khng qu 12%, khc) khng qu 1%, t l ngn mang l v hoa di qu 20 cm, khng qu 10%.[5] thng ngi ta dng ton thn cy.[44]

tro ton phn khng qu 9%, ngn c hoa khng qu 10%, tp cht hu c (l cy

Hnh 2.10 B cng anh kh - nh: lng y Trn Duy Linh 2.2.3.2 Thnh Phn Ha Hc [45,48] Flavonoid ton phn, trung bnh l 0.98%. Phn l v hoa thnh phn gm: nc 88,8%, protein 0,6%, si 0,44%, phn

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chit c bng Ether 1,6%, tro 2,3%, Carbonhydrat ton phn 3,7%, Phosphor 59,lmg, Vitamin C 73mg, Calci 473,5%, Vitamin A 6700 n v quc t/100g, St 3,3%.

Trong l cn c: Thiamin 0,19mg, Riboflavin 0,14mg, Niacin 0,8mg/100g,

Calci pectat 7,81%. Trong hoa cn c Lecithin, Violaxanthin, Xanthophyl, Taraxanthin. Ton cy cha cht ng Taraxacin v mt cht kt tinh Taraxacerin,

Saponin,Phytosterol (b Sitosterol, Stigmasterol), Taraxasterol v Homotaraxasterol. Ngoi ra, cn cha nha, tinh du, Pectose, Enzym, cc acid bo gm acid Melissic v p. Hydroxy phenacetic, sp gm Cerylpalmitat v Cerylstearat. Ht c Alcaloid.

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GVHD: ThS. Nguyn Minh Khang ThS. Phm Ngc Du

2.2.3.3 Cng dng Thuc sc B cng anh c tc dng c ch cc loi vi khun nh t cu vng, Flexener, trc khun m xanh, Leptospira hebdomadia. Nc sc B cng anh c tc dng nhun trng. lin cu khun dung huyt, ph cu, no m cu, trc khun bch hu, trc khun l Nc sc B cng anh c tc dng li mt, bo v gan, li tiu.

Lng y Phm Nh T (TP.HCM) cho bit: theo y hc c truyn, b cng anh c v ngt, tnh bnh, gip mt cho huyt, c cng dng gii nhit, gii c, tn

bu v), v c ung nht th n l th thuc rt hay dng cha tr. Ngoi ra, b cng anh cn c tc dng thng li c chng lm - chng v tiu tin, gip en ru, en tc, gii c thc n c c, tiu c inh nht[44] B cng anh c tc dng thanh nhit ha trung, dng v, dng cha t v h nhc, vim d dy mn tnh, vng d dy khoan bng trng au, tiu ha km.[36] L b cng anh c tc dng li tiu, gip c th lc thi cc cht c qua thn cng nh tng tit mt vo rut o thi cc cht c trong gan.[47] 2.2.4 Cam Tho [1,48] 2.2.4.1 Gii thiu

om pa

Cam c ngha l ngt, tho l cy c. Cam tho l cy c v ngt, v vy

c dng gi tn. Tn khoa hc: Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch. H Cnh Bm (Fabaceae).

ny

on
- 30 -

fid

sng, tiu ung - c hiu tr v sng au, nn nhng trng hp nh ung (nht mc

en tia

GVHD: ThS. Nguyn Minh Khang ThS. Phm Ngc Du

V thuc cam tho cn gi l Quc lo, Linh tho, L tho (Bn Kinh), M thng (K S Chu), Dim Cam tho, Phn cam tho (Trung Quc Dc Hc Hc Thc Vt Ch), Phn tho (Qun Phng Ph), Bng tho (Hc Long Giang Trung Dc), Cam tho bc (Dc Liu Vit Nam).

om pa

Phn dng lm thuc: R hoc thn r phi hay sy kh (Radix

Glycyrrhizae). R cam tho hnh tr trn khng phn nhnh, thng, di khong

30cm, ng knh 0,8-2cm. Mt ngoi mu nu t hay nu, c nhiu np

nhn dc v l v nm ngang li ln, la tha c vt ca r con. Mt b c si. Mt ct ngang mu vng nht, l lp bn mng, tng sinh g v tia t y ta trn. Mi c bit, v ngt du 2.2.4.2 Thnh phn ho hc R cam tho cha carbohydrat 4,7 10,97%, tinh bt 4,17 5,92%, glycyrizin 5,49 10,04%, acid 24 hydroxyl glycyretic, acid 3 hydroxyolean

ny

i T in), im cn t (Trung Dc Ch), im tho (Trung Quc Dc

tho, Mt cam (Bit Lc), Tho thit (Thit Tch Thng Dng Gin Danh), Linh

on
- 31 -

Hnh 2.11 Cy cam tho v cam tho ct lt phi kh

fid

en tia

GVHD: ThS. Nguyn Minh Khang ThS. Phm Ngc Du 11, 13 (18) dien 30 oic, acid 3- hydroxyolean 9 (11), 12 (13) dien 30 oic. Flavonoid c khong 20 cht trong c nhng cht chnh l liquiritin, liquiritigenin, isoliquiritin, isoliquiritigenin, neoliquiritin, (dl) liquiritigenin D glucopyranosyl 2 D apio d (hay l) furanosid. 2.2.4.3 Tc dng dc l 7 D glucopyranosid, neo isoliquiritin (trans isoliquiritigenin 4

Cam tho c tc dng gy trn tnh, c ch thn kinh trung ng, gim vn ng t nhin, h th nhit, gim h hp.Tc dng gim ho, tc dng gii co tht c trn. Cha lot ng tiu ho, c ch tc dng gy tng tit dch v ca histamin. chng d ng. Tc dng oestrogen.

Bo v gan trong vim gan mn tnh v tng bi tit mt. Chng vim gan v

Cha bnh Addison v trong cam tho c acid glycyrhetic cu to gn nh trong c th, gip s bi tit kali.

Tc dng gii c, Na glycyrhizat c hiu lc chng li tc dng cc cht gy c trn tim, ng thi kch thch co bp tim ging adrenalin. Na v K glycyrhizat c tc dng gii c mnh i vi c t ca bch hu, cht c ca c, ln, nc rn, ng thi c tc dng bo v chng chong. Glycyrhizin c kh nng gii c Tc dng khng khun: Cn chit xut Cam tho c tc dng c ch cc loi

om pa

i vi strychnin, c t un vn, cocain hydroclorid v cloral hydrat.

t cu vng, trc khun lao, trc khun Coli, Amip v Trichonomas. Cam tho cn

c tc dng khng vim, tc dng khng vim v chng d ng ca thuc l do tc dng lm gim tnh thm thu ca mao mch, khng Histamin v lm gim tnh Ngoi ra, cam tho bc cn c tc dng gii nhit, li tiu, cha to bn, cha phn ng ca t bo i vi kch thch.

mt s bnh v da. Cam tho bc lm cho thuc ngt d ung v thng c trong thnh phn cc thuc vin, thuc phin, ko ngm, siro cha ho. Trong y hc dn

ny

cortison nn c tc dng trn s chuyn ho cc cht in gii, gi natri v clorit

on
- 32 -

fid

en tia

GVHD: ThS. Nguyn Minh Khang ThS. Phm Ngc Du gian n , ngoi nhng dng thng thng, cam tho bc cn c dng nhai vi l tru khng, nho vi b sa tru hoc mt ong p ngoi cha vt chm, vt thng. v nh ung trong 40 ngy theo di nhim c bn cp, pht hin cn nng tng, tuyn thng thn hi teo v chc nng gim. Cam tho ung liu cao xut hin y bng, km n v ri lon tiu ho. 2.2.5 Bp Gim [49] 2.2.5.1. M t c tnh: c tnh ca Cam tho rt thp. Cao lng Cam tho cho chut ln

Cy sng mt nm , cao 1,5 - 2m, phn nhnh gn gc, mu tm nht. L hnh trng, nguyn, mp l c rng. Hoa n c, mc nch, gn nh khng c cung. Trng hoa mu vng hng hay ta, c khi trng.Qu nang hnh trng, c lng th mang i mu sng tn ti bao quanh qu. Cy ra hoa t thng 7 n thng 10. B phn dng l l, ht, i hoa.

om pa

2.2.5.2. Thnh phn ho hc

ny

Hnh 2.12 Cy bp gim

on
- 33 -

fid

Cy c tn khoa hc l Hibiscus subdariffa L.thuc h Bng: Malvaceae.

en tia

GVHD: ThS. Nguyn Minh Khang ThS. Phm Ngc Du C l, i hoa Bp gim giu v axit v protein. Cc axit chnh tan trong nc l axit xitric, axit malic, axit tartric, axit hibiscus. Chng cng cha gossypetin v clorit hibiscin l nhng cht c tnh khng sinh. Gossypitrin v Sabdaritrin. Qu kh cha canxi oxalat, Gossypetin, Anthocyanin (c tc dng khng sinh) v Vitamin C. Hoa cha mt cht mu vng loi flavonol glucosit l Hibiscitrin; Hibiscetin;

Ht cha 7,6% nc, 22,3% du, 24% protein, 13,5% cht x, 7% cht khong. Du ht bp gim tng t nh du ht bng vi c tc dng chng nm vi ngi cao tui v ngi king n. 2.2.5.3. Tc dng dc l

v bnh ngoi da. Du cha vitamin v cc cht bo khng no, c tc dng tt i

i hoa Bp gim c tc dng chng co tht c trn, lm th gin c trn t cung, lm h huyt p v c tnh khng sinh, tr ho, vim hng. Kinh nghim dn gian l nhai ngm i hoa bp gim tr vim hng, ho. hoa Bp gim em tim vo mo th nghim (khng gy m) cho thy c tc dng h huyt p. Tc dng ny b ngn cn bi atropin. Mt chit on polysaccharit n hoa bp gim tan trong nc c tnh cht nh pectin polysacharit lm chm s pht trin ca khi u sarcoma 180 cy ghp trn chut. Du p t ht bp gim v cht khng x phng ho c tc dng khng sinh i v l cng c dng lm thuc nhun gan, li tiu. Dch chit nc i

om pa

trn mt s chng vi khun nh Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi, Bacillus subtilis, Coryne bacterium pyogenes, Staphylococcus aureus... v c tc dng khng nm trn mt vi loi nm: aspergillus, trychophyton, cryptococcus... 2.2.5.4 Cng dng L c v chua chua, dng lm rau n. Ngi ta thng dng i hoa c v

chua lm gia v thay gim, ch nc gii kht, lm mt.C ni dng lm xiro. Ngi ta c th cho xiro ln men. L dng nh cht thm v cng vi i hoa, qu tr bnh scorbut. Ton cy c th ch ru vang: ru c mu p, v

cht, chua du, dng dp ca vang Bordeaux.

ny

on
- 34 -

fid

en tia

GVHD: ThS. Nguyn Minh Khang ThS. Phm Ngc Du L, i ca hoa bp gim chn rt nhanh v ch c thu hi trong vng 1520 ngy sau khi hoa n khi chng cn mm, khng nhn ho v c mu xm. L i ti, ra sch p ly nc, pha thm ng v nc lc lm ung gii Sc i hoa mng nc ly nc ung hay hm ung gip cho tiu ho v tr cc bnh v mt. N cng dng tr bnh tim v thn kinh, huyt p cao, x cng ng mch. tnh khng khun ng rut cao ca Bp gim. c tc dng b dng v phng nga bnh ung th. si thn. L v cnh cha ho, ht b d dy. dng nhun trng nh, b v li tiu.

Gn y, Rovesti v Griebel cng b tc dng cha x va ng mch v

Thi Lan, l i Bp gim phi kh sc ung l thuc li tiu mnh cha Myanma, ht Bp gim cha suy nhc c th, cn i loan, ht c Philippin, r Bp gim l thuc b v kch thch tiu ho. Trn th gii hin nay, ngi ta c xu hng i tm v chit xut cht mu t cy c nhum mu thc n v ung thay th cho cc loi ho cht. Nc ta cng chit mu t l, i Bp gim cho mc ch ny. 2.3 Cc ch tiu v nc gii kht 2.3.1 Ch tiu vi sinh Bng 2.4 CH TIU VI SINH THEO TCVN 7401 2002 CH TIU CFU/ml CFU/ml CFU/ml GII HN TI A 102 10 10

om pa

STT 1 2 3

ny

Tng s vi sinh vt hiu kh Coliforms Tng s nm men mc

on
- 35 -

fid

Cc nh nghin cu Malaixia cho bit nc p t l i ti ca Bp gim

en tia

kht.

GVHD: ThS. Nguyn Minh Khang ThS. Phm Ngc Du 4 5 6 Escherichia coli Clostridium perfringens Staphylococcus aureus CFU/ml CFU/ml CFU/ml 0 0 0

2.3.2 Ch tiu cm quan 2.3.2.1 Ch tiu cm quan

Bng 2.5 CH TIU CM QUAN THEO TCVN 3215 79 CH TIU IM CHA C TRNG LNG 5 4 Mu sc 3 2 1 0 5 4 3 2 1 0 5 4 3 2 1 phm

Mu sc t nhin rt c trng ca sn

ny

om pa

Mi v

Hnh thi

on
Rt c trng - 36 -

Mu sc c trng ca sn phm Mu sc t c trng Mu sc khng c trng Sn phm b bin mu Sn phm c mu sc h hng Mi v rt c trng ca sn phm Mi v c trng Mi v t c trng Mi v khng c trng Sn phm c mi l Sn phm c mi h hng c trng, khng cn t c trng, sn phm chp nhn c Qu c hay qu long, khng ng u C khuyt tt, biu hin s h hng

fid

YU CU

en tia

GVHD: ThS. Nguyn Minh Khang ThS. Phm Ngc Du 0 Sn phm h hng

2.3.2.2 Danh mc ch tiu v h s trng lng

Bng 2.6 CC CH TIU V H S TNG NG THEO TCVN 3215 - 79 TN CH TIU 1. Mu sc 2. Mi v 3. Hnh thi H S QUAN TRNG % 30 50 20

fid
IM 18,6-20,0 15,2-18,5 11,2-15,1 7,2-11,1 4,0-7,1 0,0-3,9

Bng 2.7 CC MC CHT LNG THEO TCVN 3215 79 Tt

om pa

ny

Kh

Trung bnh Km Rt km Hng

MC

on
- 37 -

en tia
Trn 4 1,2 2,0 0,8

GVHD: ThS. Nguyn Minh Khang ThS. Phm Ngc Du

CHNG 3

VT LIU V PHNG PHP NGHIN CU

3.1 Thi gian v a im nghin cu

Thi gian: Th nghim c tin hnh t thng 4/2009 n 6/2009 Dng 3.2 Vt liu nghin cu 3.2.1. Nguyn liu

- Nm Linh chi ca Cng ty TNHH Linh Chi VINA mua ti qun 12, TP - B cng anh mua ti tim thuc trn ng Hi Thng Ln ng - qun 5 TP H Ch Minh. B cng anh c phi sy dng kh. - Cam tho mua ti tim thuc trn ng Hi Thng Ln ng qun 5 TP H Ch Minh. Cam tho dng ct lt phi sy kh.

om pa

- C ngt ca cng ty TNHH Ngn Vng mua ti nh sch Nguyn Vn C, c lm sch v ng gi. th Vinatex, c lm sch v ng gi. - i hoa Bp gim ca cng ty TNHH SX TM Hng i Vit mua ti siu

ny

H Ch Minh. Linh chi dng kh c lm sch.

on
- 38 -

a im: Phng th nghim khoa cng ngh sinh hc trng i Hc Bnh

fid

en tia

GVHD: ThS. Nguyn Minh Khang ThS. Phm Ngc Du

3.2.2. Dng c v thit b

DNG C V THIT B 1.Bp gas, bp in, ni nu 2.Cn in t Kern 3.Ni hp tit trng 5.Vi lc 7.My o pH

6.My xay sinh t

8.Thit b lc ht chn khng

om pa

3.3 Phng php nghin cu 3.3.1 S nghin cu Trc khi tin hnh cc th nghim chnh, chng ti u tin hnh th nghim

s b chn ra cc thng s tt nht b tr trong cc th nghim chnh thc. Nghin cu tin hnh th nghim ch bin sn phm nc gii kht t nm Linh Chi c thc hin theo s sau:

ny

4.Thit b ng np chai

on
- 39 -

fid

Bng 3.1 NHNG DNG C, THIT B V HA CHT S DNG HO CHT 1. Dung dch H2SO4 0,1N

2. Dung dch tinh bt 1% 3. Dung dch It 0,01N

en tia

GVHD: ThS. Nguyn Minh Khang ThS. Phm Ngc Du

La chn nguyn liu sn xut

Kho st t l phi ch nm Linh chi

Kho st t l phi ch B cng anh

Kho st t l phi ch Cam tho

ny

Kho st t l phi ch C ngt

om pa

Kho st nhit v thi gian phi ch Bp gim

Kho st t l phi ch Bp gim

Hnh 3.1: S nghin cu th nghim ch bin sn phm nc Linh chi

on
Chn ra thng s thch hp nht Phi ch cc thnh phn vi cc thng s chn Sn xut th nghim nc Linh chi ng chai Kim tra cht lng sn phm - 40 -

fid

en tia

GVHD: ThS. Nguyn Minh Khang ThS. Phm Ngc Du 3.3.2 Quy trnh th nghim ch bin nc Linh chi ng chai 3.3.2.1 Quy trnh th nghim Da vo qui trnh sn xut nc gii kht khng cn c gii thiu ra qui trnh th nghim ch bin sn phm nc Linh chi ng chai Nm Linh chi chng 2 v cc ti nghin cu v nc gii kht Linh chi [8,12], chng ti a

Xay nh C ngt N u (100 C / 30 pht)

0

ny

Xay nh

om pa

Bp gim

Lm ngui nhanh Phi trn Lc ln 2

Thnh phm

on
Lc ln 1 V chai Ghp np X l nhit - 41 -

fid

en tia
B cng anh, cam tho

GVHD: ThS. Nguyn Minh Khang ThS. Phm Ngc Du

Hnh 3.2: Qui trnh th nghim ch bin nc Linh chi ng chai

3.3.2.2 Din gii quy trnh

Nm Linh chi dng kh c lm sch xay nh tng hiu qu trch ly em nu si 1000C trong 30 pht. B cng anh, cam tho, c ngt c lm Sau khi nu dung dch c lc qua mt lp bng tch b v dch lc. i hoa bp gim c lm sch v xay nh nhm tng hiu qu trch ly. sch sau cho vo trong qu trnh nu Linh chi nu trong 10 pht.

Dch lc thu c trn lm ngui nhanh n nhit phi trn sau cho i hoa bp gim xay nh vo. Trong qu trnh phi trn khuy o nh. chit tip tc c lc bng my lc ht chn khng loi cn. Dch nc Linh chi sau lc c rt nhanh vo chai v em i ghp np, x l nhit 700C trong 30 pht tiu dit vi sinh vt. Sn phm sau x l c bo qun nhit thng. 3.3.3 Cc th nghim Dch phi trn c lc nhanh qua vi lc tch b i hoa bp gim, dch

om pa

3.3.3.1 Th nghim kho st t l Linh chi vi nc B tr th nghim: Th nghim c b tr hon ton ngu nhin 1 yu t vi

5 nghim thc lp li 2 ln. Cch tin hnh: th nghim c tin hnh theo qui trnh a ra (Hnh 3.2), ng thi c nh t l c ngt 0,4%; b cng anh 0,2%; cam tho 0,2%; bp gim 0,05% Yu t th nghim: T l Linh chi vi nc Cc nghim thc ng vi cc mu c t l Linh chi nh sau: A (0,2%); B(0,4%); C(0,6%); D(0,8%); E(1%).

ny

on
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en tia

GVHD: ThS. Nguyn Minh Khang ThS. Phm Ngc Du Ch tiu kho st l nh gi cm quan mu sc v mi v sn phm. 3.3.3.2 Th nghim kho st t l b cng anh v nc B tr th nghim: th nghim c b tr hon ton ngu nhin 1 yu t vi 5 Yu t th nghim: T l b cng anh nghim thc lp li 2 ln.

Cc nghim thc ng vi cc mu c t l b cng anh nh sau: 0,05% (A1); 0,1% (B1); 0,15% (C1); 0,2% (D1); 0,25% (E1) Cch tin hnh: Th nghim c tin hnh theo qui trnh a ra (Hnh chi thu c t th nghim trn.

3.2), ng thi c nh t l cam tho 0,2%, c ngt 0,4%, bp gim 0,05%, Linh Ch tiu kho st l nh gi cm quan mu sc v mi v sn phm. 3.3.3.3 Th nghim kho st t l cam tho v nc nghim thc lp li 2 ln. B tr th nghim: th nghim c b tr hon ton ngu nhin 1 yu t vi 5 Yu t th nghim: T l cam tho

Cc nghim thc ng vi cc mu c t l cam tho nh sau: 0,05% (A2); 0,1% (B2); 0,15% (C2); 0,2% (D2); 0,25% (E2) Cch tin hnh: Th nghim c tin hnh theo qui trnh a ra (Hnh 3.2), ng thi c nh t l c ngt 0,4%, bp gim 0,05%, Linh chi v b cng anh thu c t cc th nghim trn.

om pa

Ch tiu kho st l nh gi cm quan mu sc v mi v sn phm. B tr th nghim: th nghim c b tr hon ton ngu nhin 1 yu t vi 5 Yu t th nghim: T l c ngt Cc nghim thc ng vi cc mu c t l c ngt nh sau: 0,2% (A3);

3.3.3.4 Th nghim kho st t l c ngt v nc

nghim thc lp li 2 ln.

0,4% (B3); 0,6% (C3); 0,8% (D3); 1% (E3).

ny

on
- 43 -

fid

en tia

GVHD: ThS. Nguyn Minh Khang ThS. Phm Ngc Du Cch tin hnh: Th nghim c tin hnh theo qui trnh a ra (Hnh 3.2), ng thi c nh t l bp gim 0,05%, Linh chi, b cng anh v cam tho thu c t cc th nghim trn. 3.3.3.5 Th nghim kho st thi gian v nhit phi trn Bp gim nghim thc c lp li 2 ln Ch tiu kho st l nh gi cm quan mu sc v mi v sn phm.

B tr th nghim: th nghim c b tr hon ton ngu nhin vi cc Yu t th nghim: thi gian v nhit phi trn Bp gim.

Yu t c nh: t l Bp gim v nc l 0,05g trong 100ml.

cc nhit ca nc 300C, 400C, 500C trong cc khong thi gian 5pht, 10pht. Ch tiu kho st l hm lng vitamin C c trong nc chn Bp gim 3.3.3.6 Th nghim kho st t l bp gim b sung B tr th nghim: th nghim c b tr hon ton ngu nhin 1 yu t vi 5 Yu t th nghim: T l bp gim b sung Cc nghim thc ng vi cc mu c t l bp gim nh sau: 0% (A4); 0,05% (B4); 0,1% (C4); 0,15% (D4); 0,2% (E4). Cc yu t c nh l t l Linh chi, c ngt, cam tho v b cng anh thu c t cc th nghim trn. nghim thc lp li 2 ln.

om pa

Cch tin hnh: Th nghim c tin hnh theo qui trnh a ra

(Hnh 3.2).

Ch tiu kho st l nh gi cm quan mu sc v mi v sn phm.

3.3.4 nh gi cht lng sn phm sau mt thng bo qun 3.3.4.1 Cc ch tiu ha l Mu c cng thc ch bin tt nht s c chn sn xut sn phm, bo

qun trong mt thng v em i kim tra cc ch tiu: pH ng tng, ng kh.

ny

on
- 44 -

fid

Cch tin hnh: Th nghim c tin hnh ln lt phi trn Bp gim

en tia

GVHD: ThS. Nguyn Minh Khang ThS. Phm Ngc Du Hm lng vitamin C Cc ch tiu vi sinh c qui nh trong TCVN 7401 : 2002 i vi ung nm men mc, Clostridium perfringens, Staphylococcus aureus

3.3.4.2 Cc ch tiu vi sinh pha ch sn khng cn nh: Tng s vi sinh vt hiu kh, E.coli, Coliforms, tng s

3.4. Phng php xc nh cc ch tiu theo di 3.4.1 Ch s pH 3.4.2 ng tng, ng kh

Mu c gi n Trung Tm K Thut Tiu Chun o Lng Cht Lng 3, s 49 Pasteur, Qun 1, TP H Ch Minh xc nh hm lng ng tng, ng kh. 3.4.3 Hm lng vitamin C 3.4.4 Ch tiu vi sinh

Xc nh theo phng php c trnh by trong ph lc D1. Mu sau thi gian bo qun mt thng c gi n Trung Tm K Thut Tiu Chun o Lng Cht Lng 3, s 49 Pasteur, Qun 1, TP H Ch Minh xc nh cc ch tiu vi sinh.

om pa

3.5 Phng php nh gi cm quan i vi cc th nghim kho st: s dng phng php so hng sp xp

cc mu theo th t mc a thch t cao n thp. Sau chuyn hng thnh

im theo phng php ca Fisher v Yates (1942) [21]. Mi th nghim c lp li 2 ln vi tng s cm quan vin cho mi th nghim l 15 cm quan vin. Tin hnh tnh ton im trung bnh ca cc mu v xc nh s khc bit v mc a thch gia cc mu . i vi sn phm: s dng phng php cho im cht lng sn phm

nh gi s b mc chp nhn i vi sn phm.

ny

on
- 45 -

fid

My o pH c dng xc nh pH sn phm.

en tia

GVHD: ThS. Nguyn Minh Khang ThS. Phm Ngc Du 3.6 Phng php x l s liu X l cc s liu trn phn mm Excel v Statgraphic-Plus for Win 3.0

CHNG 4

4.1.1 Kt qu kho st t l Linh chi vi nc

Cc mu Linh chi c kho st vi cc t l: A (0,2%); B(0,4%); C(0,6%); 0,2%; bp gim 0,05%. mu.

- V mu: cc mu c mu vng kh p, t mu vng nht ca mu A n

om pa

mu vng m ca mu E, t l Linh chi cng nhiu th mu sc cng m.

- V mi: t l Linh chi cng tng th mi cng nng - V v: v tng t l thun vi t l Linh chi, v cng tng cng khng nhn c s a thch ca cm quan vin.

Bng 4.1: KT QU CHUYN IM T CC S LIU NH GI CM QUAN KHO ST T L LINH CHI THEO PHNG PHP SO HNG M U A B C D E

THNH VIN

ny

Cc mu c nh gi v ch tiu mu, mi, v v nh gi chung cho tng

D(0,8%); E(1%); ng thi c nh t l c ngt 0,4%; b cng anh 0,2%; cam tho

on
- 46 -

4.1 Kt qu cc th nghim kho st

fid

KT QU V THO LUN

en tia

GVHD: ThS. Nguyn Minh Khang ThS. Phm Ngc Du 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Tng -1,16 0 0 -1,16 -1,16 1,16 0 -1,16 1,16 1,16 -0,5 -0,5 -1,16 0 -1,16 -4,48 0,5 0,5 -0,5 0 -0,5 0,5 -0,5 0 0,5 -1,16 0 0 0 1,16 -0,5 -1,16 0,5 0,5 -0,5 1,16 1,16 -0,5 0,5 0 1,16 1,16 -0,5 1,16 0 -0,5 -1,16 0,5

fid
1,16 1,16 1,16 0,5 1,16 7,46 0
7.46 4.48 C Mu D

on
-0.66 B

-0,5 0,5

-0,66

ny

om pa

8 6 4

i m cm 2 quan 0 -2 -4 -6 -4.48

- 47 -

en tia
0 -1,16 -1,16 -0,5 0,5 0,5 0 -1,16 0 0,5 -1,16 -0,5 -1,16 -0,5 6,90 -0,5 -1,16 0,5 0,5 1,16 4,48
6.9 E

1,16

GVHD: ThS. Nguyn Minh Khang ThS. Phm Ngc Du Hnh 4.1 th biu din im nh gi cm quan th nghim kho st t l Linh chi Nhn xt: ph lc B1cho thy P < 0,05 im cm quan gia cc nghim thc c ngha mc tin cy 95%. Kt qu phn tch bng phng php LSD ph lc B1cho thy gia cc Qua kt qu nh gi cm quan c bng 4.1 v kt qu x l thng k

mu E, A, B vi B, D v D,C c s khc bit mc ngha 5%. Trong mu C vi s im trung bnh ca cc cm quan vin l 0,4973 im, cao nht trong cc Theo kt qu nh gi cm quan c biu din hnh 4.1, mu C c im mu.

cm quan cao nht cho thy a s cc cm quan vin u a thch t l Linh chi va phi. Mu A v B t l Linh chi thp nn mu sc nht v mi v khng c trng kh nhn bit nn t nhn c s a thch ca cm quan vin. i vi cc mu D mi ca sn phm cng nng hn v v ng ca nc Linh chi cng tng ln nn s a thch ca cm quan vin gim. Mu C c t l Linh chi l 0,6% cho sn phm c mu vng p, mi thm d chu v v ng nh nn nhn c s a thch ca cc cm quan vin. Kt lun: v E th t l Linh chi tng ln cao nn mu vng rt m, t l Linh chi tng ln th

om pa

La chn mu C (t l nm Linh chi l 0,6%) sn xut th nghim sn

phm.

4.1.2 Kt qu kho st t l B cng anh B cng anh dng to s thanh nh du mt khi dng sn phm. Cc mu

cng c nh gi v ch tiu mu, mi, v v nh gi chung cho tng mu. th nghim ny, cc mu b cng anh kho st c t l: 0,05% (A1); 0,1% (B1); 0,15% c nh Cam tho 0,2%, C ngt 0,4%, Bp gim 0,05%.

(C1); 0,2% (D1); 0,25% (E1), t l Linh chi c chn t th nghim trc l 0,6%,

ny

on
- 48 -

fid

en tia

GVHD: ThS. Nguyn Minh Khang ThS. Phm Ngc Du - V mu: cc mu c mu vng m kh p, cng mu tng ln theo t l B cng anh tng. - V mi: t l B cng anh cng tng th mi cng nng nn s a thch ca cm quan vin gim. - V v: du mt khi ung nhng nu t l cng tng th li hu v ng nh

Bng 4.2 KT QU CHUYN IM T CC S LIU NH GI CM QUAN KHO ST T L B CNG ANH THEO PHNG PHP SO

THNH VIN 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 A1 -0,5 -0,5

B1 0 0

on
HNG M U C1 1,16 1,16 1,16 1,16 0,5 0 0 0 -0,5 1,16 0,5 0 -0,5 - 49 -

fid
0 0 0

ny

-0,5 0,5

0,5 -0,5 0 -0,5 0,5 1,16 0 0,5 0 -0,5 0

om pa

-0,5

1,16 -0,5

-1,16 1,16

10 11 12 13

-1,16 -0,5 0,5 1,16

en tia
D1 0,5 0,5 E1 -1,16 -1,16 -1,16 -1,16 -1,16 -1,16 -1,16 -0,5 -1,16 -0,5 -1,16 -1,16 -1,16 1,16 0,5 1,16 0,5 0,5 1,16 1,16 0,5

GVHD: ThS. Nguyn Minh Khang ThS. Phm Ngc Du 14 15 Tng 0,5 0 -0,34 -0,5 0,5 1,16 -1,16 -0,5 4,14 1,16 1,16 9,96 0 -1,16 -14,92

5 0 i m cm quan -5 -10 -15 -0.34

on
4.14 1.16 -14.92 B1 C1 Mu D1 E1

10

om pa

Hnh 4.2 th biu din im nh gi cm quan th nghim kho st t l B cng anh Nhn xt:

Kt qu nh gi cm quan th nghim kho st t l B cng anh c trnh

by bng 4.2 v kt qu x l thng k ph lc B2. ph lc B2 ta c P < 0,05 nn s khc bit gia cc mu l c ngha thng k mc tin cy 95%. Qua kt qu phn tch bng phng php LSD ph lc B2 cho ta s khc bit c ngha gia hai mu C1 v D1, y l hai mu c im cm quan trung bnh

ny

A1

- 50 -

fid
9.96

en tia

GVHD: ThS. Nguyn Minh Khang ThS. Phm Ngc Du cao nht v mu D1 vi s im trung bnh l 0,664 im ln hn mu C1 c s im trung bnh l 0,276 im. B cng anh c v ngt, hi ng, tnh bnh, hi hn, c tc dng thanh thy cc mu A1, B1, C1 khng nhn c s a thch ca cc cm quan vin b ng cm quan vin. Mu E1 c t l B cng anh tng ln cao nn lm mt mu vng nhit,gii c [35]. T kt qu nh gi cm quan c biu din hnh 4.2 cho

mu D1. Cc mu ny c t l B cng anh thp nn ko gy c n tng cho cc

p ca nc Linh chi, ng thi mi ca B cng anh nng hn ln t mi thm ca Linh chi v kt hp chung vi v ng ca nc Linh chi lm cho v ca sn phm ng hn nn khng nhn c s a thch ca cc cm quan vin. Mu D1

c t l B cng anh l 0,2% cho sn phm c mi thm nh ca B cng anh m khng lm mt mi Linh chi, khng lm thay i mu vng p c trng ca nc Linh chi, to cm gic du mt khi ung m khng li v ng nn chim c s a thch ca cc cm quan vin. Kt lun: sn phm.

Mu D1 (t l B cng anh l 0,2%) c la chn sn xut th nghim 4.1.3 Kt qu kho st t l Cam tho Cam tho c dng kh bt v ng v mi nng ca Linh chi v to v ngt hu. Cc mu c nh gi v ch tiu mu, mi, v v nh gi chung cho tng mu. th nghim ny t l Linh chi c chn t th nghim trc l 0,6%, B cng anh 0,2%, c nh C ngt 0,4% v Bp gim 0,05%. Cc mu cam tho kho st vi cc t l nh sau: 0,05% (A2); 0,1% (B2); 0,15% (C2); 0,2% (D2); 0,25% (E2). - V mu: t l Cam tho tng nhng mu ca sn phm khng thay i nhiu - V mi: cng mi thm ca Cam tho tng khi t l Cam tho tng, nhng t l cao th mi thm hi nng nn t c a thch. - V v: t l Cam tho cao th v ngt hu cng gt hn v c v cay nn t c a thch.

om pa

ny

on
- 51 -

fid

en tia

GVHD: ThS. Nguyn Minh Khang ThS. Phm Ngc Du

Bng 4.3 KT QU CHUYN IM T CC S LIU NH GI CM QUAN KHO ST T L CAM THO THEO PHNG PHP SO HNG M U A2 -0,5 0 0 0,5 1,16 -1,16 0 -1,16 -0,5 0,5 1,16 0 B2 1,16 -0,5 -1,16 0 -1,16 0,5 -0,5 C2 0 0,5 1,16 -1,16 0 D2 E2

VIN 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Tng

fid
1,16 1,16 0,5 0 0,5 -0,5 -1,16 0,5 0 -0,5 -0,5 1,66
9.96 1.66

1,16 0 0

on
1.82 B2

ny

-0,5 0,5 1,16 1,16 1,82

-1,16 0

om pa

-1,16 -2,32

10 5 0 -5 -2.32

i m c m quan

-10 -15 A2

- 52 - C2
M u

D2

en tia
0,5 -1,16 -1,16 -0,5 1,16 0,5 1,16 0,5 -0,5 -0,5 -0,5 -1,16 0 -1,16 -1,16 -0,5 -1,16 -0,5 -1,16 0 -11,12 0,5 -0,5 1,16 1,16 0,5 1,16 1,16 0,5 0,5 9,96
-11.12 E2

THNH

GVHD: ThS. Nguyn Minh Khang ThS. Phm Ngc Du

Hnh 4.3 th biu din im nh gi cm quan th nghim kho st t l Cam tho Nhn xt: cc nng khc nhau.

Bng 4.3 l kt qu nh gi cm quan ca cc mu nc vi t l Cam tho

T bng Anova ph lc B3 cho ta kt qu, s khc bit gia cc mu vi t l cam tho khc nhau l c ngha tin cy 95% vi P<0,05. bng LSD s khc nhau gia cc mu A2, B2, C2 l khng c ngha. Hai mu E2 v D2 c s khc bit vi cc mu khc mc ngha 5%, trong mu Cam tho c v ngt, tnh bnh, sng ( mm, sy kh) c tc dng gii c, t ho; tm mt sao vng (chch cam tho) li c tc dng n trung, nhun ph, iu ho cc v thuc [38]. Cam tho c s dng nhm kh bt mi nng v v ng ca Linh chi. Cc mu A2, B2, C2 c t l cam tho thp tuy khng lm thay i mu ca D2 vi s im trung bnh cao nht l 0,664 im.

om pa

nc Linh chi nhng mi nng v v ng ca nc Linh chi khng gim i nhiu.

mu E2 t l cam tho tng ln cao khng lm thay i nhiu mu nc Linh chi, tuy nhin mi thm ca cam tho qu m lm cho sn phm khng cn mi Linh

chi v v ngt hu gt c v hi cay. hnh 4.3 cho thy cc mu ny c im cm Mu D2 cho sn phm c mi thm nh ca Linh chi, B cng anh, Cam

quan thp khng c s a thch ca cc cm quan vin. tho, C ngt; mu vng m c trng ca nc Linh chi, v ngt mt v khng c v cay nn nhn c s a thch ca cc cm quan vin. Kt lun:

ny

on
- 53 -

fid

en tia

GVHD: ThS. Nguyn Minh Khang ThS. Phm Ngc Du Mu D2 (t l Cam tho l 0,2%) c la chn sn xut th nghim sn phm. 4.1.4 Kt qu kho st t l C ngt mu cng c nh gi v ch tiu mu, mi, v v nh gi chung cho tng mu. 0,6% (C3); 0,8% (D3); 1% (E3). T l Linh chi l 0,6%, B cng anh 0,2%, Cam tho 0,2% c chn t cc th nghim trc, c nh Bp gim 0,05%. l C ngt tng. C ngt dng to v ngt cho sn phm v kh v ng ca Linh chi. Cc

th nghim ny, cc mu c t l c ngt kho st nh sau: 0,2% (A3); 0,4% (B3);

- V mu: cc mu c mu vng m kh p, cng mu tng ln theo t - V mi: t l C ngt tng th mi nng ca C ngt tng.

- V v: C ngt tuy to v ngt cho sn phm nhng n cng li hu v ng, do t l C ngt cng tng th v ngt cng tng, ng thi c v hi ng nn s a thch ca cm quan vin i vi sn phm gim. Bng 4.4 KT QU CHUYN IM T CC S LIU NH GI CM QUAN KHO ST T L C NGT THEO PHNG PHP SO HNG

ny

THNH VIN 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

A3 0

B3 -0,5 1,16 1,16 0,5 0 -0,5 0,5 0,5 0,5

on
M U C3 1,16 0 0 0 1,16 1,16 0 -0,5 -0,5 - 54 -

fid
0

om pa

0,5 0,5

1,16 0,5 0,5

1,16 1,16

-1,16

en tia
D3 0,5 -0,5 -0,5 -0,5 -0,5 E3 -1,16 -1,16 -1,16 -1,16 -1,16 -1,16 -0,5 0 0 -1,16 -1,16 1,16

GVHD: ThS. Nguyn Minh Khang ThS. Phm Ngc Du 10 11 12 13 14 15 Tng 1,16 -0,5 0 -0,5 0 1,16 5,64
8 6 4 2

-0,5 1,16 1,16 0,5 1,16 0,5 7,3

7.3

-1,16 0 0,5 0 0,5 0 2,32

0,5 -1,16 -1,16 -1,16 -0,5

0 0,5 -0,5

5.64

2.32

-2 -4 -6 -8 A3

on C
B3 C3 D3

i m cm 0 quan

Hnh 4.4 th biu din im nh gi cm quan th nghim kho st t l

ny

Mu

om pa

C ngt

Nhn xt:

Kt qu s liu bng 4.4 v ph lc B4 cho thy im cm quan ca cc ph lc B4, s khc bit gia E3, D3 vi C3, A3, B3 l c ngha. S

mu c s khc bit c ngha tin cy 95% vi P<0,05. khc bit gia C3, A3, B3 l khng c ngha. Trong ba mu ny, mu B3 c im cm quan trung bnh l 0,487 im, cao nht trong cc mu. C ngt c v ngt rt m, c ch cho ngi i tho ng v ngi bo

ph, thuc t c[1]. V ngt c to ra do Steviosid ngt gp 300 ln saccharose. Loi ng ny hin nay c dng ph bin thay th cho ng saccharose cho

- 55 -

fid
-7.3 -7.96 E3

en tia
-1,16 -0,5 -1,16 -7,3 -7,96

1,16

GVHD: ThS. Nguyn Minh Khang ThS. Phm Ngc Du mt s thc phm v n cho nng lng thp ch bng 1/3 -1/2 so vi ng thng[35]. Gn y ng c lin h ti cc bnh bo ph, tim mch, su rng. Ngi ta gi nng lng do ng saccharose cung cp l calorri rng, v ng dng khc. Mt thc phm nhiu ng thng nhiu bo v th xu hng dng cht ng t thin nhin nh Steviosid thay th ngy cng cao. Ngoi ra, v n khng b ln men b i cc vi khun trong ming nn khng gy su rng[1] ch cung cp nng lng m khng c vitamin, cht khong hay cc cht dinh

Qua hnh 4.4 c th nhn thy rng mu A3 c t l c ngt thp nn khng

p ng ngt, khng nhn c s a thch ca cm quan vin. Mu C3, D3, ngt ca sn phm cng gt hn v xut hin v ng, ng thi mi ca c ngt trong sn phm qu nng ln t mi thm ca cc nguyn liu khc. Mu B3 nhn c s a thch nht ca cc cm quan vin v c t l c ngt va kt hp vi v ngt ca cam tho cho sn phm c ngt d chu v c mi thm nh ho ln Kt lun: phm. cng mi thm ca cc nguyn liu khc.

Mu B3 (t l C ngt l 0,4%) c la chn sn xut th nghim sn 4.1.5 Kt qu kho st thi gian v nhit phi trn Bp gim

om pa

Bp gim c tin hnh ln lt phi trn cc nhit ca nc 300C,

400C, 500C trong cc khong thi gian 5 pht, 10 pht.T l Bp gim v nc c c nh l 0,05g trong 100ml. Cc mu nc ln lt c xc nh hm lng

vitamin C.

Bng 4.5 HM LNG VITAMIN C TRCH LY C CC KHONG THI GIAN V NHIT THI GIAN NHIT 300C 400C 500C

ny

on
- 56 -

fid

E3 t l c ngt cng tng cao th s a thch cng gim v t l c ngt cng tng th

en tia

GVHD: ThS. Nguyn Minh Khang ThS. Phm Ngc Du 5 pht 10 pht 5,28 3,52 8,8 5,28 3,52 1,76

8.8

on
400C
Nhi t

9 8 7 6 Hm l ng 5 vitamin C 4 3 2 1 0

5.28 3.52

5.28

fid
3.52 1.76

ny

Hnh 4.5 th biu din hm lng vitamin C cc khong thi gian v nhit Nhn xt:

om pa

Qua th biu din hm lng vitamin C cc khong thi gian v nhit

c th nhn thy rng nhit 300C trong thi gian 5 pht vitamin C trong bp gim c trch ly vi mt lng ng k nhng hm lng thp hn nhit 400C trong 5 pht. nhit 500C hm lng vitamin C gim xung cho thy

nhit ny vitamin C bt u b bin tnh. cc khong nhit trong thi gian gian di hn vitamin C tip xc trc tip vi khng kh nn b oxy ho lm gim hm lng vitamin C ly trch. Kt lun:

10 pht hm lng vitamin C trch ly c thp hn trong thi 5 pht, khong thi

300C

500C

- 57 -

en tia
5 pht 10 pht

GVHD: ThS. Nguyn Minh Khang ThS. Phm Ngc Du nhit 400C trong thi gian 5 pht hm lng vitamin C c ly trch nhiu nht nn c chn lm iu kin ca nc phi trn bp gim. 4.1.6 Kt qu kho st t l Bp gim b sung cho sn phm c a thch hn. Nc Linh chi c lm ngui xung 400C c phi trn vi i hoa bp gim trong 5 pht. Cc mu c nh gi v ch B sung Bp gim nhm lm tng lng vitamin C trong sn phm v lm

tiu mu, mi, v v nh gi chung cho tng mu. th nghim ny, cc mu c t l bp gim nh sau: 0% (A4); 0,05% (B4); 0,1% (C4); 0,15% (D4); 0,2% (E4). T cc th nghim trc.

l Linh chi l 0,6%, B cng anh 0,2%, Cam tho 0,2%, C ngt 0,4% c chn t

- V mu: t l Bp gim cng tng th mu vng ca sn phm cng m v chuyn dn sang mu lm mt mu vng p ca nc Linh chi nn t c a thch. - V mi: mu b sung Bp gim s c thm mi thm v chua nh ca Bp nc Linh chi nn t c a thch. a s cc cm quan vin u a thch mu c cng mi chua nh. - V v: t l Bp gim cng tng th v chua cng tng v t c a thch. Bng 4.6 KT QU CHUYN IM T CC S LIU NH GI CM QUAN KHO ST T L BP GIM THEO PHNG PHP SO HNG M U B4 1,16 0 1,16 0,5 1,16 C4 -0,5 -1,16 0,5 -0,5 -0,5 D4 -1,16 1,16 -0,5 1,16 -1,16 E4 0 -0,5 -1,16 -1,16 0

om pa

THNH VIN 1 2 3 4 5

ny

A4

0,5 0,5 0 0 0,5

gim. Mi chua s tng ln khi t l Bp gim tng lm mt mi thm ca

on
- 58 -

fid

en tia

GVHD: ThS. Nguyn Minh Khang ThS. Phm Ngc Du 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Tng 0,5 0 -0,5 0,5 -0,5 -1,16 0 -0,5 0 -0,5 -0,66 0 1,16 0,5 1,16 1,16 1,16 0,5 0,5 1,16 0,5 11,78 1,16 -1,16 0 0 0,5 0 1,16 1,16 0,5 0 -0,5 -0,5 -1,16 -0,5 0 -1,16 0,5 1,16

fid
1,16
1.16 -2.5 C4 D4

15 10

om pa

ny

i m c m quan

5 0

-0.66

-5

on
11.78 -9.78 A4 B4 E4

-10

Mu

Hnh 4.6 th biu din im nh gi cm quan th nghim kho st t l Bp gim Nhn xt:

Kt qu nh gi cm quan th nghim kho st t l Bp gim c trnh by bng 4.5 v kt qu x l thng k ph lc B5 . ph lc B5 ta c P < 0,05 nn s khc bit gia cc mu l c ngha thng k mc tin cy 95%.

- 59 -

en tia
-1,16 -0,5 0,5 -0,5 0 -1,16 -1,16 -1,16 -1,16 -9,78 -0,5 1,16 -2,5

-1,16

GVHD: ThS. Nguyn Minh Khang ThS. Phm Ngc Du Qua kt qu phn tch bng phng php LSD ph lc B5 cho ta thy s khc bit c ngha gia mu B4 vi cc mu khc v mu B4 vi s im trung bnh l 0,785 im, cao nht trong cc mu. ch khi[1]. y nguyn liu c s dng l i hoa bp gim. V chua ca bp gim c tc dng kch thch v gic ca ngi dng nn gia tng s a thch cho sn phm. Ngoi ra, i hoa bp gim cn cha mt lng ln vitamin C c b sung sn phm. Bp gim c v chua, tnh mt, c tc dng thanh nhit, gii kht, lim ph,

vo sn phm nc Linh chi vi tc dng l cht khng oxy ha ko di tui th ca hnh 4.5 chng ta c th thy rng cc cm quan vin ginh s a thch

cho cc mu c b sung bp gim. Cc mu C4, D4, E4 s a thch ca cm quan vin gim xung t l nghch vi t l bp gim. T l bp gim cng tng th lng vitamin C trong sn phm tng v v chua cng tng ln lm cho sn phm gim v ngt, gim mi thm ca cc nguyn liu khc v mu sc thay i hn t vng p thch. Mu B4 nhn c s a thch nht ca cc cm quan vin v cho sn phm c v chua nh du mt, khng lm mt mu vng p c trng ca nc Linh chi v mi thm ho ln cng mi ca cc nguyn liu khc. Kt lun: phm. Mu B4 (t l Bp gim l 0,05%) c chn sn xut th nghim sn sang khng p ng c yu cu ca sn phm v khng nhn c s a

om pa

4.2 Kt qu nh gi cht lng thnh phm T l Linh chi vi nc, t l B cng anh, t l Cam tho, t l C ngt v t

l Bp gim c xc nh t cc th nghim kho st vi kt qu nh sau: Linh chi

0,6%, B cng anh 0,2%, Cam tho 0,2%, C ngt 0,4%, Bp gim 0,05%. T kt qu ny em sn xut th nghim sn phm v kim tra mt s ch tiu ha l. Bng 4.7: THNH PHN HA L CA SN PHM KHI MI SN XUT

ny

on
- 60 -

fid

en tia

GVHD: ThS. Nguyn Minh Khang ThS. Phm Ngc Du THNH PHN HA L pH Hm lng vitamin C (g/100ml) GI TR PHN TCH 4,2 5,7

4.3 nh gi cht lng thnh phm sau mt thng bo qun.

Sn phm c em bo qun iu kin thng trong mt thng ri em kim tra li cc ch tiu ha l xem xt s thay i ca cc gi tr ny. Cc s liu o c trnh by bng 4.8 v phiu kt qu th nghim cui lun vn. Bng 4.8 THNH PHN HA L CA SN PHM SAU MT THNG THNH PHN HA L pH

ny

on
BO QUN - 61 -

Hm lng vitamin C (g/100ml)

om pa

ng tng ( qui ra glucose, g/100ml) ng kh ( qui ra glucose, %)

4.3.2 Cc ch tiu vi sinh (TCVN 7401:2002) Mu sau thi gian bo qun mt thng c gi n Trung Tm K Thut

Tiu Chun o Lng Cht Lng 3, s 49 Pasteur, Qun 1, TP H Ch Minh

xc nh Tng s vi sinh vt hiu kh, E.coli, Coliforms, tng s nm men mc, Clostridium perfringens, Staphylococcus aureus. Kt qu kim tra trn mu c

th hin trong bng 4.9 v Phiu kt qu th nghim cui lun vn.

fid
4,00 5,15 0,3

4.3.1 Cc ch tiu ha l

GI TR PHN TCH

Khng pht hin

en tia

GVHD: ThS. Nguyn Minh Khang ThS. Phm Ngc Du Bng 4.9 KT QU PHN TCH VI SINH STT 1 2 3 4 5 6 CH TIU Tng s vi sinh vt hiu kh Coliforms Tng s nm men mc Escherichia coli Clostridium perfringens Staphylococcus aureus Nhn xt: CFU/ml CFU/ml CFU/ml CFU/ml CFU/ml CFU/ml KT QU <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 GII HN TI A 102 10 10 0 0 0

c TCVN 7401:2002 qui nh i vi ung pha ch sn khng cn. Phng php s l nhit uc s dng x l sn phm trc khi bo qun nghim vi sinh cho thy phng php x l nhit chn p ng c yu cu tiu dit vi sinh vt, m bo cht lng cho sn phm v khng b h hng trong qu trnh bo qun. Kt lun: l phng php thanh trng Pasteur 700C trong thi gian 30 pht. Kt qu kim

om pa

Sn phm t yu cu cht lng vi sinh. nh gi s b mc chp nhn ca cm quan vin i vi sn phm

4.3.3 Cht lng nh gi cm quan

nc Linh chi ng chai, chng ti tin hnh cm quan i vi sn phm. Sn phm c nh gi cm quan theo phng php cho im cht lng sn phm theo TCVN 3215 79 vi 15 cm quan vin nh gi s b v cht lng sn phm. Kt qu c trnh by trong Bng 4.10 Bng 4.10 KT QU NH GI CM QUAN V CHT LNG SN PHM I VI MU NC LINH CHI NG CHAI

ny

on
- 62 -

Kt qu phn tch cc ch tiu vi sinh u tha mn gii hn ti a v p ng

fid

en tia

GVHD: ThS. Nguyn Minh Khang ThS. Phm Ngc Du CH TIU Mu sc 4 4 4 4 3 3 5 4 4 4 4 4 5 3 3 4 3 4 4 3 4 5 3 5 Mi v Hnh thi 5 5 5 5 4 4 3 5 4 IM CHT LNG

THNH VIN 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

on
5 4 5 4 3 4 60 4,00 2,0 8,00 - 63 -

ny

Tng

58

om pa

Trung bnh 3,86 4,46 lng lng 1,2 0,8

cha c trng H s trng

Trung bnh c trng lng

4,63

Nhn xt:

fid
4 4 5 5 5 4 67 16,20 3,57

en tia

GVHD: ThS. Nguyn Minh Khang ThS. Phm Ngc Du Qua bng nh gi cht lng Bng 4.10 chng ti nhn thy sn phm t loi kh vi im chung l 16,20 v im cha c trng lng ca mi ch tiu u ln hn 3,8. Hu ht cc cm quan vin nh gi sn phm mc a thch tr Sn phm nc Linh chi l s kt hp ca cc loi tho mc thin nhin c

tc dng thanh nhit, gii c, tng lng vitamin cho c th. Sn phm khng s nn thch hp cho c nhng ngi b tiu ng v bo ph v khng lm tng ng huyt v khng c cht bo. Sn phm c b sung mt lng vitamin C dng cht bo qun nn khng c phn ng to thnh Benzen l cht gy c cho c th ngi s dng. chit xut t tho mc nhm gip cho sn phm bo qun c lu hn, khng s

dng ng saccharose m dng cht to ngt c chit xut trc tip t tho mc

Ngoi ra, sn phm nc Linh chi cn c tc dng phng v kt hp cha tr mt s bnh, tt c cc nguyn liu tho mc c s dng u l nguyn liu sch cng thng minh v kht khe ca ngi tiu dng v ung. Kt lun: Sn phm nc Linh chi ng chai kh c u thch v y chnh l c s chng ti tip tc nghin cu hon thin hn v a sn phm ra th trng. 4.4 Quy trnh ch bin nc Linh chi ng chai 4.4.1 Quy trnh v khng c thnh phn gy c cho c th. Sn phm p ng c nhu cu ngy

om pa

ny

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ln.

GVHD: ThS. Nguyn Minh Khang ThS. Phm Ngc Du

Nm Linh chi 0,6%

C ngt 0,4%

N u (1000C / 30 pht) Lc ln 1

Lm ngui nhanh Phi trn ( 400C / 5 pht)

Xay nh

ny

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Hnh 4.7 Quy trnh sn xut nc Linh chi ng chai

X l nhit (700C / 30 pht)

Thnh phm

on
Lc ln 2 V chai Ghp np - 65 -

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Bp gim 0,05%

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B cng anh 0,2% Cam tho 0,2%

Xay nh

GVHD: ThS. Nguyn Minh Khang ThS. Phm Ngc Du

4.4.2 Thuyt minh quy trnh 4.4.2.1 Nguyn liu H Ch Minh. Linh chi dng kh c lm sch. - Nm Linh chi ca Cng ty TNHH Linh Chi VINA mua ti qun 12, TP

- B cng anh mua ti tim thuc trn ng Hi Thng Ln ng - qun 5 TP H Ch Minh. B cng anh c phi sy dng kh. H Ch Minh. Cam tho dng ct lt phi sy kh. c lm sch v ng gi. - Cam tho mua ti tim thuc trn ng Hi Thng Ln ng qun 5 TP

- i hoa Bp gim ca cng ty TNHH SX TM Hng i Vit mua ti siu th Vinatex, c lm sch v ng gi. 4.4.2.2 Nu

c chn l 0,6%. Nm Linh chi c xay nh cho vo nc un si 1000C trong 30 pht. B cng anh, Cam tho v C ngt c lm sch nn khng cn x l v c cho vo trong qu trnh un Linh chi. C ba nguyn liu c un si 10 pht cng vi Linh chi. Sn phm sau khi nu c mu vng m ca Linh chi, mi thm nh ca Linh chi, B cng anh v Cam tho. 4.4.2.3 Lc ln 1 Nhm tch phn ci v nc ca Linh chi, B cng anh, Cam tho v C

om pa

ngt. Chng ti dng bng y t sch lc nhm tch b cn. Trong cng nghip

ngi ta c th dng cc thit b lc chuyn dng sn phm trong hn v hiu sut thu hi cao hn. 4.4.2.4 Lm ngui nhanh v nh mc Trc khi tin hnh phi trn nc Linh chi vi Bp gim cn lm ngui nhanh nc Linh chi v nhit cao s lm gim lng vitamin C c trong Bp gim v nh mc li v trong qu trnh nu lng nc b hao ht.

ny

Cng on ny nhm ly trch dch chit t Linh chi. T l Linh chi vi nc

on
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- C ngt ca cng ty TNHH Ngn Vng mua ti nh sch Nguyn Vn C,

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GVHD: ThS. Nguyn Minh Khang ThS. Phm Ngc Du

4.4.2.5 Phi trn Nc Linh chi c lm ngui xung 400C v nh mc li c phi i hoa Bp gim c cho vo nhm cung cp cho sn phm mt lng vitamin C gip qu trnh bo qun c lu hn v to v chua nh tng s a thch cho sn trn vi i hoa Bp gim trong 5 pht. Trong qu trnh phi trn khuy o nh.

phm. Trc khi phi trn i hoa Bp gim c xay nh nhm tng hiu sut trch ly. 4.4.2.6 Lc ln 2

chit tip tc c lc bng my ht chn khng nhm loi b cn v lm cho sn phm trong hn. Nu cn nhiu c th thay giy lc trong phu v lc nhiu ln. 4.4.2.7 V chai, ghp np Chai thy tinh v np chai c ra sch v sy kh nhm m bo tiu bng my ng np chai.

4.4.2.8 X l nhit v bo qun

X l nhit l yu t quan trng nh hng n cht lng sn phm. Sn phm nc Linh chi c p dng ch x l nhit theo phng php thanh trng Pasteur 700C/30 pht nhm tiu dit vi sinh vt v hn ch s hao ht lng vitamin C c trong sn phm. Sn phm sau khi x l c bo qun nhit thng. 4.5 Tnh ton s b chi ph cho sn xut 100 chai thnh phm ( 200ml/chai) Trong sn xut kinh doanh, bn cnh cht lng sn phm th cc nh kinh t

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lun quan tm n gi thnh sn phm. V vy, vic tnh ton s b chi ph sn xut

cho mt sn phm l rt quan trng nhm quyt nh sn phm c c a ra th trng hay khng. Mt sn phm trc khi c em ra th trng phi tri qua qu trnh thc hin lun vn, vi quy m th nghim chng ti tin hnh tnh ton s

nhiu cng on khc nhau v chi ph cho mi cng on cng khc nhau. Trong

ny

dit vi sinh vt. Nc Linh chi c rt nhanh vo chai v c em i ghp np

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Sau khi phi trn dch phi trn c tip tc lc nhanh qua vi lc, dch

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GVHD: ThS. Nguyn Minh Khang ThS. Phm Ngc Du b chi ph nguyn liu cho 100 chai thnh phm da trn gi nguyn liu hin nay trn th trng vi hiu sut thu hi l 80%, kt qu thu c nh trong bng sau: Bng 4.11 CHI PH CHO SN XUT 100 CHAI NC LINH CHI THNH PHM NGUYN LIU Linh chi B cng anh Cam tho C ngt Bp gim Chai + np Gas, in, nc Nhn cng (ngi) Chi ph khc Tng chi ph N V (g) 135 45 45 90 11.25 THNH TIN (ng) 40.500 900 900

on
100+100 1 - 68 -

Lng nguyn liu c tnh nh sau:

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- 1 chai nc Linh chi cn 180ml 100 chai nc cn 18.000 ml = 18 (lt) - Vi hiu sut thu hi 80% lng nc cn thit = 18*100/80 = 22.5 (lt) = 22500 (ml) - Lng Linh chi cn: 0,6%* 22500 = 135 g

- Lng b cng anh cn: 0,2%*22500 = 45 g

- Lng cam tho cn: 0,2%*22500 = 45 g

- Lng c ngt cn: 0,4%*22500 = 90 g - Lng bp gim cn: 0,05%*22500 = 11.25 g

ny

fid
7.488 1.125 50.000 + 30.000 20.000 80.000 20.000 250.913

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GVHD: ThS. Nguyn Minh Khang ThS. Phm Ngc Du - Gi 1 chai nc Linh chi thnh phm khi bn cho cc i l l 2.510 VN cha bao gm gi tr nhn sn phm v thu gi tr gia tng.

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Hnh 4.8 Sn phm Nc Linh chi ng chai

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GVHD: ThS. Nguyn Minh Khang ThS. Phm Ngc Du

CHNG 5

KT LUN V NGH
5.1 Kt lun

Qua qu trnh thc hin ti, da trn cc kt qu kho st v da vo im cm quan, chng ti xc nh cc thng s thnh phm nguyn liu nh

- Linh chi 0,6% - B cng anh 0,2% - Cam tho 0,2% - C ngt 0,4% - Bp gim 0,05%

T tin hnh sn xut th nghim sn phm. X l nhit ch thch hp l 700C trong 30 pht. 5.2 ngh

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Do hn ch v thi gian, thit b v kinh t nn chng ti: - Cha phn tch c thnh phn dc tnh trong sn phm - Ch kim tra cht lng sn phm trong thi gian bo qun l mt thng. - Phn tch hm lng cc hp cht quan trng ca Linh chi trong sn phm nh: Polysaccharide, Triterpenoid, Adenosine, Alkaloid, Saponine.

Qua chng ti c cc ngh sau:

- Ch bin th nghim qui m ln hn

ny

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GVHD: ThS. Nguyn Minh Khang ThS. Phm Ngc Du

TI LIU THAM KHO TING VIT

1. Huy Bnh, ng Quang Chung, Bi Xun Chng, Nguyn Thng bn Khoa hc v K thut H Ni 2004.

ng, 2004. Cy thuc v ng vt lm thuc Vit Nam tp I. Nh xut 2. Huy Bnh, ng Quang Chung, Bi Xun Chng, Nguyn Thng

ng, 2004. Cy thuc v ng vt lm thuc Vit Nam tp II. Nh xut bn Khoa hc v K thut H Ni 2004. bn Nng nghip, H Ni. 3. Nguyn Ln Dng, 2001. Cng ngh nui trng nm, tp 1 v 2. Nh xut 4. Nguyn Hong Dng, 2006. Thc hnh nh gi cm quan. Nh xut bn i hc Quc Gia TP.HCM. 5. Nguyn Hu ng v inh Xun Linh, 2000. Nm n nm dc liu cng dng v cng ngh nui trng. Nh xut bn H Ni. 6. Nguyn Hu ng, Nguyn Th Sn v Zani Federico, 2002. C s khoa hc v cng ngh nui trng. Nh xut bn Nng nghip H Ni. cha bnh. Nh xut bn Nng nghip, H Ni.

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7. Nguyn Hu ng, 2003. Nui trng ch bin nm n v nm lm thuc 8. Nguyn Ngc Thanh Hng, 2008. Kho st qui trnh ch bin nc Linh chi (Ganoderma lucidum) mt ong ng lon. Kha lun tt nghip, khoa Cng Ngh Sinh Hc, i hc Nng Lm TP.HCM.

9. Trn Hng, 2004. Phng php nghin cu dc liu. i hc Y Dc TP.HCM. 10. Trn Vn K, 2005. Dc hc c truyn ton tp. Nh xut bn y hc.

ny

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GVHD: ThS. Nguyn Minh Khang ThS. Phm Ngc Du 11. Trn Bch Lam, Tn N Minh Nguyt, inh Trn Nht Thu, 2004. Th nghim ha sinh thc phm. Nh xut bn i hc Quc Gia TP.H Ch Minh. chi. Kha lun tt nghip, khoa Cng Ngh Thc Phm, i hc Nng Lm TP. H Ch Minh. Khoa hc v K thut H Ni. 13. Tt Li, 1991. Nhng cy thuc v v thuc Vit Nam. Nh xut bn 12. Trng Th Kim Lin, 2008. Nghin cu qui trnh ch bin tr ti lc Linh

14. Nguyn c Lng, Cao Cng, 2003. Th nghim Cng ngh sinh hc

15. Trn Vn No, 2004. Nui trng ch bin nm n v nm lm thuc cha bnh. Nh xut bn Nng nghip H Ni. qu. Nh xut bn Lao ng 2008. hc, H Ni, Vit Nam. 16. Trng Hnh Nguyn, 2008. Cc bi thuc cha bnh bng cy c hoa l v 17. on Sng, 2003. Linh chi nguyn cht v bnh thi nay. Nh xut bn Y 18. L Xun Thm, 1996. Nghin cu c im sinh hc v c im hp thu khong nm Linh chi Ganoderma lucidum (Leyss.ex Fr).Karst. Lun n ph tin s khoa hc sinh hc, i hc Khoa Hc T Nhin, i hc Quc Gia H Ni, Vit Nam.

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19. L Xun Thm, 1996. Nm Linh chi dc liu qu Vit Nam. Nh xut bn Mi C Mau.

20. Nguyn Phc Thun, 2001. Gio trnh sinh ha hc, phn 1. Nh xut bn i Hc Quc Gia TPHCM. K Thut H Ni Nng Lm TP. H Ch Minh. 21. H Duyn T, 2006. K thut phn tch cm quan. Nh xut bn Khoa Hc

22. Trng Vnh, 2005. Thng k ng dng v phng php th nghim. i hc

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tp 1. Nh xut bn i hc Quc Gia TP.H Ch Minh.

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GVHD: ThS. Nguyn Minh Khang ThS. Phm Ngc Du 23. Phm Xun Vng, 2007. Gio trnh Kim tra cht lng thc phm. Nh xut bn H Ni. 24. TCVN 7401:2002, ung pha ch sn khng cn Qui nh k thut. cho im TING ANH 25. TCVN 3215:1979, Sn phm thc phm, phn tch cm quan, phng php

26. Shufeng Zhou, A clinical Study of a Ganoderma lucidum extract in patients

with type II diabetes mellitus. Division of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, Auckland

27. Yihuai Gao, Guoliang Chen, Jin Lan, He Gao and Shufeng Zhou, 2001. Extractoin of Ganoderma polysaccharides at relatively low temperature. Froc Int Symposium Ganoderma Sci, Auckland.

28. Yihuai Gao, Jin Lan and Zhifang Liu, Extraction and determination of

1,00-00. TI LIU INTERNET

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29. http://vietbao.vn/The-gioi/Kham-pha-nguon-goc-nuoc-giaikhat/45152240/162/. 30. http://vietbao.vn/Kinh-te/Bao-nhieu-thien-nhien-trong-nuoc-giai-khat-thiennhien/65168979/88/.

31. http://sgtt.com.vn/Detail27.aspx?ColumnId=27&newsid=49260&fld=HTMG /2009/0402/49260.

32. http://cbc.vn/index.php/tiep-thi-thuong-hieu/ket-qua-khao-sat-thi-truong-douong/.

33. http://www.nutifood.com.vn/Default.aspx?pageid=108&mid=295&action=d ocdetailview&intDocId=34&intSetItemId=351&breadcrumb=351. 34. http://www.nutifood.com.vn/Default.aspx?pageid=108&mid=295&breadcru mb=351&intSetItemId=351&action=docdetailview&intDocId=5724.

ny

Ganoderma polysaccharides. Int Med Complement Med Vol 1, Supplement

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University, Auckland, New Zealand.

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GVHD: ThS. Nguyn Minh Khang ThS. Phm Ngc Du 35. http://www.nutifood.com.vn/Default.aspx?pageid=108&mid=295&breadcru mb=351&intSetItemId=351&action=docdetailview&intDocId=36. 36. http://viethoagroup.net/detail_product.aspx?product_id=123.

38. http://www .activeCompoundsReishi.html

39. http://www. Mushroom Information Gano HIV.mht. 40. http://www.bfa-

ernaehrung.de/Deutsch/Information/pflanzenstoffe/artikel3.pdf. 41. http://203.162.44.79/khcn/magazine/Tap7/So6/06.htmnh5

43. http://www.khoahoc.net/baivo/voquangyen/281206-congottheduong.html 44. http://www.baomoi.com/Home/SucKhoe/www.thanhnien.com.vn/Nhungbai-thuoc-hay-tu-bo-cong-anh/2270724.epi.

45. http://www.yhoccotruyen.htmedsoft.com/duochoc/caythuoc/bo_cong_anh_n

46. http://www.tradinhvudi.com.vn/GioiThieuTra/?hsid=4. 47. http://dantri.com.vn/c7/s7-261422/tra-nao-benh-do.htm. 48. http://www.yhoccotruyen.htmedsoft.com/. 49. http://caythuocquy.info.vn/modules.php?name=News&opcase=detailsnews&

om pa

mid=798&mcid=245&pid=&menuid=.

ny

am.htm.

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42. http://www.khoahoc.net/baivo/nguyenthuongchanh/141206-caycongot.html

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37. http://www.About Lingzhi.htm.

GVHD: ThS. Nguyn Minh Khang ThS. Phm Ngc Du

PHIU NH GI C M QUAN DNG TRONG CC TH NGHIM

Phiu nh gi cm quan dng cho th nghim kho st PHN TCH CM QUAN Php th so hng Mu th: Nc Linh Chi H v tn: ..........................

C 5 mu nc Linh chi khc nhau A, B, C, D v E c gii thiu. Bn hy th v th 1 v mu km nht xp th 5.

Kt qu: Th t Mu Mi V

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Bng A.1. 1 2 3 4 5

nh gi chung

ny

Ch :

Th theo trnh t t tri sang phi Khng lc hay khuy trn

sp xp chng theo mc a thch ca bn t cao n thp. Mu thch nht xp

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Ngy th:...........................

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PH LC A

GVHD: ThS. Nguyn Minh Khang ThS. Phm Ngc Du Bnh lun: ................................................................................................. ................................................................................................ Cm n s gip ca bn! Phiu nh gi cm quan dng cho sn phm NH GI CM QUAN Php th cho im Mu th: nc Linh Chi H v tn: .......................... theo bng sau: Ch tiu H s

Ngy th ............................

Yu cu

fid

C mt mu nc Linh chi c gii thiu. Bn hy nm th v cho im

5. Mu sc t nhin rt c trng ca nc Linh chi Mu sc 4. Mu sc c trng ca nc Linh chi 1,2 3. Mu sc t c trng 2. Mu sc khng c trng 1. Sn phm b bin mu 0.Sn phm c mu sc h hng 5. Mi v rt c trng ca nc Linh chi 4. Mi v c trng 3. Mi v t c trng 2. Mi v khng c trng 1. Sn phm c mi l 0. Sn phm c mi h hng 5. Rt ch trng, sn phm vng m 4. c trng, khng cn 3. t c trng, sn phm chp nhn c

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Mi v

Hnh thi

ny

2,0

0,8

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im

GVHD: ThS. Nguyn Minh Khang ThS. Phm Ngc Du 2. Qu c hay qu long, khng ng u 1. C khuyt tt, biu hin s h hng 0. Sn phm h hng Bnh lun: ..............................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................

PH LC B

KT QU X L THNG K CC S LIU CM QUAN

Ph lc B1: Th nghim kho st t l Linh chi
ANOVA Table for LINHCHI.diem by LINHCHI.mau

Analysis of Variance ----------------------------------------------------------------------------Source Sum of Squares Df Mean Square F-Ratio P-Value ----------------------------------------------------------------------------Between groups 9.49787 4 2.37447 4.33 0.0035 Within groups 38.3701 70 0.548145 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------Total (Corr.) 47.868 74

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GVHD: ThS. Nguyn Minh Khang ThS. Phm Ngc Du

Multiple Range Tests for LINHCHI.diem by LINHCHI.mau -------------------------------------------------------------------------------Method: 95.0 percent LSD LINHCHI.mau Count Mean Homogeneous Groups -------------------------------------------------------------------------------E 15 -0.453333 X A 15 -0.298667 X B 15 -0.044 XX D 15 0.298667 XX C 15 0.497333 X -------------------------------------------------------------------------------Contrast Difference +/- Limits -------------------------------------------------------------------------------A - B -0.254667 0.539185 A - C *-0.796 0.539185 A - D *-0.597333 0.539185 A - E 0.154667 0.539185 B - C *-0.541333 0.539185 B - D -0.342667 0.539185 B - E 0.409333 0.539185 C - D 0.198667 0.539185 C - E *0.950667 0.539185 D - E *0.752 0.539185 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------* denotes a statistically significant difference.

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ANOVA Table for BOCONGANH.diem by BOCONGANH.mau Analysis of Variance ----------------------------------------------------------------------------Source Sum of Squares Df Mean Square F-Ratio P-Value ----------------------------------------------------------------------------Between groups 22.6939 4 5.67348 15.78 0.0000 Within groups 25.1741 70 0.35963 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------Total (Corr.) 47.868 74

ny

Ph lc B2: Th nghim kho st t l b cng anh

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GVHD: ThS. Nguyn Minh Khang ThS. Phm Ngc Du

Multiple Range Tests for BOCONGANH.diem by BOCONGANH.mau -------------------------------------------------------------------------------Method: 95.0 percent LSD BOCONGANH.mau Count Mean Homogeneous Groups -------------------------------------------------------------------------------E1 15 -0.994667 X A1 15 -0.0226667 X B1 15 0.0773333 X C1 15 0.276 XX D1 15 0.664 X -------------------------------------------------------------------------------Contrast Difference +/- Limits -------------------------------------------------------------------------------A1 - B1 -0.1 0.436735 A1 - C1 -0.298667 0.436735 A1 - D1 *-0.686667 0.436735 A1 - E1 *0.972 0.436735 B1 - C1 -0.198667 0.436735 B1 - D1 *-0.586667 0.436735 B1 - E1 *1.072 0.436735 C1 - D1 -0.388 0.436735 C1 - E1 *1.27067 0.436735 D1 - E1 *1.65867 0.436735 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------* denotes a statistically significant difference.

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ANOVA Table for CAMTHAO.diem by CAMTHAO.mau Analysis of Variance ----------------------------------------------------------------------------Source Sum of Squares Df Mean Square F-Ratio P-Value ----------------------------------------------------------------------------Between groups 15.6204 4 3.90511 8.48 0.0000 Within groups 32.2476 70 0.46068 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------Total (Corr.) 47.868 74

ny

Ph lc B3: Th nghim kho st t l cam tho

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GVHD: ThS. Nguyn Minh Khang ThS. Phm Ngc Du

Multiple Range Tests for CAMTHAO.diem by CAMTHAO.mau -------------------------------------------------------------------------------Method: 95.0 percent LSD CAMTHAO.mau Count Mean Homogeneous Groups -------------------------------------------------------------------------------E2 15 -0.741333 X A2 15 -0.154667 X C2 15 0.110667 X B2 15 0.121333 X D2 15 0.664 X -------------------------------------------------------------------------------Contrast Difference +/- Limits -------------------------------------------------------------------------------A2 - B2 -0.276 0.494299 A2 - C2 -0.265333 0.494299 A2 - D2 *-0.818667 0.494299 A2 - E2 *0.586667 0.494299 B2 - C2 0.0106667 0.494299 B2 - D2 *-0.542667 0.494299 B2 - E2 *0.862667 0.494299 C2 - D2 *-0.553333 0.494299 C2 - E2 *0.852 0.494299 D2 - E2 *1.40533 0.494299 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------* denotes a statistically significant difference.

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ANOVA Table for CONGOT.diem by CONGOT.mau Analysis of Variance ----------------------------------------------------------------------------Source Sum of Squares Df Mean Square F-Ratio P-Value ----------------------------------------------------------------------------Between groups 13.8089 4 3.45223 7.10 0.0001 Within groups 34.0591 70 0.486558 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------Total (Corr.) 47.868 74

ny

Ph luc B4: Th ngim kho st t l c ngt

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GVHD: ThS. Nguyn Minh Khang ThS. Phm Ngc Du

Multiple Range Tests for CONGOT.diem by CONGOT.mau -------------------------------------------------------------------------------Method: 95.0 percent LSD CONGOT.mau Count Mean Homogeneous Groups -------------------------------------------------------------------------------E3 15 -0.530667 X D3 15 -0.486667 X C3 15 0.154667 X A3 15 0.376 X B3 15 0.486667 X -------------------------------------------------------------------------------Contrast Difference +/- Limits -------------------------------------------------------------------------------A3 - B3 -0.110667 0.507993 A3 - C3 0.221333 0.507993 A3 - D3 *0.862667 0.507993 A3 - E3 *0.906667 0.507993 B3 - C3 0.332 0.507993 B3 - D3 *0.973333 0.507993 B3 - E3 *1.01733 0.507993 C3 - D3 *0.641333 0.507993 C3 - E3 *0.685333 0.507993 D3 - E3 0.044 0.507993 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------* denotes a statistically significant difference.

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Ph lc B5: Th nghim kho st t l bp gim

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GVHD: ThS. Nguyn Minh Khang ThS. Phm Ngc Du

ANOVA Table for BUPGIAM.diem by BUPGIAM.mau Analysis of Variance ----------------------------------------------------------------------------Source Sum of Squares Df Mean Square F-Ratio P-Value ----------------------------------------------------------------------------Between groups 16.1632 4 4.0408 8.92 0.0000 Within groups 31.7048 70 0.452926 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------Total (Corr.) 47.868 74

Multiple Range Tests for BUPGIAM.diem by BUPGIAM.mau

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-------------------------------------------------------------------------------Method: 95.0 percent LSD BUPGIAM.mau Count Mean Homogeneous Groups -------------------------------------------------------------------------------E4 15 -0.652 X D4 15 -0.166667 XX A4 15 -0.044 X C4 15 0.0773333 X B4 15 0.785333 X -------------------------------------------------------------------------------Contrast Difference +/- Limits -------------------------------------------------------------------------------A4 - B4 *-0.829333 0.490122 A4 - C4 -0.121333 0.490122 A4 - D4 0.122667 0.490122 A4 - E4 *0.608 0.490122 B4 - C4 *0.708 0.490122 B4 - D4 *0.952 0.490122 B4 - E4 *1.43733 0.490122 C4 - D4 0.244 0.490122 C4 - E4 *0.729333 0.490122 D4 - E4 0.485333 0.490122 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------* denotes a statistically significant difference.

ny

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PH LC C
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GVHD: ThS. Nguyn Minh Khang ThS. Phm Ngc Du

S LIU NH GI C M QUAN KHO ST T L THEO PHNG PHP SO HNG

Ph lc C1: Th nghim kho st t l Linh chi

Bng 1: S LIU NH GI CM QUAN KHO ST T L LINH CHI THEO PHNG PHP SO HNG THNH VIN 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 A 5 3 3 5 5 1 3 5 1 1 4 4 5 3 5 B 2 2 4 3 4 2 4 3 2 5 3 3 3 4 2 M U C 1 4 5 2 2 4 1 1 4 2 1 1 1 2 1

fid
3 1 1 4 1 3 2 2 3 4 5 2 2 1 3 - 83 -

on

ny

10 11 12 13 14 15

om pa

Ph lc C2: Th nghim kho st t l b cng anh

en tia
D E 4 5 2 1 3 5 5 4 5 3 2 5 4 5 4

GVHD: ThS. Nguyn Minh Khang ThS. Phm Ngc Du Bng 2: S LIU NH GI CM QUAN KHO ST T L B CNG ANH THEO PHNG PHP SO HNG M U A1 4 4 4 2 4 1 4 5 1 5 4 2 1 2 3 B1 3 3 2 4 3 4 2 1 3 2 3 4 3 4 2 C1 1 1 1 1 2 3 3 3 4 1 2 3 4 5 4 D1 2 2 3 3 1 2 1 2 2 3 1 1 2 1 1 E1 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 5 4 5 5 5 3 5

VIN 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

om pa

ny

Ph lc C3: Th nghim kho st t l cam tho

on
- 84 -

fid

en tia

THNH

GVHD: ThS. Nguyn Minh Khang ThS. Phm Ngc Du

Bng 3: S LIU NH GI CM QUAN KHO ST T L CAM THO THEO PHNG PHP SO HNG M U A2 4 3 3 2 1 5 3 5 4 2 1 3 5 3 5 B2 1 4 5 3 5 2 4 1 3 3 3 4 2 1 1 C2 3 2 1 5 3 1 1 2 2 4 5 2 3 4 4

THNH VIN 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

fid
1 2 3 2 4 1 1 2 1 1 2 2 - 85 -

on C

ny

om pa

en tia
D2 2 1 2 E2 5 5 4 4 4 4 5 3 5 5 4 5 4 5 3

GVHD: ThS. Nguyn Minh Khang ThS. Phm Ngc Du Ph lc C4: Th nghim kho st t l c ngt Bng 4: S LIU NH GI CM QUAN KHO ST T L C NGT

THNH VIN 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 A3 3 2 2 1 2 2 1 1 5 1 4 3 4 3 1 B3 4 1 1 2 3 4 2 2 2 4 1 1 2 1 2

M U C3 1 3 3 3 1 1 3 4 4 5 3 2 3 2 3

fid
4 4 4 3 5 5 1 2 5 5 5 4 5

on C
- 86 -

ny

om pa

en tia
D3 2 4 E3 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 3 3 3 2 4 1 5 4

THEO PHNG PHP SO HNG

GVHD: ThS. Nguyn Minh Khang ThS. Phm Ngc Du

Ph lc C5: Th nghim kho st t l bp gim Bng 5: S LIU NH GI CM QUAN KHO ST T L BP GIM THEO PHNG PHP SO HNG M U A4 2 2 3 3 2 2 3 4 2 B4 1 3 1 2 1 3 1 2 1 1 1 2 2 1 2 C4 4 5 2 4 4 1 5 3 3 2 3 1 1 2 3

THNH VIN 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

fid
1 4 1 5 4 4 5 4 3 2 4 3 4 1

on
- 87 -

ny

10 11 12 13 14 15

4 5 3 4 3 4

om pa

en tia
D4 5 E4 3 4 5 5 3 5 2 1 5 5 4 5 5 5 5

GVHD: ThS. Nguyn Minh Khang ThS. Phm Ngc Du

PH LC D
1. Nguyn tc

Acid L-ascorbic c tnh kh mnh c oxy ha bng dung dch I2 vi ch th l dch tinh bt. y l phng php xc nh nhanh v cho kt qu gn ng. 2. Dng c Bnh tam gic 3. Ha cht Dung dch H2SO4 1:10 hay 180g/l Dung dch I2 0,01N Dung dch tinh bt 5g/l

dung dch tinh bt. im kt thc ca phn ng nhn bit c nh ch th dung

Ly 10ml dch th nghim cho vo bnh tam gic 250ml, cho 5ml dung dch ti khi bt u xut hin mu xanh. 5. Kt qu Lng axit ascorbic hay vitamin C c tnh theo cng thc sau: n V1 0,00088 100 V2 m Hm lng axit ascorbic = ------------------------------

om pa

Trong :

n : s ml dung dch I2 0,01N dng chun . 0,00088: s g axit ascorbic tng ng vi 1ml I2 0,01N V1: th tch mu th nghim

ny

H2SO4 0,1N v thm vo vi git tinh bt 1%, lc nh ri chun bng I2 0,01N

4. Tin hnh

on
- 88 -

fid

en tia

Ph lc D1 nh lng Acid Ascorbic( Vitamin C)

GVHD: ThS. Nguyn Minh Khang ThS. Phm Ngc Du V2: th tch mu em chun m : lng mu th nghim

om pa

ny

on
- 89 -

fid

en tia

GVHD: ThS. Nguyn Minh Khang ThS. Phm Ngc Du

om pa

ny

on
- 90 -

fid

en tia