TCVN

TIU CHUN QUC GIA

TCVN 8226 : 2009

Xut bn ln 1

CNG TRNH THY LI CC QUY NH CH YU V KHO ST MT CT V BNH A HNH CC T L T 1/200 N 1/5000

Hydraulic works - The basic stipulation for survey of topographic profile and topoplan at scale 1/200 to 1/5000

TCVN 8226 : 2009

H NI 2009

TCVN 8226 : 2009

Mc lc

Trang Li ni u 1 Phm vi p dng 2 Ti liu vin dn 3 Thut ng v nh ngha 4 Quy nh k thut 5 6 7 8 9 Ph lc A Ph lc B Ph lc C Phng php ton c s dng cc my quang c Phng php ton c s dng my ton c in t Phng php bn c t ng Phng php o nh lp th mt t Thnh lp mt ct bnh a hnh bng cng ngh nh s Kim tra, kim nghim, hiu chnh my bn c v cc dng c km theo (quy nh) Kim tra v kim nghim b my kinh v chp nh (quy nh) Thnh lp bnh a hnh bng phng php nh s (quy nh) 4 5 5 5 7 12 16 19 21 28 42 48 59

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Li ni u
TCVN 8226 : 2009 c chuyn i t 14TCN 161: 2005 theo quy nh ti khon 1 iu 69 ca Lut Tiu chun v Quy chun k thut v im a khon 1 iu 7 Ngh nh s 127/2007/N-CP ngy 01/8/2007 ca Chnh ph quy nh chi tit thi hnh mt s iu ca Lut Tiu chun v Quy chun k thut. TCVN 8226 : 2009 do Vin Khoa hc Thy li Vit Nam bin son, B Nng nghip v Pht trin Nng thn ngh, Tng cc Tiu chun o lng Cht lng thm nh, B Khoa hc v Cng ngh cng b.

TCVN 8226 : 2009

TIU CHUN QUC GIA

TCVN 8226 : 2009

Cng trnh thu li - Cc quy nh ch yu v kho st mt ct v bnh a hnh cc t l t 1/200 n 1/5000

Hydraulic works - The basic stipulation for survey of topographic - profile and topoplan at scale 1/200 to 1/5000

1 Phm vi p dng
Tiu chun ny bao gm nhng quy nh ch yu kho st mt ct v bnh a hnh cc t l t 1/200 n 1/5000 trong cc cng trnh thu li Vit Nam.

2 Ti liu vin dn Cc ti liu vin dn sau l cn thit cho vic p dng tiu chun ny. i vi cc ti liu vin dn ghi nm cng b th p dng bn c nu. i vi cc ti liu vin dn khng ghi nm cng b th p dng bn mi nht, bao gm c cc sa i (nu c).
TCXDVN 309: 20041 Cng tc trc a trong xy dng cng trnh Yu cu chung. TCXDVN 364: 2006* Tiu chun k thut o v x l s liu GPS trong trc a cng trnh. TCVN 8223 : 2009 Cng trnh thu li Cc quy nh ch yu o a hnh v xc nh tim knh, cng trnh trn knh. TCVN 8224 : 2009 Cng trnh thu li Cc quy nh ch yu v li khng ch mt bng a hnh. TCVN 8225 : 2009 Cng trnh thu li Cc quy nh ch yu v li khng ch cao a hnh.

3 Thut ng v nh ngha
3.1 Bnh a hnh t l ln (topographic plan at scale) L bnh a hnh c t l t 1/200 n 1/5000 trong xy dng cng trnh thu li.

Tiu chun TCXDVN s c chuyn i thnh TCVN hoc QCVN.

TCVN 8226 : 2009

3.2 Mt ct a hnh (topographic profile) L tit din a hnh c to bi cc tuyn theo chiu dc, ngang cng trnh.

a) Mt ct dc (longitudinal profile)
c o theo tuyn tim cng trnh nh tuyn p chnh, ph, tuyn trn, tuyn cng, knh v cc cng trnh trn knh. Tnh theo dng nc chy, ct dc p v t b t sang hu; cng, trn v t thng lu xung h lu, tuyn knh ti v t u mi xung cui knh, knh tiu v t u ngun tiu v u mi.

b) Mt ct ngang (cross section)

V theo phng vung gc vi phng ct dc. Chiu v: t tri sang phi theo chiu tin ca ct dc. 3.3 Khong cao u ng bnh (topographic contour) L khong chia u theo chiu cao v ng bnh c bn. Khong cao u thng chia 0,25 m, 0,5 m, 1 m, 2 m, 2,5 m, 5 m c k hiu l h. 3.4 K hiu a hnh, a vt theo t l (legend at scale) L k hiu quy c ca B Ti Nguyn v Mi trng theo kch thc thu nh t l bnh ca i tng a hnh, a vt. 3.5 K hiu a hnh, a vt phi t l (legend at pree scale) L k hiu quy c nhng phng to hn kch thc thu nh ca i tng a hnh, a vt nhm nhn bit r qua mt ngi trn bnh ( 0,2 mm) 3.6 o nh lp th mt t (stereophoto grammetry sur ground) L s dng cc my ton nng hoc gii tch, o v a hnh qua cc tm nh chp lp th t trm my nh t trn mt t. 3.7 o nh lp th khng nh (stereoacrophoto grammetry) L s dng cc my ton nng hoc gii tch (m hnh s) o v a hnh qua cc tm nh chp t my bay xung mt t. 3.8 Bnh nh s (digital photoplan)

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L nn nh s c nn bng phng php nn nh n hoc nn nh trc giao c chnh xc hnh hc nh bnh a hnh cng t l. 3.9 To cng vic (project) L to ra trong my mt mi trng v cc iu kin cn thit cho khu o v, chnh l qu trnh khai bo v nhp vo my tnh cc thng s k thut cn thit. Chng trnh trong my tnh s sp xp cc thng s ny trong cc tp tin d liu v cc th mc lm vic thch hp.

4 Quy nh k thut
4.1 H cao to 4.1.1 H to S dng h to o VN 2000, ly Ellipsoid WGS84 lm Ellipsoid thc dng, bn trc ln a = 6378,137 km, dt = 1/298.257223563 4.1.2 H cao Theo h cao quc gia Hn Du Hi Phng. 4.2 Ni dung biu th 4.2.1 Mt ct a hnh Mt ct dc v ngang trong cc cng trnh thu li phi biu th c cc yu t sau: a) S bin i lin tc, t bin ca a hnh; b) Miu t hnh dng kch thc ca cng trnh thu li (knh, p, cc cng trnh trn knh, h thng iu tit); c) Th hin mi tng quan gia hnh dng kch thc cng trnh v hnh dng kch thc a hnh t nhin tun theo quy nh kch thc bn v thu li hin hnh. 4.2.2 Bnh a hnh Bnh a hnh trong cc cng trnh thu li phi biu th c cc yu t sau: a) Biu din y hin trng ca b mt t nhin, cc cng trnh xy dng cng cng cng trnh giao thng, dn c cc t l khc nhau tu thuc vo yu cu s dng trong cc giai on thit k; b) Biu din s din bin ca b mt a hnh, a vt; c) Biu din mi tng quan gia cc yu t c biu din trn bnh trong h c s ton hc chnh xc theo nhng t l thch hp theo yu cu. 4.3 Cc phng php o v mt ct v bnh 7

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4.3.1 Cc phng php o v mt ct Tu theo yu cu v tnh cht ca a hnh, a vt trong khu d n, cc phng php c s dng gm: a) Phng php ton c (s dng my quang c v my ton c in t); b) Phng php nh s trn m hnh 3D. 4.3.2 Cc phng php o v bnh c s dng cc phng php thnh lp bnh sau: a) Phng php ton c trn my quang c, v my ton c in t; b) Phng php bn c t ng; c) Phng php nh s (nh chp mt t, nh chp hng khng). 4.4 C s ton hc phc v o v mt ct, bnh 4.4.1 Mt ct v bnh t l ln c thnh lp trong h to VN2000. 4.4.2 To cc im khng ch trc a phi c tnh ton mi 3 o. Nu kinh tuyn trung ng

lch v mt pha ca phm vi o v trn 40 km th c chn kinh tuyn gia i qua trung tm khu vc cng trnh. 4.4.3 Khi din tch khu d n F 20 km2 v nm cch xa cc mc trc a nh nc th c php s dng h to c lp theo bn 1:50000 VN2000. 4.5 Kch thc khung bn v 4.5.1 Mt ct Theo quy nh kch thc bn v thu li hin hnh. 4.5.2 Bnh

a) Khu vc c din tch F 20 km2

Kch thc chung ca mi mnh tun theo quy nh chia mnh bn quc gia ca B Ti Nguyn v Mi trng;

b) Khu vc c din tch F < 20 km2;

Kch thc khung ca mi mnh c chia v nh s theo to vung vi kch thc khung l 60 cm x 60cm khi o v bnh 1:5000, 50 cm x 50 cm khi o v bnh 1:200, 1:500, 1:1000, 1:2000. 4.6 Khong cao u ca ng bnh Khong cao u c bn ca ng bnh ph thuc vo dc ca a hnh v t l o v bnh , quy nh Bng 1. Bng 1 - Khong cao u ng bnh 8

TCVN 8226 : 2009

dc a hnh Vng ng bng, bng phng c dc 20 Vng trung du, i thp c dc 20 < 60 Vng ni tip gip 60 < 150 Vng ni cao > 150 Khong cao u (m) i vi cc t l bn 1:200 1:500 1:1000 1:2000 1:5000 0,25 0,25 0,25 0,5 0,5 0,5 0,5 0,5 1,0 1,0 0,5 0,25 0,5 0,5 1,0 1,0 0,5 1,0 2,0 2,0 0,5 1,0 1,0 1,0 2,0 2,0 1,0 1,0 1,0 2,5 2,0 5,0

4.7 Cc cp khng ch trc a o v mt ct, bnh 4.7.1 Li khng ch Nh nc Li khng ch mt bng t hng 0, II, III v li khng ch cao t hng 1, 2, 3, 4. 4.7.2 Li khng ch c s a) Li hng IV, gii tch 1, 2, li ng chuyn cp 1, cp 2. b) Li cao k thut. 4.7.3 Li khng ch o v a) Li tam gic nh, ng chuyn kinh v, bn c, giao hi; b) Li cao kinh v, cao lng gic. Trng hp ti khu vc khng c li nh nc, cho php gi nh, tu theo chnh xc c th ch xy dng cc li khng ch c s, li khng ch o v, phc v cho qu trnh o v bnh mt ct tun theo cng kho st a hnh c cp c thm quyn ph duyt. 4.8 Mt im khng ch 4.8.1 Mt im khng ch mt bng - Khi v bnh t l t 1:2000 n 1:5000, t nht phi c 4 im khng ch c s cho 1 km 2 gm hng IV, cp 1, 2 (a hnh cp phc tp 3, 2, 1). a hnh cp 4, 5, 6 phi tng ln 8 n 12 im/1 km2. o v bnh t l 1: 200; 1: 500 s im 15 n 18 im/1 km2. 4.8.2 Mt im li cao Mt im li c s tun theo TCVN 8225 : 2009. 4.9 chnh xc 4.9.1 Sai s v tr im khng ch mt bng ca li o v sau khi bnh sai so vi im khng ch

trc a c s gn nht 0,2 mm trong vng quang ng, v 0,3 mm trong vng cy ci rm rp tnh theo t l bnh .

TCVN 8226 : 2009

4.9.2 Sai s im khng ch cao o v sau khi bnh sai so vi im cao c s gn nht 1/4 h khi vng bng phng v 1/3 h khi vng ni (h l khong cao u ng bnh ). 4.9.3 Sai s trung bnh v tr a vt c nh so vi im khng ch o v gn nht 0,4 mm trn bnh vng quang ng, v 0,5 mm vng rm rp. Trng hp c bit nhng vng a hnh cp 6 ni cao him tr, cy rng nguyn sinh, vng bin gii, hi o cho nhng hn sai tng ln 2 ln, nhng s im sai khng qu 10 % tng s im kim tra. Trong khu thnh ph, khu cng nghip, sai s v tr im c nh 0,4 mm trn bnh . 4.9.4 Sai s v tr cc im mt ct dc, ngang u c quy nh l 0,2 mm.M, trong M l mu s t l o v mt ct. 4.9.5 Sai s cao ca cc im mt ct 1/4 h (h l khong cao u ng bnh ). 4.9.6 Sai s trung phng o v dng t so vi im khng ch cao gn nht c tnh theo

khong cao u c bn, khng vt qu quy nh Bng 2 Bng 2 - Sai s trung phng o v dng t
T l bnh dc a hnh T 0o n 2o T 2o n 6o T 6o n 15o Ln hn 15o Sai s trung phng o v dng t tnh theo t l ca h 1:200 1/4 1/4 1/4 1/4 1:500 1/4 1/3 1/3 1/3 1:1000 1/4 1/3 1/3 1/2 1:2000 1/4 1/3 1/2 1/2 1:5000 1/4 1/3 1/2 1/2

4.10 Ni dung ca mt ct, bnh 4.10.1 Ni dung ca mt ct 4.10.1.1 Trn mt ct dc, ngang phi biu din nhng yu t sau:

a) V tr cc im u, ngot v cui ca mt ct: Trng hp mt ct ngang khng c nh v theo to

, v tr mt ct ngang c nh v theo phng v v tr trn ct dc; b) Cc im c trng ca a hnh: cao, thp, yn nga, ch xi l, bng phng ; c) Cc im v hnh dng a vt: b, lng, sn knh, sng ni, nh dn, khu dn c, khu cng nghip, ngha a. d) Cc gc lin kt gia cc yu t ca ct dc, ngang. 4.10.1.2 K hiu biu din trn ct dc, ngang phi tun theo bn v ca ngnh Thu li, B Nng

nghip v Pht trin Nng thn. 4.10.2 Ni dung ca bnh a hnh Trn bnh phi biu th cc yu t sau: 10

TCVN 8226 : 2009

a) im khng ch trc a: quc gia, c s v o v; b) Thu h v cc cng trnh ph thuc trong h thng thu li hin c; c) H thng ng giao thng v thit b ph thuc; d) im dn c, ranh gii khu dn c th; e) a vt kinh t, x hi; f) Dng t; g) Thc vt; h) Ranh gii v tng ro; i) a danh v cc ghi ch cn thit. chnh xc biu th a vt a hnh tun theo iu 1.10. Din tch trng trt v cc khu t c din tch t 20 mm2 tr ln theo t l bnh u phi biu din theo hnh dng c th. Sng ngi, mng, ng c rng nh hn 0,5mm theo t l bnh th v mt nt, t 0,5 mm tr ln th v 2 ng nt phn bit theo t l. Nu kch thc ca k hiu ln hn kch thc thu nh ca a vt (nh nh, cha, ct bo giao thng ng b, ng thu ...) th t k hiu vo tm ca a vt. 4.11 Biu din cc im khng ch trc a Cc im khng ch mt bng v cao c s biu din theo tiu chun TCVN 8224 : 2009 v TCVN 8225 : 2009. 4.11.2 Cc im khng ch c s v o v: Tt c cc im c mc b tng phi k hiu hnh vung, mi chiu 3 mm. Cc im ng cc th k hiu hnh trn vi ng knh 2 mm. 4.11.3 Khi v tr gia im khng ch v a vt gn nhau, phi u tin biu din im khng ch. 4.12 Biu din a hnh v a vt Biu din a hnh v a vt tun theo quy nh ca tiu chun quc gia ca B Ti Nguyn v Mi Trng. Trong cc cng trnh thu li, ngoi ra cn quy nh c th thm mt s ni dung sau: 4.12.1 Tt c cc cng trnh xy dng, thu li, giao thng u phi ghi kch thc (rng, di, ng knh ), cao trn cng trnh v y cng trnh; 4.12.2 Tt c cc h thng thu li knh mng u phi v 2 dng:

a) Theo t l bnh khi rng 0,5 mm trn bnh ; b) Theo k hiu khi rng < 0,5 mm trn bnh .
4.12.3 Dc theo tuyn cng trnh nh khu u mi dc theo knh, ng dn nc phi ly mt

im mia (im cao ) dy hn 1,5 ln.

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4.12.4 Loi t v cht liu t biu th theo trng thi b mt v phn loi: , si, ct, bn, st v

cc yu t chuyn ngnh khi c yu cu. 4.12.5 Thng thng mnh bnh quy nh hng trc to x theo hng bc, trc y theo

hng ng, trong trng hp gi nh to , phi o la bn xc nh phng v vi chnh xc n 60 v nh du hng bc hoc nam theo quy nh. 4.13 nh gi cht lng bnh , mt ct Cn c vo gi tr chnh lch v v tr v cao ca cc a vt trn bnh , mt ct khi kim tra v tip bin nh gi chnh xc ca bnh v mt ct. Gi tr chnh lch cho php khng c qu 2 ln tr s cho php nh quy nh trong 4.9. S lng im c sai s trong phm vi cho php phi 10 % tng s im kim tra.

5 Phng php ton c s dng cc my quang c

5.1 Phm vi ng dng Phng php ton c s dng cc my quang c p dng thun li cho vic o v bnh , mt ct nhng vng c din tch khng ln, thng c dc 6o 25o trong cc cng trnh thu li v xy dng. Khi dc > 25o thng s dng phng php o nh lp th mt t v khng nh. 5.2 My o v My o v l cc my ton c t ng quang c hoc cc my kinh v c hc. Kim nghim v hiu chnh theo Ph lc A ca tiu chun TCVN 8223 : 2009. 5.3 Li khng ch o v Li khng ch o v c xy dng qua cc tuyn ng chuyn kinh v hoc ton c xut pht v khp kn t cc im khng ch c s. 5.4 Quy nh k thut ca ng chuyn ton c 5.4.1 ng chuyn ton c phi m bo cc yu t k thut quy nh Bng 3. Bng 3 - Cc yu t k thut v chiu di ng chuyn
T l o v 1:200 1:500 1:2000 1:5000 Chiu di ng chuyn (m) 100 200 600 1200 Chiu di cnh ca ng chuyn (m) T 30 n 50 T 50 n 100 T 100 n 150 T 100 n 200 S cnh ti a trong ng chuyn 3 4 8 10

5.4.2

Cnh o: qua li ch, phi o i v o v; c n 0,1 m, sai s chnh gia o i v v:

s/s 1/300 5.4.3 Gc o: 12

TCVN 8226 : 2009

a) Gc bng ca ng chuyn o mt ln bng phng php ton vng, c n 6;

b) Gc ng o qua dy gia, c thun v nghch qua 2 u im o vi sai s cao 0,04 m trn

100 m chiu di cnh. Khi o v bnh 1/200, 1/500 phi o bng thc thp vi vch khc 1 mm. 5.4.4 Sai s khp ca ng chuyn ton c khng c vt qu gi tr tnh theo cng thc sau: a) Sai s khp gc ng chuyn: f 1 n

trong : n l s gc ca ng chuyn; b) Sai s khp di ca tuyn ng chuyn: fs = trong L n l chiu di ng chuyn tnh bng mt; l s cnh trong ng chuyn. L n 400

5.5 Quy nh k thut ca im giao hi Trong trng hp xy dng tuyn ng chuyn phc tp, nn p dng cc phng php giao hi, gii tch: pha trc, sau, bn cnh. 5.5.1 Gc giao hi 30o 120o. 5.5.2 Cnh giao hi Si 2 So, trong So l di cnh c nu trong Bng 3. 5.6 o v bnh 5.6.1 K thut qu trnh o v 5.6.1.1 o v bng phng php ton c s dng cc my quang c c thc hin nh sau: a) o gc theo 2 tr s : gc ngang (), gc ng (); b) o cnh bng dy ch; c) V tr ca cc im c xc nh theo phng php to cc. 5.6.1.2 Khong cch t my n mia khng vt qu cc gi tr c nu trong Bng 4. 5.6.1.3 Khi o v ti trm o phi nh hng n 2 im khng ch bit. Khi kt thc trm my

phi kim tra li qua mt im khng ch bit. Sai s nh hng 60 v sai s cao 1/4 h (h l khong cao u c bn). 5.6.2 S miu t 13

TCVN 8226 : 2009

Phng php ton c dng my quang c khi v bnh cn thit phi lp s miu t thc a chi tit. Ni dung miu t gm cc ni dung sau: a) Th hin cc im nh hng, cc im khng ch; b) Lp s dng t, tng quan a vt nh hng v a vt o v, ghi ch cc im c trng a hnh, a vt; c) T l s miu t xp x t l bnh cn thnh lp. Chuyn s liu o ln bn v phi c thc hin sau mi ngy kt thc trnh nhm ln. V iu kin kh khn th khng qu 2 ngy phi a ln bn v. Bng 4 - Khong cch t my n mia (im o)
T l o v T 1/100 n 1/200 1/500 1/1000 1/2000 1/5000 Khong cao u (m) 0,25 0,50 0,5 1,0 0,5 1,0 2,0 0,5 1,0 2,5 1,0 2,0 2,5 Khong cch gia cc im mia (m) T 1 n 1,5 T 1 n 2 T 5 n 10 T 10 n 15 20 20 30 T 30 n 40 40 50 T 50 n 80 100 Khong cch t my n mia khi o v Ranh gii a vt Dng t (m) (m) 20 50 100 100 150 150 150 200 200 300 350 350 10 40 50 80 80 100 100 100 100 150 150 150

5.6.3 V bnh S liu t s gc c a ln bn v theo 2 cch, tu thuc vo trang thit b ca c quan tin hnh.

a) Cch th nht: Nu c quan ch c thc o (phi khc n 15) v thc o chiu di khc n
milimt, tin hnh a im khng ch bng to , a im o v bng thc o v thc o chiu di . Sau tng hp vi s miu t, tin hnh v a hnh, a vt. b) Cch th hai: Nu c quan c my trin to , vic a cc im khng ch v im chi tit c tin hnh bng to x,y v cao h. Sau kt hp vi s miu t, tin hnh v a hnh, a vt. 5.7 Tip bin 5.7.1 Mnh bnh c tip bin cc phn gip bin vi cc mnh lin k qua v d ca

mi mnh. 5.7.2 Sai s v tr v cao ca cc im cng tn nh quy nh trong 4.9. Sau mi tu sa v bin tp cc mnh bnh . 5.8 Bin tp bnh

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5.8.1 Nu cha c my qut (Scaner), vic bin tp c tin hnh qua giy can. Can bnh bng mc tu v in bng Ozalit hoc photocopy theo kh Ao, A1. 5.8.2 Nu c my qut (Scaner), bnh gc bn ch c qut qua my, c s ho trn my vi

tnh qua phn mm chuyn dng v bin tp bng phn mm Mapinfo v Microstation, sau chuyn sang Autocad. Bnh c in mu hoc in en trng trn giy can, c lu trn a (a CD hoc a mm). 5.9 o v mt ct 5.9.1 o v ct dc 5.9.1.1 Kim nghim v hiu chnh my Tun theo quy nh Ph lc E v Ph lc H ca TCVN 8224 : 2009. 5.9.1.2 nh hng tuyn o v ct dc Ct dc o dc tuyn cng trnh c nh hng theo 2 phng php: a) Phng php tin dn c p dng trong trng hp c chng ngi vt hoc c cy ci ph; b) Phng php li dn c p dng khi tuyn o quang ng, thng sut. 5.9.1.3 Ni dung o ct dc a) o chiu di v cao bng 3 dy ch v cc hng s K = 100, K = 200. Khi chuyn trm my, phi o di v cao theo chiu ngc li kim tra. Nu sai s chnh chiu di: s/s 1/300 v sai s cao h 1/4 h th tin hnh o tip tc. b) Mt im mia trn trc dc trung bnh t 1 cm n 1,5 cm theo t l v ct dc. Khi gp a hnh dc ng hoc thay i dc t ngt, phi o dy hn sao cho cc im c o trng vi cc im c trng a hnh nh im gy, lm, li v chnh cao gia 2 im mia lin k 0,5 h (h l khong cao u c bn). c) T l v ct dc ph thuc vo chiu di tuyn o, dc khu vc v yu cu ca ch nhim thit k. Thng trong cc cng trnh thu li v xy dng, t l ct dc bin i t 1/500 n 1/10 000. d) Hnh thc v ni dung v ct dc tun theo D.2, D.3 trong ph lc D ca TCVN 8223 : 2009. e) Ct dc phi c v trn my vi tnh theo cc phn mm chuyn dng cp cho thit k. 5.9.2 o v ct ngang a) Ct ngang o theo hng vung gc vi tuyn ct dc. b) Th t v qu trnh o tun theo nh ct dc.

c) T l o v ct ngang thng t 1/100 n 1/500. d) Hnh thc v ni dung v ct ngang tun theo D.4, D.5 trong Ph lc D ca TCVN 8223 : 2009.
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TCVN 8226 : 2009 6 Phng php ton c s dng my ton c in t

6.1 Phm vi ng dng Phng php ton c s dng cc my ton c in t (Total Station) p dng thun li o v bnh , mt ct nhng khu vc kh ln, trong mi dc a hnh trong cc cng trnh thu li v xy dng. 6.2 My o v My o v l cc my ton c in t c chnh xc cao nh: DTM420, DTM520, 720, SET3B, 3C, TC600.... 6.3 Li khng ch o v: nh quy nh trong 5.3. 6.4 Quy nh k thut ca ng chuyn ton c in t 6.4.1 ng chuyn ton c in t phi m bo cc yu t k thut c nu trong Bng 5. Bng 5 - Cc yu t k thut v chiu di ng chuyn T l o v 1/200 1/500 1/1000 1/2000 1/5000 1/10000 Chiu di ng chuyn (m) 200 300 500 800 1500 3000 Chiu di cnh ca ng chuyn (m) T 50 n 100 T 50 n 150 T 50 n 200 T 100 n 300 T 100 n 500 T 100 n 500 S cnh ti a trong mt ng chuyn 3 4 6 8 10 15

6.4.2 Cnh o trc tip bng b phn hng ngoi theo gng phn chiu, t ng ghi tr o cnh theo 3 dng: nghing, bng v chnh cao vi sai s o mt ln s/s 1/1000 6.4.3 Gc ca ng chuyn o trc tip qua bn in t, tr s gc c hin th bng mn nh vi chnh xc t 1" n 3" tu thuc cc loi my. 6.4.4 o chnh cao gia 2 im t ng c trc tip trn mn hnh (H) vi sai s 0,1 mm 6.4.5 X l tr o: Tt c cc tr s gc nm, ng, chnh cao u c ghi t ng vo my vi tnh c lp trong my, bng h thng IC, tnh chuyn thnh to khng gian x, y, z to thnh m hnh s b mt a hnh trong my. a) Sai s khp gc ln nht trong ng chuyn f 30" N trong : N l s nh ng chuyn b) Sai s khp ln nht v di trong tuyn ng chuyn

16

TCVN 8226 : 2009

fs = trong L l chiu di ng chuyn. L N (m) 1000

6.5 Quy nh k thut im giao hi Nh quy nh trong 5.5. 6.6 o v bnh 6.6.1 K thut qu trnh o v o v bnh bng my ton c in t c thc hin theo th t sau ti trm my: 6.1.1.1 Di tm my vi tm mc t my qua tm quang hc hoc tm in t vi sai s x 0,5 mm; 6.1.1.2 o chiu cao my bng thc hoc b o in t t ng vi sai s h 3 mm; 6.1.1.3 Cn bng my bng bt thu di hoc cn bng in t vi sai s 0,5 vch chia, tc l t 5 n 10; 6.1.1.4 Khi ng my

a) M cng tc in: trc khi m cng tc in, quay v tr bn phm v pha ngi o v bt
cng tc in; b) Khi ng bn ng, nm;

c) n cc nt o gc, o cnh (ngang, nghing, chnh cao) vi sai s gia cc ln o tun theo
chnh xc quy nh cho cc cp li, theo tiu chun TCVN 8225 : 2009. 6.1.1.5 Chun b s in t a) Kim tra in ngun; b) Chn v t tn cng vic; c) Chn thit b; d) t cu hnh c s; e) t chnh xc o gc, cnh, ci chnh; f) t n v; g) t thi gian; h) Xo cng vic. 6.1.1.6 Trnh t o bnh a hnh

17

TCVN 8226 : 2009

a) Vo to cc im khng ch; b) Chn trm o v im nh hng; c) o chi tit im mia: im nh hng o gin tip theo mt khong cch, hai khong cch, im nh hng thng, im mia thng; d) Xc nh m ca im chi tit. 6.1.1.7 Truyn s liu t s o in t sang my vi tnh a) Thao tc trn s o in t; b) Thao tc trn my vi tnh. Qu trnh o bnh , mt ct trn my vi tnh c thc hin bng cc phn mm chuyn dng nh: SDR, Surfer, Autocadland... 6.6.2 S miu t Nh quy nh trong 5.6.2. 6.6.3 V bnh S liu o chi tit a hnh c truyn t s ghi in t (card hoc field book) vo phn mm o v bnh a hnh SDR map, Topo hoc cc phn mm tng t. Ti y s liu x l chuyn i tnh to X,Y v cao H ni v cc a vt v ni suy ng bnh . Bnh c hon chnh khi kt hp vi s miu t thc a v b sung cc mt ct c trng. Bnh hon chnh c bin tp bng phn mm Microstation hoc Mapinfo in xut bn v chuyn sang mi trng Autocad cp cho thit k. 6.7 Tip bin Tip bin cc mnh bnh c thc hin bng m hnh s trn my vi tnh. Cc hn sai a hnh, a vt khi tip bin nh quy nh trong 4.9. 6.8 o v mt ct Th t o v ct dc, ngang nh quy nh trong 5.9. Khc y l qu trnh c ghi t ng bng card hoc field book. D liu c trt vo my bng phn mm SDR5.9 v cc mt ct cc t l theo mt phng chiu ng, nm trong khng gian 3D.

7 Phng php bn c t ng
7.1 Phm vi ng dng

18

TCVN 8226 : 2009

p dng khu vc kh ln nhng tng i bng phng, c dc 6o hoc khng th bay chp nh c khi thc vt che ph nhiu, khu dn c qu ng c, khu vc xy dng b che khut Phng php bn c t ng khng o v ct dc, ct ngang. 7.2 My o: cc my bnh bn t ng nh MA5, Wild RK1... 7.3 Li khng ch o v Li khng ch o v c xy dng bng cc tuyn ng chuyn bn c, giao hi bn c hoc tuyn dn im xut pht t cc im khng ch o v hoc li khng ch c s. 7.4 Bi bn v 7.4.1 Bn v l loi g hoc km, nhm phi c phng 0,2 mm, co gin 2,0 mm/m; 7.4.2 Giy bi trn bn nn l loi Croki c co gin 2 mm/m hoc o v trc tip trn bn

polyester c co gin 0,1 mm/m; 7.4.3 Trn bn v phi k li to vung 10 cm. Trin cc im li, im khng ch bng

thc Drobusep hoc bng my trin im vi sai s v tr 0,2 mm, sai s kch thc ng cho khung 0,3 mm. 7.5 Kim tra v kim nghim my Nh quy nh trong Ph lc A. 7.6 Sai s nh tm my bn c 7.6.1 Bnh 1/200, 1/500, 1/1 000, khng qu 2 cm. 7.6.2 Bnh 1/2 000, khng qu 5 cm. 7.6.3 Bnh 1/10 000, khng qu 10 cm. 7.7 Phng php ng chuyn bn c Cc ch tiu k thut ca ng chuyn bn c khng vt qu quy nh Bng 6.

Bng 6 - Cc yu t k thut v chiu di ng chuyn

T l bnh T 1/200 n 1/500 1/1000 1/2000 1/5000 Chiu di ln nht ng chuyn (m) T 100 n 200 T 200 n 300 500 1000 Cnh ln nht ca ng chuyn (m) T 50 n 100 100 200 250 S cnh ln nht trong ng chuyn 3 4 6 8

19

TCVN 8226 : 2009

7.8 chnh xc o di v cao 7.8.1 o di qua my bnh bn qua 3 dy ch: sai s tng i phi t c s/s 1/300. 7.8.2 Xc nh cao bng o cao lng gic theo 2 chiu thun nghch: sai s phi 0,04 m trn 100 m. 7.8.3 Sai s khp cao trong ng chuyn bn c: fh = trong L n l chiu di ng chuyn tnh bng cc on 100 m; l s cnh ng chuyn. 0,04L n (cm)

7.9 Phng php giao hi 7.9.1 Giao hi bn c bng bn giao hi vi cc gc giao hi 20o 150o. 7.9.2 Cnh giao hi 2 ln cnh nu trong Bng 6. 7.9.3 Cnh ca tam gic sai s giao hi 0,4 mm. 7.9.4 S im gc giao hi 3 im. 7.10 Phng php dn im 7.10.1 Khi khu vc kh khn, khng th xy dng c cc tuyn ng chuyn bn c hoc giao hi bn c, phi s dng cc tuyn dn bn c xc nh trm o v. 7.10.2 Khong cch t im gc n im dn (dng lm trm o) khng vt qua chiu di ca

cnh ng chuyn c nu trong Bng 6. 7.10.3 T cc im dn khng c pht trin tip trm o khc. 7.11 o v bnh 7.11.1 Mi quan h gia t l bnh , khong cao u ng bnh c bn, khong cch ln

nht gia cc im mia v t my n mia khi o v bnh c nu trong Bng 7. Bng 7- Mi quan h gia t l bnh , khong cao u ng bnh , khong cch n cc im mia
Khong cao u ng bnh (m) 0,5 1,0 Khong cch gia cc im mia (m) 10 15 Khong cch t my n mia (m) o a vt o dng o a vt khng r t r nt nt 100 60 80 150 60 80

T l bnh T 1/200 n 1/500

20

TCVN 8226 : 2009

1/1000 1/2000 0,5 1,0 0,5 1,0 2,5 0,5 1,0 2,5 5,0 20 25 30 40 50 50 75 100 120 150 200 200 200 250 200 250 300 350 80 80 100 100 100 100 150 150 150 100 100 150 150 150 150 200 200 200

1/5000

7.11.2 Th t o v, qu trnh biu din, tng hp chn lc tun theo TCXDVN 309: 2004. 7.11.3 Cc k hiu biu din a hnh, a vt trn bnh tun theo quy nh ca B Ti Nguyn v Mi trng v cc yu cu cng trnh Thu li. 7.11.4 Tip bin, bin tp cc mnh bnh tun nh quy nh trong 5.7, 5.8.

8 Phng php o nh lp th mt t
8.1 Phm vi ng dng Phng php o o nh lp th mt t s dng cho cc khu vc nh vng i ni, khng c hoc t cy ph. c bit s dng thun li trong nhng dy vch ni c dc 25o, vng m l thin, khu vc khai thc m, ... hoc khi cc phng php khc gp kh khn hoc khng p dng c. Phng php o nh lp th mt t c th s dng c lp o v bnh hoc s dng phi hp vi cc phng php khc tu theo iu kin p dng. 8.2 Yu cu chp nh mt t 8.2.1 Thit k k thut khu o chp 8.2.1.1 S dng bn t l 1:25 000, 1:10 000 thit k h thng ng y chp, v tr cc im kim tra lin kt cc m hnh chp, lin kt vi cc im khng ch c s, khng ch o v thng nht cao, to ton khu o sao cho: a) S ng y chp t nht; b) S im khng ch c s o v t nht;

c) "Khng gian cht" t nht;

d) Qu trnh vn chuyn trm chp nh t nht; e) Kho st thc a b tr h thng ng y sao cho ph hp nht; 8.2.1.2 cng k thut chp nh mt t khu o v gm cc ni dung: a) Bn thit k h thng ng y, khng gian chp, khng gian khut (khng gian cht); b) Khi lng khng ch cn thit, khi lng phim nh;

21

TCVN 8226 : 2009

c) Bin php k thut tin hnh; d) D tnh thi gian thc hin v kt thc; e) D ton kinh ph trnh duyt. 8.2.2 di ng y chp nh di ng y chp nh c xc nh qua mi tng quan gia khong cch chp ln nht v nh nht tnh theo cng thc sau: a) Chp thng gc 10 y max y min B 4 fk b) Chp xin u 10 y max y min B 4 fk sin trong B l di ng y chp vi gi tr Bmin y max khi chp nh thng ng vi tiu c my 20

chp fk = 200 mm v Bmin

y max khi chp nh xin u vi = 31030' m bo chnh xc 17

xc nh v tr im nh bin xa nht; Bmax y min m bo tnh lp th r nt im nh ti bin gn nht (ymin). 4

8.3 My chp nh 8.3.1 My kinh v chp nh mt t phn lm 3 loi: loi knh vt chp nh cng l knh vt ca my kinh v; my kinh v v bung my chp nh ni lin nhau; my kinh v v bung chp nh c lp khng ni lin nhau, gi l nhm tch ri. 8.3.2 chp nh thnh lp bnh a hnh, phi dng my nhm th 3 c tin cy cao, vi tiu c f > 190 mm nh: Phototheodolid19/13x18 ca hng Caizeissjena cng ho Lin bang c sn xut. Kim nghim v hiu chnh my tun theo B.1, B.2 trong Ph lc B. 8.4 My o v lp th trong phng 8.4.1 Cc my o v lp th trong phng hin dng gm: Stereoautograph, Techrocart; Stereometograph c s dng rng ri nht, chuyn o v nh lp th mt t. 8.4.2 Mi quan h gia khong cch chp y max vi chnh xc v tr a vt 0,5 mm vng quang ng v 0,7 mm vng rm rp trn my Autograph1318 v Autograph 1318EL c nu trong Bng 8. 22

TCVN 8226 : 2009

Bng 8 - Quan h khong cch ymax trn cc my o v trong phng

T l bnh 1/500 1/1000 1/2000 1/5000

Y trn my Autograph 1318 (km) 0,5 mm 0,4 0,8 1,6 4 0,7 mm 0,4 0,8 1,6 4

Y trn my Autograph 1318EL (km) 0,5 mm 0,5 1,0 2,0 5,0 0,7 mm 0,8 1,6 3,2 8,0

Khu vc c cy ph hoc a hnh tng i bng phng hoc c khi sng m ph, khong cch chp phi gim xung 2 ln so vi s liu c nu trong Bng 8. 8.5 B tr ng y chp nh 8.5.1 B tr hng ng y phi song song vi hng chnh ca b mt cn chp sao cho hng ca trc quang hc gn vung gc vi hng mt chnh a hnh. T l sai lch chiu di t 2 u ng y n im a vt cng tn phi 5 % y. 8.5.2 Gc nghing gia 2 u ng y chp phi 10o tm bao qut chp nh rng, din tch chp ln nht. 8.5.3 di ng y thc t khng c sai khc vi di ng y c tnh 20 %. 8.5.4 di ng y B, ngoi vic ph thuc cng thc quy nh trong 8.2.2 cn ph thuc vo chnh xc v tr im mL trn bnh (mL= 0,5 mm v mL= 0,7 mm). Khi o v lp th qua my Autograph 1318EL c quy nh Bng 9 (B tnh bng dm trn bn thnh lp). Bng 9 - di ng y nh trn my Autograph 1318EL
mL (mm) 0,5 0,7 Y max (m) 800 0,85 0,60

400 0,20 0,15

600 0,45 0,35

1000 1,30 0,99

1600 2,40

8.6 B tr im hiu chnh 8.6.1 Khi chp nh mt m hnh phi b tr 4 im hiu chnh theo cc v tr sau y: a) im 2 v 1 nm gn trc quang hc v bin xa v gn din tch chp.

b) im 3 b tr ngang khong cch y ca im 2 nhng v bin ca tm nh (cch khung tm nh 1,5 cm). c) im 4 i xng vi im 3 qua trc quang hc kim tra theo B.2.4 trong Ph lc B.
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TCVN 8226 : 2009

8.6.2 Khi chp nh theo di gm cc tm nh lin k th im 3, 4 l cc im ni ca 2 m hnh. 8.6.3 Cc im hiu chnh cn chn l nhng a vt r nt, c dng hnh hc c th hoc nh du bng cc im ngm nh du mc, c xc nh cao to qua cc phng php o ni ngoi thc a hoc tng dy trong phng. 8.7 Kch thc ca bin ngm hoc du mc 8.7.1 Kch thc ca bin ngm hoc du mc theo quy nh sau:

a) Khong cch chp t trm my chp n bin hoc du mc sao cho hnh nh ca chng trn nh
l 0,1 mm x 0,04 mm;

b) r nt ca hnh nh bin hoc du mc, " m" ca khng kh chp v chiu sng ca
mt tri: r= trong y fk l l khong cch chp, l tiu c ca my chp l kch thc trn nh ca bin 0,1 mm x 0,04 mm. y l fk

i vi tiu c f ca my chp xp x 200 mm kch thc ca du mc tnh theo cng thc trn quy nh trong Bng 10 (l 0,1 mm theo chiu cao, l 0,04 mm theo chiu rng). Bng 10 - Kch thc du mc hoc bin ngm
Khong cch y t trm chp n du mc hoc bin ngm (m) 400 800 1000 1600 2500 3000 4000 Kch thc du mc hoc bin ngm (m) Chiu cao Chiu rng 0,3 0,1 0,5 0,2 1,0 0,4 1,3 0,5 1,5 0,5 1,9 0,6 2,5 0,8

8.7.2 Khi tri m hoc nn chp km phi tng kch thc du mc ln 2 ln tr s Bng 10. 8.7.3 Mu ca bin hoc du mc ph thuc vo mu nn a hnh, a vt c chp, thng sn

mu / trng, en/trng d nhn v nt trn nh cao hn. 8.7.4 Du mc cc im hiu chnh thng lm theo dng du mc tm thi. Khi c yu cu du mc c nh phi c thit k trc. 8.8 Trnh t chp nh ti trm Theo B.3 trong Ph lc B. 24

TCVN 8226 : 2009

8.9 S tay chp nh Ni dung s tay chp nh phi ghi r: a) Tn trm chp; b) im t my; c) Chiu cao v v tr knh vt;

d) Hng v gc ca trc quang hc; e) Thi gian l quang;

f) S hiu hp ng phim; g) Thi gian chp, thi tit khi chp. 8.10 X l phim 8.10.1 Tt c cc phim phi x l ngay trong ngy chp kim tra cht lng, nu khng cn chp b sung. 8.10.2 Tt c cc phim chp phi trong, r nt, r a hnh, a vt v cc du khung nh. 8.10.3 Nu cc khung to lch qu 0,2mm u phi loi v chp li ngay. 8.10.4 Khi phim m tt, cn tin hnh in tip xc nh phc v cho qu trnh chm trch im hiu chnh, iu v nh thc a, b sung nhng "khng gian cht" bng phng php bn c hoc ton c. 8.11 o ni cc im ng y v hiu chnh 8.11.1 o ni trc tip ngoi thc a Cc phng php ng chuyn ton c, giao hi gii tch, cc tuyn dn tun theo quy nh iu 5.3, 5.4. Trong trng hp phi tng chnh xc, tin hnh xy dng li gii tch 2, ng chuyn cp 2, thu chun k thut cho h thng ng y, cho mt s im hiu chnh th tun theo TCVN 8224 : 2009 v TCVN 8225 : 2009. 8.11.2 Tng dy im hiu chnh trong phng 8.11.2.1 Tng dy cc im hiu chnh trong phng, c th thc hin theo 3 phng php: phng

php ng chuyn nh; phng php gc kp c nh v phng php giao hi chm Durnhep trong nh. 8.2.1.2 Cc bc thc hin chung cho c 3 phng php nh sau: a) Lp cc phng n; so snh, la chn phng php tt nht;

b) Chn im hiu chnh, im ng y nh quy nh trong 8.5, 8.6;

25

TCVN 8226 : 2009 c) nh du mc im hiu chnh nh quy nh trong 8.7; d) o ni cc im li c s vi cc im khng ch o v phc v cho cc phng php tng dy
trong phng tun theo tiu chun TCVN 8224 : 2009 v TCVN 8225 : 2009.

e) Chp nh nh quy nh trong 8.8, x l phim nh quy nh trong 8.10;

f) o to im nh: nu tng dy theo phng php quang c, th o to X,Y,Z trn my ton nng Autograph 1318EL; nu tng dy theo phng php gii tch, th o to x, z, p trn my Stereocomparator 1818; g) Tnh ton bnh sai cc to im hiu chnh; h) Thng k cao to cc im hiu chnh im ng y v lp s ho phc v cho cng tc o v bnh . 8.12 o v bnh , mt ct bng nh lp th 8.12.1 o v bnh o v bnh bng nh chp lp th mt t. C th bng 3 phng php: phng php gii, phng php gii tch v phng php ton nng. Tiu chun ny quy nh cho 2 phng php: gii tch v ton nng. Phng php gii do chnh xc khng m bo, tc thc hin chm nn t c s dng. 8.12.1.1 Phng php ton nng a) Phng php ton nng l s dng nguyn l lp th ca cp nh. Dng my ton nng Autograph 1318EL, xc nh to khng gian ca cc im chi tit a hnh, a vt trn bn v thnh lp bnh a hnh. b) Cc bc tin hnh o v bnh trn my Autograph 1318EL nh sau: - Cng tc chun b: Lp bn v khu o nh quy nh trong 7.4 ca phng php bn c t ng: k li vung; trin cc im y nh, im hiu chnh, im nh hng ...; - Kim nghim v hiu chnh my Autograph 1318EL theo cataloge; - Xy dng m hnh lp th: t cc tr s thnh phn y nh:

by =
trong

B0 sin .1000 M

bx =

B0 cos .1000 M

bz =

h .1000 M

bx, by, bz l thnh phn ng y chp nh trn 3 mt chiu dng xin u; B0 h lchiu di nm ngang ca cnh y; l chnh cao ca 2 u ng nh;

26

TCVN 8226 : 2009

Nu h khng c o ngoi thc a th trit tiu th sai q qua vt bz. - nh hng tuyt i cp nh: nh hng tin hnh theo phng php tim tin dn qua cc im hiu chnh theo th t trit tiu sai s y, x, z ti cc im hiu chnh. Vic nh hng kt thc khi cc tr sai lch gia im nh v im trn bn v 0,2 mm theo t l bnh . Trng hp nhng im bin nh c nhiu cy, vng ni cao cho php 0,4 mm trn bnh . - V bnh : Th t v bnh nh sau: a vt nh hng, a vt chnh xc, khu dn c, h thng giao thng, thu li, cc im a hnh c trng, sau n ng bnh , ghi ch cao v cc thng s a vt. - Bin tp bnh tun nh quy nh trong 5.7, 5.8. 8.12.1.2 Phng php gii tch Phng php gii tch thnh lp bnh a hnh c thc hin theo th t sau: a) o to nh x,z v th sai p, q ca im nh bng cc my o to lp th nh: Stereocomparator 18.18, Stecometer, Dicometer vi sai s mx = mz 0,02 mm, mp 0,005 mm, mq 0,01 mm. b) Tnh s hiu chnh vo cc tr o nh x, z, p do nh hng ca cc yu t nh hng trong v ngoi. Cng thc tnh ton theo B.4 trong ph lc B; c) Tnh to khng gian im nh theo cc cng thc ca cc dng chp theo B.5 trong Ph lc B; d) Vic tnh ton trn c thc hin bng cc phn mm chuyn dng nh Visagn 6, b xung e) Lp m hnh s gm cc to x,y,z s dng cc phn mm Autocadlan, SDR hoc Surfer thnh lp bnh a hnh; g) Bin tp, in bnh nh quy nh trong 5.7, 5.8. 8.12.2 o v mt ct o v mt ct dc, ngang ngay trn m hnh lp th thc hin bng 2 phng php ton nng v gii tch. 8.12.2.1 Phng php ton nng a) Sau khi c bnh a hnh, ch nhim thit k vch tuyn cng trnh trn bnh . S dng bnh c vch tuyn, tin hnh nh hng tuyt i vi m hnh bng my Autograph. b) Theo tuyn cng trnh, tin hnh o to X, Y, H ca cc im chi tit trn m hnh lp th, ta c s liu ca tuyn ct dc, ngang vi sai s quy nh nh khon 1 trong 5.9.1. c) V mt ct dc, ngang theo t l bng cc phn mm chuyn dng nh GP2000, Autocad14 8.12.2.2 Phng php gii tch 27

TCVN 8226 : 2009

Theo tuyn thit k ca ch nhim, o lp th cc tr x,z,p ca cc im chi tit. Tnh to khng gian X, Y, Z v lp bng s liu chuyn v mt ct qua cc phn mm SDR, Autocad. 8.13 Thnh lp mt ct, bnh a hnh bng cng ngh nh s bng cc tm nh chp mt t Ni dung thc hin theo iu 9 ca tiu chun ny vi vic chuyn trc y thnh trc z trong m hnh nh s hng khng.

9 Thnh lp mt ct bnh a hnh bng cng ngh nh s

9.1 Phm vi ng dng Tiu chun k thut thnh lp bn a hnh t l 1/500 1/5000 bng nh my bay hoc bng nh chp mt t (nh quy nh trong 8.13) theo 2 phng php: phng php lp th v phng php phi hp. Tiu chun ny ch quy nh cc tiu chun k thut thnh lp bnh a hnh bng cng ngh nh s lp bnh a hnh t l 1/500 1/5000 (gi tt l bnh a hnh nh s) c p dng thun li trong khu vc a hnh ng bng, i ni c thc ph nh, quang ng. 9.2 Cc bc tin hnh Khi thnh lp bnh a hnh nh s, phi tin hnh theo th t trnh by s cng ngh ti C.1 trong Ph lc C. a) Kho st thc a; b) Thu thp phn tch nhng ti liu a hnh c lp cng k thut kho st (CKTKS) nhm: xc nh mc tiu, khi lng, bin php k thut, thi gian tin hnh v kt thc, phng php kim tra, nghim thu sn phm; c) Kim tra, kim nh thit b o chp, nn nh v cc phn mm o v bnh ; d) o ni khng ch nh ngoi nghip; e) iu v thc a hoc iu v nh ni nghip;

f) Qut phim nh hng khng, chuyn i khun dng ca cc tp tin nh sang dng thc chun ca
h thng o v nh s m n v hin c, to cng vic (project); g) Tng dy khng ch nh ni nghip;

h) Xc nh cao trung bnh vng bng phng, xy dng m hnh s a hnh DTM (Digital Terrain
Model) hoc m hnh s cao DEM (Digital Elevation Model) hoc DHM (Digital Hight Model) th hin dng t i vi vng a hnh c chnh cao ln; i) Nn nh theo cao trung bnh khi khu o bng phng, nn trc giao khi khu o c chnh cao ln; j) Kim tra, tip bin nh nn; k) Ct ghp nh theo phm vi o v bnh a hnh; 28

TCVN 8226 : 2009

l) S ho, o v ni dung bnh a hnh trn nn bnh nh s; m) Bin tp ni dung bnh a hnh; n) Kim tra b sung bnh a hnh, a vt ngoi thc a;

o) In bnh a hnh chnh thc, ghi s liu trn a CD-Rom.

9.3 Kho st thc a, thu thp ti liu, vit cng kho st a hnh Tun theo yu cu ca cng kho st, a hnh c cp c thm quyn ph duyt. 9.4 o ni im khng ch nh ngoi nghip 9.4.1 Cng tc chun b a) Nghin cu cng a hnh v phng php k thut o ni, im khng ch nh trong m hnh, di bay, khu o; b) Chun b mt b nh in tip xc;

c) Kim nghim hiu chnh my o nh GPS, ton c in t Total Station hoc kinh v, thu chun
tun theo Ph lc B ca tiu chun TCVN 8224 : 2009, Cng trnh thu li - Cc quy nh ch yu v li khng ch mt bng a hnh ; d) Kim tra ton b cc im khng ch quc gia c lm c s cho qu trnh o ni vi li quc gia hoc khu vc. 9.4.2 Thit k khi tng dy 9.4.2.1 S lng m hnh trong khi tam gic nh khng gian 400 m hnh, chiu di mi tuyn nh 100 km; 9.4.2.2 V tr cc im khng ch nh ngoi nghip c b tr nh quy nh C.3 trong ph lc C: a) Trng hp khng s dng to tm nh (Si) - Khong cch bng s ng y n gia cc im khng ch theo cng thc: M mS m mq
2

n=

2,23 3

- Khong cch bng s ng y n gia cc im khng ch cao tnh theo cng thc: b mh n = 2,66 fm mq trong : M m l mu s t l chp nh; l mu s t l bnh thnh lp; 29
2

TCVN 8226 : 2009

mS mh mq f b l sai s trung phng mt phng ca cc im tng dy (tnh bng milimetm); l sai s trung phng cao ca cc im tng dy (tnh bng m); 1 1 l sai s trung phng th sai o nh, thng mq = pixel 2 3 l tiu c my chp nh tnh bng milimt; l di ng y nh (tnh bng milimt).

b) Trng hp s dng s liu to tm nh (Si) - Trng hp c cc tuyn bay chn: phi b tr t nht 5 im khng ch c c cao to theo cc v tr sau: 4 im nm 4 gc nh, im cn li nm gia khi, ti thiu ph 6. - Trng hp khng c cc tuyn bay chn: ngoi 5 im nh trng hp c tuyn bay chn, phi thm 2 im khng ch cao u v cui tuyn nh v ti thiu phi nm trong ph 6. 9.4.2.3 Cc im kim tra ngoi nghip v cc im kim tra phi nh du ln nh qua trch im

ngoi nghip v c thit k s b v nh du trn cc bn t l nh hn c trong khu o lm du mc chp nh (theo C.4 trong ph lc C). 9.4.2.4 Cc im khng ch v kim tra nh phi c nh du qua cc theo th t tn thit k v lm du mc chp nh hin r trn nh vi chnh xc 0,1 mm trn nh (theo C.5 trong Ph lc C). 9.4.2.5 Cc im khng ch nh v kim tra phi c o theo cc phng php giao hi gii tch,

ng chuyn hoc tam gic nh t cc im khng ch c s vi tin cy nh cc cc tuyn khng ch o v bnh . 9.4.2.6 C th chn cc im t nhin dng lm im khng ch nh, nhng phi m bo cc tiu chun sau y: a) Phi ng v tr thit k, ch c th x dch trong phm vi m hnh; b) im chn phi c dng hnh hc r rng, chnh xc m bo nhn bit v chch vi sai s 0,1 mm. Nu im l giao nhau ca cc a vt hnh tuyn th gc giao 30 o 150o. Nu l tm ng trn th ng knh 0,3 mm trn nh; b) Cc im khng ch nh phi cch mp nh 1,5 cm trn nh. Khi chn phi dng knh lp th nhn, m bo v tr bng phng sao cho sai s chch 0,1 mm; c) Khi im khng ch nh nm trn bin tm nh, phi m bo khng c nh no b che khut hnh nh im nh tn cy nh cao tng, a vt cao c bng che khut ; d) ng knh l chch im khng ch 0,15 mm trn nh; e) Cc im chch gm cc im khng ch quc gia, khng ch c s v khng ch nh phi c tu chnh mt phi, mt tri ca nh (theo C.4 trong Ph lc C). Trn mt phi nh, dng mu t 30

TCVN 8226 : 2009

cho im khng ch mt phng, mu xanh vi im cao. Mt tri nh tu chnh bng mc en km theo s ho v tr im. 9.4.2.7 nh du mc im nh a) Kch thc hnh dng du mc chp nh theo C.5 trong Ph lc C; b) Mu sc phi tng phn vi nn mu a hnh hnh nh r nt, sc nt trn nh; c) Sau khi lm xong du mc phi ghi ch r th t tn im km theo s liu nh, tn ng bay v ghi ch im. 9.4.3 o im khng ch nh ngoi nghip 9.4.3.1 Cc phng php o Li khng ch nh ngoi nghip c th o theo cc phng php truyn thng nh: phng php tam gic, ng chuyn, giao hi bng cc my thng dng nh kinh v, ton c in t. Nhng ch yu hin nay c o bng cng ngh GPS, c quy nh theo tiu chun TCVN 8224 : 2009 v TCXDVN 364: 2006. 9.4.3.2 Trng hp i hi tc nhanh hn, c th ng dng cng ngh o tnh nhanh xc nh to khng gian cc im khng ch nh phi c quy nh chi tit trong cng kho st a hnh. 9.4.3.3 chnh xc ca li khng ch nh ngoi nghip tun theo tiu chun li cp 1, cp 2 tu theo yu cu ca cng kho st a hnh ph hp vi cc t l o v bnh v yu cu ring cho cc cng trnh thu li. 9.4.3.4 Kim tra nghim thu giao np kt qu o ni im khng ch nh theo th t sau: a) Kim tra nghim thu ti t sn xut ti thc a v: hnh li, v tr, nh du mc, ghi ch im n kt qu o qua cc phng tin quy nh trong cng kho st a hnh. b) Kim tra nghim thu kt qu tnh, bnh sai trn my vi tnh theo cc phn mm chuyn dng. c) Lp thng k cao to im khng ch nh, ghi ch im km theo s ho v tr im, tp tin, in a CD-rom. d) Lp bin bn nghim thu ti liu. 9.5 Tng dy ni nghip 9.5.1 Cng tc chun b 9.5.1.1 Lp s khi tng dy, qut phim, chuyn i khun dng ca cc tp tin nh s sang dng thc chun ca h thng o v nh s m n v hin c, to cng vic (Project). 9.5.1.2 Cc yu t phi biu th a) ng ranh gii khu bay chp nh; 31

TCVN 8226 : 2009

b) ng bay chnh thc s dng, hng ng bay; c) Phn ranh gii gia khi, cc on, gii trong khi, ghi th t ca t nh u, cui ca on bay; d) Tn cc im trc a quc gia, cc im khng ch nh ngoi nghip; e) Cc s liu c bn ca nh chp: cao bay (H), cao trung bnh khu chp so vi mt nc bin, thi gian bay chp, hng bay chp, ph trung bnh, l lch kim nh my chp nh gn nht..; g) Ghi ch: cc k hiu, tn khu o, thi gian v ngi lp; h) In phim m hay dng tu thuc vo iu kin sn xut c th ca n v. 9.5.1.3 Quy nh qut phim Qut phim qua my qut l cng vic cn thit c d liu nh s nhp vo h thng o v nh s, phi tun th nhng iu kin sau: a) My qut phim phi c chnh xc hnh hc 3 m v c phn gii 14 m (c th qut phim c kch thc picxel 14 m) nh cc my qut CCAI-2 ca hng Carl-Zeiss, PS1 ca hng Intergraph; b) Cc my qut phi c phn gii bc x khng thp hn 8 bit (cho php qut nh vi ti a l 256 thang xm); c) Nu my qut c phn gii tng ng nh quy nh trn, nhng chnh xc hnh hc thp hn, th phi s dng li chun v chng trnh nn chnh cc im nh ph hp sao cho nh c qut phi c chnh xc tng ng nh cc tp tin nh qut nhn c t cc loi my qut c c chnh xc hnh hc quy nh. Cc thng s k thut v chng trnh nn chnh ca cc loi my c chnh xc hnh hc thp phi c thm nh t cc tiu chun k thut; d) phn gii qut phim phi m bo: va c chnh xc t yu cu ca bnh cn thnh lp, va c dung lng tp tin nh nh nht (theo D.8 trong Ph lc D). phn gii qut phim hay cn gi kch thc pixel c tnh theo cng thc: PJ 100 mx (Mb/Ma)

trong PJ Ma Mb l kch thc pixel tnh bng micromt; l mu s t l chp nh; l mu s t l bnh .

Thng PJ 30 m ngay c khi Ma/Mb 3 ln. e) Khi qut phi iu chnh thng s qut sao cho biu xm tri rng trong phm vi thang xm 0 255.

32

TCVN 8226 : 2009

9.5.1.4 H thng x l nh ca hng Intergraph Cc tp tin nh qut phi c lu d di dng tp tin nn JPEG. Sau khi qut phi tin hnh chuyn i khun dng tp tin nh bng cc phn mm ca hng Intergraph (Image Station Raster Utilities) v chn h s nn Q nm trong khong t 15 n 30 cu trc hnh thp ca nh cng c to thnh. 9.5.1.5 To cng vic (project) To cng vic phi nhp cc thng s sau a) Dng d liu nh (hng khng, mt t, v tinh), khun dng ca cc tp tin kt qu (nh phn, ASCII). Trng hp s dng nh hng khng th dng d liu l nh hng khng (aerial Photography) v khun dng tp tin kt qu l ASCII. b) H to , n v o di, n v o gc, (chn h to Cartesian xyz, n v di l mt, n v gc l ). c) Cc thng s t cho cng vic: sai s tiu chun o to im nh, bn knh tri t (R), cao bay chp v cao trung bnh khu chp so vi mc nc bin trung bnh, cc tu chn (c, khng) hiu chnh nh hng ca cong tri t v khc x khng kh, cc ngng gii hn cho hi t ca bi ton bnh sai s bnh phng nh nht. d) Cc thng s gii hn do ngi s dng quy nh (user setting): cc hn sai ca nh hng trong nh hng tng i, nh hng tuyt i v ca qu trnh bnh sai khi tam gic nh khng gian theo chm tia. e) S lng v s phn b cc im nh hng chun trn mi tm nh. g) Nhm thng s Camera: tn, s hiu, tiu c, kch thc phim, cc thng s nh hng trong, to kim nh ca cc du khung ca bung chp nh v mo hnh ca ng knh c ly t tr s kim nghim mi nht. h) Thng s ca tuyn bay: s hiu cc tuyn bay, s hiu cc tm nh trong tuyn bay. i) Khi cc thng s nu trn c nhp vo my tnh chng trnh trong my to ra mt th mc ring cho cng vic vi cc tp tin: Camera, Control, Model, Photo, Project v Triang. 9.5.2 o to cc im tng dy o to cc im tng dy c thc hin theo th t sau: 9.5.2.1 nh hng trong Tr o trong nh s l to ca cc im nh trong h to hng/ct ca cc phn t nh (pixel). Do vy, nh hng trong phi tin hnh nhng yu t sau: a) o ng v tt c cc mu khung to trn nh; b) Chn m hnh chuyn i h to l affine; 33

TCVN 8226 : 2009

c) Sai s nh hng trong 0 khi s dng m hnh affine phi tho mn: - 0 10 m khi s dng phim nh gc qut; - 0 15 m khi s dng phim dng qut. d) Nu 0 khng tho mn nhng yu cu trn th phi kim tra li phim s dng qut v my qut. 9.5.2.2 nh hng tng i a) Mi m hnh phi c t nht 6 im nh hng c bn, thng s dng 10 im. b) Tn cc im nh hng m hnh nh s theo th t: 2 k t u l s hiu ng bay, cc k t tip theo l s hiu nh v 2 k t cui l tn im. c) Cc im nh hng m hnh phi b tr nm nhng v tr chun nh hnh v:

M hnh s dng 6 im nh hng

Cc m hnh s dng 10 im nh hng

d) Hai im gia nm gn tm ca 2 tm nh to nn m hnh, cc im ra nn b tr cng xa im

tm cng tt nhng phi cch ra nh t 1 cm n 1,5 cm trn nh.

e) Sai s nh hng tng i 0 5 m. f) Sau khi nh hng tng i tng m hnh th tin hnh nh hng tng i ton di bay. Nu
sai s nh hng tng i ton di bay 0 6 m th chuyn sang nh hng tng i di bay khc trong khi. g) Tn ca cc im ni di bay cn c nh s theo th t: 4 k t u l tn ca 2 di bay, k t tip theo l s hiu im. 34

TCVN 8226 : 2009

h) Mi m hnh phi c t nht 2 im ni mi di bay lin k. i) Nu khi tng dy c cc tuyn bay chn th phi nh hng tng i cc m hnh trong tuyn bay chn v nh hng tng i c tuyn bay chn trc khi ni tuyn bay chn vo khi chnh.

j) Sau khi nh hng xong cc di bay th tin hnh nh hng tng i ton khi nh, sai s
0 8 m v th sai cn tn ti vi cc im nh 10 m. Nu vt hn sai phi kim tra li nh hng tng i ca tng di. 9.5.2.3 nh hng tuyt i a) Phi o tt c cc im khng ch ngoi nghip v im kim tra c trong khi.

b) Khi o phi s dng nh chch im khng ch km theo ghi ch bit chnh xc v tr

cc im.

c) Gi tr th sai cc im khng ch nh v kim tra ngoi nghip 10 m.

d) nh hng tuyt i s b ton khi pht hin nhng im o nhm hoc c sai s ln o li hoc loi b khng tham gia qu trnh tnh ton, bnh sai. 9.5.2.4 Tnh ton bnh sai khi tng dy

a) Tnh ton bnh sai bng cc phn mm chuyn dng trn my vi tnh nh: PAT-B, PAT-M hoc
cc phn mm tng dy trn cc trm nh s nh: Photo-T trn trm Intergraph, photomod-AT trn trm photomod. b) i vi cc khi c s dng to tm nh phi a vo tnh chuyn h cao to hin hnh. Gi tr chnh xc lch gia tm angten my thu GPS t trn my bay v tm chiu hnh ca my chp nh cng c a vo qu trnh tnh ton, bnh sai.

c) Qu trnh bnh sai c thc hin tun t t nh hng tng i khi n nh hng
tuyt i khi. d) Kt qu bnh sai khi tng dy trong nh s c nh gi qua sai s trung phng trng s n v Sigma. Sai s Sigma trc tip phn nh chnh xc to im nh (tr o nh).

e) chnh xc Sigma 8 m. f) Gi tr th sai tn ti cc im nh hng m hnh phi 10 m, sai s gii hn 15 m v ch

chim 5 % tng s im trong khi. 9.5.2.5 Sai s trung bnh v tr ca cc im tng dy so vi im khng ch ngoi nghip gn nht: khng c vt qua nhng gi tr quy nh sau: a) Sai s mt phng: S 0,35 mm.M S 0,5 mm.M - i vi vng ng bng v i thp. - i vi vng ni

35

TCVN 8226 : 2009

b) Sai s cao : h 1/3 h trong M H l mu s bnh cn thnh lp; l khong cao u ng bnh c bn.

c) Sai s ln nht v tr im tng dy khng vt qua 2 ln sai s cho php trn v s lng phi nm trong hn: - V mt bng: 5 % tng trng hp; - V cao : 5 % tng trng hp i vi vng ng bng, 10 % tng trng hp i vi vng m ly, bi ct, vng ni. 9.6 o v ni dung bnh a hnh 9.6.1 Cng tc chun b 9.6.1.1 Phn lp cc i tng Lp bng phn nhm lp cc i tng ni dung bnh a hnh theo quy nh ti 5.1 ca TCXDVN 309: 2004. 9.6.1.2 Chun b th vin k hiu bnh tun theo quy nh ca B Ti Nguyn v Mi trng v

nhng yu cu ring ca cng trnh Thu li. 9.6.1.3 To tp tin seed cho bnh To tp tin seed.DGN dng chung cho ton khi. H to li chiu ca tp tin seed phi l h to v li chiu ca bnh cn thnh lp. 9.6.2 o v ni dung bnh a hnh trn m hnh lp th Tun t o v nhng ni dung sau: 9.6.2.1 o v h thng thu vn, thu li: nh h, cng trnh u mi, knh, sng sui trc tip

theo m hnh lp th, c th: - ng mp nc, ng ng su v trc tip; - Cc on sng sui, b bin b che khut phi s dng kt qu iu v nh ngoi nghip; - Biu din chi tit v tr cc cng trnh iu nh: , k, p, thc, cc trm thu in, thu vn tu theo t l bnh . 9.6.2.2 o v h thng ng giao thng: ng, cu, cc cng trnh trn ng. 9.6.2.3 o v cc khu dn c, trng trt.

36

TCVN 8226 : 2009

9.6.2.4 o v cc im chi tit cao: theo m hnh, xc nh cc im cao c trng nh yn

nga, nh i, ni, g cao, ng 3 sng, thm a hnh chuyn tip, v tr dc thay i. 9.6.3 To m hnh s a hnh DTM Tu theo iu kin c th v trang thit b, c im a hnh khu o v, c th chn 1 trong 2 cch thnh lp DTM sau y: 9.6.3.1 Thnh lp DTM t cc ng c trng a hnh v li im cao . Da theo kt qu o ny xy dng m hnh s a hnh DTM. DTM to thnh c s dng trong nn nh trc giao v ni suy ng bnh . Phng php ny pht huy c kh nng t ng ho ca cng ngh nh s v to ra DTM vi mc chi tit v chnh xc cao hn. a) Khi lp DTM phi o cc yu t: - ng t thu; - ng phn thu; - Cc ng c trng ca a hnh nh ni c s thay i dc t bin, yn nga; - Li cc im cao . b) Khong cch mt li cao c th thay i t 10 m n 50 m tu theo mc phc tp ca a hnh. Bn cnh phi vector ho y v chnh xc cc ng c trng a hnh nh ng phn thu, t thu, ch dc thay i. c) Khi lp xong cc tp tin DTM cc m hnh trn khu o, phi ni chng li to tp tin DTM chung cho c khi. 9.6.3.2 Thnh lp DTM t ng bnh trc tip trn m hnh lp th. DTM c to thnh t cc ng bnh v dng nn nh trc giao. a) Tt c cc ng bnh sau khi c s ho trn cc m hnh lp th u c tham gia to DTM. b) Phi tn dng cc yu t ni dung bnh o v trn m hnh lp th nh thu h v cc im cao xy dng DTM. c) Sau khi o v, lp DTM theo tt c cc m hnh trn khu o, phi ni cc tp tin li to tp tin DTM chung cho ton khi khu o.
CH THCH: i vi cc ng bnh v trc tip trn m hnh lp th th sau khi v xong mt mnh phi tip bin vi cc mnh v tip bin ton khu . i vi ng bnh c ni suy t tp tin DTM th phi tip bin vi cc khu o bn cnh.

9.6.4 Nn nh s 9.6.4.1 Nn nh theo cao trung bnh khu vc: khi chnh cao a hnh ln nht trong khu vc

nm trong gi tr ca cng thc:

37

TCVN 8226 : 2009

hmax 2M bd trong hmax l chnh cao a hnh ln nht trong khu vc; cp fk r l sai s v tr im cho php trn nh nn theo t l bnh (cp trong khong 0,4 mm); l tiu c my chp nh tnh bng milimt; l bn knh hng tm ca im nh xa nht tnh bng milimt. fk cp r'

a) Nn nh c thc hin bng phn mm Base Redifer hoc Image Station signle photo Resection. b) Tnh gi tr chnh cao a hnh ln nht trong khu vc chn phng php nn tun theo C.7 trong Ph lc C. 9.6.4.2 Nn nh trc giao

a) Nn nh trc giao c thc hin khi hmax vt qu gi tr quy nh theo cng thc khon 1 trong
9.6.4 bng cc phn mm chuyn dng nh Base Rectifier, Orthopro.

b) Khi nn phi ct bt 20 % cc pixel vng ph ngang P v 10 % vng ph dc Q hn ch nh

hng ca ngun sai s n cht lng nh nn v gim c dung lng cc tp tin nh nn n 50 %. Vic ct b cc pixel thc hin theo quy nh hnh v sau: trong R C l tng s hng trong tm nh s; l tng s ct trong tm nh s.

Nu ph dc q 20 % th ch ct 5 % R.

38

TCVN 8226 : 2009

Quy trnh ct cc pixel Hng bay chp 10 % R

10 % R 20 % C 20 % C

c) Khi nn phi m bo din tch c nn nm trong vng ph ca tp tin DTM.

d) Kch thc pixel ca nh nn khng c nh hn kch thc pixel ca nh qut. Cch tnh
phn gii ca nh nn theo C.8 trong Ph lc C.

e) Sai s v tr a vt r nt trn nh nn so vi im khng ch gn nht: 0,4 mm. M f) Sai s v tr a vt khng r nt 0,6 mm.M g) Sai s tng h gia cc a vt r nt trn nh nn 0,4 mm.M h) Sai s nn phi kim tra lch gia cc tm nh k nhau 0,6 mm.M vng ng bng, vng
i; 0,9 mm.M vng ni. Nu vt qu phi kim tra li tp tin DTM v kt qu tng dy. - Trong M l mu s t l bnh . 9.6.5 Thnh lp bnh nh s: Ghp nh thnh bnh nh s a) Sau khi nn nh xong, tin hnh ghp cc tm nh s dng cc phn mm IRacc, Orthopro, Orthovista v ct theo khung bnh to ra bnh trc nh. b) Trc khi ghp 2 tm nh k nhau phi iu chnh cho 2 tm nh c xm v tng phn ng u. Nu khi o c cht lng nh xm hoc xm, tng phn khng ng u th phi chy cc phn mm x l cht lng nh trc khi ghp.

c) Vt ct phi i qua cc a vt c sai s tip khp nh nht. Khng c ct dc theo a vt hnh

tuyn. Thng gc ct vi a vt 30o 150o. d) Vi khi nh c ghp bng phn mm ghp nh t ng th nn v mt tp tin cc vt ct chung cho ton khi nh. e) Bnh trc giao phi c tng phn ng u v khng li cc vt ghp.

f) Khi tip bin gia cc mnh bnh trc nh, sai s tip bin a vt 0,6 mm.M i vi vng ng
bng v i; 0,9 mm.M i vi vng ni. 39

TCVN 8226 : 2009

9.6.6 Lp bnh a hnh trn nn bnh nh s Ni dung ca bnh nh phi c s ho gm: a) H thng thu h; b) Cc im ghi ch cao, ng ng cao, ng su; c) H thng giao thng, cng trnh xy dng; d) Ranh gii a vt, ranh gii khu dn c;

e) a danh v ghi ch cc thng s cng trnh ph tr thu li, cng trnh xy dng, giao thng
9.6.7 Thnh phn giao np

a) Cc tp tin o v ni dung bnh a hnh; b) Tp tin m hnh s a hnh chung cho ton khu o; c) Cc tp tin nn nh, bnh nh nn;
d) Bin bn kim tra, nghim thu sn phm. 9.6.8 Kim tra o v b sung ni dung bnh a hnh thc a

a) My v cc thit b b sung gm c cc my ton c (quang c v in t), bn c c kim

nghim v hiu chnh theo Ph lc A.

b) B sung a vt b che khut khi chp nh nh cc ng mn, cc cng trnh xy dng, cc nh

c lp, h thng o b my che khut hoc dng chy ngm (xc nh u ra, vo), a danh, s h dn

c) B sung a hnh b che khut, khng lp th m hnh c, hoc khng r hoc b thc vt dy
che ph d) Phng php b xung: dng cc phng php bn c, ton c. Trong qu trnh b sung nu khng dng m, code phn loi i tng, a vt th phi v s y , r rng.

e) Kim tra to cc im r nt so vi to im khng ch gn nht: phi o t 5 n 10 im

phn b u trong mi mnh bnh a hnh. Gi tr chnh lch gia to c t file mnh bnh nh s v to tnh t kt qu kim tra thc a, tun theo 5.6, 5.7. S im c gi tr chnh to vt gii hn phi 10 % tng s im kim tra.

f) Kim tra tip bin gia cc mnh bnh trong khu o vi sai s 0,6 mm.M i vi khu vc ng
bng, i; 0,9 mm.M i vi khu vng ni l t. 9.6.9 Quy nh chnh sa bnh a hnh trong ni nghip

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TCVN 8226 : 2009

a) S liu o b sung ngoi thc a c nhp vo my vi tnh t cc s o ngoi nghip nh card, file hoc s ghi tay. b) S dng phm mm Microstation, Famis hoc cc phn mm tng thch v b sung cc yu t b sung ngoi thc a vo file bnh a hnh gc lu trong my tnh. 9.6.10 Bin tp bnh a hnh Cc ni dung bnh a hnh bin tp trong cc phn mm Microstation, Famis, 2. Khung trong, li to vung ca bnh a hnh dng s phi c xy dng bng cc chng trnh chuyn dng cho lp li chiu bn . Khi trnh by cc yu t ni dung ca khung trong v ngoi khung bnh a hnh khng c lm x dch v tr ca khung v cc mt li tun theo hn 0,2mm.M. 9.6.11 In bnh a hnh a) Sau khi hon chnh bin tp v ni dung v hnh thc trnh by, bnh a hnh nh s c in theo 3 mu: - Mu nu: ng bnh v ghi ch a hnh. - Mu lam: thu h v ghi ch thu h. - Mu en: cc yu t cn li. Bnh a hnh phi c in trn cc my c phn gii ti thiu 300 dpi v sai s hnh hc 0,2mm trn chiu di 1m nh cc my ploter HP Giy in chn theo quy nh ti 5.7. Phi in th, kim tra v hiu chnh my in m bo cc tiu chun quy nh ri mi in chnh thc. b) Trng hp cc cng trnh thu li khng yu cu in mu, nhng phi lu tr bn can th vic in bnh c in trn giy can ri nhn thnh nhiu b bng cch Photocopy hoc in p set. Giy can phi c co dn 2 mm. 9.7 Thnh lp mt ct trn m hnh s a hnh Theo v tr tuyn do ch nhim n thit k trn bnh , tin hnh lp mt ct a hnh theo quy nh sau: a) Trn m hnh DEM, c khong cch hoc to (x,y) v cao H ca cc im tuyn cng trnh vi mt theo t l. b) Chuyn d liu qua phn mm chuyn dng nh SDR, Surfer... v cc mt ct . c) Trnh by kch thc tun theo quy nh ca bn v thu li hin hnh.

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TCVN 8226 : 2009 Ph lc A (quy nh) Kim tra, kim nghim, hiu chnh my bn c v cc dng c km theo

A.1 Kim tra bn v

A.1.1 Bn v phi c nh theo hng nm ngang v thng ng khi vn cht c hm kim tra phi t my bn c ln bn v ri hng ng knh ti mt vt. Kh y tay vo 4 cnh, vt s chy khi li ch. Khi b tay vt s tr v v tr c nu khng th coi nh bn v cha c c nh theo hng nm ngang. Hng ng knh ti mt vt, kh n tay xung bn v ri th tay ra. Nu vt vn v tr c th bn v c c nh theo phng thng ng. Nu vt khng tr li v tr c th vn cht cc c ca thanh g trn u chn my, cc vt hm ca thanh ng v c hm chn my vi bn g li. Nu sau khi hm cc c li m bn v vn khng n nh th a vo xng sa cha. A.1.2 Mt trn ca ca bn v phi bng phng t mp vt thc ca my ln bn v (thc kim tra) v a nh theo chiu dc ngang. Nu khe h gia mp vt thc v bn v vt qu 0,5mm th phi a v xng s cha. A.1.3 Mt trn ca bn v phi vung gc vi trc quay ca bn c bn c cn phi bng kim loi th kim tra nh sau: Dng ng bt nc hnh tr ca my v cc c nng bn c a mt trn bn v v v tr nm ngang, t t quay bn v, nu bt nc lch khi v tr gia 2-3 vch chia th tin hnh kim tra li. Nu vn khng t th phi a v xng sa cha.

A.2 Kim tra v hiu chnh my bn c

A.2.1 Vt thanh vt di ng v c nh xoay u v d dng: Kim tra bng cch vn th A.2.2 ng knh khng c thay i v tr khi c nh vt hm v phi quay u d dng khi vn vt hm ra A.2.3 Trong trng nhn ca ng knh phi r rng, khng c bi bn v vt xc A.2.4 Mp vt thc ca my phi thng kim tra, trn bn v gn mt t giy trng. t my ln bn v ri dng bt ch en vt nhn k dc theo mp vt thc, sau quay my i 1800 v t mp vt thc trng ln ng ch va k ri li k mt ng ch na. Nu khong h gia 2 ng ch qu 0,1mm th khng t yu cu v phi a v xng sa cha. 42

TCVN 8226 : 2009

A.2.5 B mt y thc phi l mt phng kim tra, p thc vo mt phng c kim tra, nu hai u thc b cong ln pha trn th phi a thc v xng sa cha, cn nu hai u thc cong xung pha di khng ln lm th vn s dng c v khi t my ln bn v c phn nng ca my xung s lm cho thc thng v vng chc. A.2.6 Trc bt nc hnh tr trn thc ca my phi song song vi mt phng ca y thc t my vo gia bn v theo hng hai c nng my ri dng hai c nng a bt nc v gia. Dng bt ch k mt ng thng theo mp vt thc, sau quay my i 180 o ri t mp vt thc trng vi ng ch va k. Nu bt nc vn v tr c th iu kin m bo. Trong trng hp khng t th dng que hiu chnh a bt nc v mt na s lch ca v tr gia ri dng c nng my a bt nc vo gia. Sau khi hiu chnh xong a thc ca my theo hng ca c tha ba v dng c ny a bt nc vo gia. Nu t my mi v tr trn bn v m bt nc trn thc khng lch qu 2 vch chia th t yu cu. A.2.7 Trc ca ng knh phi vung gc vi trc quay ca n Chn mt mc tiu tht r ri hng ng knh ti mc tiu , dng bt ch k mt ng thng theo mp vt thc cu my. Trn ng k chm mt im gia. o ng knh v t mp vt thc ca my trng vi im va chm v quan st mc tiu ban u. Sau k li mt ng theo mp vt thc. Nu hai ng k trng nhau th iu kin ny t yu cu. Trng hp hai ng k to thnh mt gc nh th cn hiu chnh nh sau: t mp vt thc trng vi ng phn gic ca gc to bi hai ng k . Lc ny mc tiu khng nm tm li ch ch thp, dng c hiu chnh a tm ch thp trng ln mc tiu. A.2.8 Trc quay ca ng knh phi song song vi mt y thc ca my Hng ng knh ln mt im cch my khong t 20 m n 30 m v cch mt t khong t 5m n 10 m. H ng knh xung v tr nm ngang v nh du bng bt ch hnh chiu ca tm li ch. Sau o ng knh v lm li nh trn. Nu hnh chiu ln ny trng vi ln chiu trc th iu kin t yu cu. Nu khng t th hiu chnh bng cch vn hi lng vt ni thn my v thc, chm vo thn my mt ming giy mng, vn cht vt v tin hnh kim tra li. A.2.9 Ch ng ca li ch phi vung gc vi mt phng y thc a bn v v v tr nm ngang, sau hng tm li ch ln mc tiu r rt ri nng ng knh ln hoc h xung. Nu nh mc tiu lch khi ch ng th phi xoay khung li ch sao cho mc tiu trng vi ch ng, sau tin hnh kim tra li. Trong thc t ch ng lun lung vung gc vi ch ngang v vy c th kim tra theo ch ngang bng cch t t xoay my sang bn phi hoc bn tri mc tiu chy dc theo ch ngang.

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TCVN 8226 : 2009

Cng c th hiu chnh bng cch xoay ch ng trng vi si dy di treo xa. A.2.10 Mt phng ngm phi trng hoc song song vi mp thc di ng Hng ng knh ln mt mc tiu c th nhn thy r rng bng mt thng. hai u mp vt thc ng tht thng hai inh ghim nh ri nhn n mc tiu theo hng ca hai inh. Nu nh mc tiu khng nm trn ng thng ca hai inh th phi dng vt di ng a mc tiu v hng . Lc ny tm li ch s lch mc tiu. Vn lng c ni thn my vi thc, xoay thn my tm li ch trng vi mc tiu ri vn li. Nu loi my khng c c iu chnh thn my m khng bo m iu kin ny th phi a vo xng sa cha. A.2.11 Sai s ch tiu (Mo) phi gn bng 0 v khng i Phi xc nh Mo nhiu ln vi cc mc tiu khc nhau. Nu s thay i Mo ln hn 2 ln chnh xc c s th phi vn cht thm c ni vnh ng vi trc ng knh, c ni bt nc v vng chun. Sau xc nh li Mo, nu Mo khng vt qu 2 th iu kin tho mn. a Mo v gn bng 0 phi tnh Mo v gc nghing theo s c bn tri hoc bn phi: dng vt ca ng bt nc t trn bn tr gi gc ng. Sau hiu chnh bt nc v gia. A.2.12 Nu trn ng knh ca my bn c c gn ng bt nc hnh tr th trc ca n phi song song vi trc ngm ca ng knh Kim tra iu kin ny nh kim tra gc i trong my thu chun. Nu gi tr X ln hn 1cm th phi dng c di ng a ch gia ca ng knh ln s c mi trn mia a2=a2+X. Dng que hiu chnh a bt nc v gia. Tin hnh nh vy n khi no gi tr X t di 1cm th thi.

A.3 Kim tra kp di tm ca bn c

bn c v tr cn bng, nh du trn bn v mt im. t u nhn ca kp di tm vo y. cho qu di n nh ri ng cc sao cho tm cc di u nhn ca qu di. Sau quay kp di i 1800, li vo im nh du. Nu u qu di khng lch khi tm cc l c. Nu lch th hiu chnh ch ni dy di mt i lng bng lch ri tin hnh kim tra li.

A.4 Kim tra v hiu chnh my bn c t ng

Cc mc kim tra thng thng ca my bn c t ng ging nh phn A.2. Di y ch trnh by mt s mc kim nghim ring cho loi my ny. A.4.1 Kim tra thc di ng (thc song song vi thc chnh) Khi dch chuyn thc li gn hoc xa thc chnh th thc di ng phi song song nhau kim tra, t my bn c ln bn v, dng bt ch k mt ng thng dc theo mp vt thc chnh, sau dch chuyn thc di ng. mi v tr k mt ng thng dc theo thc di ng. Cc ng thng phi song song vi ng k ca thc chnh, khng c vt qu 0,2mm; Nu vt qu 0,2mm th phi a v xng sa cha.

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TCVN 8226 : 2009

A.4.2 Sai s ch tiu Mo ca bn ng phi khng i v gn bng 900 Gi tr Mo c xc nh bng cch hng ng knh ln mc tiu v c s theo bn ng v bn phi (P), v tri (T). Mi ln c s phi a bt nc vo gia. Sai s ch tiu tnh theo cng thc: Mo=(P-180o+T)/2 v gc nghing = Mo -T = P-Mo trong Mo P T l sai s ch tiu bn ng; l s c bn phi; l s c bn tri.

Hiu chnh Mo bng c hiu chnh ng bt nc trn bn ng. Gi tr Mo phi nm trong gii hn 90o 05. A.4.3 nh hng ca lch tm bn ng xc nh bng cch o gc nghing theo cc

cnh theo chiu i v o v A.4.4 H s ng cong chnh cao xc nh bng cch so snh kt qu o chnh cao o bng thu chun hng III v kt qu o bng my bn c theo biu ng cong A.4.4.1 H s K tnh theo cng thc K = Ko trong Ko ho htb l h s tiu chun (10,20,100); l chnh cao o bng thu chun; l chnh cao trung bnh o bng my bn c. ho htb

Khi xc nh h s 10 gia cc mc thu chun phi c chnh cao t 7 m n 10 m v cch nhau khong gn 100 m. S ln o chnh cao bng my bn c gia cc mc o khng t hn 20 ln (trong 10 ln o i v 10 ln o v). Chnh cao ca mi ln o xc nh bng cch hng cung trn u tin ln cc vch chia khc nhau ca mia. Chnh lch gia cc chnh cao khng c ln hn 5 cm. Ly chnh cao trung bnh gia 20 ln o. xc nh h s c chnh xc hn nn c 2 chnh cao khc nhau gia 2 cp mc. Chnh cao trung bnh htb xc nh bng my KA-2, K5-1 c th nhn c bng cch o thu chun t gia. A.4.4.2 H s ng cong chnh cao c th xc nh bng cch o thu chun gia cc mc c cao bit (bng thu chun hnh hc). Chnh cao gia cc mc o khng c nh hn 50m v s ng thu chun khng c nh hn 3.

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TCVN 8226 : 2009

Kt qu xc nh h s khng c khc so vi h tiu chun: K = 10 0,1; K = 20 0,2; K = 0,4 - Khi cc ng cong chnh cao nhn c khc vi h s tiu chun (10,20,100) v vt qu hn sai trn th tng chnh cao ng thu chun phi nhn vi hiu chnh sau: N10 = 0,1K, N20 = 0,05K; N100 = 0,01K

V D 1: ng cong chnh cao 20 xc nh c chnh cao 10,00m. H s thc t khng phi l 20 m l 20,03 th h o c hiu chnh nh sau: h hiu chnh = 10,00 x 0,05 x 20,03 = 10,02m tin li c th lp bng. V D 2 : K= 10,02, s hiu chnh cho h = 5m l 1cm, cho h=10m l +2cm. K= 19,98, s hiu chnh cho h = 10m l -1cm, cho h=20m l -2cm

A.4.4.3

Cng thc chung xc nh chnh cao c dng H= K (a-v) +i-v

trong K a v i l h s ng cong chnh cao ( 10, 20, 100); l s c trn mia bng ng cong chnh cao; l s c trn mia theo ng cong c bn (chiu cao tia ngm); l chiu cao my.

- Khi c s trn mia, bt nc trong ng bt nc hnh tr trn bn ng phi a vo gia. Khi hng ng cong c bn ln cao my (i-v), cng thc trn s l: H = K(a-v) - Nu im 0 ca mia ngang chiu cao my (v=0) chnh cao s c xc nh theo cng thc: H = aK - cao ca nhng im mia tnh theo cng thc: Hm = Htm+ h trong Hm Htm h l cao im mia; l cao trm my; l chnh cao xc nh bng my.

- Nu o thu chun bng phng php t gia th chnh cao tnh theo cng thc: 46

TCVN 8226 : 2009

h = Kt(at-v) Ks (as-v) trong Kt, Ks l h s cc ng cong chnh cao s dng khi c s trn mia trc v mia sau tng ng vi du (cng v tr); at, as l s c theo cc ng cong chnh cao trn mia trc v mia sau; v A.4.4.4 l s c trn 2 mia theo ng cong u. Chnh cao trm o phi xc nh hai ln khi hng ng cong c bn ln cc vch chia

khc nhau ca mia (V1,V2), t hai kt qu ly chnh cao trung bnh trm o. A.4.4.5 Sai s khp ng chuyn cao (khi s dng K = + 10 v mia c vch chia centimet) phi gn bng 10 L cm, trong L l chiu di tuyn tnh bng kilmt vi iu kin chiu di tia ngm khng ln hn 100 m v 15 L cm khi chiu di tia ngm gn bng 200 m. A.4.4.6 Cng thc tnh khong cch nm ngang nh sau: d0 = C (b-c) trong d0 C b v l khong cch nm ngang; l h s o xa; l s c trn mia bng biu o khong cch; l s c trn mia theo ng cong c bn.

47

TCVN 8226 : 2009 Ph lc B (quy nh) Kim tra v kim nghim b my kinh v chp nh B.1 Kim tra my kinh v chp nh (phototheodolid)
B.1.1 Cc yu t hnh hc ca my kinh v chp nh: phi m bo cc iu kin sau y: B.1.1.1 Trc ng ca my phi trng vi trc xoay ca b phn nh hng; B.1.1.2 Tia chnh ca bung chp phi ct trc ng v vung gc vi n; B.1.1.3 Trc ca bt nc di phi vung gc vi trc ng ca my; B.1.1.4 Trc xoay ca lng knh b phn nh hng phi vung gc vi trc ngm ca ng

knh v trc ng ca my; B.1.1.5 Khi t bn b phn nh hng s c 0 th trc ca ng knh v tia chnh ca

bung chp phi nm trn mt phng thng ng; B.1.1.6 Trc ni gia cc mc to ca khung p phi vung gc vi nhau v giao im ca

chng phi trng vi im chnh, cn trc XX phi vung gc vi trc ng. Hai iu kin u do nh my thc hin. iu kin 6 cng do nh my thc hin, nhng thng c kim tra khi kim nghim my kinh v chp nh. B.1.2 t ng bt nc di Vic t ng bt nc dc v ngang trn my kinh v chp nh c thc hin bng ng bt nc hi chnh tip xc c khong chia l 100 cc (30) i km theo ng b. u tin tnh v tr 0 ca ng bt nc tip xc, trnh t thc hin nh sau: B.1.2.1 Xoay my sao cho mt trong cc b mt ca my song song vi 2 c chn my v

hm n v tr (trong thi gian hiu chnh my khng c x dch); B.1.2.2 Tun t t ng bt nc tip xc trn hai b mt cn li, dng c cn my a bt

nc v gn gia; B.1.2.3 t ng bt nc trn b mt song song vi hai c cn my, dng cc c ny a bt

nc v chnh gia; B.1.2.4 Xoay ng bt nc i 180 0 , nu bt nc khng lch khi v tr gia th v tr 0 ca

bt nc trng vi im gia ca ng bt nc. Nu bt nc lch khi im gia ca ng bt nc th v tr 0 ca n s nm im gia ca on lch. Sau t cc ng bt nc ca my kinh v chp nh. lm vic ny my kinh v c cn bng mt cch cn thn nh ng bt nc tip xc v dng cc c hiu chnh ca ng bt

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TCVN 8226 : 2009

nc ngang v dc ca my a bt nc v v tr gia. Khi chnh v tr ca tng bt nc th ng bt nc tip xc vn phi gi nguyn trn b mt song song vi ng bt nc hiu chnh, cn bt nc vn phi nm v tr 0. Vic kim tra v t cc ng bt nc ca my c th tin hnh bng phng php s dng cc my kinh v thng thng. B.1.3 Kim tra song song ca mt phng khung p v trc ng ca my kinh v

chp nh Kho cc c hm ca b phn p, a bt nc v v tr gia v t vo khung p ng bt nc khung, gc. Nu bt nc lch khi v tr gia khng qu 1 th iu kin trn coi nh tho mn. B.1.4 Kim tra v tr trc xoay lng knh ca b phn nh hng B.1.4.1 Sau khi t cc ng bt nc xong, ngi ta ngm ng knh ln mt dy di

(trc ngm nm v tr nm ngang) c treo cch xa khong t 6 m n 8 m. B.1.4.2 Dng c cn my thay i nghing ca tia ngm khong 15 o , quan st s chuyn

ng du ch thp ca tm li ch tng ng vi dy di. Nu du ch thp ca tm li ch khi chuyn ng khng lch khi dy di th iu kin trn coi nh tho mn. B.1.4.3 Nu lch nh mc a Hnh B.1 chng t trc xoay ca lng knh khng v tr

nm ngang, cn nh mc b Hnh B.1 chng t trc ca lng knh v trc ca ng knh khng vung gc vi nhau.

(a) Hnh - B.1

(b)

ng dy di ng chuyn ng du ch thp tm li ch

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TCVN 8226 : 2009

B.1.5 Kim tra v tr bn trn b phn nh hng B.1.5.1 Khi t bn , b phn nh hng s c bng 0 th trc ng knh v trc quang

hc ca bung chp nh phi nm trn mt mt phng. - Cch lm: Tho khung c knh m ca bung chp v thay vo b phn hiu chnh. Dng cc c t cho khung chuyn ng sao cho cc vch cui cng ca phim knh i qua cc im mc to khung p ca bung chp. tng chnh xc khi chp cc vch vi mc to , ngi ta dng knh lp ca b phn hiu chnh, sau cn bng my v t trn bn ngang s c bng 0 v quay my ngm vo mt a vt r rt cch xa. Khng thay i v tr ca my, quan st li vt qua h thng quang hc (knh phng i - mt phn gic ca tm knh phng-knh vt ca bung chp), s dng h thng ny nh ng knh ngm. Nu bn v tr ng th vt quan st phi nm trong mt phn gic . B.1.5.2 Khi iu kin trn khng tho mn th quay my quanh trc ng ca n cho n khi

vt ngm nm trong mt phn gic ca tm knh. Sau ni cc c hm ca b phn nh hng v quay b phn cho n khi ch ng ca ng ngm trng vo ng vt ngm, sau kho cc c li. B.1.6 Kim tra hp ng phim v bung chp B.1.6.1 Tt c cc hp ng phim c lp phim vo v ra ngoi nh sng r trong mt

khong thi gian, sau mang hin v hm cc phim. Nu khng xut hin vt ti trn lp nh th chng t cc hp ng phim khng b lt nh sng. B.1.6.1 kim tra nh sng c lt vo bung chp, ngi ta lp hp ng phim c phim vo,

ko tm chn ca hp ng phim ra vi iu kin khng m np knh vt trong mt vi pht, sau mang phim ra hin v hm. Nu bung chp kn th phim knh hin hon ton trong.

B.2 Kim nghim my kinh v chp nh

B.2.1 Xc nh chnh xc vic t cc du khung to v o khong cch gia chng B.2.1.1 Cc im mc to phi c b tr sao cho cc ng thng ni gia chng

(cc trc to XX v ZZ) phi vung gc vi nhau. Ngoi ra khi t my kinh v chp nh thng bng th trc XX phi nm ngang. B.2.1.2 Dng my thu chun c cao tia ngm tng ng vi cao knh vt ca bung

chp v ly s c trn mia. Cc s c c nh du trn mia bng nhng vch en (bng giy) rng 3 cm. B.2.1.3 Lp hp ng phim vo my v ko np hp ng phim ra, h khung p xung v cn

bng my ri chp nh cc mia . B.2.1.4 m bn nhn c em t ln my o to lp th v nh hng theo trc XX ri

o to Z ca cc im nh du. Nu to ca hai du mc trn mia bng nhau, ngha 50

TCVN 8226 : 2009

l Z1=Z2 th trc XX v tr nm ngang (v khi cc mc nm trn cng mt ng nm ngang vi knh vt ca bung chp th to Z1,2 ca cc du bng to Zo ca im chnh nh: Z1=Z2=Zo). Nu Z1-Z2 ln hn hoc bng 0.02 mm th phi x dch mc to nm pha im c gi tr Z ln i mt i lng bng Z1-Z2 theo hng n im nh du. B.2.1.5 kim tra iu kin vung gc gia cc trc to cn phi chp c cc m bn

c p st tt vi khung p. Vi mc ch ngi ta quay knh vt ca bung chp cn kim nghim xung di v trc n mt t giy trng. Trn mt phng ca khung p t phim knh sao cho lp nh pha di v c p u trn ton din tch bng tm knh dy (khong 10 mm) cng c. Cng vic ny c tin hnh trong ti. Bung chp c ph mt lp vi en khng cho nh sng xuyn qua t trn xung. M np knh vt v chiu sng bng n ln t giy trong mt thi gian ngn. Bng cch chp ly 4 6 m bn. B.2.1.6 Tt c cc m bn ny ln lt c t ln my o to lp th, nh hng theo

mc to XX v to ca tt c 4 im mc du khung. Nu to X gia cc im mc to trn (X3) v di (X4) tho mn iu kin: X3-X4 0,02mm th iu kin vung gc t. Trong trng hp ngc li th x dch mt trong cc du mc theo trc XX i mt i lng X3-X4. Sau tnh khong cch L gia cc mc to 1 v 2 cho tng phim knh. Cui cng ngi ta s chn phim m c khong cch L nh nht lm chun. B.2.2 Kim nghim p kht ca phim knh vi khung p B.2.2.1 Phim knh nu khng p kht vi khung p s gy nn sai s xc nh to v cn

c kh vi mc c th. Nhng nguyn nhn c bn khng p kht l: do khng hiu chnh cc khay ng phim v thng gy ra do vng cc gc ca khay v cc chn lu ng, cc l xo b yu. B.2.2.2 kim tra l xo, lp phim knh vo khay ng phim ri x dch n v t sao cho phim knh kht vi cc gc v cc chn di ng. Sau nhit chnh lch khng qu 5 0 so vi nhit khi nhn cc nh tiu chun, chp hng lot 24 nh. B.2.2.2 o cc khong cch L gia cc im mc to theo trc XX trn nh ri so snh chng vi gi tr tiu chun Lo. Nu hiu L-Lo khng vt qu 0,1 mm th b phn p phng lm vic tt. B.2.3 Xc nh nguyn t nh hng trong ca bung chp Vic xc nh cc nguyn t nh hng trong ca bung chp c tin hnh nh sau: B.2.3.1 t my trn gi, a bt nc v v tr 0, quan st hnh nh trn knh m v nh hng my sao cho trong trng hp ngm nhn thy r khng t hn 3 im a vt (v d nh cc im tam gic, ng khi, cc ct) hai trong nhng a vt (A v C hnh B.2) phi nm gn mp nh, cn im B im th 3 tt nht l nm gn gia nh. 51

TCVN 8226 : 2009

B.2.3.2 Khong cch n cc vt cho phi t 2 km n 4 km. Sau khi kim tra li bt nc, chp tt c cc a vt cho t 3 n 4 phim knh. Hng c nh ca trc my nh hng bng b phn nh hng theo mt a vt r rt no trong khu. o cao ca my v nh du trn mt t v tr ca knh vt. Trn im t my kinh v sao cho cao ca my bng cao ca my kinh v chp nh (sai s khng qu 3 cm) v o cc gc ngang , , cc gc ng a , b , c vi chnh xc 5. B.2.3.3 Cc m bn nhn c em kim tra p kht ca chng ri em t ln my o to lp th v o cc gi tr Z v X cho tt c cc du mc to . Theo cc tr gi o c tnh cc loi L (xem hnh B.3).

B A

x x z

S Hnh B.2

.
l3
(X1Z1).

(X3Z3)

l1 L

l2

(X2Z2)

l4

(X4Z4)

Hnh B.3 L1=0.5(X3+X4) X1 L2 = X2-0.5(X3+X4) L3 = Z3-0.5 (Z1+Z2) L4 = 0.5(Z1+Z2)-Z4 Sau tm cc hiu: L1=L1-L01 52 L3=L3-L03

TCVN 8226 : 2009

L2=L2-L02 L4=L4-L04

Vi L0 1, L02, L0 3, L04- l cc tr gi i vi trng hp l tng v p kht ca phim knh vi khung p, nhn c khi kim nghim my kinh v chp nh. Cc m bn c gi tr tuyt i ca cc k hiu L1, L2, L3, L4 vt qu 0,03mm cn phi loi b. B.2.3.4 Dng m bn chn em o to X v Z ca tt c cc im a,b,c ri tnh cc gi tr f, X0 , Z0 theo cng thc: f = 0,5(f1+f2) X0 = Xb-tb Z0 = 1/3 (Z0a+ZOb+ZOc) trong f1 = (d-tb)ctg( -) = d(ctg .ctg+1)sin2 f2 = (d-tb)ctg( -) = d(ctg .ctg-1)sin2 Zoa= Za-Za Zob= Zb-Zb Zoc= Zc-Zc vi: d=Xb-Xa, = arctg dctg -dctg d+d d=Xc-Xb

Za= ftga[cos( -)]-1 Zb = ftgb[cos()]-1 Zc= ftgc[cos( +)]-1 Khi < 3o, tr gi tnh theo cng thc: = dctg + 2 d= dctg -2 d Tr gi cui cng ca cc nguyn t nh hng trong l gi tr trung bnh ca cc gi tr nhn c ca tng nh chp. B.2.3.5 Tiu c ca bung chp nhn c t cc nh trn phi tr i mt gi tr hiu chnh f tnh theo cng thc: 53

TCVN 8226 : 2009

fc Lo

f=

trong : Lo l khong cch chun gia 2 im du khung to theo trc X bit khi kim nghim my kinh v chp nh:

L = L-Lo
L l khong cch gia cc im du khung to theo trc X trn nh: L= X2-X1 B.2.3.6 Sai s trung phng ca cc nguyn t nh hng xc nh theo lch so vi gi tr trung bnh:

m=
trong : V n

[VV ]
n(n 1)

l lch mt ln xc nh so vi gi tr trung bnh; l s ln xc nh.

i vi bung chp c tiu c f = 195 mm sai s trung phng xc nh cc nguyn t nh hng trong cn phi tho mn: mf 0,04 mm B.2.4 thc xc nh vng chp thc cho im tri ca ng y dng bng cch sau:
ym
3 . 2 . 4 .

mXo 0,08 mm

mZo 0,02 mm

1 .

R B L A

R B L

Hnh B.4 B.2.4.1 V ng thng AB (hng ca ng y trong trng hp chp thng bnh thng). T im A k ng vung gc AY ng xc nh hng ca trc quang hc ca bung chp cho im tri ng y (xem Hnh B.4). B.2.4.2 T A dng mt gc vi AY v ko di AA. ng AA xc nh v tr ranh gii phi ca bung chp (i vi my pht Theo19-1318 gc =23 05). Sau t im A dng cc gc + 54

TCVN 8226 : 2009

v - vi AB v k cc ng AR v AL. AR v AL xc nh v tr ng y i vi trng hp chp lch u tiu chun sang tri v sang phi (- = + = 31 05). B.2.4.3 Trn cc ng thng AB, AR v AL, dng cc thang di ng y, cn trn trc

AY thang di khong cch. Cc thang c dng theo t l ca bn dng thit k. B.2.4.4 thc cho im phi ca ng y cng dng tng t nh cho im tri ng

y nhng khng chia cc thang (xem Hnh B.4). B.2.4.5 v ranh gii ca cc cp nh lp th, t thc ln bn , sao cho im A trng

vi im tri ca ng y, khong cch AB bng khong cch ng y tnh, cc hng tng ng vi tng trng hp chp (AR v BR) phi trng nhau v on AB phi trng vi hng ca ng y. B.2.4.6 Sau nh du trn bn cc im cui ca ng y, cng nh ranh gii din tch chp (cc ng AA v BB) cn ranh gii gn ca n v theo tr gi tnh vung gc vi trc Y (khi dng thang Y ca thc Hnh B.5).
CH THCH: khi gc lch thit k khng theo gc tiu chun th cn ghi r gi tr ca gc .

B
3 .

y ym 500
2 . 4 .

400 300 1 200

.

R R

A B

Hnh B.5

55

TCVN 8226 : 2009 B.3 Trnh t thao tc trn trm chp

B.3.1 Trn im tri ca ng y, t my kinh v chp nh, cn trn im phi t tiu o.

nh tm my v tiu o, sau o cao ca my v tiu o ri ghi vo s, m np knh m, m np knh vt, hng my v khu vc cn chp v xem xt hnh nh trn knh m. B.3.2 Nu mt phn no (di hoc trn) ca vng chp b ct th x dch knh vt cho n khi n xut hin trong trng ngm, chp ht vng chp c th s dng hai v tr ca knh vt (mt v tr chp phn trn, mt v tr chp phn di ca vng chp). V tr ca knh vt phi ghi vo s o. B.3.3 Chp nh c tin hnh theo trnh t sau: B.3.3.1 ng np knh vt tho b phn hm ra khi khung p v ly khung c knh m ra. B.3.3.2 Lp hp ng phim vo bung chp v ko np chn ra, quay cc c cho khung tin v pha trc, di tc dng ca cc l so lm cho khung knh p kht vi khung p ca bung chp. B.3.3.3 Xc nh thi gian chp bng my o bt nh sng. B.3.3.4 Trn b phn nh hng t s c tng ng vi t th nh chp (thng, bnh thng,

lch tri, lch phi). B.3.3.5 Trn b phn nh s t s hiu trm, cn trn b phn ghi t t th chp (A, AL,AR tng ng vi t th chp thng, lch tri, lch phi i vi im tri ng y; B, BL, BR i vi im phi ng y). B.3.3.6 Ni cc c hm ca bung chp v hng ng knh ca b phn nh hng v tiu o t im phi. Sau ng cc c hm v dng b phn trc vi cho trng mt phn gic ca ng knh vi tm tiu o. B.3.3.7 Kim tra vic t s c v v tr bt nc c chnh xc khng, khi cn thit phi iu chnh

bt nc v tin hnh kim tra li chnh xc khi ngm. B.3.3.8 Ht sc cn thn trnh s thay i v trng thi nh hng ca my v tin hnh chp. B.3.3.9 M cc chn hm khay ng phim khi bung chp, ng np khay ng phim v ly khay

ng phim ra khi b phn hm. Khi kt thc cng vic chp im tri, chuyn my im phi, cn im tri t tiu o. Sau theo trnh t nh trn tin hnh chp im phi ca ng y.

B.4 Tnh s hiu chnh vo cc tr o nh do nh hng ca cc yu t nh hng

B.4.1 Tnh s hiu chnh do nh hng ca cc yu t nh hng trong

x2 x12 x1 = f + 2 x0 f f

56

TCVN 8226 : 2009 z1 = z2 xz f + 1 21 x0 z0 f f

2 p1 x12 x2 p1 = f + x0 f f2

trong

f = f-f l sai s do p phim khng st kung cha phim ca bung nh.

Gi tr f tnh theo cng thc:

f '= f .
trong l l

l' l

l khong cch ni gia cc du khung to tm nh; l khong cch tng ng trn khung cha phim.

B.4.2 Tnh s hiu chnh do nh hng ca cc yu t nh hng ngoi

x12 x1 z1 x2 = f + + 1 z1x1 1 f x1 z1 z12 1 + x1x1 1 + f + f 2 2 x x z p2 = f 1 1 2 2 + 1 ( x11 x2 2 ) z1 ( x1 x2 ) z 2 = B.5 Tnh to khng gian im nh theo cc dng chp
B.5.1 Dng chp thng gc

B y X = x1 = x1 P f B Y = f P B y Z = z1 = z1 P f

57

TCVN 8226 : 2009

B.5.2 Dng chp xin u

x y B x1 sin 2 cos = f x1 P f x B Y = f sin 2 cos P f X = Z=

B.5.3 Dng chp giao nhau X=Nx1 Y= N.f Z = N. z1

x z B z1 sin 2 cos =y 1 P f f

N=B
trong

f sin ( + ) x 2 0 cos( + ) ( f 2 + x1 x 2 ) sin + fp cos

f x1 x2 p

l gc xin u; l gc giao nhau; l tiu c ca my chp; l to phng trn nh tri; l to phng trn nh phi; l th sai im nh.

58

TCVN 8226 : 2009 Ph lc C (quy nh) Thnh lp bnh a hnh bng phng php nh s C.1 S quy trnh cng ngh thnh lp bnh a hnh bng cng ngh nh s

iu v, o v b sung ni dung BH thc a

Phim nh hng khng. Thu thp, phn tch ti liu v lp CKTKS

o ni khng ch nh ngoi nghip

Qut phim, to project, chuyn i khun dng cc file nh s

Vng c chnh cao ln

Tng dy khng ch nh

Vng bng phng

To m hnh s cao, m hnh s a hnh

Xc nh cao TB khu vc

Nn nh trc giao

Nn nh theo cao TB khu vc

Kim tra tip bin nh nn

Ct, ghp nh theo mnh BH c s - To bnh nh s

S ho, o v ni dung BH c s trn nn bnh nh s

Bin tp ni dung BH c s, tnh din tch

In, lu tr BH c s Bnh nh s 59

TCVN 8226 : 2009 C.2 Cch tnh sai s cho php v cao ca cc im trong m hnh s cao, m

hnh s a hnh phc v nh nn trc giao

C.2.1 Xut pht t cng thc tnh ton sai s ni suy cao h cho cc im trong m hnh s a

hnh theo t l bnh cn thnh lp, phn gii qut nh (theo Image Station Match- T - Intergraph) tnh theo cng thc:

h = Pi M b
trong Pi Mb B H l kch thc pixel ca nh qut; l mu s t l bnh cn thnh lp; l chiu di ng y nh; l cao bay chp nh.

H B

C.2.2 Nu cao ca im trong m hnh s a hnh c sai s H s gy nn s x dch v tr im nh l D , c tnh theo cng thc:

D =

B H H Mb

Nu coi Dmax l x dch v tr im nh nn cho php, tnh bng sai s tng h v tr gia cc im a vt trn bnh l 0,4 mm th c th tnh c sai s cao cho php ca im trong m hnh s a hnh Hmax tnh theo cng thc:

Hmax =

Dmax H M b
B

C.2.3 Vi ph p = 60%, c nh 230mm 230mm, my nh c chiu di tiu c xp x 152 mm th: B = b Ma = v H = fk Ma = 152 mm Ma; do H/B = 152 mm / 92 mm 1,65; Thay gi tr t s H/B v gi tr Dmax vo cng thc tnh Hmax: Hmax 0,4 mm Mb 1,65 0,7 mm Mb. 60 230 mm (100 60) M a = 92 mm M a 100

TCVN 8226 : 2009

Nh vy i vi bnh a hnh t l Mb = 2000 th sai s Hmax 1,4m v bnh a hnh t l Mb = 5000 th Hmax 3,5 m. Do vy khong cao u ng bnh bnh 1/2000 l 2,5 m v 1/5000 l 5 m. Nu ta tng t l ng y B ln 120 mm th H/B = 1.27. Khi Hmax = 0,4mm x 1,27 x Mb = 0,5mm Mb. Khong cao u ng bnh nh nht ca bnh 1/2000 l t 1,5 m n 2 m v bnh 1/5000 l t 2,5 m n 5 m.

C.3 S b tr im khng ch ngoi nghip trong khi tng dy

C.3.1 Khi khng s dng to tm nh: theo s sau:

+ + + + +

+ + + + +
+

+ + + +
+

+ + + +
+

+ + + +
+

+ + + + +
+

+ + + + +
+

+ + + + +
+

+ + + + +
+

+ + + + +
+

+ + + + +
+

+ + + + +
+

+ + + + +
+
+

+
+

+
+

+
+

Trong : +

l im khng ch tng hp (X, Y, H); l im khng ch cao; l tm chnh nh.

61

TCVN 8226 : 2009

C.3.2 Khi c s dng s liu to tm nh: theo s sau: a) Trng hp c cc tuyn bay chn:

+ + + + +

+ + + + +
+

+ + + +
+

+ + + +
+

+ + + +
+

+ + + + +
+

+ + + + +
+

+ + + + +
+

+ + + + +
+

+ + + + +
+

+ + + + +
+

+ + + + +
+

+ + + + +
+
+

+
+

+
+

+
+

b) Trng hp khng c cc tuyn bay chn:

+ + + + +

+ + + + +
+

+ + + +
+

+ + + +
+

+ + + +
+

+ + + + +
+

+ + + + +
+

+ + + + +
+

+ + + + +
+

+ + + + +
+

+ + + + +
+

+ + + + +
+

+ + + + +
+
+

+
+

+
+

+
+

Trong +

l im khng ch tng hp (X, Y, H); l im khng ch cao; l tm chnh nh.

62

TCVN 8226 : 2009 C.4 S tu chnh im chch trn nh

C.4.1 Tu chnh mt phi nh khng ch: theo v d sau:

F-48-96-A (6551IV)

N1002 H309

11514

11521
I(HN-HP)7LD N1003 T trng: Trn Vn Ba Ngi kim tra: L Bn Thng 6 nm 2001 N1002 N1003 11514 11521 H309 im khng ch nh mt phng (vng trn v s hiu im mu ng knh 1 cm). im khng ch nh mt phng v cao (vng trn ngoi v s hiu im mu ng knh 1 cm, vng trn trong mu xanh ng knh 0,6 cm). im to Nh nc (cnh 1 cm, k hiu v s hiu im mu ). im to Nh nc chch khng chnh xc (cnh 1 cm, k hiu v s hiu im mu ). im khng ch nh cao (ng knh 1 cm, s hiu im v vng trn mu xanh). I(HN-HP)7LD im cao Nh nc (vng trn v s hiu im mu xanh l cy ng knh 1 cm).

63

TCVN 8226 : 2009

C.4.2 Tu chnh mt tri nh khng ch: theo v d sau:

N100 2

Ngi trch: L Bn Ngy trch: 12/6/2001 Chch gia ng 3 b rung

H309 8.35

Ngi trch: L Bn Ngy trch: 12/6/2001 Chch gc b rung

N1002 im khng ch mt phng. H309 im khng ch cao. 8.35 cao ca im. (ng knh cc vng trn u bng 3 mm, tt c tu chnh bng ch en)

C.5 Mt s dng du mc chp nh hng khng

D D d

D
rng d c tnh theo cng thc: d = 4 ps ma trong d ps ma l rng ca du nh (hay ng knh ca vng trn nh trong trng hp du mc c dng hnh trn); l kch thc pixel ca nh d nh qut; l t l nh thit k;

64

TCVN 8226 : 2009

D l chiu di ca vch lm du mc (ng knh ca vng trn ln trong trng hp du mc c dng hnh trn). D phi bng t 4 n 6 ln chiu rng d.

C.6 c tnh phn gii qut phim khi thnh lp bnh nh s t l 1/ 2 000, 1/ 5 000 vi cc t l phim nh hng khng khc nhau v my qut phim PS1, SCAI-2 hoc cc my qut khc c chnh xc tng ng: c tnh theo cng thc:
Pj 100 m x (Mb/Ma) C.6.1 i vi bnh nh s 1 / 2 000, theo quy nh bng sau: phn gii T l nh 1/ 6000 1/ 8000 1/ 10000 1/ 14000 phn gii tnh ton (m) 33 25 20 14 phn gii p dng (m) 30 21 - 28 21 14 hoc 15 s pixel/mm 11 9 - 12 12 9 - 10

C.6.2. i vi bnh nh s 1/5 000, theo quy nh bng sau: phn gii phn gii tnh ton* T l nh 1/ 15 000 1/ 20 000 1/ 25 000 1/ 30 000 1/ 35 000 (m) 33 25 20 17 14 phn gii p dng (m) 30 21 - 28 21 14 - 21 14 - 15 11 9 - 12 10 8 - 12 10 s pixel/mm

C.7 Cch xc nh phng php nn nh da trn tnh ton nh hng ca chnh cao a hnh n x dch v tr im nh nn
C.7.1 Gi tr chnh cao a hnh ln nht trong khu vc Hmax, tnh theo cng thc: Hmax = Hmax - Hmin trong : Hmax l cao ca im cao nht trong khu vc nn nh; Hmin l cao ca im thp nht trong khu vc nn nh.

65

TCVN 8226 : 2009

C.7.2 K hiu hmax l gi tr chnh cao a hnh ln nht trong khu vc nn nh so vi mt phng

trung bnh, tnh theo cng thc:

h = max

max 2

C.7.3 nh hng ca chnh cao a hnh i vi x dch v tr im nh nn, theo quy nh sau:

hmax
hoc: trong

fk Mb Dmax / rmax Hb Mb Dmax / (rmax Ma)

hmax

Dmax l x dch v tr im nh nn cho php, tnh bng sai s tng h v tr gia cc im a

vt trn bnh l 0,4 mm; rmax l khong cch hu ch ln nht s dng khi nn nh, tnh t tm nh ti im nh. i vi nh c 230 x 230 mm th thc t sn xut ch ly rmax = 90 mm; Mb Ma fk l mu s t l bnh ; l mu s t l nh; l tiu c my chp nh, vi cc my chp nh hng khng thng dng Vit Nam hin nay, fk trung bnh khong 152 mm; Hb l cao bay chp = fk x Ma.

CH THCH: nh hng chnh cao a hnh cho php i vi x dch v tr im nh ch ph thuc vo t l bnh cn thnh lp, khng ph thuc vo t l nh chp; Nu tnh theo s phn trm ca cao bay chp th gi tr chnh cao a hnh cho php i vi x dch v tr im nh nn l c thay i ng k tu theo t l nh chp.

C.7.4 Gi tr chnh cao a hnh ln nht trong khu vc nn nh so vi mt phng trung bnh v gi tr chnh cao a hnh ln nht cho php trong khu vc nn nh c th p dng c phng php nn nh n hoc nn nh theo cao trung bnh khu vc, quy nh bng sau: T l bnh T l nh hmax Hmax Hmax / Hb 1/6000 1,4 m 2,8 m 3,1 /00
0

1/2000 1/8000 1/14000 1,4 m 1,4 m 2,8 m 2,3 /00

0

1/15000 3,4 m 6,8 m 3,0 /00

0

1/5000 1/25000 3,4 m 6,8 m 1,8 /00

0

1/35000 3,4 m 6,8 m 1,3 0/00

2,8 m 1,3 /00

0

66

TCVN 8226 : 2009 C.8 Cch tnh phn gii nh nn

C.8.1 Tm nh nn khng nht thit cn c phn gii cao nh tm nh c qut. m bo chnh xc ca cng on on c, s ho ni dung bnh trn bnh nh s, v ng thi m bo dung lng file nh nn l ti thiu, cn chn phn gii (kch thc pixel) ca nh nn theo quy nh sau: Pj x Ma < Po < 0,3 mm x Mb trong Pj Po Ma Mb l kch thc pixel nh gc; l kch thc pixel nh nn; l mu s t l nh bay chp; l mu s t l bnh cn thnh lp;

Gi tr (Pj x Ma) c coi l phn gii hnh hc ca nh qut. C.8.2 C th chn PO = (Pj M a ) + 0,03 mm M b ) 2

Theo cch tnh ny, vi phn gii qut phim nh quy nh iu C.6.1 v C.6.2 th phn gii nh nn c quy nh nh sau: a) i vi bnh nh s 1/2 000, theo bng sau:
T l nh 1/ 6.000 1/ 8.000 1/ 10.000 1/ 14.000 phn gii phn gii hnh hc nh qut (m) phn gii nh nn (m) 0,18 0,17 0,21 0,20 0,39 0,39 0,40 0,40

b) i vi bnh nh s 1/5 000, theo bng sau:

T l nh 1/ 15.000 1/ 20.000 1/ 25.000 1/ 30.000 1/ 35.000 phn gii phn gii hnh hc nh qut (m) phn gii nh nn (m) 0,45 0,42 0,52 0,42 0,49 0,98 0,96 1,01 0,96 1,00

67