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Contents
Introduction Physical models and numerical solutions Network topology How to make fluids flow Fluid properties Heat transfer Process equipment and modules File structure and execution
Fundamental features
OLGA is transient ( df/dt # 0 ) one-dimensional (along pipe axis) complete a modified two-fluid model realised with a semi-implicit numerical solution staggered grid made for (relatively) slow mass transients
Boundary Conditions
Initial Conditions
OLGA
Variables
Primary variables
5 mass fractions (specific mass) 2 velocities 1 pressure 1 temperature Volume fractions Velocities Flow rates Fluid properties
Secondary variables
Conservation of mass
Conservation of energy
energy = mass (thermal energy + kinetic energy + potential energy)spec energy flow + work = mass flow (enthalpy + kinetic energy + potential energy)
Pj+1
dM /dt =
G= F = MT =
Gravity = m gravity acceleration Force = pressure flow area Momentum Transfer = mass transfer - entrainment + deposition
Qi+1
i+1
source / sink
0= CdP/dt = Qin - Qout + volume change by mass transfer + volume change by mass sources + Volume Correction temperature change is assumed to be zero in this step :
(V / T)(T / t ) 0
C = compressibility i.e. dVfluid/dP [m3/Pa]
Calculation sequence
for each time step:
a) solve model relations to give friction factors etc.
b) solve momentum - and volume equation simultaneously U and P c) perform flash d) solve mass equations first for gas then for oil film and oil droplets and then for water film and water droplets e) solve energy equation T f) perform flash
Volume error
At each time step when all equations have been solved the net fluid volume change in each section usually is 0 and the volume error can be expressed as VOLi = 1- Vi f / Vsectioni 0 f Vi f = Vi f = m if =
i f =
Volume error
cont.
The main source of high volume error peaks is change of phase velocity direction from one time step to the next (i.e. from time step tn to tn+1).The volume flow at tn+1 is based on massflows from tn and thus the volume flow and velocities may have opposite directions.
The volume error is corrected by adding or subtracting fluid volume over several time steps (not by iteration).
This correction may also cause unphysical pressure and/or temperature peaks.
(VOL is an output variable which should be plotted together with phase velocities during fast transients)
OLGA topology
NODE-1
NODE-2
1)
v 4.00
Gas fraction = 0
P,T
a mass SOURCE
BOUNDARY TYPE = CLOSED OLGA calc. this P and T BOUNDARY TYPE = PRESSURE SOURCE-1 a mass source into the pipe Total mass rate T Gas mass fraction Water fraction
a negative SOURCE
SOURCE-out
Pout
Pin
Pin < Pout
Pout
a WELL
BOUNDARY TYPE = CLOSED BOUNDARY
TYPE = PRESSURE
WELL-1 Pres
Reservoir P & T PI (productivity index) Injection index Gas mass fraction Water fraction
a WELL cont.
a WELL is essentially a pressure boundary
fluid flows into the well when the bottom hole pressure is less than the reservoir pressure
a WELL can be positioned anywhere along a pipe a pipe can have several WELLs the Advanced Well Module provides numerous additional options.
time
Need to input:
liquid
Conductivity
Heat capacity
Density
Fluid properties
General The fluid properties are pre-calculated tables as a function of P and T and for one fluid composition It follows that the total composition is constant throughout a fluid table1)
The exact value of a property for a given P and T is found by interpolating in the relevant property table
1)
the mass transfer between gas and liquid as a function of variations in P and T is determined by a rate of mass transfer (it takes time) the change of Rs w.r. to P and T determines this rate thus: Rs (P,T) = constant gives no mass transfer
Restrictions - limitations
Table based fluid properties Total composition is constant for one fluid table. the solution is thus approximate due to slip, phase separation, network systems and varying sources of different compositions Flowline has Well A has Fluid Table 1 Well B has Fluid Table 2 fluid properties ?
with pigging
Water
three-phase flow
FEM -Therm
conductive 2-D (radial) heat transfer finite elements integrated with OLGA bundle grid generator
.tpl
.ppl Restart File (binary) Profile Plot File results from PROFILE
PVTsim
http://www.olga2000.com
The OLGA 2000 web site
ONN@scandpower.no
OLGA 2000 News Network (ONN): Mailbox at Scandpower for sending news and important messages to the OLGA users that have signed on.