IV.

CH NI T IM TRUNG TNH V VN VN HNH LI IN TRUNG P im trung tnh l im chung ca ba cun dy ni hnh sao. Vic la chn

phng thc lm vic ca im trung tnh xut pht t tnh trng ca h thng khi c chm t mt pha. im trung tnh c th cch in i vi t, ni t qua cun dp h quang hay ni t trc tip. Trong mi li in, ch lm vic ca im trung tnh ng mt vai tr quan trng. N quyt nh ti tr s ca dng in, in p khi xy ra s c ngn mch mt pha v tr s ca qu in p ni b, ngha l nh hng trc tip ti vic m bo cung cp in n nh cho khch hng v ch to cch in cho thit b. Do vy, nh gi c nhng u nhc im ca cc li c ch lm vic ca im trung tnh khc nhau ta da ch yu vo tr s ca dng v p trong ch ngn mch chm t mt pha. Ch lm vic ca im trung tnh cn ph thuc vo cp in p, v n nh hng trc tip n vn u t cho ng dy v thit b. cp in p cao nu tit kim c cch in th vn u t cho cng trnh gim i ng k. Sau y ta s xt n tng ch lm vic ca im trung tnh trong h thng in. 4.1. Mng in ba pha trung tnh cch in i vi t 4.1.1 Tnh trng lm vic bnh thng. Ta xt s mng in n gin bao gm my bin p (hnh 1.1), ng dy v ph ti, cc phn t trn l cc phn t c ba pha i xng. Mi pha ca mng in i vi t c mt in dung phn b ri dc theo chiu di ng dy. Vi in p khng ln v chiu di ng dy ngn, ta coi in dung ny tp trung gia ng dy v i xng gia cc pha. Gia cc pha cng c in dung, nhng ta khng xt y v chng khng nh hng n tnh trng lm vic ca im trung tnh.

S n gin mng in 3 pha trung tnh cch in vi t th vct ca in p v dng in dung trng thi lm vic bnh thng. ch lm vic bnh thng ta c cc biu thc sau: UA=UB=UC=Upha v lchpha 1 gc 1200 IcA=IcB=IcC v lch pha 1 gc 1200

Qua cc biu thc trn thy rng, tng dng in dung chy trong t v in p ca im trung tnh u bng khng. 4.1.2. Khi c mt pha chm t.

S mng in 3 pha trung tnh cch t khi c s c chm t 1 pha S mng in ba pha trung tnh cch in i vi t c pha C chm t trc tip v th vc t biu din in p, dng in dung ca n nh hnh trn. Du pha trn biu th cho ch chm t. Gi l sc in ng tng hp ca mng v X1,X2, X0 l cc in khng tng hp th t thun, nghch v khng ca mng i vi im chm t. Tr s in p cc thnh phn th t ti im chm t mt pha l:

i vi mng in c trung tnh cch in vi t, in khng tng hp th t khng X0 c tr s rt ln (coi nh bng v cng). Do vy, ly gii hn cc biu thc trn ta c: { t : {

Ngha l in p th t thun ng bng in p pha ca mng trc khi chm

Mt khc: T suy ra: Hoc

T cc kt qu nhn c, c th coi rng ti ch chm t c t thm mt in p th t khng . in p ca cc pha i vi t l

s l tng hnh hc ca in p pha tng ng trc khi chm t in p th t khng T th ta nhn c: nh sau: {

V gc lch pha gia chng l : ( ) Gi tr dng in chm t ti pha C: ( )

Vi C.

l dong in dng chy trn pha A, pha B khi c s c chm t pha

Khi tnh gn ng. | | Vi C l in dung cc pha so vi t v B = b0 *l l in dn phn khng ca pha so vi t p dy. Ta thy, in p hai pha khng c s c tng ln ln, nn gi tr dng in dung ca chng cng tng ln ln so vi khi cha chm t, tc l ; cn dng in dung pha chm t bng khng . Dng in dung ti ch chm t s l: Gi tr dng in dung ti ch chm t khi chm t mt pha c xc nh theo cng thc sau y: ng dy trn khng: ng cp ngm: Trong : Ud l in p dy(kV) L l chiu di tng cc ng dy c ni in vi nhau(km). Kt lun: - Khi xy ra chm t mt pha, cho php li in vn hnh trong mt khong thi gian nht nh (c th ko di ti vi gi) do in p dy khng i v dng chm t b. Trong khong thi gian ny, ngi ta c th xc nh im s cv c lp ra khi li. y l mt u im ca li trung tnh cch t v n lm gim ng k thi gian ct in ca ph ti, lm tng tin cy cung cp in cho khch hng. - Do dng chm t b nn hn ch dng cm ng ln ln cc ng dy thng tin ln cn. - Tuy nhin, thc t vn hnh th c th y ch l u im trn l thuyt bi l khi xy ra chm t mt pha m vn cho php li in tip tc lm vic ( ) ( ) gi tr tuyt i ca cc pha lnh u bng in

th rt d xy ra thm s c trn pha khc to ra s c hai pha chm t vi dng chm t kh ln. Nh vy, theo quan im ny th cha th coi li in vn hnh vi trung tnh khng ni t l tt hn vn hnh ni t v mt nh hng cm ng. - Khng phi chi ph u t vo vic ni t lm vic ca h thng. - Do dng chm t b nn in p bc v in p tip xc b nn xt v an ton in th li in trung tnh cch t an ton hn li trung tnh trc tip ni t. - Do khi chm t mt pha tam gic in p dy khng thay i nn li in trung tnh cch t thch hp cho s dng ph ti ba pha i xng. Nu s dng cc my bin p mt pha phi u vo hai dy pha nn thit b ng ct phi b tr trn c hai dy, iu ny lm gim tnh kinh t khi s dng cc my bin p mt pha v gii thch vic s dng rng ri my bin p ba pha trong li trung tnh cch in.Tuy nhin, i vi cc mng in ny khng cho php lm vic lu di khi mt pha chm t v cc l do sau y: - Khi chm t mt pha, in p hai pha cn li tng ln; do nhng ch cch in yu c th b chc thng v dn n ngn mch gia cc pha. khc phc nhc im ny cch in pha ca mng in v cc thit b in t trong mng phi thit k theo in p dy, tng ng vi vic tng gi thnh ca thit b. - Trong thc t s c chm t l khng l tng. Do , dng in dung s sinh h quang gy h hng vnh vin cch in. - Vi mt tr s dng in dung nht nh, h quang c th chy lp lo. Do mng in l mt mch vng dao ng R-L-C, hin tng chy lp lo dn n qu in p cng hng trn cc pha khng b chm t, c th ti 2,5 n 3 ln in p pha nh mc. Do , cch in cc pha khng chm t d dng b chc thng, dn n ngn mch gia cc pha, mc d cch in c ch to theo in p dy. Hin tng chc thng cch in ny xy ra vi xc sut ln khi dng in dung ln hn khong 5-10A. V vy, khi mng in khng c bo v

r le ct chm t mt pha th phi c thit b kim tra cch in pht hin chm t mt pha v kp thi sa cha. 4.2. Mng in ba pha trung tnh ni qua cun dp h quang Cun dp h quang l cun cm c th thay i in khng bng cch thay i s vng dy hay khe h ca li thp. tnh trng lm vic bnh thng, ging nh trng hp trung tnh cch in vi t, tng dng in dung chy trong t bng v in p im trung tnh bng khng. Do in p t ln cun dp h quang v dng in chy qua n cng c tr s bng khng. Khi xy ra chm t pha A, in p im trung tnh cng l in p trn cun dp h quang, xut hin dng in mang tnh cm chy trong cun dp h quang IL(chm sau in p im trung tnh 900). Xt trng hp in tr ca cun Petersen rt nh v chiu di ng dy ngn, thnh phn tc dng ca dng in chm t khng ng k. Dng in IL s cn bng dng in dung ca ng dy ti im chm t, nu iu khin in khng ca cun dp h quang gi tr thch hp th dng in ti ch chm t c th bng khng. Do vy, nh cun khng trn h quang ti ch chm t c th b dp tt, khng lm nguy him n cch in ca thit b. Tuy nhin, trong thc t vn hnh li in, vic thay i phng thc cp in hoc ng ct ng dy s lm cho khong cch v ng dy thay i dn n dng in dung tng thay i. Do , vic iu khin in khng ca cun dp h quang dng in ti ch chm t trit tiu l rt kh khn v hu nh khng th thc hin c do khng th xc nh chnh xc tr s | | in dung tng C v thc t cun Petersen cn c mt in tr no nn ILkhng thc s vung gc vi IC. Hn na vic b dng in dung cn dn ti mt nguy c nguy him l dn ti pht sinh cc qu in p do dao ng cng hng. Do thng iu chnh cun Petersen cn li mt tr s no trnh cng hng v tng nhy cho r le cnh bo chm t cho nhn vin vn hnh trm bit kp thi c k hoch x l.

Nh trn phn tch, vic iu khin in khng ca cun dp h quang n mt gi tr thch hp theo s thay i ca dng in dung ca ng dy l ht sc kh khn. Do vy, phi la chn c mt gi tr thch hp cun dp h qua pht huy c hiu qu cao nht. Khi Ic >IL , tc b thiu th khi c mt s ng dy b ct, tr s IC - IL gim c th khng cho bo v lm vic hoc dn n tnh trng cng hng. Ngc li, khi Ic < IL (tc b tha) th khi c mt s ng dy b ct s lm tng gi tr IC - IL, ng ngha vi vic r le bo v d dng nhn bit c tnh trng chm t mt pha trong mng in. Nh vy, trong mng ba pha trung tnh ni t qua cun dp h quang th cn phi iu chnh cun khng sao cho Ic >IL. Xt trng hp in tr ca cun Petersen rt ln v chiu di ng dy di, thnh phn tc dng ca dng in chm t l ng k. Thng thng ngi ta cng iu chnh sao cho in cm ca khng in LK ch cng hng, ngha l: Trong : LK l in cm ca cun Petersen C l in dung ca pha chm t so vi t Khi y dng in ti ch chm t ch cn thnh phn tc dng: R0- in tr tc dng ca cun Petersen. Trong trng hp ny, dng in chy qua ch chm t cng c th b hn tr s t dp tt ca h quang nn h quang khng pht sinh ti ch chm t. V vy cun Petersen c nhiu nc trn th gii s dng trong li trung

p hn ch hu qu ca chm t mt pha. Vi cc li trung p c tng chiu di ng dy ln hoc li cao p, tr s dng in tc dng ti v tr chm t c th vt qu ngng t dp tt ca h quang nn vic s dng cun Petersen khng cn pht huy c tc dng. Kt lun: - Do li in ny khng ch dng chm t nn khng cn thit loi tr ngay lp tc s c xy ra nn ph ti vn c cp in trong mt khong thi gian nht nh. Ni chung xt v tin cy cung cp in th li in ny kh tt nhvic t ng dp tt h quang ca cun dy. Tuy nhin, tnh hiu qu hon ton khng th t c do c kh nng xy ra cng hng. - Do dng chm t c khng ch tr s b nn in p bc v in p tip xc cng tr s thp tng tnh an ton cho ngi v thit b. - Cng do dng chm t b nn t nh hng n ng dy thng tin. u im ny ni bt hn so vi li trung tnh cch in vi t do s ln chuyn tchm t mt pha sang ngn mch nhiu pha l t hn rt nhiu (v c cun dp hquang khng ch dng chm t).Tuy nhin, ngoi nhng u im trn ta nhn thy li in c trung tnh ni t qua cun dp h quang c nhng hn ch nh sau: - Cng ging nh li trung tnh cch in i vi t, khi chm t mt pha in p hai pha lnh cng tng ln in p dy. V vy, cch in cng phi chn theo in p dy. - Cun dp h quang trong li in kiu ny thng phi iu chnh thng xuyn bng tay hay t ng thch nghi vi cu trc li khi vn hnh iu ny lm phc tp, tn km trong cng tc qun l vn hnh cng nh tng chi ph u t ban u. 4.3. Mng in ba pha trung tnh ni t qua in tr nh hn ch dng in ngn mch, ngi ta ni t im trung tnh qua in tr R. Do gim c dng in ngn mch i vi t nn gim c tc ng c, nhit ca n i vi cc thit b v gim tc ng gy nhiu vi cc ng

dy thng tin, ng thi lm cho qu in p ni b trong mng tt dn nhanh hn. Vic thc hin ni t qua in tr cn c u im l thc hin n gin. Song nhc im ca n l c tn tht cng sut trn in tr v tc dng hn ch dng in ngn mch km do trong cc mng in cao p cc phn t c in khng thng ln hn rt nhiu so vi in tr. 4.4. Mng in ba pha trung tnh ni t qua in khng nh

c im tng i phc tp ca phng thc ny l: - Kt cu in khng hn ch XK phc tp hn nhiu so vi in tr. - Hiu qu ch yu ca phng thc ni t ny l hn ch dng in th t khng ca mng in. Trong h thng in vic ni t im trung tnh ch c thc hin ti mt s im trung tnh ca my bin p do yu cu v gim dng ngn mch mt pha. Khi thc hin ni t qua tr khng cng s cho php tng c in tr ni t ca ton trm bin p nhng ni c in tr sut ca t ln. Vic dp tt hqua ca mng in ny cng tng t nh mng in c trung tnh ni t qua cun dp h quang, tuy nhin hiu qu ca n km hn. Hnh thc ni t im trung tnh qua in tr hoc in khng cng c chung mt mc ch gim dng ngn mch mt pha. Do vy ngoi nhng c im phn tch nh trn, n cn c cc c im sau: - Dng chm t ln (hng trm ampe) nn vic thc hin bo v r le thun li nh trong li trung tnh ni t trc tip. Mc d nhy ca bo v km hn nhng vn bo v r le khi ng.

- Vic s dng cun in khng hay in tr gip ta c th kim sot c dng s c. Bo v r le cm nhn c v ct ngn mch loi tr s c sm th slng hng hc s gim v c l s c hn ch (s c s hn ch khng nh hng n pha khc). iu ny s hn ch kh nng ph hy bi nhit ca dng s c, gim chi ph sa cha, gim tn sut hay ko di thi gian bo qun my ct. - Trong li in kiu ny, khi mt pha chm t th in p ca cc pha lnh c th tng ln bng in p dy. V vy, cch in ca h thng vn phi c thit k chu c in p dy. - Do dng chm t ln nn bo v r le s tc ng ct s c lm gin on cung cp in. V vy, nu xt v tin cy cung cp in th thp hn li trung tnh cch t. - Li in ni t kiu ny c dng chm t ln so vi li trung tnh cch t nn km an ton hn, nhng li an ton hn so vi li trung tnh trc tip ni t v dng chm t ca n b hn li trc tip ni t. - Cun dy th cp ca my bin p ngun phi u Y0 hoc phi c thit b to trung tnh gi, iu ny gy kh khn cho vic la chn my bin p ngun ngun hoc tng chi ph u t thit b to trung tnh gi. - Do li in ny l li ba pha, ba dy nn ch cp in cho cc ph ti ba pha hoc mt pha s dng in p dy. 4.5. Mng in ba pha trung tnh ni t trc tip

Dng chm t khi pha A chm t l:

in p cc pha: T s
( )

c tr s b hn 1. V vy, nu X0 > X1 ta c cc gi tr ca . , .

Nu X0 > X1 ta c cc gi tr ca Khi th in p

lun c gi tr ln hn 0.8Ud, tc l lc ta c

h thng t ti ni t hiu qu. Thc t cc h thng, vi 1km ng dy X0 > X1 nn khi chiu di ng dy tng th t scng tng v c th vt qu gi tr , c ngha l

lc ny ni t trc tip khng phi l ni t hiu qu (ngay c khi in tr ni t bng 0) v khng th chn cch in ca thit b theo in p pha c. Ngy nay Vit Nam cng nh trn th gii, phng thc ni t trc tip c nhiu nc p dng khng ch cho nhng cp in p cao (U 110kV) m cn c p dng cho cc li in trung th bi nhng hiu qu r rt m trong thc t vn hnh chng minh c iu . li in c trung tnh cch t, khi xy ra chm t mt pha s sinh ra hin tng h quang chy lp lo khng n nh, hin tng ny l nguyn nhn dn n qu in p, c th ln n 2,5-3 ln in p nh mc. Trong mng in 6-20kV, d tr cch in ln, v vy qu in p do h quang chy lp lo khng nguy him. Tuy nhin vi li in 20-35kV c d tr cch in thp hn th qu in p c th lm ph hng cch in nhng v tr yu gy nn s c ngn mch hai pha hoc ba pha rt nguy him.Cc mng in c cp in p t 110kV tr ln u c trung tnh ni t trc tip v cc l do sau y: - Dng in dung ca n ln do in p cao v chiu di ng dy ln v hin tng h quang chy s gy nguy him n cc pha bn cnh. Mt khc, dng chm t c thnh phn tc dng khng c cun dp h quang trit tiu, do vy h quang kh dp tt v cun dp h quang s khng cn tc dng. - Chi ph v cch in gim nhiu do cch in ch phi chu mc in p

pha trong ch vn hnh bnh thng cng nh ch s c. i vi mng in t 110kV tr ln, cch in ca ng dy v thit b thit k mc in p dy l khng kinh t.Tuy vy, mng in ba pha trung tnh ni t trc tip cng c nhng nhc im sau: - Khi xy ra chm t mt pha l ngn mch, dng in ngn mch mt pha l rt ln, r le bo v ng dy s tc ng ct ng dy s c, lm gin on cp in cho ph ti. nng cao hiu qu lm vic ca mng in, nn dng cc bo v theo tng pha hoc phi trang b t ng ng li cho ng dy v trong thc t vn hnh phn ln cc s c l ngn mch mt pha v c tnh cht thong qua. - Dng in ngn mch mt pha ln nn thit b ni t phc tp v t tin. - Dng ngn mch mt pha c nhng trng hp cn ln hn c dng ngn mch ba pha. hn ch n phi tng in khng th t khng bng cch khng ni t trung im mt vi my bin p ca h thng hay ni t trung tnh qua in tr hoc in khng.