- 1 -

MC LC
LI CAM OAN ......................................................................................................................... 3
CC T VIT TT ..................................................................................................................... 4
DANH MC CC BNG BIU ................................................................................................. 5
DANH MC CC HNH V ...................................................................................................... 6
M U ..................................................................................................................................... 8
CHNG 1: NGHIN CU L THUYT V QU IN P TRONG LI IN
TRUNG P ............................................................................................................................... 11
1.1. PHN LOI QU IN P TRONG LI IN TRUNG P ................................................... 11
1.2. CH NI T IM TRUNG TNH V VN VN HNH LI IN TRUNG P ..... 15
1.2.1 Mng in ba pha trung tnh cch in i vi t ............................. 16
1.2.2 Mng in ba pha trung tnh ni qua cun dp h quang ................... 22
1.2.3. Mng in ba pha trung tnh ni t qua in tr nh ....................... 25
1.2.4 Mng in ba pha trung tnh ni t qua in khng nh ................... 26
1.2.5 Mng in ba pha trung tnh ni t trc tip ..................................... 27
CHNG 2 TNG QUAN V VN QU IN P DO CHM T MT PHA
TRONG LI IN TRUNG P ............................................................................................. 31
2.1. PHNG PHP TNH TON TNG TR TH T KHNG CA NG DY TI IN ... 31
2.1.1. Khi nim c bn v tng tr trong h ta pha ABC .................... 31
2.1.2. Ma trn tng tr ABC trong trng hp c vt dn ni t c lp
i km ........................................................................................................................ 35
2.1.3. Tnh ton cc phn t ca ma trn tng tr ABC + N ........................ 37
2.1.4.Tnh ton ma trn tng tr th t thun nghch khng t ma trn
tng tr Z
ABC
............................................................................................................. 44
2.2. CC PHNG PHP TNH TON QU IN P DO S C CHM T MT PHA
TRONG LI TRUNG P .................................................................................................................. 47
2.2.1. Phng php cc thnh phn i xng ............................................... 47
2.2.2. Phng php s gii h phng trnh vi phn m t h thng in ... 50
CHNG 3: M PHNG V TNH TON QU IN P DO NGN MCH CHM
T MT PHA LI TRUNG P ...................................................................................... 57
3.1. GII THIU V PHN MM ATP-EMTP ................................................................................... 57
- 2 -

3.2. M PHNG V TNH TON H S QU P CA MT XUT TUYN LI TRUNG P
BNG ATP/EMTP ............................................................................................................................... 61
CHNG 4: VN LA CHN CHNG ST VAN .......................................................... 66
4.1. TIU CHUN IEC 60099-5 V LA CHN V S DNG CHNG ST VAN ......................... 66
4.1.1. Tng quan ............................................................................................ 66
4.1.2. La chn CSV c khe h s dng in tr phi tuyn (SiC) ................. 71
4.1.3. La chn CSV khng khe h s dng oxit kim loi ............................. 78
4.1.4. ng dng ca CSV .............................................................................. 86
4.2. NG DNG TIU CHUN IEC 60099-5 VO VIC LA CHN CHNG ST VAN CA
LI IN TRUNG P ...................................................................................................................... 94
KT LUN V KIN NGH ................................................................................................... 104
TI LI U THAM KHO ...................................................................................................... 106

- 3 -

LI CAM OAN

Ti xin cam oan y l lun vn ca ring ti. Cc kt qu tnh ton trong
lun vn l trung thc v cha tng c cng b trong bt k mt bn lun vn
no khc.

H Ni, thng 11 nm 2010
Tc gi lun vn

Nguyn on Quyt

- 4 -


CC T VIT TT

ATP Alternative Transient Program
BIL Basic Impulse Level
CSV Chng st van
CN Cng nghip
COV Continuous Operating Voltage
DCS Dy chng st
EMTP ElectroMagnetic Transient Program
IEC International Electrotechnical Commission
MBA My bin p
MCOV Maximum Continuous Operating Voltage
NEMP Nuclear Electromagnetic Pulses
NNEMP Non-Nuclear Electromagnetic Pulses
TBA Trm bin p
TOV Temporary OverVoltage
TTT Th t thun
TTK Th t khng
QA Qu in p

- 5 -

DANH MC CC BNG BIU
Bng 1.1. Mt s nguyn nhn gy QA tm thi, bin v thi gian tn ti...... 14
Bng 1.2 Dng in chm t cho php ca cc ng dy tng ng vi cc cp
in p khc nhau ...................................................................................................... 22
Bng 3.1. Thng s cc phn t li in 35kV ....................................................... 61
Bng 3.2. H s qu in p tm thi (TOV) theo v tr im ngn mch chm t
dc chiu di ng dy ........................................................................................... 64
Bng 3.3. H s qu in p qu cc i theo v tr im ngn mch chm t
dc chiu di ng dy tng ng vi li in ang xt trn ........................... 64
Bng 4.1: Gi tr dng in quy nh vi th nghim ngn mch CSV (thi gian tn
ti ngn mch khong 1/6 chu k in p tn s CN)............................................... 78
Bng 4.2: Hng s in p A cho mt s dng ng dy trn khng ..................... 93

- 6 -

DANH MC CC HNH V
Hnh 1.1. S n gin mng in 3 pha trung tnh cch in vi t .................. 16
Hnh 1.2. S mng in 3 pha trung tnh cch t khi c s c chm t 1 pha . 17
Hnh 1.3 Mng in 3 pha trung tnh ni t qua cun dp h quang ...................... 23
Hnh 1.4. Mng in ba pha trung tnh ni t qua in khng ................................ 26
Hnh 1.5. S mng in ba pha trung tnh ni t trc tip ................................. 27
Hnh 2.1: Phn b t thng trn mch vng dng in pha A .................................. 31
Hnh 2.2. S thay th tng ng ca ma trn tng tr .................................... 35
Hnh 2.3. ng dy mt pha hai dy dn n ....................................................... 39
Hnh 2.4. Phn b dng in mt chiu trong t ..................................................... 41
Hnh 2.5. Phn b cng in trng ca dng in xoay chiu khi i vo t . 41
Hnh 2.6. Phn b dng in xoay chiu trong t ................................................... 42
Hnh 2.7. S li in 110/22 kV ........................................................................ 48
Hnh 2.8. S thay th th t thun (TTT) v th t khng (TTK) ...................... 48
Hnh 2.9. a)Bin thin h s qu in p k theo t s X
0
/X
1
vi trng hp R
1
/X
1
=R
= 0 .............................................................................................................................. 50
b) Quan h gia t s R
0
/X
1
v X
0
/X
1
khi gi h s qu in p c nh khi R
1
=X
1
50
Hnh 2.10. S li in ti nt 1 .......................................................................... 51
Hnh 2.11. S thay th 3 pha li in 110/22kV trong ATP/EMTP ................. 55
Hnh 3.1. Tng quan v cc m un trong ATP/EMTP ........................................... 60
Hnh 3.2. S xut tuyn 35kV .............................................................................. 61
Hnh 3.3. S xut tuyn 35kV trung tnh cch in trong ATP/EMTP ............... 61
Hnh 3.4. in p cc pha ti u ng dy (xut tuyn 35kV, trung tnh cch
in, ngn mch chm t pha A) ............................................................................. 62
Hnh 3.5. in p cc pha ti cui ng dy (xut tuyn 35kV, trung tnh cch
in, ngn mch chm t pha A) ............................................................................. 62
Hnh 3.6. S xut tuyn 35kV trung tnh ni t trc tip trong ATP/EMTP ..... 62
Hnh 3.7. in p cc pha ti u ng dy (xut tuyn 35kV, trung tnh ni t
trc tip, ngn mch chm t pha A) ...................................................................... 63
- 7 -

Hnh 3.8. in p cc pha ti cui ng dy (xut tuyn 35kV, trung tnh ni t
trc tip, ngn mch chm t pha A) ...................................................................... 63
Hnh 4.1. Quy trnh kim tra v la chn CSV ......................................................... 70
Hnh 4.2. Truyn sng trong trng hp trm khng c li ni t (trm treo) .... 91
Hnh 4.3. Truyn sng trong trng hp trm c li ni t .................................. 91
Hnh 4.4. S mt si ca xut tuyn 372 E8.3..................................................... 95
Hnh 4.5. S thay th trong ATP-EMTP ca xut tuyn 372 E8.3 ...................... 96
Hnh 4.6. th bin thin in p cc pha ti trm bin p u ngun .................. 96
Hnh 4.7. th bin thin in p cc pha ti trm bin p xa nht (Qung Chu 3)
................................................................................................................................... 97
Hnh 4.8. th bin thin in p cc pha ti trm bin p u ngun (ngn mch
pha A ti Qung Chu 3) ........................................................................................... 97
Hnh 4.9. th bin thin in p cc pha ti trm bin p Qung Chu 3 (ngn
mch pha A ti Qung Chu 3) ................................................................................ 97
Hnh 4.10. th bin thin in p cc pha ti trm bin p u ngun (ngn mch
pha A ti Lin Phng 4) ......................................................................................... 98
Hnh 4.11. th bin thin in p cc pha ti trm bin p Lin Phng 4 (ngn
mch pha A ti Lin Phng 4) ............................................................................... 98


- 8 -

M U
M.1.L do chn ti
Li in phn phi ca Vit Nam hin cha c u t vn tng xng
vi yu cu. Thng thng vi cc nc tin tin trn th gii, ngun vn yu cu
u t cho li in phn phi chim khong 50% tng vn u t cho ton
ngnh. Nc ta do iu kin kh khn v kinh t, nn kinh t ngho nn nh l, i
ln t sau chin tranh cng vi bi cnh va ha nhp vo kinh t th gii, tc
tng trng ph ti rt nhanh, thng xuyn xy ra thiu ht in nng nn ngun
vn thng u tin tp trung pht trin ngun in cng nh li in truyn ti.
Ngun vn u t cho ngun v li truyn ti ca Vit Nam hin chim khong
85% (60% cho ngun v 25% cho li truyn ti), cn li 15% l vn u t cho
li phn phi. Vn ny hin nay v ang t ra rt nhiu bt cp m ngnh
in cng nh cc khch hng ca mnh ang cng phi i mt bao gm: li in
xung cp, tin cy khng cao, cht lng in nng thp, tn tht cng sut, tn
tht in nng ln, kh nng t ng ha km.Mt vn rt quan trng cng
cha c quan tm ng mc l hin tng qu in p xy ra trong li phn
phi. Vic la chn CSV trong li in ny thng c chn mt cch n gin,
t xem xt v tr lp t, ch im trung tnh (trung tnh cch in, trung tnh ni
t hiu qu, trung tnh ni t qua tng tr), dn n l CSV c th b qu p khi
c s c chm t mt pha. Ni dung bn lun vn ny s tp trung i su nghin
cu m phng hin tng QA trong li in phn phi khi xy ra ngn mch
mt pha v tm cch xut mt phng thc la chn CSV hp l.
M.2.Lch s nghin cu
1. Lun vn thc s Nghin cu nh hng ca phng thc ni t trung
tnh n vic la chn cch in trong li in trung th - Nguyn Thanh Hi
HBK H Ni -2009. Ni dung: nghin cu h s qu p trong li in trung p
trong cc tnh hung xy ra qu p do s c phc tp bao gm ngn mch chm t,
t dy chm t v qu in p cng hng. Lun vn tp trung nghin cu nh
- 9 -

hng ca cc vn trn n vic la chn cch in ni chung v cha cp ti
vic la chn c th ca CSV.
2. Lun n tin s Nghin cu ng dng ca ni t trung tnh qua tng tr
nh gii quyt bi ton ni t ca cc trm bin p 110/22 (35)kV Vit Nam
- Nguyn Lng Mnh - HBK Nng. Mt trong nhng ni dung nghin cu
ca Lun vn l v bin thin h s qu in p khi xy ra s c ngn mch chm
t mt pha trong li trung p c cc phng thc ni t trung tnh khc nhau,
bin thin ca h s qu in p theo t s X
0
/X
1
ti im xy ra s c dn ti lm
thay i hiu qu ca ni t trung tnh (ti TBA), lun vn xut tng tip tc
nghin cu ng dng gii quyt bi ton la chn CSV ti cc im khc nhau
trong li trung p.
M.3.Mc ch nghin cu ca lun vn, i tng, phm vi
nghin cu
Nhim v ca ti l nghin cu qu in p trn mt li in trung p 35
kV in hnh vi cc ch ni t trung im khc nhau bng m phng trn phn
mm ATP/EMTP khi xy ra s c chm t mt pha v xem xt ng dng vo vic
la chn CSV li in trung p.
M.4.Tm tt c bn cc lun im v ng gp mi ca tc gi
- Nghin cu l thuyt v cc dng qu in p c kh nng xut hin trong
li in trung p (bao gm QA kh quyn, QA thao tc)
- Tng quan v vn qu in p do s c chm t mt pha trong li
in trung p bao gm di bin thin ca h s qu p cng nh cc tham s chnh
nh hng ti bin QA
- M phng v tnh ton qu in p do s c chm t mt pha bng phn
mm ATP/EMTP
- Xem xt quy trnh la chn CSV v ng dng vo li in trung p


- 10 -

M.5.Phng php nghin cu
Lun vn s dng phng php nghin cu cc ni dung l thuyt lin quan
ti vn qu in p do s c ngn mch chm t mt pha v s dng m phng
trn m hnh my tnh kim chng.
Cu trc lun vn: Lun vn bao gm 4 chng trnh by trn trang, bao
gm:
Chng 1: Nghin cu l thuyt v qu in p trong li in trung p
Chng 2: Tng quan v vn qu in p do chm t mt pha trong li
in trung p
Chng 3: M phng v tnh ton qu in p do ngn mch chm t mt
pha li in trung p
Chng 4: Vn la chn Chng st van

hon thnh lun vn ny, trc ht tc gi xin gi li tri n su sc ti gia
nh v em trai lun ht sc ng vin v to mi iu kin tt nht tc gi
yn tm tp trung nghin cu. ng thi tc gi cng xin gi li cm n chn thnh
v lng bit n su sc ti thy gio hng dn khoa hc PGS. TS. Trn Vn Tp,
ngi lun chu o, tn tnh v c nhng nhn xt gp , ch o kp thi v ni
dung v tin ca lun vn. Cui cng, tc gi cng khng th qun c nhng
nhn xt gp , to iu kin thun li v s gip tn tnh ca Vin SH Trng
i hc Bch Khoa H Ni, cc thy c gio ca B mn H thng in Khoa
in - Trng i hc Bch Khoa H Ni v bn b ng nghip trong qu trnh
lm lun vn. Mc d ht sc c gng song do thi gian v kh nng cn hn
ch, lun vn cn nhiu thiu st v hn ch, tc gi rt mong nhn c s nh
gi, gp ca cc thy c gio v cc ng nghip hon chnh thm ni dung
ca lun vn.

- 11 -

CHNG 1: NGHIN CU L THUYT V QU IN P
TRONG LI IN TRUNG P
1.1. PHN LOI QU IN P TRONG LI IN TRUNG
P
Qu in p (QA) trong h thng in l hin tng in p trong ton h
thng hoc mt b phn ca h thng tng ln cao hn tr s in p nh mc ca
mt hoc nhiu phn t trong . V c bn, cc dng QA li in trung p
cng ging nh cc cp in p cao khc. Chng khc nhau ch yu bin ,
dng sng, xc sut xut hin v mc thit hi do QA gy ra.
Cn c vo ngun gc pht sinh, QA c chia lm hai nhm: QA ngoi
v QA ni b
* QA ngoi: c pht sinh t cc nguyn nhn bn ngoi h thng in,
tc bin ca n khng ph thuc vo cp in p ca h thng. QA ngoi c
chia lm hai loi: QA st v QA pht sinh do xung bc x ht nhn (NEMP-
Nuclear Electromagnetic Pulses) hoc phi ht nhn (NNEMP- Non-nuclear
Electromagnetic Pulses).
- QA st xut hin do cc phng in t cc m my xut hin trong tng
bnh lu ca tri t, n l nguyn nhn gy ra gn 50% cc s c ngn mch trn
cc ng dy cp in p t 300kV tr ln [17]. Phng in st thng c dng
n cc bao gm cc tnh m v cc tnh dng. C st cc tnh dng thng ch
bao gm mt phng in st thnh phn vi bin cc k ln, c th t ti mc
250 kA. Ngc li, c st cc tnh m thng gm nhiu c st thnh phn vi bin
nh hn nhiu, vo khong 80 kA. Theo nghin cu, khong 90% cc c st
nh xung cng trnh in v ln cn l mang cc tnh m [9]. Di gc qu
in p, thng s quan trng nht ca phng in st chnh l hnh dng v bin
xung dng in st. QA do st gy ra cho ng dy ti in thng xy ra khi:
+ St nh trc tip vo dy dn
- 12 -

+ QA cm ng khi st nh xung t gn ng dy
+ Phng in ngc trn cch in ng dy
Bin QA ph thuc vo tng tr sng ca ng dy v tr s dng in
st, c th vt tr s 1MV. Sng QA ny lan truyn dc theo ng dy v trm
bin p v c th gy phng in chc thng cch in ca cc thit b. V th vn
bo v chng QA do st gy ra trc tin cn xc nh xc sut xut hin ca
cc dng dng in st cng nh cng hot ng ca ging st ti khu vc
nghin cu.
- QA pht sinh do ngun xung in t bc x ht nhn hoc khng c
ngun gc ht nhn (Nuclear Electromagnetic Pulses -NEMP, Non-nuclear
Electromagnetic Pulses -NNEMP). Cc xung ny c thi gian u sng cc k ngn
(c <10 ns) v bin hng chc kA. Xc sut xut hin ca QA in t rt nh
v th thng c b qua khi quy hoch thit k h thng in.
QA st c nguyn nhn bn ngoi cu trc li in, do li in trung
p hon ton c kh nng phi nhn cc c st c bin ln v u sng dc.
Vic nghin cu bo v chng qu in p lin quan ti xc nh mt st v xc
sut xut hin cc c st bin ln.
* QA ni b: QA ni b v c bn c lin h ti cu trc h thng in
v cc tham s khc ca n. QA ni b xut hin ch yu trong qu trnh thc
hin cc thao tc ng ct hoc do cc s c. QA ni b c phn chia lm 2
nhm chnh, cn c vo thi gian tn ti (t vi trm micro giy ti vi giy) v
dng sng: QA qu v QA tm thi .
- QA qu (Transient Overvoltage) c nng lng ln hn nhiu so vi
QA st nhng li c bin thp hn v thi gian tn ti ngn (c vi ms v ngn
hn), xut hin do mt s nguyn nhn sau y: ng ct ng dy truyn ti, ct
dng in dung nh (t in, ng dy v cp khng ti), ct dng in cm nh
(my bin p khng ti, cun khng), vic xut hin v ng ct loi tr s c trong
h thng,
- 13 -

- QA tm thi (Temporary Overvoltage-TOV): l hin tng QA tn s
cng nghip pha-t hoc pha-pha vi thi gian tn ti tng i di ti mt v tr
trong h thng in. Nguyn nhn pht sinh QA tm thi ch yu do hiu ng
Ferranti, sa thi ph ti, s c chm t, bo ha t v cng hng iu ha. Bin
QA thng vo khong 1,2 1,5 p.u. Tuy nhin trong mt s iu kin nguy
him c th t ti 2 p.u, thm ch 5 p.u trong trng hp xy ra cng hng st t
(ferroresonance) [11].
Vi li in trung p, do vn u t cho cch in ch chim mt t l nh,
cch in c ch to vi mc d tr tng i cao nn hu nh c kh nng chu
c cc xung QA thao tc (QA qu ) trong qu trnh vn hnh. V th khi
xem xt QA thao tc li ny, ta ch quan tm ti loi QA tm thi, xut hin
tn s cng nghip [19][20][21]. (Trong [19], khi xut bng cc mc cch
in tiu chun cho thit b in in p ti 245kV, ch cp ti tr s in p chu
ng tn s CN ngn hn v tr s in p chu ng vi xung in p st tiu
chun m khng cp ti in p chu ng xung thao tc. Tuy nhin, trong [20]
a thm bng cc h s hiu chnh in p chu ng xung thao tc v tr s
in p chu ng tn s CN ngn hn s dng trong cc trng hp cn thit).
Bng di tng hp mt s nguyn nhn gy ra QA tm thi cng vi bin
v thi gian tn ti [17]








- 14 -

Bng 1.1. Mt s nguyn nhn gy QA tm thi, bin v thi gian tn
ti
Nguyn nhn Tham s chnh
Bin
QA
Thi gian tn
ti
S c khng i
xng
T s X
0
/X
1
1 - 1,7 p.u
Ph thuc
ch trung
tnh
Sa thi ph ti
- Cng sut truyn ti
- Cng sut ngn mch h thng
- in dung ng dy
- Thit b t ng iu chnh in p
1 - 1,6 p.u vi giy
Cp ngun ngc
(backfeeding)
- in dung ng dy hoc cp
- Cng sut ngn mch ca h thng
- p ng tn s ca h thng
1 - 2 p.u vi giy
Cng hng st t
- in dung ng dy hoc cp
- Hin tng bo ha t ca MBA
- Cc thng s c tnh ca MBA
1 - 1,5 p.u lu di

S c khng i xng trong li in trung p bao gm s c ngn mch
khng i xng (ngn mch chm t mt pha, ngn mch hai pha, ngn mch hai
pha chm t) v t dy (mt pha, hai pha). Tuy nhin xc sut xy ra ca cc
dng s c khng i xng ny l khng ging nhau. Chim t l ln nht chnh l
dng s c ngn mch chm t mt pha [10]. y chnh l im khin lun vn tp
trung nghin cu QA pht sinh do ngn mch chm t mt pha. Hn na s c
t dy thng c th dn ti hin tng cng hng st t - thng c nghin
cu loi tr khi quy hoch, thit k.
QA pht sinh do sa thi ph ti ph thuc vo lng cng sut b sa thi,
vo cu hnh ca li in v phn ng ca ngun in sau thi im sa thi (cng
sut ngn mch ngun, hiu qu ca thit b iu tc, thit b t ng iu chnh
kch t). i khi sa thi ph ti cn dn ti qu in p duy tr c bin ln do
hin tng tng p cui ng dy di h mch (hiu ng Ferranti). Tuy nhin cc
hin tng trn ch yu tn ti li in cp cao p v siu cao p tr trng hp
c tn ti cc ngun in phn tn (thy in, nhit in) trong li trung p.
- 15 -

QA do cng hng iu ha v cng hng st t thng pht sinh khi
ng ct mch in c cc phn t in dung ln (ng dy, cp, ng dy b
dc) v cc phn t in cm (MBA, cun khng) c c tnh t ha phi tuyn.
QA cng hng iu ha v cng hng st t c th t tr s rt ln v n
thng c xem xt tnh ton trong qu trnh thit k trnh xy ra tnh hung
ny. Do QA loi ny thng khng c s dng lm c s la chn cch
in ca CSV cng nh phi hp cch in ca cc thit b in trong li [20].
Nh vy t cc phn tch nh gi trn, khi nghin cu nh gi bin ca
QA tm thi (TOV) trong li in trung p, ta ch yu quan tm ti QA tm
thi xut hin do s c ngn mch chm t mt pha xut hin trn cc pha lnh ca
li in. Bin QA v thi gian tn ti s c (t lc xut hin ti lc gii tr s
c), nh thy bng 1.1, ph thuc vo t s X
0
/X
1
, tc l ph thuc vo ch
ni t im trung tnh v ph thuc vo phng thc vn hnh ca li. Chnh v
vy di y ta i vo nghin cu cc ch ni t khc nhau ca trung tnh li
in trung p cng nh mt s c im vn hnh ca n.
1.2. CH NI T IM TRUNG T NH V VN VN
HNH LI IN TRUNG P
im trung tnh l im chung ca ba cun dy ni hnh sao. Vic la chn
phng thc lm vic ca im trung tnh xut pht t tnh trng ca h thng khi
c chm t mt pha. im trung tnh c th cch in i vi t, ni t qua cun
dp h quang hay ni t trc tip.
Trong mi li in, ch lm vic ca im trung tnh ng mt vai tr
quan trng. N quyt nh ti tr s ca dng in, in p khi xy ra s c ngn
mch mt pha v tr s ca qu in p ni b, ngha l nh hng trc tip ti vic
m bo cung cp in n nh cho khch hng v ch to cch in cho thit b.
Do vy, nh gi c nhng u nhc im ca cc li c ch lm vic
ca im trung tnh khc nhau ta da ch yu vo tr s ca dng v p trong ch
ngn mch chm t mt pha.
- 16 -

Ch lm vic ca im trung tnh cn ph thuc vo cp in p, v n
nh hng trc tip n vn u t cho ng dy v thit b. cp in p cao
nu tit kim c cch in th vn u t cho cng trnh gim i ng k. Sau y
ta s xt n tng ch lm vic ca im trung tnh trong h thng in.
1.2.1 Mng in ba pha trung tnh cch in i vi t
a/ Tnh trng lm vic bnh thng
Ta xt s mng in n gin bao gm my bin p (hnh 1.1), ng dy
v ph ti, cc phn t trn l cc phn t c ba pha i xng. Mi pha ca mng
in i vi t c mt in dung phn b ri dc theo chiu di ng dy. Vi
in p khng ln v chiu di ng dy ngn, ta coi in dung ny tp trung
gia ng dy v i xng gia cc pha. Gia cc pha cng c in dung, nhng
ta khng xt y v chng khng nh hng n tnh trng lm vic ca im
trung tnh.
I
cA
I
cB
I
cC
A
B
C
O
U
A
U
B
U
C
I
cC
I
cB
I
cB

Hnh 1.1. S n gin mng in 3 pha trung tnh cch in vi t
th vct ca in p v dng in dung trng thi lm vic bnh
thng.
ch lm vic bnh thng ta c cc biu thc sau:
U
A
= U
B
= U
C
= U
pha
v lch nhau mt gc 120
0

I
cA
= I
cB
= I
cC
v lch pha nhau mt gc 120
0


0 0 = + + =
- - -

-
cC cB cA c I I I I
(1.1)
- 17 -


0 0 = + + =
- - -

-
cC cB cA c U U U U
(1.2)
Qua cc biu thc trn thy rng, tng dng in dung chy trong t v in
p ca im trung tnh u bng khng.
b/ Khi c mt pha chm t
I
cA
I
cB
I
cC
A
B
C
O
O
U
A
U
C
U
A
U
B
I
cA
I
cB
I
c
N
(1)
U
B

Hnh 1.2. S mng in 3 pha trung tnh cch t khi c s c chm
t 1 pha
S mng in ba pha trung tnh cch in i vi t c pha C chm t
trc tip v th vc t biu din in p, dng in dung ca n nh hnh 1.2.
Du pha trn biu th cho ch chm t.
Gi

l sc in ng tng hp ca mng v X
1
,X
2
, X
0
l cc in khng
tng hp th t thun, nghch v khng ca mng i vi im chm t. Tr s
in p cc thnh phn th t ti im chm t mt pha l:

2 0
1
1 2 0
2
2
1 2 0
0
0
1 2 0
( )
(1.3)
E X X
U
X X X
E X
U
X X X
E X
U
X X X
-
-
E
-
-
E
-
-
E

=
+ +

+ +

+ +

- 18 -

i vi mng in c trung tnh cch in vi t, in khng tng hp th
t khng X
0
c tr s rt ln (coi nh bng v cng). Do vy, ly gii hn cc biu
thc trn ta c:

1
2
0
0 (1.4)
U E
U
U E
- -
E
-
- -
E

Ngha l in p th t thun ng bng in p pha ca mng trc khi
chm t:

'
1
'
1
'
1
(1.5)
A A
B B
C C
U U
U U
U U
-
-
-
-
-
-

Mt khc:

' ' ' '
1 2 0
0
C C C C
U U U U
- - - -
= + + =
(1.6)

T suy ra:

' '
0 1 C C C
U U U
- -
-
= =
(1.7)
Hoc:

' ' ' '
0 0 0 1 A B C C C
U U U U U
- - - -
-
= = = =

(1.8)

T cc kt qu nhn c, c th coi rng ti ch chm t c t thm
mt in p th t khng

. in p ca cc pha i vi t

- 19 -

s l tng hnh hc ca in p pha tng ng trc khi chm t

v
in p th t khng

nh sau:

'
'
'
(1.9)
0
A A C
B B C
C
U U U
U U U
U
-
- -
-
- -
-

T th hnh 1.2, ta nhn c:

(1.10)
V gc lch pha gia chng:

= 60
Gi tr dng in chm t ti pha C:

(1.11)
Vi
.
'
cA
I ,
.
'
cB
I l dng in dung chy trn pha A, pha B khi s c chm t
pha C.
Khi tnh gn ng:

.
'
c
I
E
= 3
cA
I = 3
A
CU e = B jU
A
3 = 0 3
0
~ l b jU
A

(1.12)
Vi C l in dung cc pha so vi t v B = l b .
0
l in dn phn khng
ca pha so vi t B = eC = l b .
0
v gi tr tuyt i ca cc pha lnh u bng in
p dy.
Ta thy, in p hai pha khng c s c tng ln 3 ln, nn gi tr dng
in dung ca chng cng tng 3 ln so vi khi cha chm t, tc l
'
3
cA cA
I I = ;
'
3
cB cB
I I = cn dng in dung pha chm t bng khng
'
0
cC
I = . Dng in dung
ti ch chm t s l:
- 20 -


' ' '
c cA cB
I I I
E
= +
(1.13)

'
0
3 3
c cA c
I I I
E
= =
(1.14)
Gi tr dng in dung ti ch chm t khi chm t mt pha c xc nh
theo cng thc sau y:
ng dy trn khng:
'
. / 350( )
c d
I U L A
E
=
ng cp ngm:
'
. /10( )
c d
I U L A
E
= .
Trong :U
d
in p dy [kV]
L chiu di tng cc ng dy c ni in vi nhau [km]
Nhn xt:
- in p ca pha chm t bng khng, in p ca hai pha cn li tng ln
3 ln (bng in p dy).
- in p dy ca mng in khng thay i, in p ca im trung tnh
tng t khng n in p pha.
Nh vy, in p lm vic ln nht trong thi gian di cho php ca li
in c trung tnh cch in vi t tng cao bng in p dy.
- Dng in dung ca cc pha khng chm t tng 3 ln, cn dng in
dung ti ch chm t tng 3 ln so vi dng in dung ca mt pha trc khi chm
t.
Kt lun:
- Khi xy ra chm t mt pha, cho php li in vn hnh trong mt
khong thi gian nht nh (c th ko di ti vi gi) do in p dy khng i v
dng chm t b. Trong khong thi gian ny, ngi ta c th xc nh im s c
v c lp ra khi li.
y l mt u im ca li trung tnh cch t v n lm gim ng k thi
gian ct in ca ph ti, lm tng tin cy cung cp in cho khch hng.
- 21 -

- Do dng chm t b nn hn ch dng cm ng ln ln cc ng dy
thng tin ln cn.
- Tuy nhin, thc t vn hnh th c th y ch l u im trn l thuyt bi
l khi xy ra chm t mt pha m vn cho php li in tip tc lm vic th rt
d xy ra thm s c trn pha khc to ra s c hai pha chm t vi dng chm t
kh ln. Nh vy, theo quan im ny th cha th coi li in vn hnh vi trung
tnh khng ni t l tt hn vn hnh ni t v mt nh hng cm ng.
- Khng phi chi ph u t vo vic ni t lm vic ca h thng.
- Do dng chm t b nn in p bc v in p tip xc b nn xt v an
ton in th li in trung tnh cch t an ton hn li trung tnh trc tip ni
t.
- Do khi chm t mt pha tam gic in p dy khng thay i nn li
in trung tnh cch t thch hp cho s dng ph ti ba pha i xng. Nu s
dng cc my bin p mt pha phi u vo hai dy pha nn thit b ng ct phi
b tr trn c hai dy, iu ny lm gim tnh kinh t khi s dng cc my bin p
mt pha v gii thch vic s dng rng ri my bin p ba pha trong li trung tnh
cch in.
Tuy nhin, i vi cc mng in ny khng cho php lm vic lu di khi
mt pha chm t v cc l do sau y:
- Khi chm t mt pha, in p hai pha cn li tng 3 ln; do nhng
ch cch in yu c th b chc thng v dn n ngn mch gia cc pha.
khc phc nhc im ny cch in pha ca mng in v cc thit b in t
trong mng phi thit k theo in p dy, tng ng vi vic tng gi thnh ca
thit b.
- Trong thc t s c chm t l khng l tng. Do , dng in dung s
sinh h quang gy h hng vnh vin cch in.
- Vi mt tr s dng in dung nht nh, h quang c th chy lp lo. Do
mng in l mt mch vng dao ng R-L-C, hin tng chy lp lo dn n qu
- 22 -

in p cng hng trn cc pha khng b chm t, c th ti 2,5 n 3 ln in p
pha nh mc. Do , cch in cc pha khng chm t d dng b chc thng, dn
n ngn mch gia cc pha, mc d cch in c ch to theo in p dy.
Hin tng chc thng cch in ny xy ra vi xc sut ln khi dng in dung
ln hn khong 5-10A. V vy, khi mng in khng c bo v r le ct chm t
mt pha th phi c thit b kim tra cch in pht hin chm t mt pha v kp
thi sa cha.
Theo tnh ton thc t ta c cc gi tr cho php ca dng in chm t v
thi gian lm vic ti a cho php ca cc mng in theo cc cp in p nh bng
1.2: [7]
Bng 1.2 Dng in chm t cho php ca cc ng dy tng ng
vi cc cp in p khc nhau
Cp in p (kV) 3-6 10 15-
20
35
Dng in chm t cho php
(A)
- 30 15 10


Thi gian lm vic ti a (gi) 2 1 0,5 0,5
1.2.2 Mng in ba pha trung tnh ni qua cun dp h quang
Cun dp h quang l cun cm c th thay i in khng bng cch thay
i s vng dy hay khe h ca li thp.
tnh trng lm vic bnh thng, ging nh trng hp trung tnh cch
in vi t, tng dng in dung chy trong t bng v in p im trung tnh
bng khng. Do in p t ln cun dp h quang v dng in chy qua n
cng c tr s bng khng.
Khi xy ra chm t pha A, in p im trung tnh cng l in p trn cun
dp h quang, xut hin dng in mang tnh cm chy trong cun dp h quang
L
I
(chm sau in p im trung tnh 90
0
).
Xt trng hp in tr ca cun Petersen rt nh v chiu di ng dy
ngn, thnh phn tc dng ca dng in chm t khng ng k. Dng in
L
I s
- 23 -

cn bng dng in dung ca ng dy ti im chm t, nu iu khin in
khng ca cun dp h quang gi tr thch hp th dng in ti ch chm t c
th bng khng. Do vy, nh cun khng trn h quang ti ch chm t c th b
dp tt, khng lm nguy him n cch in ca thit b.
Tuy nhin, trong thc t vn hnh li in, vic thay i phng thc cp
in hoc ng ct ng dy s lm cho khong cch v ng dy thay i dn
n dng in dung tng thay i. Do , vic iu khin in khng ca cun dp
h quang dng in ti ch chm t trit tiu l rt kh khn v hu nh khng
th thc hin c do khng th xc nh chnh xc tr s in dung tng C v thc
t cun Petersen cn c mt in tr no nn I
L
khng thc s vung gc vi I
C
.
Hn na vic b dng in dung cn dn ti mt nguy c nguy him l dn ti
pht sinh cc qu in p do dao ng cng hng. Do thng iu chnh cun
Petersen cn li mt tr s

no trnh cng hng v tng nhy
cho r le cnh bo chm t cho nhn vin vn hnh trm bit kp thi c k
hoch x l. S mng in v th vc t dng in v in p im trung tnh
c th hin trong hnh v 1.3.

Hnh 1.3 Mng in 3 pha trung tnh ni t qua cun dp h quang
Nh trn phn tch, vic iu khin in khng ca cun dp h quang
n mt gi tr thch hp theo s thay i ca dng in dung ca ng dy l ht
sc kh khn. Do vy, phi la chn c mt gi tr thch hp cun dp h qua
pht huy c hiu qu cao nht. Khi I
C
> I
L
, tc b thiu th khi c mt s ng
dy b ct, tr s I
C
I
L
gim c th khng cho bo v lm vic hoc dn n tnh
trng cng hng. Ngc li, khi I
L
> I
C
(tc b tha) th khi c mt s ng dy
b ct s lm tng gi tr I
C
I
L
, ng ngha vi vic r le bo v d dng nhn bit
(1)
N
c
,
I
A
B
C
I
,
cA
I
,
cB
0
a- S mng in b- S vc t in p
v dng in
L
I
U
I
L
Ic
- 24 -

c tnh trng chm t mt pha trong mng in. Nh vy, trong mng ba pha
trung tnh ni t qua cun dp h quang th cn phi iu chnh cun khng sao
cho I
L
> I
C
.
Xt trng hp in tr ca cun Petersen rt ln v chiu di ng dy
di, thnh phn tc dng ca dng in chm t l ng k. Thng thng ngi ta
cng iu chnh sao cho in cm ca khng in
K
L ch cng hng, ngha
l:
L
K
= 1/3
2
C

(1.15)
L
K
- in cm ca cun Petersen.
C

- in dung ca pha chm t so vi t.

Khi y dng in ti ch chm t ch cn thnh phn tc dng:
I
R
= 3ER
0

2
C

2
(1.16)
R
0
- in tr tc dng ca cun Petersen.
Trong trng hp ny, dng in chy qua ch chm t cng c th b hn
tr s t dp tt ca h quang nn h quang khng pht sinh ti ch chm t. V
vy cun Petersen c nhiu nc trn th gii s dng trong li trung p hn
ch hu qu ca chm t mt pha. Vi cc li trung p c tng chiu di ng
dy ln hoc li cao p, tr s dng in tc dng ti v tr chm t c th vt
qu ngng t dp tt ca h quang nn vic s dng cun Petersen khng cn pht
huy c tc dng.
Kt lun:
- Do li in ny khng ch dng chm t nn khng cn thit loi tr
ngay lp tc s c xy ra nn ph ti vn c cp in trong mt khong thi gian
nht nh. Ni chung xt v tin cy cung cp in th li in ny kh tt nh
vic t ng dp tt h quang ca cun dy. Tuy nhin, tnh hiu qu hon ton
khng th t c do c kh nng xy ra cng hng.
- 25 -

- Do dng chm t c khng ch tr s b nn in p bc v in p
tip xc cng tr s thp tng tnh an ton cho ngi v thit b.
- Cng do dng chm t b nn t nh hng n ng dy thng tin. u
im ny ni bt hn so vi li trung tnh cch in vi t do s ln chuyn t
chm t mt pha sang ngn mch nhiu pha l t hn rt nhiu (v c cun dp h
quang khng ch dng chm t).
Tuy nhin, ngoi nhng u im trn ta nhn thy li in c trung tnh ni
t qua cun dp h quang c nhng hn ch nh sau:
- Cng ging nh li trung tnh cch in i vi t, khi chm t mt pha
in p hai pha lnh cng tng ln in p dy. V vy, cch in cng phi chn
theo in p dy.
- Cun dp h quang trong li in kiu ny thng phi iu chnh thng
xuyn bng tay hay t ng thch nghi vi cu trc li khi vn hnh - iu ny
lm phc tp, tn km trong cng tc qun l vn hnh cng nh tng chi ph u t
ban u.
1.2.3. Mng in ba pha trung tnh ni t qua in tr nh
hn ch dng in ngn mch, ngi ta ni t im trung tnh qua in
tr R

. Do gim c dng in ngn mch i vi t nn gim c tc ng c,

nhit ca n i vi cc thit b v gim tc ng gy nhiu vi cc ng dy
thng tin, ng thi lm cho qu in p ni b trong mng tt dn nhanh hn. Vic
thc hin ni t qua in tr cn c u im l thc hin n gin. Song nhc
im ca n l c tn tht cng sut trn in tr v tc dng hn ch dng in
ngn mch km do trong cc mng in cao p cc phn t c in khng thng
ln hn rt nhiu so vi in tr.
- 26 -

1.2.4 Mng in ba pha trung tnh ni t qua in khng nh

Hnh 1.4. Mng in ba pha trung tnh ni t qua in khng
c im tng i phc tp ca phng thc ny l:
- Kt cu in khng hn ch X
K
phc tp hn nhiu so vi in tr.
- Hiu qu ch yu ca phng thc ni t ny l hn ch dng in th t
khng ca mng in. Trong h thng in vic ni t im trung tnh ch c
thc hin ti mt s im trung tnh ca my bin p do yu cu v gim dng ngn
mch mt pha.
Khi thc hin ni t qua tr khng cng s cho php tng c in tr ni
t ca ton trm bin p nhng ni c in tr sut ca t ln. Vic dp tt h
qua ca mng in ny cng tng t nh mng in c trung tnh ni t qua cun
dp h quang, tuy nhin hiu qu ca n km hn.
Hnh thc ni t im trung tnh qua in tr hoc in khng cng c
chung mt mc ch gim dng ngn mch mt pha. Do vy ngoi nhng c im
phn tch nh trn, n cn c cc c im sau:
- Dng chm t ln (hng trm ampe) nn vic thc hin bo v r le thun
li nh trong li trung tnh ni t trc tip. Mc d nhy ca bo v km hn
nhng vn bo v r le khi ng.
- Vic s dng cun in khng hay in tr gip ta c th kim sot c
dng s c. Bo v r le cm nhn c v ct ngn mch loi tr s c sm th s
lng hng hc s gim v c l s c hn ch (s c s hn ch khng nh
U A
B
U
U
C
O
U'
B
C
U'
a- S mng in b- S vc t in p
v dng in
C
B
A
(1)
N
X
k
- 27 -

hng n pha khc). iu ny s hn ch kh nng ph hy bi nhit ca dng s
c, gim chi ph sa cha, gim tn sut hay ko di thi gian bo qun my ct.
- Trong li in kiu ny, khi mt pha chm t th in p ca cc pha
lnh c th tng ln bng in p dy. V vy, cch in ca h thng vn phi c
thit k chu c in p dy.
- Do dng chm t ln nn bo v r le s tc ng ct s c lm gin on
cung cp in. V vy, nu xt v tin cy cung cp in th thp hn li trung
tnh cch t.
- Li in ni t kiu ny c dng chm t ln so vi li trung tnh cch
t nn km an ton hn, nhng li an ton hn so vi li trung tnh trc tip ni
t v dng chm t ca n b hn li trc tip ni t.
- Cun dy th cp ca my bin p ngun phi u Y
0
hoc phi c thit b
to trung tnh gi, iu ny gy kh khn cho vic la chn my bin p ngun
ngun hoc tng chi ph u t thit b to trung tnh gi.
- Do li in ny l li ba pha, ba dy nn ch cp in cho cc ph ti ba
pha hoc mt pha s dng in p dy.
1.2.5 Mng in ba pha trung tnh ni t trc tip

Hnh 1.5. S mng in ba pha trung tnh ni t trc tip
Dng chm t khi pha A chm t l:

.
'
A
I =
1 2
3
o
X X X + +
.
E =
1
3
2
o
X X +
.
E

(1.17)
in p cc pha:
CN
BN
AN
U
U
U
A
B
C
N
(1)
- 28 -

.
'
A
U = 0
.
'
B
U =
.
.
1
1
( )
2
A o
B
o
E X X
U
X X

+

T s

c tr s b hn 1. V vy, nu
0 1
X X > ta c cc gi tr ca

.
'
B
U <
.
B
U ,
.
'
C
U <
.
C
U .
Nu
0 1
X X < ta c cc gi tr ca
.
'
B
U >
.
B
U ,
.
'
C
U >
.
C
U .
Khi
1
o
X
X
s 3 th in p
'
B
U ,
'
C
U
lun c gi tr khng ln hn 0,8U
d
, tc l
lc ta c h thng t ti ni t hiu qu.
Thc t cc h thng, vi 1km ng dy
0 1
X X > nn khi chiu di ng
dy tng th t s
1
o
X
X
cng tng v c th vt qu gi tr
1
o
X
X
= 3, c ngha l lc
ny ni t trc tip khng phi l ni t hiu qu (ngay c khi in tr ni t
bng 0) v khng th chn cch in ca thit b theo in p pha c.
Ngy nay Vit Nam cng nh trn th gii, phng thc ni t trc tip
c nhiu nc p dng khng ch cho nhng cp in p cao (U 110kV) m
cn c p dng cho cc li in trung th bi nhng hiu qu r rt m trong
thc t vn hnh chng minh c iu .
li in c trung tnh cch t, khi xy ra chm t mt pha s sinh ra
hin tng h quang chy lp lo khng n nh, hin tng ny l nguyn nhn
dn n qu in p, c th ln n 2,5-3 ln in p nh mc. Trong mng in 6-
20kV, d tr cch in ln, v vy qu in p do h quang chy lp lo khng
nguy him. Tuy nhin vi li in 20-35kV c d tr cch in thp hn th qu
in p c th lm ph hng cch in nhng v tr yu gy nn s c ngn mch
hai pha hoc ba pha rt nguy him.
Cc mng in c cp in p t 110kV tr ln u c trung tnh ni t trc
tip v cc l do sau y:
- 29 -

- Dng in dung ca n ln do in p cao v chiu di ng dy ln v
hin tng h quang chy s gy nguy him n cc pha bn cnh. Mt khc, dng
chm t c thnh phn tc dng khng c cun dp h quang trit tiu, do vy
h quang kh dp tt v cun dp h quang s khng cn tc dng.
- Chi ph v cch in gim nhiu do cch in ch phi chu mc in p
pha trong ch vn hnh bnh thng cng nh ch s c. i vi mng in
t 110kV tr ln, cch in ca ng dy v thit b thit k mc in p dy l
khng kinh t.
Tuy vy, mng in ba pha trung tnh ni t trc tip cng c nhng nhc
im sau:
- Khi xy ra chm t mt pha l ngn mch, dng in ngn mch mt pha
l rt ln, r le bo v ng dy s tc ng ct ng dy s c, lm gin on
cp in cho ph ti. nng cao hiu qu lm vic ca mng in, nn dng cc
bo v theo tng pha hoc phi trang b t ng ng li cho ng dy v trong
thc t vn hnh phn ln cc s c l ngn mch mt pha v c tnh cht thong
qua.
- Dng in ngn mch mt pha ln nn thit b ni t phc tp v t tin.
- Dng ngn mch mt pha c nhng trng hp cn ln hn c dng ngn
mch ba pha. hn ch n phi tng in khng th t khng bng cch khng
ni t trung im mt vi my bin p ca h thng hay ni t trung tnh qua in
tr hoc in khng.
KT LUN
Chng ny khi qut cc dng QA tn ti trong li in trung p v
nh gi cc xc sut xy ra ca n. QA ca li in trung p c ngun gc t
cc QA kh quyn v QA thao tc. Nghin cu QA kh quyn trc ht cn
xc nh xc sut xut hin cc c st c bin ln v u sng dc cng nh
cng hot ng ca st trong khu vc. Vi QA thao tc, pht sinh do cc thao
tc ng ct v s c trong li in, bao gm QA qu (Transient
- 30 -

Overvoltage) v QA tm thi (TOV). TOV l dng QA thao tc ch yu quan
tm xem xt li in trung p, trong tp trung nghin cu QA pht sinh trn
cc pha lnh khi c s c chm t mt pha do c xc sut xy ra l ln nht.
TOV c trng bi bin QA v thi gian tn ti ca TOV. Hai thng
s ny ca TOV khi xy ra ngn mch chm t mt pha li trung p ph
thuc ch yu vo t s X
0
/X
1
ca li in, tc ph thuc vo ch ni t
trung tnh cng nh vn vn hnh tng ng ca li in vi cc ch ni
t trung tnh khc nhau.
- 31 -

CHNG 2 TNG QUAN V VN QU IN P DO CHM
T MT PHA TRONG LI IN TRUNG P
chng 1 ta thy bin qu in p do ngn mch chm t mt pha
ph thuc ch yu vo t s X
0
/X
1
. T s X
0
/X
1
ca phn li in nhn t pha im
s c ph thuc vo s thay th th t thun, nghch cng nh th t khng ca
li in. i vi s thay th th t khng, ko di t im s c i v hai pha
ng dy v kt thc phn t MBA c cun dy u tam gic hoc u sao c
trung tnh cch in. S thay th th t khng ca MBA hon ton r rng, vn
cn li l xc nh tng tr th t khng ca ng dy ti in.
2.1. PHNG PHP T NH TON TNG TR TH T
KHNG CA NG DY TI IN
2.1.1. Khi nim c bn v tng tr trong h ta pha ABC
Xt li in ba pha trung im ni t khng c dy chng st hoc cc vt
dn khc i km, dng in khp mch qua t tr v ngun. T hnh v 2.1, mch
in xem xt c 3 mch vng dng in pha A, B v C, mi mch u khp vng
qua t, c trng bi in tr t R
G
do dng in t I
G
l tng ca ba dng
in pha I
A
, I
B
, I
C
:
G A B C
I I I I = + +


Hnh 2.1: Phn b t thng trn mch vng dng in pha A
- 32 -

Mch vng dng in pha A c biu din bng ng nt t trn hnh v.
Mi mch vng c tng tr Z, mch dn dng, v khi c xem xt n li thp mch
t th c mt gi tr t thm ring ca tng loi vt liu, trong trng hp tng
qut l khc nhau i vi tng pha ring r. T hnh v 2.1 ta c 3 mch vng dng
in v c 4 dng in nhnh tng ng I
A
, I
B
, I
C
v I
G
trong dng in I
G
ph
thuc dng in 3 pha theo quan h:
G A B C
I I I I = + +
(2.1)
Do ch c th vit c 3 phng trnh quan h dng p theo nh lut
Ohm v s dng quan h dng va thit lp trn kh bin dng in t I
G

tham gia trong h phng trnh dng p m t li in.
Xt mch vng dng in ca pha A trn hnh v 2.1. T thng tng trn pha
A l tng ca t thng sinh ra t nhiu ngun khc nhau:
A AA AB AC AG
| | | | | = + + +
(2.2)

Trong
A
| - t thng tng phn b trn pha A

AA
| - t thng ring pha A do dng in chy trong pha A I
A
gy
ra cho bn thn pha A.

AB
| - t thng trn pha A do dng in trong pha B I
B
gy nn. T
thng ny sinh ra do h cm gia I
B
v pha A.

AC
| - t thng trong mch vng dng in pha A do dng in
trong pha B I
C
gy nn. T thng ny sinh ra do h cm gia I
C
v pha A.

AG
| - t thng trong mch vng dng in pha A do dng in
trong t I
G
gy nn. T thng ny sinh ra do h cm gia I
G
v pha A.
T thng phn b trong mch vng pha A cn c th biu din c th hn
thng qua gi tr in cm L v thc hin kh dng in chy trong t t phng
trnh quan h dng t v dng pha I
g
= I
a
+ I
b
+ I
c

- 33 -

( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ( ) ( ) ( ))
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
A AA A AB B AC C AG G
AA A AB B AC C AG A B C
AA AG A AB AG B AC AG C
L i t L i t L i t L i t
L i t L i t L i t L i t i t i t
L L i t L L i t L L i t
| = + + +
= + + + + +
= + + + + +
(2.3)
Trong L
AA
- t cm ring pha A [H/km]
L
AB
-h cm gia pha A v pha B [H/km]
L
AC
-h cm gia pha A v pha C [H/km]
L
AG
-h cm gia pha A v t [H/km]

Phn b t thng ny cng vi in tr cc phn t trong mch in l hai
thnh phn gy nn st p v c gi l tng tr ca h thng. i vi ng dy
ti in, tng tr ca n bao gm hai thnh phn: tng tr ring v tng tr tng
h (gia cc pha vi nhau). Phng trnh m t quan h dng p pha A c biu
din nh sau (nh lut Ohm):
, , AA AB AC
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
AG S AG R A G A AG A AG B AG C
d d d
u t u t R R i t L L i t L L i t L L i t
dt dt dt
= + + + + + + +

(2.4)

Vi R
A
- in tr ca dy dn pha A []
R
G
- in tr ca ng dn trong t ca dng in pha A []
Khi nghin cu trong ch xc lp (tn s c bn 50 hoc 60Hz), thun
tin cho vic tnh ton, phng trnh (2.4) c biu din trong min phc:
, , AA AA AA
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
AG S AG R A G A AG A AG B AG C
U U R R I j X X I j X X I j X X I
- - - - - -
= + + + + + + +
(2.5)

Trong X
##
- in khng tng ng ca phn t ang xt [/km],
X=jL
##

Nh trnh by trn, mi mt mch dng in vng khp mch qua mt
ng dn qua t khng hon ton ging nhau, ph thuc vo vic b tr dy dn
ca tng pha, mt cch gn ng ta gi thit c 3 dng in pha cng i qua mt
ng dn chung l t c in tr R
G
. Trng hp tng qut, xem nh mch vng
t ca 3 pha l khc nhau v xem xt c ti in khng ca t ta c th vit
phng trnh in p vit cho c 3 pha nh sau ( thun tin, t y v sau s b
- 34 -

qua khng vit k hiu trn u i lng in p v dng in biu din s
phc):
, ,
AA AG
, ,
, ,
(2.6)
* * * *
0 0
AG S AG R
A A AB AC AG
BG S BG R B BA B BB BC BG BG
C CA CB C CC CG CG CG S CG R
G
U U
I R jX jX jX R jX
U U I jX R jX jX R jX
I jX jX R jX R jX U U
I
( (
+ + ( (
( (
( (
+ +
( (
( (
=
( (
( ( + +
( (
( (
( (


Trong R
A
,R
B
,R
C
- ln lt l in tr ca dy dn pha A, B, C [/km]
R
AG
,R
BG
,R
CG
-ln lt l in tr ng dn trong t ca dng in
pha A, B, C [/km]
X
AA
,X
BB
,X
CC
-in khng ring ca pha A, B, C [/km]
X
AB
,X
AC
,X
BC
,X
BA
,X
CA
,X
CB
-in khng tng h gia cc pha A, B,
C [/km]
X
AG
,X
BG
,X
CG
- in khng tng h ln lt gia pha A,B,C vi t
G [/km]
Do dng in t I
G
ph thuc vo dng in 3 pha I
A
, I
B
, I
C
nn cc phn t
ng vi phng trnh dng in I
G
l khng xc nh v c biu din bng du *.
T ta thc hin rt gn h phng trnh (2.6) bng cch kh dng I
G
c h
3 phng trnh 3 n c lp tuyn tnh (php kh Kron):
| |
, ,
, ,
, ,
(2.7)
AG S AG R
A
BG S BG R ABC B
C
CG S CG R
U U
I
U U Z I
I
U U
( (
(
( (
(
=
( (
(
( (
(



Trong

| |
AA AB AC
BA BB BC
CA CB CC
(2.8)
ABC
Z Z Z
Z Z Z Z
Z Z Z
(
(
=
(
(


Vi Z
AA
, Z
BB
,Z
CC
- tng tr ring ca phn t ang xt
Z
AB
, Z
AC
, Z
BA
, Z
BC
, Z
CA
, Z
CB
- tng tr tng h gia cc pha
AA AA A AG AG
Z R R jX jX = + + + ;
AB AB AG AG
Z R jX jX = + + ;
AC AC AG AG
Z R jX jX = + +
BB B BG BB BG
Z R R jX jX = + + + ;
BA BA BG BG
Z R jX jX = + + ;
BC BC BG BG
Z R jX jX = + +
- 35 -


CC C CG CC CG
Z R R jX jX = + + + ;
CA CG CA CG
Z R jX jX = + + ;
CB CG CB CG
Z R jX jX = + +
Vit dng gn hn ta thu c h phng trnh ma trn tuyn tnh sau:
| | | |
, ,
(2.9)
ABC S ABC R ABC ABC
U U Z I ( ( =


Phng trnh (2.9) c s dng vi cc gi thit:
+ Cc in p c tnh so vi in p ca t xa v cng lm mc in
th. Gi tr in p so snh vi t c hiu ngm v do t y tr v sau ta s
b qua khng vit ch s G i vi gi tr in p nt
+ Gi thit dng in chy trong mch l h thng dng in th t thun
Hnh 2.2 biu din s thay th tng ng ca ma trn tng dn c
m t trong (2.8).
RA+jXAA
RB+jXBB
RC+jXCC
XAB
XBC
RG
XAC
UAG,S
UBG,S
UCG,S
UGG,S
UAG,R
UBG,R
UCG,R
UGG,R
Mt ng th t xa v cng
XCG XBG XAG

Hnh 2.2. S thay th tng ng ca ma trn tng tr
2.1.2. Ma trn tng tr ABC trong trng hp c vt dn ni t
c lp i km
Cc phng trnh dn xut trn c xem xt trong trng hp khng c
dy chng st hoc cc vt dn ni t khc i km. Tuy nhin, trong nhiu trng
hp trong thc t, ng dy ti in c trang b mt hay nhiu hn cc dy
chng st che chn pha trn i km dc theo chiu di ng dy, cc dy dn ny
cung cp thm ng dn cho dng in pha khp mch v ngun. y ta s s
dng ch s N phn bit cc dy dn ni t ny vi ng tr v trong t
- 36 -

ca dng in pha. S xut hin ca cc vt ni t ny lm tng gi tr ca ma trn
tng tr tng ng.
xem xt hiu ng ca dy dn ni t i vi ma trn tng tr tng
ng, gi s ng dy c dy chng st v dng in pha khp mch qua 2 con
ng: qua dy dn ni t i km theo ng dy v i vo t nh xt mc
2.1.1. Tng t, ta cng vit c h phng trnh quan h dng p cho 4 dy dn
(3 dy pha + 1 dy chng st) v t:
, ,
AA AG
, ,
, ,
0 0
* * * *
0 0
A S A R
A A AB AC AG
B S B R
B BA B BB BC BG BG
C S C R CA CB C CC CG CG C
NA NB NC NG NG N
A B C N
U U
I R jX jX jX R jX
U U
I jX R jX jX R jX
U U jX jX R jX R jX I
jX jX jX R jX I
I I I I
( (
+ + ( (
( (
(
+ +
( (
(
( (
( = + +
( (
(
+
( (
(
( (
(
+ + +


(2.10)
(
(
(
(
(
(

H phng trnh trn tip tc c rt gn loi b dng in t I
G
=I
A
+ I
B
+
I
C
+ I
N
thu c h phng trnh c lp tuyn tnh 4 phng trnh 4 n bao gm 3
phng trnh cho dng in pha v 1 phng trnh vit cho dng in i trong phn
dy dn chng st ni t:
, ,
AA AB
, ,
, ,
AC AN
0 0
A S A S
A AG AG AG AG
B S B S BG BG BA B BG BG BB
CG CG CA CG CG CB C S C S
NG NG NA NG NG NB
AG AG AG AG
B
U U
R R jX jX R jX jX
U U R jX jX R R jX jX
R jX jX R jX jX U U
R jX jX R jX jX
R jX jX R jX jX
R
=
( (
+ + + + +
( (

+ + + + +
( (

( (
+ + + +
( (

+ + + +
( (

+ + + +
G BG BC BG BG BN
C CG CG CC CG CG CN
NG NG NC N NG NG NN
A
B
C
N
jX jX R jX jX
R R jX jX R jX jX
R jX jX R R jX jX
I
I
I
I
(
(
(
(
+ + + +
(
(
(
( + + + + +
(
(
+ + + + +
(

(2.11)
Hay

, ,
AA AB AC AN
, , BA BB BC BN
CA CB CC CN
, ,
NA NB NC NN
(2.12)
0 0
A S A S
A
B S B S B
C
C S C S
N
U U
Z Z Z Z I
U U Z Z Z Z I
Z Z Z Z I
U U
Z Z Z Z I
=
( (
( (
( (
( (
( (
( (

( (
( (
( (
( (
( (



- 37 -

Phng trnh th 4 trong h phng trnh (2.12) c th c s dng tnh
ton trc tip dng in I
N
chy trong vt dn ni t (dy chng st trong trng
hp ang xt) hoc c th m rng tnh ton dng in trong trng hp c nhiu
dy chng st hoc c th tnh phn b dng trong tng dy phn pha ca 1 dy
chng st.
Tuy vy h phng trnh trn cha c dng chun s dng tnh ton phn
tch mch in 3 pha thng thng, cng nh xy dng biu thc tnh ton tng
tr cc thnh phn th t thun, nghch, khng. V th ta tip tc thc hin php
kh Kron kh phng trnh ng vi dng in trong vt dn ni t I
N
. Ma trn
tng tr tng ng thu c lc ny l mt ma trn vung kch thc 3x3.
, ,
AA
, ,
, ,
' ' '
' ' ' (2.13)
' ' '
A S A S
AB AC
B S B S BA BB BC
CA CB CC
C S C S
A
B
C
U U
Z Z Z
U U Z Z Z
Z Z Z
U U
I
I
I
=
( (
(
(
( (
(
(

( (
(
(
( (
(
(




Trong
AA AA
'
AN NA
NN
Z Z
Z Z
Z
=
;
BB BB
'
BN NB
NN
Z Z
Z Z
Z
=
;
CC CC
'
CN NC
NN
Z Z
Z Z
Z
=


AB AB
'
AN NB
NN
Z Z
Z Z
Z
= ;
AC AC
'
AN NC
NN
Z Z
Z Z
Z
= ;
BA BA
'
BN NA
NN
Z Z
Z Z
Z
=

BC BC
'
BN NC
NN
Z Z
Z Z
Z
=
;
CA CA
'
CN NA
NN
Z Z
Z Z
Z
=
;
CB CB
'
CN NB
NN
Z Z
Z Z
Z
=

Trng hp c nhiu hn mt dy chng st, ta cng ln lt thc hin kh
h phng trnh dng p tng t nh trn cui cng thu c h phng trnh
dng p c dng tng t nh h phng trnh (2.13).
2.1.3. Tnh ton cc phn t ca ma trn tng tr ABC + N
tnh ton cc thnh phn ca ma trn tng tr ABC + N, ta xem xt trong
hai trng hp: tng tr ca ng dy do dng in ch chy trong phn kim loi
ca dy dn pha v dy dn ni t v tng tr t ng vi trng hp dng in t
phn kim loi ca dy dn pha hoc vt dn ni t i vo t tr v ngun.
- 38 -

Tng tr ca dy dn khi khng xt ti dng tr v qua t
in tr
in tr tc dng vi dng in mt chiu ca 1km dy dn nhit tiu
chun 20C c xc nh theo biu thc:

0
1000
[ / ] R km
F F

= = O
(2.14)

Trong - in tr sut [.m]
- in dn sut =1/
F-tit din dy dn [mm
2
]
in tr thay i theo nhit , khi nhit mi trng khc 20C th in
tr c gi tr:

| |
0
1 ( 20) [ / ]
t
R R t km o = + O

(2.15)

Trong -h s nhit ca in tr
R
0
-in tr nhit tiu chun.[]
t-nhit mi trng [C]
S thay i in tr c tnh ti khi ngn mch trong li h p.
S phn b ca dng in xoay chiu trong dy dn khng u nhau do c
hiu ng b mt, mt dng in b y ra pha ngoi dy dn. Do in tr i
vi dng in xoay chiu ln hn so vi dng in mt chiu. Tuy nhin tn s
f=50Hz v vi dy dn kim loi mu tit din khng ln, s khc bit nhau
khng ng k (c 1%). Do c th ly in tr mt chiu tnh ton li in.
Nhng khi tit din dy rt ln (c 570mm
2
) th phi tnh n hiu ng b mt.
in khng
y ta s khng i su trnh by chi tit vic tnh ton in khng cho
ng dy trn khng m ch a ra nhng kt qu chnh. Cc cng thc tnh ton
trn c thc hin da trn 2 gi thit c bn: khong cch gia cc dy dn l
khng ng k so vi chiu cao treo dy v khong cch ny cng l v cng ln
khi so vi bn knh tit din dy. Bi v trong trng hp cc vt dn c t
tng i gn i vi t hoc tng i gn vi nhau, t trng do dng in chy
- 39 -

trong cc phn kim loi dn in hoc trong t c th lm thay i ng k phn
b t thng gia hai vt dn ang xt v lm thay i ng k tr s in khng thc
so vi gi tr tnh ton c t cc cng thc s trnh by di y.
in khng ca ng dy mt pha 2 dy dn
Xem xt ng dy mt pha hai dy dn n, c nh hnh v di y.
Dng in chy trong mi dy dn ln lt l I
1
v I
2
tha mn quan h : I
1
+ I
2
= 0

Hnh 2.3. ng dy mt pha hai dy dn n
Gi D l khong cch gia 2 dy dn 1 v 2 (tnh t tm ca mi dy dn
n hoc tm dy dn tng ng trong trng hp s dng dy dn phn pha);
r
e1
, r
e2
l bn knh hiu dng ca dy dn 1 v 2 (dy dn n li). in khng ca
hai dy dn 1 v 2 nh sau:
2
4
12
1 2
2.10 ln [ / ]
.
e e
D
X km
r r
e

| |
= O
|
\ .

Nu r
e1
=r
e2
=r
e
ta c cng thc
4
12
4.10 ln [ / ]
e
D
X km
r
e

| |
= O
|
\ .

Trong r
e
=0,7788.r vi r l bn knh thc ca dy dn
Trong trng hp s dng dy dn phn pha :
4
12
4.10 ln [ / ]
D
X km
GMR
e

| |
= O
|
\ .

Trong GMR- bn knh trung bnh hnh hc ca dy dn phn pha, c
xc nh cho trng hp 2,3 v 4 dy dn ln lt nh sau
2
4
2 1 2 12
2 2 2
9
3 1 2 3 12 13 23
2 2 2 2 2 2
16
4 1 2 3 4 12 13 14 23 24 34
.
.
.
e e
e e e
e e e e
GMR r r D
GMR r r r D D D
GMR r r r r D D D D D D
=
=
=

Vi D
ij
l khong cch gia dy dn th i v th j ca mt dy phn pha
r
1
D
r
2
I I
1 2
- 40 -

Trng hp cn tnh in khng tng h gia hai dy dn ta c th tnh
ton nh sau: Cho h thng ba dy dn 1, 2 v 3, cc khong cch gia cc dy dn
1-2 v 1-3 ln lt l D
12
, D
13
, khi in khng tng h gia hai dy 2 v 3 c
trng bi st p trn dy 2 v 3 do cm ng bi dng in chy trong dy 1 c
cho bi cng thc (t thng gii hn bi hai vng trn tm l dy dn th 1 v bn
knh ln lt l khong cch ti dy th 2 v dy th 3 nh lut Ampere)

[/km] (2.16)
Trong

-in khng ring c trng cho st p trn on 1-2 do dng

in trong dy 1 gy nn

- in khng ring c trng cho st p trn on 1-2 do

dng in trong dy 1 gy nn

in khng ca ng dy dn in 3 pha hon v hon ton
Cng thc tnh in khng th t thun v nghch ca ng dy dn in 3
pha nh sau

4
1 2
2.10 ln [ / ]
GMD
X X km
GMR
e

| |
= = O
|
\ .

(2.17)

Vi GMD- khong cch trung bnh hnh hc
3
AB BC CA
GMD D D D =

Tng tr ca mch dn dng in trong t
Vn xc nh chnh xc ng phn b trong t ca dng in l vn
cc k phc tp ph thuc vo nhiu yu t, ngi ta phn on rng dng in khi
i vo t s tn ra trong mt phm vi rng. Vic phn b dng in mt chiu v
xoay chiu trong t din ra theo hai hng khc hn nhau.
i vi dng in mt chiu, c xu hng tn ra xuyn su vo lng t.
Mc xuyn su ca dng in t l nghch vi in tr theo ng i ca n
- 41 -

tr v ngun. Dng in cng i su vo trong t, ng i ca n tr v ngun
cng di, tng ng vi in tr ng i cng ln v cng dng in theo
ng cng nh, nh c th hin bng nt v dng in cng m i trn
hnh 2.4.

Hnh 2.4. Phn b dng in mt chiu trong t
Ngc li, khi i vo t, dng in xoay chiu chu mt hiu ng tng t
nh hiu ng b mt ca dy dn ngn cn n i su vo lng t. Khi i trong t,
dng xoay chiu cm ng ra cc dng in xoy Fu-c trong lng t c t thng
theo chiu chng li t thng ca dng in sinh ra n. Do , dng in xoay
chiu c xu hng phn b trong phn b mt t pha bn di dy dn in pha
trn.

Hnh 2.5. Phn b cng in trng ca dng in xoay chiu khi i
vo t

- 42 -


Hnh 2.6. Phn b dng in xoay chiu trong t
Cc cng thc tnh ton in tr t hin ti u s dng kt qu nghin cu
tng tr ca ng dy dn in pha-t ca Carson
( )
( )
''
0,5
2 2 '

0
ln
2 2
h
d y
r
j p
Z r j e d
p
q
e e
q q q
t t

| |
= + + +
|
\ .
}

(2.18)

tnh ton gi tr ca Z trn, ngi ta thc hin phn tch n thnh chui
s v tnh ton. ch xc lp (tn s cng nghip), ta ch cn tnh ti thnh thn
u tin trong chui s hng l c th t chnh xc cn thit. Tng tr pha t
khi

( )
7 7
##
1650
1, 571.10 2.10 ln [ / ]
pha
d y
Z r j m
GMR

e
e e

| |
|
|
= + + O
|
|
\ .
at

(2.19)

Trong ## = AA,BB,CC,v NN
r
dy
- in tr ca dy dn tham gia mch vng pha-t [/m]
- in tr sut ca t [.m]
GMR- bn knh trung bnh hnh hc [m]
Tnh ton cc phn t ca ma trn tng tr ABC-N
Cc phn t trn ng cho
AA AA
BB
CC CC
NN NN
pha
pha
BB
pha
pha
Z Z
Z Z
Z Z
Z Z

=
=
=
=
at
at
at
at

Mt khc ta bit
- 43 -

AA AA A AG AG
Z R R jX jX = + + +
(2.20)

T cng thc (2.18) ta thy rng thnh phn in tr ca tng tr mch vng
pha-t bao gm in tr dy dn R
A
cng thm mt lng in tr m ta c th
suy ra chnh l in tr t R
AG
. i vi in khng, gn ng ta coi rng

T cc suy lun trn ta tnh c gi tr cc phn t ng cho ca ma trn
tng tr nh sau:

AG AA
BG
CG
NG
A
BB B
CC C
NN N
R R R
R R R
R R R
R R R
=
=
=
=
pha-at
pha-at
pha-at
pha-at
(2.21)


1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
AA AG AA
BB BG BB
CC CG CC
NN NG NN
X X X
X X X
X X X
X X X
= =
= =
= =
= =
pha-at
pha-at
pha-at
pha-at
(2.22)

Cc phn t nm ngoi ng cho chnh
Ta xem xt tnh ton cho mt phn t lm v d, gi s tnh ton Z
AB
. Ta
bit

R
AG
v X
AG
c tnh ton theo cc cng thc ch ra trn (2.22) v
(2.23).
tnh ton X
AB
ta c th tnh ton s dng cng thc (2.17)

- 44 -

T ta c

Tng t nh vy i vi cc phn t ngoi ng cho khc

2.1.4.Tnh ton ma trn tng tr th t thun nghch khng t ma
trn tng tr Z
ABC
cc phn pha trn ta i xy dng ma trn tng tr ca ng dy trong
trng hp c v khng c dy chng st i km. im chung ca hai trng hp
trn l ma trn tng tr u c th rt gn a v mt ma trn tng tr vung
kch thc 3x3 tng ng vi 3 pha A, B, C. H phng trnh lin h dng p u
c dng ging nhau nh c biu din (2.13) :
| |
, ,
, ,
, ,
' (2.13)
AG S AG R
A
BG S BG R ABC B
C
CG S CG R
U U
I
U U Z I
I
U U
( (
(
( (
(
=
( (
(
( (
(



Trong
| |
AA AB AC
BA BB BC
CA CB CC
' ' '
' ' ' '
' ' '
ABC
Z Z Z
Z Z Z Z
Z Z Z
(
(
=
(
(



- 45 -

chuyn ma trn Z
ABC
sang ma trn tng tr trong khng gian cc thnh
phn th t Z
012
, ta s dng cc ma trn chuyn i khng gian ABC- 012 v ngc
li, ln lt nh sau:
1 2
2
1 1 1
1
1
3
1
A a a
a a

(
(
=
(
(


2
2
1 1 1
1
1
A a a
a a
(
(
=
(
(


| |
| |
, ,
1 1 1 1
, ,
, ,
0 0 0
1 1 012 1
2 2 2
' .
AG S AG R
A
BG S BG R ABC B
C
CG S CG R
S R
U U
I
A U A U A Z A A I
I
U U
U U I
U U Z I
U U I

( (
(
( (
(
=
( (
(
( (
(


( ( (
( ( (
=
( ( (
( ( (

(2.23)
Trong
| |
00 01 02
012 10 11 12
20 21 22
Z Z Z
Z Z Z Z
Z Z Z
(
(
=
(
(

- 46 -

Nh vy, tng tr th t thun, nghch, khng ca mt ng dy truyn ti
chnh l thnh phn Z
11
,Z
22
,Z
00
ca ma trn Z
012
tnh ton c trn.
Trong trng hp ng dy truyn ti 3 pha c hon v hon ton, ta c
cc quan h sau

;
Khi ma trn Z
ABC
c dng n gin:
| |
S M M
M S M
M M S
'
ABC
Z Z Z
Z Z Z Z
Z Z Z
(
(
=
(
(


Khi , sau khi chuyn sang khng gian thnh phn th t, Z
012
c
dng:

| |
S M M S M
1
012 M S M S M
M M S S M
2 0 0
0 0
0 0
Z Z Z Z Z
Z A Z Z Z A Z Z
Z Z Z Z Z

+
( (
( (
= =
( (
( (


( 2.24)
T phng trnh dng p tr thnh:

0 0 0 0
1 1 1 1
2 2 2 2
0 0
0 0
0 0
S R
U U I Z
U U Z I
Z U U I
( ( ( (
( ( ( (
=
( ( ( (
( ( ( (

(2.25)
Trong

- 47 -

2.2. CC PHNG PHP TNH TON QU IN P DO S
C CHM T MT PHA TRONG LI TRUNG P
2.2.1. Phng php cc thnh phn i xng
Phng php thnh phn i xng da trn c s ton hc phn tch mt h
thng vector 3 pha bt k thnh cc h thng thnh phn hon ton i xng: thnh
phn th t thun, thnh phn th t nghch v thnh phn th t khng. Mi h
thng thnh phn i xng ny l mt h thng vector i xng, tc bng nhau v
bin v lch pha gia cc vector l bng nhau (lch pha nhau 120 i vi
thnh phn thun v nghch, ng pha vi th t khng). T s c ba s thay
th tng ng cho h thng in: s th t thun, s th t nghch v s
th t khng. Chnh vic phn tch thnh h thng cc vector thnh phn i xng
ny nn c th tch ring 1 pha (pha A) thc hin tnh ton, sau xp chng
cc thnh phn dng p cc nhnh c phn b dng p thc trn li in.
u im ca phng php thnh phn i xng l c th thc hin tnh ton
ch khng i xng ca li in ging nh tnh ton vi li in i xng
hon ton m khng phi thc hin tnh ton trn s ba pha. Tuy nhin nhc
im ca n l ch tnh ton vi cc s c xy ra tn s cng nghip, ti thi im
ban u xy ra s c m khng theo di c din bin ca gi tr dng p theo thi
gian. Bn cnh phng php ny ch tnh ton c li in trong trng hp
ch c mt im khng i xng duy nht. V th phng php ny ch tnh ton
c gi tr xc lp ca dng chm t (hoc ngn mch) mt pha trong li phn
phi.
minh ha vic tnh ton h s qu in p bng phng php thnh phn
i xng ta xt mt s li in 22kV c trung tnh ni t trc tip nh sau:

- 48 -

110 kV
22 kV
L (km)

Hnh 2.7. S li in 110/22 kV
X
1-HT
X
C
X
H
X
1d
X
T
E X
0-HT
X
C
X
H
X
0d
X
T

Hnh 2.8. S thay th th t thun (TTT) v th t khng (TTK)
Vi h thng cng sut ln, in khng tng c xc nh ch yu bi in
khng MBA nn c th b qua thnh phn in tr tc dng v xem in khng th
t thun (TTT) bng in khng th t nghch (TTN), nn c th vit:

(2.26)

(2.27)

(2.28)
Vi X
1-HT
, X
0-HT
- in khng quy i TTT, TTK ca h thng
X
C
,X
T
,X
H
- in khng ca cun dy cao, trung v h ca MBA
X
1d
, X
0d
- in khng TTT v TTK ca ng dy 22kV
Gi s xy ra chm t trc tip pha A, dng in trn cc pha ln lt l:

(2.29)
Dng in chy qua im trung tnh chnh l dng ngn mch ca pha A:

(2.30)
- 49 -

in p cc pha so vi t (a l ton t quay a = -0,5 + j0,866):

(2.31)
T ta c

(2.32)
Trong

l h s qu in p trn pha lnh khi c ngn mch chm t

mt pha (NMMP), sau mt s php bin i ta thu c:

(2.33)
t

thay vo (2.33) ta c hm s ca

theo k:

(2.34)
Phm vi bin i ca

trong khong t 1 (k=1) n (k : trung

tnh cch in).
Trong trng hp tng qut, c xem xt ti in tr th t thun v th t
khng, s bin thin h s qu in p trn pha lnh c biu din nh hnh v
di y:

a) b)
- 50 -

Hnh 2.9. a)Bin thin h s qu in p k theo t s X
0
/X
1
vi trng hp
R
1
/X
1
=R = 0
b) Quan h gia t s R
0
/X
1
v X
0
/X
1
khi gi h s qu in p c
nh khi R
1
=X
1
Cc trng hp khc c th tham kho thm t tiu chun [20].
2.2.2. Phng php s gii h phng trnh vi phn m t h thng
in
tng ca phng php l gii trc tip h phng trnh vi phn m t h
thng in tm cc thnh phn dng in, in p bin thin theo thi gian.
Phng php ny s phn tch c din bin y qu trnh qu in t
trong h thng in k t sau thi im ngn mch chm t, ngha l tnh ton gi
tr tc thi ca dng in v in p ngn mch. Trong qu trnh qu cn c th
c nhng tc ng tip theo nh ct cc phn t s c, t ng ng tr li ng
dy,Mc ch ca cc tnh ton ny l kho st cc hin tng qu in p, cng
hng in t, nh gi kh nng dp h quang my ct,
Thc cht ca phng php tnh trong trng hp ny l gii h phng
trnh vi phn m t trng thi qu ca mng in 3 pha phc tp. Tr s tc thi
ca dng in v in p cn kho st c tnh ra nhng im ri rc ca thi
gian (bi ch yu l theo phng php tch phn s).
y l phng php l tng nghin cu qu in p ni chung v qu
in p do ngn mch chm t mt pha trong li in trung p ni ring, c bit
l trong trng hp c tc ng iu chnh ch trung tnh ca li in [23]. Tuy
nhin nhc im chnh ca phng php ny l khi lng tnh ton ln v cn
thit phi c m hnh m phng tng i chnh xc m bo kt qu m phng.
Phng php ny c s dng bi chng trnh tnh ton ATP/EMTP.
ATP/EMTP m t cc phn t li in bng phng trnh vi phn v lp thnh h
phng trnh vi phn m t li in trong c cc bin trng thi l dng v p
nt theo bin thi gian t, sau s dng quy tc xp x hnh thang tnh ton gi
- 51 -

tr cc bin u, i theo tng bc nhy thi gian. Qu trnh tnh ton nh vy c th
dn ti vic tch ly cc sai s tnh ton tng bc lp v c th dn ti phn k
qu trnh tnh ton v lm sai lch kt qu m phng. Tuy nhin, cc phng php
m ATP/EMTP s dng u n nh v mt s hc v hn ch c sai s tch ly.
EMTP c th gii bt k mt s mch in no gm cc phn t in tr,
in cm, in dung, cc ng dy thng s tp trung, thng s ri, cc phn t phi
tuyn v nhiu phn t khc. minh ha cho phng php tnh ton s dng trong
ATP/EMTP, y ta s xt s mt si n gin nh sau:

Hnh 2.10. S li in ti nt 1
Thng s trng thi ca li in bao gm cc in p nt v dng in
nhnh. Gi thit rng cc thng s ny c tnh ton ti cc thi im 0, t,
2t,n (t-t), by gi cn tnh ton thi im t. Ti bt k thi im t no,
phng trnh cn bng dng ti nt 1 c th vit:

(2.35)
S dng nh lut Ohm, ta vit phng trnh lin h dng p cho tng
nhnh.
in tr

(2.36)

- 52 -

in cm
u

(2.37)
Vi L- t cm ca phn t ang xt [H]
S dng cng thc xp x hnh thang, ta thu c:

(2.38)
p dng vo nhnh 1-3 ta c:

(2.39)
Trong hist
13
tnh ton c t cc s liu c c trong cc bc tnh
ton trc:

(2.40)
in dung
Tin hnh tng t nh vi in cm, ta c kt qu sau:

(2.41)
Vi C-in dung ca t in [F]
Trong

(2.42)

ng dy tham s ri
Gi thit ng dy tham s ri xem xt trong nhnh 1-5 l khng tn hao,
phng trnh dng p c vit nh sau:

(2.43)
Vi L, C ln lt l in cm v in dung trn mt n v chiu di ng
dy [H/km], [F/km]
Nghim ca h phng trnh trn c dng:
- 53 -





(2.44)
Trong F(x-ct); f(x+ct)- hm s ca (x-ct) v (x+ct)
Z- tng tr sng ca ng dy [];

c- vn tc truyn sng trn ng dy [m/s]
Nhn phng trnh dng in vi tng tr sng Z ca ng dy v cng vi
phng trnh in p ta c quan h : u + Zi = 2Z.F(x-ct)
i lng Z.F(x-ct) s l hng s nu (x-ct) l hng s. Gi s c mt quan
st vin tng tng di chuyn dc theo ng dy vi vn tc khng i c. Qung
ng dch chuyn c ca quan st vin s l x = x
0
+ ct, hay x-ct = x
0
=
const. Khi i lng u+Zi quan st c ca quan st vin phi l hng s, vi
thi gian di chuyn (lan truyn) l

Vi l- chiu di ng dy [km]
Quan st vin khi di chuyn t im 5 ti im 1, ti im 5 s quan st c
tr s

v khi ti im 1 (sau thi gian tr ) quan st c

tr s

(du m v i
15
ngc chiu i
51
). Do tr s quan st c bi
quan st vin phi nh nhau, cn bng hai tr s trn ta c:

(2.45)
Trong hist
15
cng c tnh ton t cc bc lp trc

(2.46)
Thay cc phng trnh t (2.36) (2.45) vo phng trnh dng in vit
cho nt 1 ta c:

(2.47)
Ta c mt phng trnh i s tuyn tnh vi cc n l tr s in p nt
theo thi gian t, trong v phi l hng s, tnh ton c t cc tr s ca cc
bc lp trc .
- 54 -

Vi h thng in c n nt (khng k nt t), bng phng php tng t,
c th vit c h phng trnh i s tuyn tnh n phng trnh n n:
(2.48)
Trong [G]-ma trn tng dn nt, kch thc nxn, i xng qua ng cho
[u(t)]-vec-t in p nt, kch thc nx1
[i(t)]-vec-t dng in bm vo nt, kch thc nx1
[hist]-vec-t n thnh phn tnh ton c t cc bc lp trc y
Thng thng, trong li c th c mt s nt bit trc tr s in p do
c ni vi cc ngun in p (nt PV, UV hoc c tr s bng 0 do s c ngn
mch chm t,). Khi tp hp bin trng thi c phn thnh hai tp: tp A
gm cc n in p nt, tp B gm in p nt bit. H phng trnh c vit
li nh sau:

(2.49)
Ta s thc hin gii h phng trnh i s tuyn tnh trn tm vec t in
p u
B
(t).
Qu trnh s tin hnh tun t theo cc bc nhy thi gian t tm quan h
theo thi gian ca cc bin trng thi dng p ca li in.
Nh vy vi v d li in 110/22kV hnh v 2.7, s thay th s dng
tnh ton ca ATP/EMTP s nh sau:
- 55 -

Z
A
Z
B
Z
C
1/2CAB
1/2CBC
1/2CAC
1/2CAB
1/2CBC
1/2CAC
1/2C0C 1/2C0B 1/2C0A 1/2C0A 1/2C0C
R0A
Z
cA
X0A
R0B
Z
cB
X0B
R0C
Z
cC
X0C
R
hA
R
hB
R
hC
X
fA
X
fB
X
fC
XfAB
XfAC
XfAC U
A
U
B
U
C

Hnh 2.11. S thay th 3 pha li in 110/22kV trong ATP/EMTP
T s thay th, ta lp h phng trnh i s tuyn tnh m t h thng
in tng t nh v d n gin cho nt 1 trnh by trn v thc hin php
tnh lp tm quan h theo thi gian ca cc bin trng thi quan tm.
KT LUN
Chng 2 trnh by khi qut phng php tnh ton tng tr th t thun,
nghch v khng ca ng dy ti in tng qut (khng i xng), xem xt cho
trng hp c tnh ti dng tr v trong t (in tr sut t 0) cng nh
trng hp ng dy c v khng c DCS. Vic tnh ton tr s tng tr thun,
nghch, khng ca ng dy ti in rt cn thit tnh ton t s X
0
/X
1
l
thng s quyt nh ti bin QA tm thi (TOV) do ngn mch chm t mt
pha.
Sauk hi c c cc thng s ca s thay th ca li in, c th khi
qut c hai phng php tnh ton h s qu in p do ngn mch chm t
trong li trung p, bao gm phng php thnh phn i xng v phng php s
gii h phng trnh vi phn m t h thng in. Mi phng php c mt u
nhc im ring v phm vi ng dng khc nhau. Tuy nhin phng php s gii
- 56 -

h phng trnh vi phn m t h thng in l phng php tng qut, m phng
din bin ca h thng theo min thi gian t qu trnh qu ti qu trnh xc lp
sau s c. Phng php ny thch hp khi c s h tr tnh ton ca my tnh in
t. cng chnh l phng php s dng trong phn mm m phng qu in
t ca h thng in ATP/EMTP.

- 57 -

CHNG 3: M PHNG V TNH TON QU IN P
DO NGN MCH CHM T MT PHA LI TRUNG P
3.1. GI I THI U V PHN MM ATP-EMTP
ATP (Alternative Transient Program) l mt chng trnh my tnh c s
dng rt ph bin m phng cc hin tng qu in t v in c ca mch
in. Vi ATP, c th m phng mch lc v mch iu khin ca mt s in
c cu trc bt k vi nhiu m un h tr tnh ton v cng c m phng v cng
linh hot v mnh m.
ATP-EMTP c vit vo nm 1984 bi Tin s W. Scott Meyer sau khi ng
t chi tham gia vo d n thng mi ha chng trnh tnh ton qu trnh qu
EMTP ca DCG (the EMTP Development Coordination Group) v EPRI (Electric
Power Research Institute), vn l sn phm ca ng v cc cng s theo mt hp
ng k kt vi BPA (Bonneville Power Administration). ATP-EMTP c xy
dng vi mc tiu phi thng mi ha. T n nay, ATP-EMTP lin tc c
ci tin v pht trin bi cng ng ngi dng trn ton th gii di s iu hnh
ca ca tin s Meyer v ng ch tch Hi ngi dng EMTP khu vc Canada/M
(Canadian/American EMTP User Group) Tin s Tsu-huei Liu.
Nguyn l tnh ton
ATP/EMTP s dng cc nguyn l tnh ton sau y :
S dng quy tc xp x hnh thang gii h phng trnh vi phn m t h
thng trong min thi gian
S kin u c th c tnh ton t kt qu gii bi ton CXL ca ATP-
EMTP hoc nhp trc tip t ngi dng i vi cc phn t n gin
Cho php giao tip vi cc m un TACS (Transient Analysis of Control
Systems) v MODELS (mt ngn ng lp trnh m phng) m phng cc h
thng iu khin hoc cc phn t phi tuyn nh h quang, vng quang.
- 58 -

Tnh ton cc nhiu lon i xng v khng i xng nh : s c, sng qu
in p st, cc thao tc ng ct trong li bao gm c cc qu trnh chuyn mch
van
Nghin cu p ng tn s ca h thng s ng m un FREQUENCY
SCAN
Nghin cu cc sng hi s dng m un HARMONIC FREQUENCY
SCAN (phng php s dng cc ngun dng sng hi)
M phng cc h thng ng hc ni chung (khng phi s mch in) s
dng TACS v MODELS
Cc phn t h tr
Cc phn t c bn c ATP-EMTP h tr bao gm :
Phn t tng h v khng tng h R, L, C, thng s ri, thng s tp trung
ng dy trn khng v cp thng s ri, thng s ph thuc tn s
in tr v in khng phi tuyn, hin tng t tr, in tr c tr s thay i
theo thi gian, in tr iu khin bng TACS/MODELS
Cc phn t c c tnh phi tuyn : MBA bo ha, t tr, CSV (c khe h v
khng khe h), h quang in
My ct iu khin theo thi gian, in p, nghin cu ng ct thng k
(phng php Monte-Carlo)
Cc van cng sut (i t, thyristor, triac), cc van ng ct iu khin bng
TACS /MODELS
Cc ngun : bc nhy, hnh sin, hm m v dng bt k
My in quay
Cc phn t khc nh ngha bi ngi dng trong MODELS
Cc m un m phng tch hp sn
MODELS
- 59 -

MODELS l mt ngn ng m t mc ch tng qut c tch hp trong
ATP-EMTP cng mt lot cc cng c m phng khc h tr xy dng m hnh
v m phng cc h thng c tham s bin thin theo thi gian.
TACS
TACS l m un h tr vic nghin cu m phng cc h thng iu khin
trong min thi gian. TACS c th c s dng nghin cu cc bi ton :
H thng HVDC
H thng kch t ca my in ng b
Thit b in t cng sut v ng c in
H quang in
ATP-EMTP cng h tr vic giao tip thng tin gia mch lc v mch iu
khin ca s in thng qua tn hiu in p nt, dng in ct, trng thi my
ct, in tr c thng s thay i theo thi gian, cc ngun p v ngun dng.
Cc chng trnh con h tr tnh ton (supporting routines)
Tnh ton thng s cc ng dy trn khng v cp : LINE CONSTANTS,
CABLE CONSTANTS, LINE PARAMETERS
M hnh thng s ng dy ph thuc tn s (Semlyen, J. Marti, Noda)
Thng s MBA : XFORMER, BCTRAN
Quy i ng cong t tr, bo ha
X l d liu (data modularization)
Hnh 3.1 m t tng quan v cc m un h tr trong ATP-EMTP
- 60 -


Hnh 3.1. Tng quan v cc m un trong ATP/EMTP
Mt s ng dng ca ATP/EMTP
Nghin cu qu in p st
Qu trnh qu do thao tc ng ct v s c
Qu trnh qu cc ngn trong trm kiu kn (GIS) v h thng ni
t
M hnh my in quay
Khi ng ng c
n nh ng
ng ct MBA, t in, cun khng
Cng hng in t
Cc thit b in t cng sut
Qu trnh lm vic ca my ct
Cc thit b FACTS
Nghin cu sng hi, hin tng cng hng ca h thng
Kim tra s lm vic ca thit b bo v
- 61 -

3.2. M PHNG V T NH TON H S QU P CA MT
XUT TUYN LI TRUNG P BNG ATP/EMTP
Ta xem xt m phng mt li in 35kV nh sau

Hnh 3.2. S xut tuyn 35kV
Bng 3.1. Thng s cc phn t li in 35kV
H thng MBA ngun - ng dy MBA trung gian
- S
N
= 950MVA.
- X
0HT
= 68,21();
- R
0HT
= 1,94();
- X
1HT
= 13,67();
R
1HT
= 6,05();

- U
m
= 110kV
- S
m
= 40MVA
110/35/22kV.
- T u dy:
Y
0
/Y - 12
- x
C
= 28,738();
X
T
= 22,688();
X
H
= 1,522();
- i
0
% = 5%
- Dy dn AC-95,
l=25km.
- in tr sut =
100 .m
- x
0
= 1,595(/km);
- r
0
= 0,4599(/km);
- b
0
=
1,3322(S/km).
- x
1
= 0,3451(/km);
- r
1
= 0,3159(/km);
- b
1
= 3,645(S/km).
- U
m
= 35kV
- S
m
= 1,25MVA
35/6kV.
- T u dy: Y/
- 11
- x
B
= 51,45();
- i
0
% = 5%
S m phng nh sau:

Hnh 3.3. S xut tuyn 35kV trung tnh cch in trong ATP/EMTP
Kt qu m phng in p khi ngn mch chm t pha A pha cui
ng dy nh sau:
I
V
SAT
Y Y
SAT
Y
I
V
(1)
N
HT MBA D MBAtg
- 62 -


Hnh 3.4. in p cc pha ti u ng dy (xut tuyn 35kV, trung tnh
cch in, ngn mch chm t pha A)

Hnh 3.5. in p cc pha ti cui ng dy (xut tuyn 35kV, trung tnh
cch in, ngn mch chm t pha A)
Trng hp trung tnh ni t trc tip, s m phng s nh sau:

Hnh 3.6. S xut tuyn 35kV trung tnh ni t trc tip trong
ATP/EMTP
(f ile xuattuy en35kv .pl4; x-v ar t) v :SENDA v :SENDB v :SENDC
0.00 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.10 [s]
-70
-40
-10
20
50
80
[kV]
(f ile xuattuy en35kv .pl4; x-v ar t) v :BA2A v :BA2B v :BA2C
0.00 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.10 [s]
-70
-40
-10
20
50
80
[kV]
V
SAT
Y Y
SAT
Y
I
V
- 63 -

Kt qu m phng in p khi ngn mch chm t pha A c biu
din trong cc hnh v 3.7 v 3.8.

Hnh 3.7. in p cc pha ti u ng dy (xut tuyn 35kV, trung tnh
ni t trc tip, ngn mch chm t pha A)

Hnh 3.8. in p cc pha ti cui ng dy (xut tuyn 35kV, trung tnh
ni t trc tip, ngn mch chm t pha A)
Cc kt qu tnh ton c thng k li nh sau (cho hai trng hp
ng dy c chiu di 25km v 50km) :



(f ile xuattuy en35kv .pl4; x-v ar t) v :SENDA v :SENDB v :SENDC
0.00 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.10 [s]
-35.00
-26.25
-17.50
-8.75
0.00
8.75
17.50
26.25
35.00
[kV]
(f ile xuattuy en35kv .pl4; x-v ar t) v :BA2A v :BA2B v :BA2C
0.00 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.10 [s]
-50
-35
-20
-5
10
25
40
[kV]
- 64 -

Bng 3.2. H s qu in p tm thi (TOV) theo v tr im ngn mch
chm t dc chiu di ng dy
ST
T
Phng thc
ni t
im trung
tnh
Chiu di ng dy l = 25 km Chiu di ng dy l = 50 km
l = 5
km
l = 10
km
l = 15
km
l = 25
km
l = 5
km
l = 15
km
l = 30
km
l = 50
km
1 Cch in 1,74 1,72 1,72 1,74 1,75 1,74 1,75 1,74
2
Qua cun dp
h quang
1,73 1,72 1,72 1,74 1,76 1,74 1,75 1,74
2 Trc tip 1,04 1,12 1,15 1,17 1,05 1,21 1,29 1,34

Bng 3.3. H s qu in p qu cc i theo v tr im ngn mch chm
t dc chiu di ng dy tng ng vi li in ang xt trn
ST
T
Phng thc ni t
im trung tnh
Chiu di ng dy l = 25 km Chiu di ng dy l = 50 km
l =
5 km
l =
10 km
l =
15 km
l =
25 km
l =
5 km
l =
15 km
l =
30 km
l =
50 km
1 Trung tnh cch in 2,41 2,45 2,59 2,7 2,6 2,43 2,58 2,54
2
Trung tnh ni t qua
cun dp h quang
2,42 2,4 2,53 2,7 2,55 2,63 2,59 2,54
3
Trung tnh ni t trc
tip
1,36 1,4 1,33 1,3 1,28 1,33 1,37 1,31

Nhn xt:
T bng s liu 3.2 ta c th thy rng: khi ngn mch chm t mt
pha, trong li in c trung tnh cch in v li in trung tnh ni t qua
cun dp h quang, qu in p trn cc pha lnh b tng ln tr s in p dy
(h s qu p l ) nn cch in phi chn theo tr s in p dy. Ngc li,
vi li in trung tnh ni t trc tip, h s QQA thay i theo chiu di
ng dy (t s X
0
/X
1
) v QA trn cc pha lnh tng ln cao hn tr s in
p pha v do , cch in ca thit b nhn chung phi chn cao hn tr s in
p pha lm vic ca li in.
KT LUN
Chng 3 gii thiu s lc v phn mm m phng ch qu ca
h thng in ATP/EMTP v ng dng vo m phng QA trn cc pha lnh
- 65 -

ca mt xut tuyn li in trung p khi xy ra s c ngn mch chm t mt
pha.
Cc kt qu thu c ph hp vi l thuyt nghin cu. H s QA trn
pha lnh ca li in c trung tnh cch in v ni t qua cun dp h quang
t mc 1,7 (dng ln mc in p dy). i vi li in trung tnh ni t
trc tip, h s qu in p trn pha lnh ph thuc vo t s X
0
/X
1
ti im xt.
H s ny bin thin t 1- 1,7 (). Do cch in trong li ny nhn chung
phi chn cao hn tr s in p pha nh mc.


- 66 -

CHNG 4: VN LA CHN CHNG ST VAN
4.1. TI U CHUN I EC 60099-5 V LA CHN V S DNG
CHNG ST VAN
4.1.1. Tng quan
4.1.1.1. Nhng nguyn tc chung khi la chn chng st van
Theo tiu chun IEC 60071-1, in p nh mc ca thit b in c phn
thnh 2 di:
+ Di I: in p nh mc t 1kV n 245kV
+ Di II: in p nh mc t 245kV tr ln
Cc phn t trong h thng in c in p nh mc thuc di I ch yu l
cc ng dy ti in trn khng. Nguy c ch yu vi cc phn t ny l qu in
p do st nh trc tip hoc in p cm ng do st nh xung t gn ng dy
ti in. i vi cc h thng cp in lc khng ni trc tip vi ng dy trn
khng, qu in p xy ra ch yu l hu qu ca cc loi s c hoc do cc thao tc
ng ct trong h thng in. Trong mt s him trng hp, c th xy ra qu in
p cm ng do st.
cp in p di II, bn cnh cc nguyn nhn gy qu p do st, qu in
p thao tc tr nn c bit ng lu tm, do bin c th tng ng v thm
ch ln hn qu in p st v cng tng khi nng cao in p nh mc vn hnh
ca h thng in.
Qu in p nguy him bi v n c th gy phng in chc thng, lm nh
hng n s lm vic bnh thng, gy s c hoc thm ch ph hy hon ton cc
thit b in. Bin php kh d ngn chn nguy c xy ra qu in p hoc gim
nh bin qu in p l s dng chng st van (CSV) v thc hin phi hp cch
in hp l gia chng st van v cch in ca thit b. Do , nhng ni c
nguy c xy ra qu in p do phng in st hoc do cc thao tc ng ct, ngi
ta khuyn co nn nghin cu lp t cc chng st van bo v thit b in.
- 67 -

Cc chng st van s to ra mt khu vc an ton xung quanh n do c
thit k chu ng cc cc loi in p v tn dng in tng ng vo t
bo v thit b. Trong h thng in, cc loi in p t ln thit b bao gm:
+ in p lm vic
+ Qu in p tm thi (temporary overvoltage)
+ Qu in p vi thi gian u sng di (slow-front)
+ Qu in p vi thi gian u sng ngn (fast-front)
Trong sng qu in p thi gian u sng di do thao tc ng ct c
quan tm c bit khi la chn chng st van bo v cc thit b thuc di II.
Mt im cn lu khi la chn chng st van l s mu thun gia yu cu
v bo v ti a cho thit b in (h thp tr s in p d) v yu cu nng cao
in p nh mc. Do , vic la chn CSV phi l mt qu trnh ti u ha, trong
phi xem xt rt nhiu cc tham s ca h thng in v ca i tng cn bo
v.
Chng st van loi khng khe h s dng in tr ZnO thng c s dng
trong h thng in trung tnh ni t trc tip do c kh nng bo v hiu qu i
vi cc xung qu in p c thi gian u sng di. Trong khi vi h thng in
trung tnh cch in hoc ni t qua cun dp h quang, CSV loi c khe h li c
u im hn trong trng hp yu cu cn c c tnh bo v thp. Mc d trc
y vn c dng cho mi cp in p, hin ti ngi ta thng ch xem xt s
dng CSV loi c khe h i vi li in c in p thuc di I, c bit di in
p thp.
4.1.1.2. Quy trnh tng qut khi la chn chng st van
IEC 60099-5 xut mt quy trnh lp khi xem xt la chn chng st van
bao gm cc bc nh sau (c biu din trong s khi hnh 4.1):
1. Xc nh in p lm vic lu di ca CSV tng ng vi gi tr cc i
in p lm vic ca h thng in
- 68 -

2. Xc nh in p nh mc ca CSV tng ng vi mc qu in p tm
thi ti im t
3. Tnh ton c lng bin v xc sut xut hin ca dng phng in
st c kh nng xut hin ti chng st van, cc yu cu v kh nng phng in cho
ng dy ti in v la chn tr s dng in phng in danh nh, gi tr dng
xung cao (l gi tr nh ca xung dng in phng in 4/10 s s dng kim
tra kh nng n nh ca CSV trong trng hp chu c st trc tip nh vo CSV)
v cp phng in ng dy ca chng st van (yu cu v kh nng chu ng cc
xung dng phng in t pha ng dy np in t trc, ph thuc vo cc tham
s c th ca h thng in ang xt)
4. La chn cp gii tr p sut ca CSV tng ng vi dng s c d kin
5. La chn CSV p ng tt c cc yu cu k trn
6. Xc nh c tnh bo v i vi xung qu in p st v qu in p thao
tc va chn
7. Nn b tr CSV gn nht c th vi thit b c bo v
8. Xc nh mc in p chu ng phi hp vi CSV ca thit b c bo
v i vi xung qu in p thao tc c xem xt ti gi tr in hnh ca qu in p
u sng di v cu hnh ca li in
9. Xc nh mc in p chu ng phi hp vi CSV ca thit b bo v vi
xung phng in st c xem xt ti:
+Gi tr in hnh ca sng qu p st lan truyn theo ng dy vo trm
v tn sut s c cho php ca thit b c bo v
+Cu hnh trm bin p
+Khong cch CSV-thit b c bo v
10. Xc nh mc cch in nh mc ca thit b theo chun IEC 60071-1
[19]
11. Trong trng hp c yu cu gim nh mc cch in ca thit b, cn
thit nghin cu xem xt cc kh nng sau y:
- 69 -

+ Gim gi tr in p lm vic lin tc lu di
+ Gim gi tr in p nh mc
+ La chn dng phng in danh nh ln hn, cp phng in ng dy
cao hn, hoc CSV c thit k tt hn hoc
+ Gim khong cch t CSV ti thit b cn bo v
Lu : vic gim gi tr in p lm vic lin tc lu di hoc gim gi tr
in p nh mc ca CSV cng ng ngha vic gim tin cy lm vic ca CSV
.
- 70 -

in p lm
vic cc i
Qu in p
tm thi
Gi tr dng
phng in
st
Nng lng thng
thot
Dng s c
ca CSV
in p lm vic
lu di
in p nh mc
Dng in phng
in danh nh
Cp phng in
ng dy
CSV
Cp gii tr p
sut
c tnh bo v
vi xung st
c tnh bo v
vi xung thao tc
Cu hnh trm
Mc qu p
thao tc c
th xy ra
Gi tr in hnh ca
xung qu p st
trn vo trm
Cu hnh trm
Khong cch CSV
- vt c bo v
Phi hp cch
in vi xung st
Phi hp cch in
vi xung thao tc
Tha mn Khng
Gi tr cch in
nh mc
Khng
CSV c la
chn

Hnh 4.1. Quy trnh kim tra v la chn CSV
- 71 -

4.1.1.3.Kh nng chu nhim ca cch in CSV
Cc lp bm bn trn b mt cch in ngoi ca CSV c th lm pht sinh
phng in b mt, hoc lm tng nhit qu mc trn cc phn t iu chnh c
tnh (in tr, t in) vi loi c khe h hay trn cc a in tr phi tuyn i
vi loi khng khe h. hn ch CSV b s c khi lm vic trong cc iu kin
mi trng nhim, cn thit phi la chn loi CSV c thit k sn lm vic
trong cc iu kin nh vy. Mc d khng c yu cu c th trong tiu chun IEC
60099-1 (tiu chun cho CSV loi c khe h) v IEC 60099-4 (tiu chun cho CSV
loi khng khe h), CSV trong iu kin lm vic bnh thng cn thit c kh
nng chu nhim ti mc 2 theo tiu chun IEC 60071-2. Nu CSV lm vic trong
iu kin mi trng nhim cao hn quy nh cho php s lm gim hiu qu lm
vic ca n. Trng hp vn bt buc phi s dng (lm vic trong mi trng
nhim t ti mc 3, thm ch mc 4), cn thit phi c bin php t chc lm v
sinh nh k lm gim nhim trn cch in ca CSV xung di mc
cho php, khi cn s dng loi CSV c thit k c bit cho php thc hin v
sinh khi CSV vn lm vic trn li.
4.1.2. La chn CSV c khe h s dng in tr phi tuyn (SiC)
4.1.2.1. Cc thng s k thut ca CSV c khe h
Khi nim chung
Cc thng s k thut c bn ca CSV c khe h bao gm: in p nh
mc, in p phng in chc thng, dng in phng in danh nh v in p d
tng ng.
Kh nng bo v ca CSV c c trng bi gi tr in p chc thng
phn u sng ca xung in p st v, khi c th, vi xung qu in p thao tc;
bn cnh cng c c trng bi gi tr in p d khi thng thot dng phng
in danh nh, v xung qu dng in thao tc. Cng mt tr s in p nh mc,
cc CSV chng loi khc nhau c kh nng bo v khng ging nhau.
- 72 -

Bn cnh cc thng s c bn trn, mt s thng s khc cng thng c
xem xt l: in p lm vic lin tc lu di, cp phng in thi gian di (long-
duration), cp gii tr in p, cp chu nhim, kh nng v sinh trn li (live
washing) v cc c tnh c hc c bit khc.
in p nh mc
in p nh mc ca CSV l gi tr in p hiu dng cc i tn s cng
nghip cho php t ln cc cc ca CSV, ti n c ch to lm vic bnh
thng. Tr s ny c xc nh t th nghim vn hnh (operating duty test) .
in p nh mc c s dng nh 1 thng s tham chiu cho c tnh lm vic
ca CSV.
Trong mt s cc th nghim, chng hn tiu chun IEC 60099-3 v th
nghim nhim, cn thit c tr s in p hiu dng cc i c th t lu di ln
cc cc ca CSV (gi l in p lm vic lin tc lu di- COV - Continuous
Operating Voltage). i vi cc CSV thuc di I, tr s ny c th bng vi in p
nh mc, vi CSV thuc di II, tr s ny thng thp hn. Lu trong tiu chun
IEC 60099-1 khng ch r mt quy trnh th nghim c th xc nh tr s ny,
do tr s ny cn thit phi c cung cp bi nh sn xut.
Ngng bo v
Ngng bo v ca CSV i vi xung in p st l gi tr cao hn ca 2 gi
tr sau y:
+ in p phng in chc thng ca xung in p st tiu chun
(1,2/50 s)
+ in p d khi thng thot dng in phng in danh nh
Ngng bo v ca CSV vi xung in p thao tc c trng cho kh nng
bo v ca CSV vi nhng xung qu in p c thi gian u sng di, l gi tr ln
hn gia tr s in p chc thng v in p d trn CSV khi th nghim vi xung
dng in thao tc.
- 73 -

Ch : trng hp khng c s liu v gi tr in p chc thng vi xung
qu in p thao tc, c th ngoi suy t gi tr in p chc thng tn s cng
nghip ca CSV.
Dng in phng in danh nh
Dng in phng in danh nh l gi tr cc i ca xung dng in 8/20s
m CSV c th thng thot, c s dng phn loi CSV. Dng in ny cng
c dng kch thch pht sinh dng k tc trong th nghim lm vic ca CSV
v xc nh ngng bo v st ca n.
Cp phng in thi gian di (long duration)
L ch s ch kh nng thng thot nng lng ca CSV i vi cc ng
dy di. Cp cng cao, CSV cng c kh nng lm vic vi h thng c in p
cng cao, chiu di ng dy cng ln, trong khi tng tr sng v bi s qu
in p cng gim.
Cp gii tr p sut
L ch s c trng cho kh nng chu ng dng in s c ni b do h
hng ca CSV m khng dn ti lm n hay ph hy cch in bn ngoi.
c tnh chu nhim
i vi CSV lm vic trong mi trng nhim ti cp 3 hoc 4 theo
tiu chun IEC 60071-2, cn thit phi thc hin th nghim lm vic trong iu
kin nhim theo tiu chun IEC 60093-3. T th nghim ny, cng s xc nh
c tr s in p phng in chc thng. Kh nng chng phng in b mt ca
cch in ngoi s c kim tra theo tiu chun IEC 60507.
Kh nng v sinh trn li (live washing)
CSV cho php v sinh khi ang lm vic trn li yu cu c nhng thit k
c bit hn so vi loi thng thng v cn thit quy nh cc quy trnh th
nghim c th cho CSV loi ny.
Trong khi xem xt cc thit k i vi cc thit b v sinh CSV, cn lu
cc im sau:
- 74 -

+ Nc s dng v sinh cn m bo c in tr sut ph hp
+ Cn ch to b phn lau ra c thit k hp l thm t ng u v
ng thi ton b b mt cch in ngoi ca CSV, trnh gy pht sinh phng in
trn b mt cch in. Bn cnh cng cn quan tm ti tr s tc gi ti a
cho php.
4.1.2.2. La chn CSV c khe h ni gia pha v t
in p nh mc
Thng thng chng ta hay chn gi tr in p nh mc ca CSV theo gi
tr ca tr s qu in p tm thi trong trng hp xy ra s c chm t mt pha
v gy ra qu in p trn cc pha lnh cn li. Tuy nhin nh vy l cha y v
cn nhiu nguyn nhn khc gy ra qu in p tm thi. Rt cn thit phi tnh
ton tr s qu in p tm thi do cc nguyn nhn , v tr s in p nh mc
ca CSV c la chn trn c s c c tr s ln nht ca qu in p tm thi
tnh ton c. Trong nhiu trng hp cn cn thit phi tnh ton ti tnh hung
xp chng s c ca cc dng khc nhau, chng hn chm t mt pha ng thi
vi hin tng sa thi ph ti t ngt, tnh ton bi s qu in p c tnh ti xc
sut xy ra ca n.
Mt s nguyn nhn gy ra qu in p tm thi cn xem xt nh sau:
-Cc s c ngn mch chm t: qu in p xy ra trn mt phn rng ca
li in, thi gian tn ti ph thuc vo thi gian gii tr s c, khong di 1s
i vi li in ni t trc tip, vi chc giy vi li in ni t qua cun dp
h quang v c th ko di ti hng gi trong li in c trung tnh cch in.
-Sa thi ph ti: khi sa thi ph ti c th s xy ra qu in p in cc
pha ngun cp ca my ct thc hin thao tc ng ct. Bin qu p ph thuc
vo tnh cht ph ti v cng sut ngn mch ca trm bin p ngun. Tr s ny
c bit cao trong trng hp sa thi ph ti hon ton u cc b my pht-
MBA, ty thuc tr mc bo ha t v mc lng tc ca r to my pht. Bi
s qu p do sa thi ph ti thng khng phi l hng s trong thi gian tn ti ca
n, vic tnh ton chnh xc cn thit phi s dng rt nhiu tham s.
- 75 -

Tuy vy c th a ra mt s tr s nh hng nh sau:
+ i vi h thng in c trung bnh, khi mt ti t ngt 100% c kh
nng s gy ra qu in p pha- t vi bin khng ln hn 1,2 p.u. Thi gian
tn ti qu in p ph thuc vo hiu qu lm vic ca thit b t ng iu chnh
in p, c th ko di ti vi pht.
+ Vi h thng in c ln, hu qu ca mt ti 100% c th gy ra qu in
p vi bin ti 1,5 p.u v thm ch cao hn khi xy ra hiu ng Ferranti hay hin
tng cng hng. Thi gian tn ti c th ko di vi giy.
+ i vi trng hp mt ti u cc b my pht- MBA, bin qu in
p c th ti 1,4 p.u vi my pht thy in v 1,5 p.u vi my pht nhit in. Thi
gian tn ti vo khong 3 giy.
Ngoi ra, trong mt s trng hp cn nghin cu hin tng qu in p
tm thi pht sinh do:
+ Hin tng cng hng (ng ng dy khng ti,)
+ Hiu ng Ferranti (in p thay i dc theo chiu di ng dy di cao
p v siu cao p)
+ Qu in p sng hi, v d ng ct my bin p.
+ Hin tng b cp ngun ngc (backfeeding) vi cc MBA c cc cun
dy u chung (v d trng hp hai MBA gim p c cun th cp mc chung vo
cng mt thanh ci v mt MBA b ct ngun pha s cp do s c hoc trng hp
MBA 3 pha ti th cp khng i xng b ct 1 pha)
CSV s dng trong li trung tnh cch in hoc ni t qua cun dp h
quang nhng khng c bo v chng s c chm t, cn thit phi chu ng c
in p dy ca mng do c kh nng s c b duy tr ko di cho ti khi nhn vin
vn hnh tm kim v khc phc. Ngc li, vi h thng c trang b t ng ct
loi tr s c chm t, in p nh mc ca CSV ch cn chn bng vi in p
nh mc pha-t ca h thng.

- 76 -

Dng in phng in danh nh
Khi la chn dng phng in danh nh cho CSV, cn nghin cu cc vn
sau y:
+ Yu cu v mc bo v i vi cng trnh. CSV c ngng bo v vi
bin dng in cng cao v tc tng u sng cng ln th tin cy cng
ln.
+ S lng ng dy ni ti CSV khi phng in do nh hng ca hin
tng phn x v khc x ca sng ti bin qu in p.
+ Cch in ng dy: cch in cng cao th bin sng qu in p trn
vo trm cng ln, tr trng hp st nh trc tip vo v tr t chng st van
khin CSV hng trn gn nh ton b nng lng ca c st. i vi trm c cc
ng dy vo trm s dng ct g trong x (g) v s ko c ni t th ti
thiu ti ct cui cng trc khi vo trm, cn thit ni t x v s ca ct vi in
tr ni t b. Trng hp ni c in tr sut t ln, yu cu thc hin ni t
x s trong phm vi 5 khong ct ng dy trc khi vo trm.
+ Xc sut xut hin cc c st c bin ln, gi tr ny ph thuc khu vc
a l (mt st).
+ Ch tiu chng st ca ng dy. Bin dng in phng in qua CSV
l hm s ca phng in ngc trn cch in ng dy v xc sut st nh
vng qua dy chng st vo ng dy. Xc sut st nh vng cng cao th bin
v dc u sng ca dng qua CSV cng ln.
i vi cc tr s dng in phng in danh nh tiu chun quy nh trong
tiu chun IEC 60099-1, kinh nghim vn hnh cho thy s thu c mc bo v
chp nhn c trong trng hp xem xt s dng cc khuyn ngh sau y:
+ Di in p I (t 1kV n 245kV): 5kA hoc 10kA
trong li in c in p nh mc thuc di I, khi khong cch gia cc
b chng st lp t trn ng dy ngn (di 5km), CSV lp t ti MBA phn
- 77 -

phi ch cn chn loi 5kA l p ng yu cu bo v, ngay c trong trng hp
MBA ni trc tip vi ng dy ct g khng thc hin ni t vi x (g).
Li in c in p ti 72,5kV, CSV loi 5kA c th s dng i vi trm
t ti ni c mt st thp v c b tr dy chng st che chn pha trn cc
ng dy vo trm v thc hin ni t tt ti chn ct. i vi cc cng trnh
quan trng, yu cu mc an ton cao, hoc ti cc khu vc c mt st hoc
in tr sut t ln, lc nn dng CSV loi 10kA.
Li in c in p trn 72,5kV thng thng nn s dng CSV loi 10kA.
+Di in p II (trn 245kV): 10kA hoc 20kA
Vi li in c in p t 245kV ti 420kV, CSV c dng phng in danh
nh 10kV thng thng p ng yu cu bo v.
Vi li in c in p cao hn 420kV, c th cn thit s dng loi CSV
20kA.
Kh nng phng in thi gian di (long duration)
Trong trng hp trm bin p c ni vi ng dy ti in, cp in chiu
di ln hoc phn t in dung ln, CSV t trong trm phi c kh nng thng
thot dng in v nng lng do cc sng qu in p xut hin do thao tc ng
ct trong li. Chng st van loi heavy duty thng c s dng bo v thit b
c in p nh mc thuc di II. Vi thit b thuc di I, CSV loi heavy duty
c s dng ti nhng trm quan trng, yu cu c ngng bo v thp hoc trong
trng hp c ng dy trn khng, cp chiu di ln hoc b t kt ni vo thanh
ci trm. i vi cc trng hp khc, v d trng hp ng dy ngn (100km
tr li) thng thng s dng CSV loi 5 v 10kA l p ng yu cu.
Cp gii tr p sut
Vic b tr thit b gii tr p sut nhm mc ch trong trng hp CSV b
s c, dng s c trong ni b CSV khng gy tng p sut ti mc lm n cch
in bo v bn ngoi ca CSV. V th dng in ngn mch chu ng ca CSV
khng c nh hn gi tr dng s c cc i qua CSV ti im lp t n.
- 78 -


Bng 4.1: Gi tr dng in quy nh vi th nghim ngn mch CSV
(thi gian tn ti ngn mch khong 1/6 chu k in p tn s CN)
Loi CSV
(dng phng in danh
nh)
A
Dng in
ngn mch
nh mc A
Dng in ngn
mch
gim nh
A
Dng in
ngn mch tr
s nh,thi
gian tn ti
1s*
A
20 000 hoc 10 000 80 000 50 000 25 000 600 200
20 000 hoc 10 000 63 000 25 000 12 000 600 200
20 000 hoc 10 000 50 000 25 000 12 000 600 200
20 000 hoc 10 000 40 000 25 000 12 000 600 200
20 000 hoc 10 000 31 500 12 000 6 000 600 200
20 000, 10 000 hoc 5 000 20 000 12 000 6 000 600 200
10 000 hoc 5 000 16 000 6 000 3 000 600 200
10 000, 5 000, 2 500 hoc 1
500
10 000 6 000 3 000 600 200
10 000, 5 000, 2 500 hoc 1
500
5 000 3 000 1 500 600 200

* i vi CSV s dng trong h thng in c trung tnh cch in hoc ni
t qua cun dp h quang, c th ko di thi gian thc hin th nghim ngn mch
t 1 giy ln ti 30 pht sau khi c s hng dn c th t pha nh sn xut. Khi
dng in ngn mch s c gim xung gi tr 50 20A. i vi th nghim
c bit ny, cn c s thng nht gia nh sn xut v cng ty in v quy cch i
vi mu v vn x l kt qu th nghim.
4.1.3. La chn CSV khng khe h s dng oxit kim loi
4.1.3.1. Thng s c tnh ca CSV khng khe h s dng oxit kim
loi
Tng qut
Thng s c tnh c bn ca CSV khng khe h oxit kim loi bao gm: in
p lm vic lu di, in p nh mc, dng in phng in danh nh v in p
d ca CSV khi thng thot dng phng in danh nh (xung 8/20 s), xung dng
in thao tc (xung c thi gian u sng di hn 30s nhng khng ln hn 100
- 79 -

s, thi gian ui sng xp x bng 2 ln thi gian u sng) v xung dng in c
u sng dc (xung 10,1s/20s).
Vi cng in p lm vic lu di v in p nh mc, CSV khc chng loi
nhau s c cc ngng bo v khc nhau.
Ngoi ra cc thng s khc c th cn thit s dng ti l: cp phng in
ng dy, cp gii tr p sut, kh nng lm vic trong mi trng nhim, kh
nng v sinh trn li (live washing) v cc c tnh c hc khc.
in p lm vic lu di
in p lm vic lu di l tr s in p hiu dng cc i cho php t lu
di ln cc cc ca CSV m khng lm cho n b h hng.
in p nh mc
in p nh mc l gi tr in p hiu dng tn s cng nghip c s
dng trong khi th nghim vn hnh ca CSV (operating duty test) trong khong
thi gian 10s (xem chi tit mc 2.8 trong tiu chun IEC 60099-4). Bn cnh y
cng l thng s tham chiu s dng xy dng ng c tnh Vn giy tn s
cng nghip ca CSV v xc nh cc yu cu i vi th nghim phng in
ng dy (line discharge test).
Dng in phng in danh nh
Dng in phng in danh nh c s dng phn loi chng st van, l
tham s xc nh cc c tnh bo v v kh nng thng thot nng lng ca n.
Ngng bo v
Ngng bo v st ca CSV l gi tr in p d cc i trn CSV khi thng
thot dng phng in danh nh, c s dng trong bo v thit b trc cc xung
qu in p u sng ngn.
Ngng bo v xung thao tc ca CSV l gi tr in p d cc i trn CSV
khi thng thot dng in xung thao tc, c s dng trong bo v thit b trc
cc xung qu in p u sng di (so vi xung st).
Cp phng in ng dy
- 80 -

L ch s c trng cho kh nng thng thot nng lng ca CSV loi 10kA
v 20kA khi chu phng in t pha ng dy truyn ti chiu di ln. C 5 cp
phng in ng dy ca CSV loi khng khe h theo tiu chun IEC 60099-4,
trong ch s cng tng th kh nng thng thot ca CSV cng cao.
Cp gii tr p sut
L ch s c trng cho kh nng chu ng ca CSV i vi dng s c bn
trong m khng gy tng p sut qu mc dn ti gy ph hy cch in ngoi.
Kh nng lm vic trong mi trng nhim
nh gi kh nng chu ng nhim ca CSV bao gm 3 ni dung sau
y:
a> Cch in ngoi phi c kh nng chu ng nhim m khng dn ti
phng in b mt cch in. Do cn kim tra theo tiu chun IEC
60507 hoc m bo thit k ph hp theo tiu chun IEC 60815.
b> CSV phi c kh nng chu ng vi s tng nhit cc b do s thay i
phn b in p do cc hot ng nhim trn b mt cch in. Bn
cnh cn nh gi ngng nhim, tn sut v bin ca cc qu
in p gy ra do s c v thao tc t ng ng tr li khi lm vic
trong mi trng nhim.
c> Kh nng chu ng phng in cc b pht sinh cho nhim lm thay
i phn b th m khng lm h hng cc in tr phi tuyn v cc
phn t khc bn trong CSV.
Kh nng v sinh trn li (live washing)
Kim tra kh nng v sinh CSV khi ang lm vic trn li m khng dn
ti phng in b mt cch in hoc gy tng nhit cc b ca cc in tr phi
tuyn ln qu ngng cho php ca CSV.
4.1.3.2. La chn CSV khng khe h s dng oxit kim loi ni gia
pha v t
in p lm vic lu di
- 81 -

in p lm vic lu di ca CSV c la chn phi c gi tr cao hn gi
tr hiu dng cc i ca in p li in ti ni u ni, trong tr s in p
hiu dng cc i ca li in c nhn thm mt h s an ton 1,05 do c tnh
ti kh nng tng p do tc dng ca cc in p hi. Tng qut, tr s in p lm
vic lu di ca CSV c th la chn theo cc quy tc sau y:
+ Trong h thng in c trang b bo v chng chm t, tr s ny c th
chn bng hoc cao hn tr s cc i ca in p pha chia cho
+ Trong li in c trung tnh cch in hoc ni t qua cun dp h
quang v khng trang b bo v chng chm t, chn tr s bng hoc cao hn tr
s in p dy cc i ti ni u ni.
Trng hp tr s in p dy cc i ti ni u ni CSV khng th c c
chnh xc, c th s dng tr s in p dy cc i ca li in hoc tr s in p
nh mc ca thit b.
in p nh mc
in p nh mc ca CSV c la chn da trn qu in p tm thi xy
ra ti ni u CSV c xem xt ti bin v thi gian tn ti ca qu in p tm
thi. in p nh mc c biu din di dng ng c tnh Vn-giy tn s
cng nghip. ng c tnh ny c chn sao cho n nm trn hon ton so vi
ng c tnh ca Vn-giy ca bin qu in p tm thi cc i vi thi gian
loi tr s c, c tnh ton ti h s d phng do nhim v kh nng v sinh trn
li ca CSV.
Mt s nguyn nhn gy ra qu in p tm thi cn xem xt nh sau:
- Cc s c ngn mch chm t: qu in p xy ra trn mt phn ln ca
li in, thi gian tn ti ph thuc vo thi gian gii tr s c, khong di 1s
i vi li in ni t trc tip, vi chc giy vi li in ni t qua cun dp
h quang v c th ko di ti hng gi trong li in c trung tnh cch in.
- Sa thi ph ti: khi sa thi ph ti c th s xy ra qu in p in cc
pha ngun cp ca my ct thc hin thao tc ng ct. Bin qu p ph thuc
- 82 -

vo tnh cht ph ti v cng sut ngn mch ca trm bin p ngun. Tr s ny
c bit cao trong trng hp sa thi ph ti hon ton u cc b my pht-
MBA, ty thuc tr mc bo ha t v mc lng tc ca r to my pht. Bi
s qu p do sa thi ph ti thng khng phi l hng s trong thi gian tn ti ca
n, vic tnh ton chnh xc cn thit phi s dng rt nhiu tham s.
Tuy vy c th a ra mt s tr s nh hng nh sau:
+ i vi h thng in c trung bnh, khi mt ti t ngt 100% c kh
nng s gy ra qu in p pha- t vi bin khng ln hn 1,2 p.u. Thi gian
tn ti qu in p ph thuc vo hiu qu lm vic ca thit b t ng iu chnh
in p, c th ko di ti vi pht.
+ Vi h thng in c ln, hu qu ca mt ti 100% c th gy ra qu in
p vi bin ti 1,5 p.u v thm ch cao hn khi xy ra hiu ng Ferranti hay hin
tng cng hng. Thi gian tn ti c th ko di vi giy.
+ i vi trng hp mt ti u cc b my pht- MBA, bin qu in
p c th ti 1,4 p.u vi my pht thy in v 1,5 p.u vi my pht nhit in. Thi
gian tn ti vo khong 3 giy.
Ngoi ra, trong mt s trng hp cn nghin cu hin tng qu in p
tm thi pht sinh do:
+ Hin tng cng hng (ng ng dy khng ti,)
+ Hiu ng Ferranti (in p thay i dc theo chiu di ng dy di cao
p v siu cao p)
+ Qu in p sng hi, v d ng ct my bin p.
+ Hin tng b cp ngun ngc (backfeeding) vi cc MBA c cc cun
dy u chung (v d trng hp hai MBA gim p c cun th cp mc chung vo
cng mt thanh ci v mt MBA b ct ngun pha s cp do s c hoc trng hp
MBA 3 pha ti th cp khng i xng b ct 1 pha)
Bn cnh cng cn xem xt ti kh nng s c xp chng ca cc nguyn
nhn gy qu p tm thi, chng hn vic sa thi ph ti ni tip do ct ngn mch.
- 83 -

Trong nhng trng hp nh vy, cn nghin cu chi tit lng ph ti b ct ng
vi cc im ngn mch khc nhau v v tr t ca CSV.
c tnh V-s in p nh mc ca CSV phi nm hon ton pha trn
ng c tnh bin cc i ca qu in p tm thi vi thi gian tn ti ca n
(nm trong khong t 0,1 s n 100 s). thun tin trong vic so snh vi kt qu
thu c t th nghim vn hnh (operating duty test) (tin hnh trong 10s), ngi
ta thc hin quy i c tnh V-s ny v tr s bin qu p tm thi tng ng
U
eq
trong thi gian 10s:

(4.1)
Trong U
t
-bin ca qu in p tm thi
T
t
-thi gian tn ti qu in p tm thi [s]
U
eq
-bin ca qu in p tm thi quy i trong thi gian 10s
m-h s c trng s bin thin in p tn s cng nghip theo thi
gian ca CSV. Tr s ny khc nhau vi cc CSV c thit k khc nhau v nm
trong khong t 0,018 ti 0,022. Trng hp khng c tr s c th, c th ly gi
tr trung bnh 0,02.
in p nh mc ca CSV phi ln hn tr s ln nht ca qu in p tm
thi quy i tnh ton trn.
Ch :
+ Thng thng ngi ta s dng mt phm vi an ton 5%-15% gia in p
nh mc ca CSV vi tr s qu in p quy i hn ch sai s mc phi trong
vic tnh ton bin qu p tm thi.
+ Trong trng hp ng c tnh bo v ca loi CSV c la chn cao
hn so vi yu cu, c th cho php la chn loi c in p nh mc thp hn tr
s qu in p tm thi 10s quy i vi iu kin CSV phi c kh nng thng thot
nng lng pht sinh t cc loi qu in p xut hin trong li. Khi phi tnh
ton m phng cc tnh hung vn hnh ca li tnh ton nng lng thng
- 84 -

thot qua CSV. Bn cnh cn lu ti c tnh tn mc ca ng c tnh V-A
ca CSV.
Dng in phng in danh nh v cp phng in ng dy
Dng in phng in danh nh
Dng in phng in danh nh c la chn cn c vo dng in
phng in st c kh nng xut hin ti CSV. Cc ni dung cn nghin cu khi
la chn tr s dng phng in danh nh cho CSV loi khng khe h cng
tin hnh tng t nh i vi CSV c khe h trnh by mc 2.2.2 v cng
c th s dng cc gi tr nh hng nh vy la chn loi CSV cn s
dng.
Kh nng thng thot nng lng
CSV kiu oxit kim loi phi c kh nng tn phn nng lng pht sinh do
cc xung qu in p qu trong h thng in. Cc qu in p qu nguy him
nht trong h thng in pht sinh do cc nguyn nhn sau y:
+ ng v t ng li ng dy ti in khong cch ln.
+ Hin tng phng in tr li (restriking) khi ct cc b t in hoc cc
ng dy cp.
+ St nh trc tip vo dy dn trn khng c mc cch in xung (BIL)
ln hoc xy ra phng in ngc gn vi v tr t CSV.
Vi cc ngng bo v bit ca CSV, c th c lng c
nng lng m CSV phi thng thot bng cc cng thc sau y:
+ ng v t ng li ng dy:

(4.2)
Trong W-nng lng hp th ca CSV
U
ps
-ngng bo v xung thao tc ca CSV
U
e
-bin qu in p, c tnh ton theo tiu chun IEC 60071-2
Z-tng tr sng ca ng dy
- 85 -

T
W
-thi gian truyn sng dc ng dy (bng chiu di ng dy chia
cho vn tc truyn sng trn dy)
+ ng ct ng dy cp v b t

(4.3)
Trong C-in dung ca b t hoc ng dy cp
U
0
-gi tr nh ca in p pha li
U
r
-in p nh mc hiu dng ca CSV
Phn nng lng hp th c th tn song song qua cc CSV u cng pha
vi nhau. T l hp th gia cc CSV cn thit phi nghin cu tnh ton c th.
+ Phng in st

(4.4)
Trong U
pl
-ngng bo v st ca CSV
U
f
-tr s in p phng in cc tnh m ca cch in ng dy
Z-tng tr sng ca ng dy
N-s ng dy cng ni vo CSV ti thi im CSV phng in
T
l
-thi gian tn ti tng ng ca phng in st (bao gm c st u
tin v cc c st thnh phn tip theo). C th s dng gi tr in hnh 3.10
-4
s.
Ngoi cc nguyn nhn trnh by trn, mt s t trng hp vn hnh khc
cng c th gy ra tnh hung CSV phi thng thot mt lng nng lng ln. V
d tiu biu l vic chn cu ch c tr s dng chy cao hn nhiu so vi tr s yu
cu bo v ca xut tuyn hoc vic chn CSV c ngng bo v qu thp.
Cp gii tr p sut
CSV la chn phi c tr s dng chu ng ngn mch cao hn tr s dng
ngn mch c kh nng xut hin ti im u CSV bo m khi s c, p sut
trong CSV khng tng qu mc dn ti n cch in ngoi ca n.
- 86 -

4.1.4. ng dng ca CSV
4.1.4.1. Bo v chng cc xung qu in p u sng di
Vn bo v chng qu in p t cc xung thao tc thng ch c xem
xt i vi cc h thng in c in p nh mc thuc di II v bin cc qu
in p ny bng v thm ch cao hn qu in p gy ra do st. Tr s i din ca
qu in p thao tc ti thit b c bo v bng chng st van bng chnh tr s
ngng bo v xung thao tc ca chng st van do c th b qua hiu ng lan
truyn sng, tr trng hp vi cc ng dy ti in.
CSV khng khe h loi oxit kim loi thng rt hiu qu khi bo v chng
cc xung qu in p c thi gian u sng di trong khi vi loi c khe h, ch c
tc dng sau khi xung qu p gy ra phng in chc thng khe h cch in. Nhn
chung vic gii hn tr s qu in p pha-t vo khong 2 ln tr s in p pha
hiu dng l hon ton c th i vi CSV khng khe h, trong khi tr s ny s cao
hn ng k khi s dng CSV c khe h. iu c ngha rng CSV oxit kim loi
rt thch hp bo v chng qu in p khi ng v t ng li ng dy ti
in cng nh khi ct dng in in cm v in dung tr s b nhng li km hiu
qu i vi qu in p pht sinh do s c ngn mch chm t v qu trnh ct gii
tr s c do bin qu in p qu thp.
Qu in p khi thao tc ng v t ng li ng dy ti in thng lm
pht sinh qu dng c 0,5-2kA qua CSV, tr s chnh xc dng in ny thng
khng cn thit xc nh chnh xc do c tnh phi tuyn rt mnh ca cc in tr
oxit kim loi. Ngoi ra hiu ng dc u sng ca sng thao tc cng c th b qua.
CSV thng c mc gia ng dy pha v t, v trong trng hp s
dng CSV loi oxit kim loi, tr s qu in p pha-pha thng vo khong 2 ln
ngng bo v thao tc ca CSV ni pha-t. Qu in p pha-pha s bao gm 2
thnh phn qu in p pha-t v thng vi t l 1:1. Trong trng hp cn gii
hn mc qu in p pha-pha xung tr s nh hn na, s cn thit phi s dng
thm CSV mc gia cc dy dn pha vi nhau.
- 87 -

4.1.4.2. Bo v chng qu in p st
Khi nim chung
Do dc u sng ca qu in p st thng rt ln nn khng th b qua
hiu ng sng truyn gia CSV v thit b c bo v. V th in p ti thit b
c bo v thng cao hn tr s in p d ca CSV, i khi nu khong cch
xa, tr s ny c th vt qua ngng chu ng qu p ca thit b. V th mt
nguyn tc c bn khi bo v chng qu p bng CSV l bo m khong cch
CSV-thit b cng ngn cng tt. Trng hp gii hn l CSV t ngay ti v tr ca
thit b c bo v. Tuy nhin thng thng CSV cng c th c s dng
bo v nhiu thit b khc xung quanh n trong phm vi bo v ca mnh vi iu
kin dc u sng qu in p st trn vo trm c gii hn mc cn thit
bng cch b tr cc h thng chng st cho trm v cc ng dy vo trm.
Yu t quan trng nh hng ti vic la chn v tr t ca CSV trong trm
chnh l vn bo v chng st cho ng dy ti in v TBA. Ngay c trong
trng hp ng dy khng treo DCS th vic b tr bo v chng st nh trc
tip cho TBA vn hon ton cn thit gim thiu xc sut xut hin cc qu in
p c bin rt ln v u sng rt dc xm nhp vo trm do b st nh trc
tip. Theo cc s liu thng k c, th phn ln cc c st nh xung h thng
in l v pha cc ng dy ti in, lm pht sinh qu in p lan truyn theo
ng dy i v pha TBA. Nu ng dy c treo DCS th mt phn s tn vo t
qua h thng ni t chn ct, phn sng qu in p lan truyn dc theo dy v
trm s c bin v dc gim thiu hn nhiu so vi trng hp ng dy
khng treo DCS. Do in p d trn CSV c bin thp hn v gim thiu
nguy c gy qu p trn i tng c bo v trong trm.
Trng hp trm ch c mt ng dy n khng treo DCS, thit b chng
st nn t cng gn thit b cng tt. i vi trm c nhiu ng dy khng treo
DCS ni vo, bin v dc sng qu in p s phn chia gia cc ng dy
lm gim mc nguy him, tuy nhin li lm tng xc sut st nh vo ng
dy v qu in p bin cao lan truyn vo trm. y cn lu tnh ton ti
- 88 -

trng hp trong mt s phng thc vn hnh, mt hoc mt s ng dy b ct
ra khi li v c kh nng qu in p st xut hin vo nhng thi im ny. Khi
c kh nng mt s thit b b tr ti u vo ng dy vo trm hoc mt s
thit b ca trm nm ngoi phm vi bo v ca CSV. Tt nhin st nh vo ng
dy ti in b c lp thng t khi gy ra nguy him i vi cch in ct ca n
m ch yu vi cch in ca cc thit b i km nh my ct, BU, BI pha ng
dy. Trng hp nh vy cn b tr thm cc thit b chng st u vo ng
dy tng ng.
Do sng qu in p lan truyn t pha ng dy c treo DCS c bin v
dc suy gim nn cho php b tr mt khong cch nht nh t thit b chng
st ti i tng bo v. i vi trm c mt ng dy ti, ch cn b tr mt b
chng st bo v cho tt c cc thit b trong cn u tin bo v MBA, c th
s dng cng thc (4.7) xc nh khong cch cc i t thit b chng st n
MBA. Trng hp trm c nhiu ng dy c treo DCS ni vo, khng nht thit
phi t mi MBA mt b CSV m c th phi hp cc phm vi bo v ca cc
CSV gim thiu s lng CSV s dng. C th s dng cng thc (4.7) xc
nh khong cch ti a cho php. i vi cc TBA c cu hnh phc tp, cn thit
s dng cc chng trnh my tnh m phng tnh ton lan truyn qu in p.
C hai phng php tnh ton bo v chng st ca CSV:
+ Cho trc ngng bo v st ca CSV v khong cch CSV-thit b, xc
nh in p chu ng phi hp xung st ca cch in thit b. Tr s nh mc
in p chu ng xung st ca thit b cn c c tnh ton bng cch nhn gi tr
trn vi h s d phng ly bng 1,15.
+ Cho trc ngng bo v xung st v in p chu ng phi hp ca thit
b, xc nh khong cch ti a gia CSV- thit b. Tr s in p chu ng phi
hp ca thit b c c bng cch ly tr s nh mc in p chu ng xung st
ca thit b chia cho mt h s 1,15.
- 89 -

V nguyn tc, c hai phng php trn yu cu phi bit trc dng xung
qu in p xut hin ti u cc thit b v tr s in p chu ng tng ng vi
dng xung qu in p ny, tuy nhin, mt cch gn ng, gi thit rng cc yu cu
trn lun c tha mn trong cc iu kin sau y:
+i vi CSV c khe h:
* in p phng in chc thng u sng gn bng vi in p chu
ng vi xung ct (chopped) ca sng st ca i tng bo v. V/hoc:
* in p phng in chc thng xung st tiu chun v in p d
ng vi dng phng in danh nh gn bng vi in p chu ng xung st
ca i tng bo v.
Vi MBA cch in bng giy tm du, c hai phng php tnh ton trn
u cho kt qu gn nh nhau. Bn cnh , cc MBA ln c in dung u vo ln
cng c tc dng hn ch dc u sng v do b qua khng xem xt ti.
Trng hp cc thit b pha ng dy u vo trm c mc in p chu
ng xung ct ca sng st nh hn 15% in p xung ton sng th cn thit phi
xem xt phi hp cch in bng tr s phng in chc thng u sng.
i vi trm GIS, s phn x v khc x ca sng trong trm lm gim
dc u sng v khin CSV phng in tr s thp hn nhiu in p phng in
u sng. Do n gin s b qua hin tng phng in u sng ca CSV.
+ i vi CSV khng khe h: in p d ng vi dng phng in danh
nh v/hoc xung dng in cc dc (steep current impulse) gn bng vi in p
chu ng xung st ca thit b.
Dng phng in qua CSV khi s dng tr s qu in p i din
(representative lightning overvoltage) tnh ton bo v chng st thng c thi
gian u sng gn vi thi gian 1s (steep current impulse) hn l 8 s (nominal
discharge current). Do vic s dng tr s in p d ng vi xung dng in
cc dc (steep current impulse) l hp l v tr s qu in p s cao hn khong
- 90 -

5% so vi khi dng tr s in p d ng vi xung dng phng in danh nh (8/20
s).
Phng php n gin ha tnh ton bo v chng st
i vi TBA ngoi tri
Vi cc gi thit nu ra trn, tr s in p chu ng phi hp xung st ca
thit b c th c tnh ton t cng thc kinh nghim sau:

(4.5)
Trong

l khong chiu di ng dy trc khi vo trm cho

sut ct bng vi sut s c cho php, v phi ca phng trnh trn c nhn vi
t s A/N c trng cho dc ca sng qu in p i din (representative) truyn
t ng dy vo trm.
R
a
-sut s c (s s c trn mt n v thi gian) cho php ca i
tng bo v.
r-sut ct ca ng dy trn khng (s ln ct/nm/n v chiu
di ng dy) ng vi tng loi ct trong khong 1km u tin ca ng dy
trc khi vo trm.
A-tr s in p ng vi bng 4.2 v ch tiu chu st ca ng dy
trn khng ni vo trm
N-s lng DK ni vo trm (N=1 hoc N=2)
U
cw
-tr s in p chu ng phi hp i vi xung st
U
pl
-ngng bo v xung st ca CSV.
L
t
-tng chiu di d+d
1
+d
2
+d
A

L
sp
-chiu di khong ct
Tr s sut s c cho php thng thng ca thit b vo khong 0,1%-
0,4%/nm. i vi cc ng dy li phn phi, sut ct thng kh ln
so vi tr s sut s c cho php ca thit b, tc l chiu di on dy L
f
rt nh do
c th b qua v cng thc tnh ton tr thnh
- 91 -

(4.6)

Hnh 4.2. Truyn sng trong trng hp trm khng c li ni t
(trm treo)

Hnh 4.3. Truyn sng trong trng hp trm c li ni t
Trong d-khong cch gia in cc cao p ca thit b c bo v
v im u ca chng st.
d
1
-chiu di thanh dn cao p ca chng st
d
2
-chiu di dy dn ni t
d
A
-chiu di chng st
Z
e
-tng tr ni t
T-i tng bo v
U-sng qu in p lan truyn vo trm
Lu : Cng thc gn ng trn biu din st p trong h n v tng i
da trn ch tiu chng st ca ng dy trn khng ni vi thit b, cu hnh trm
v sut s c cho php. Hng s A c xy dng cn c vo nhng hiu bit c
v ch tiu chu st ca ng dy cng nh tc dng ca vng quang trn ng
- 92 -

dy ti in. Kt qu tnh ton t cng thc tng i ph hp vi cc phm vi bo
v theo kinh nghim vn hnh ng dy v trm. Cng thc trn ch ng trong
cc iu kin ch ra trong mc 4.1.4.2, khng p dng cho trng hp sng
qu in p c dng khc dng cp n trn.
Trng hp bit tr s nh mc in p chu ng phi hp xung st ca
thit b, phm vi bo v ca chng st c xc nh da trn cng thc sau:

(4.7)
Trong L
p
-phm vi bo v
U
rw
-in p nh mc chu ng xung st ca thit b c bo
v
Cng thc trn cng xut kh nng tng phm vi bo v ca chng st,
khi cc thng s ca trm xc nh, c th:
-Tng chnh lch gia tr s nh mc in p chu ng xung st ca
thit b v ngng bo v ca chng st.
-Gim sut ct ca on ng dy dn vo trm, tng ng vi vic tng
cng L
f
, tc treo dy chng st mt s on ng dy trc khi vo trm v
gim in tr ni t chn ct.
-Tng sut s c cho php vi thit b.
Bng 4.3 trnh by mt s kt qu tnh ton phm vi bo v ca thit b
chng st trong cc s liu c gch chn l cc kt qu thng c s dng
trong thc t. Phm vi bo v 160m v 180m thng c s dng i vi cc trm
c treo DCS mt s on trc trm v s dng chng st t MBA bo v
chung cho cc thit b pha u vo ng dy.




- 93 -

Bng 4.2: Hng s in p A cho mt s dng ng dy trn khng

A
kV
ng dy phn phi (phng in pha-pha)
+C x ni t
+Ct g
ng dy truyn ti (phng in pha-t)
+Dy n
+Dy pha phn i
+Dy pha phn bn
+Dy pha phn 6 v 8

900
2700

4500
7000
11000
17000

i vi trm GIS
Vi trm bin p kiu kn (GIS), nhn chung vic thc hin bo v chng qu
in p s thun li hn so vi trm bin p ngoi tri do c tng tr sng nh hn
nhiu so vi ng dy trn khng. Tuy nhin a ra nhng quy tc chung nhm
c lng mc ci thin v an ton gia trm GIS v trm ngoi tri l rt
kh khn. Nu vn s dng cng thc tnh ton trn cho trm ngoi tri s dn ti
kt qu tng i bi quan so vi cn thit. Do c th gim gi tr A trong bng
4.2 i 2 ln s dng tnh ton vi trm GIS.
Mt quy tc chung khi xem xt bo v trm GIS l phi b tr chng st
van ti u ng dy ni vo trm bo v trm ngay c trong trng hp MC
pha ng dy h mch. Ngoi ra c th b tr thm CSV ti MBA trong trng
hp khong cch t MBA ti CSV ti u vo qu xa hoc c kh nng xy ra qu
in p ti MBA trong trng hp CSV u vo b ct ra. tng cng kh nng
bo v i vi cc xung u sng ngn, cn b tr thm CSV trong trm GIS hn
ch tng p do truyn sng trong on gia CSV t bn ngoi trm v MBA.
Khi tnh ton phm vi bo v bng cng thc xp x trn v dn ti kt
lun phi t thm CSV trong trm, lc thay v p dng, phi thc hin tnh ton
li c th qu trnh truyn sng trong trm tnh ton cc thng s la chn CSV.
- 94 -

Vn bo v chng qu in p trm GIS vi u sng cc dc thng
khng kh thi do xut hin cc thnh phn tn s cao v do hin tng tr trong c
ch dn in ca CSV oxit kim loi. Chng st van loi c khe h s khng phng
in.
Bo v trm kt ni bng cp
Cng tng t nh vi trm GIS, vi cng kch thc th trm kt ni bng
cp d thc hin bo v chng qu in p hn so vi trm ngoi tri. Tuy nhin
y cng khng th a ra cc quy tc nh lng tng qut.
CSV nn c lp t cc u ni DK v cp. Cng c th s dng cng
thc c lng vi trm ngoi tri trn tnh ton phm vi bo v bi quan ca
CSV. Trong trng hp c nhiu hn 1 ng dy ni vo trm qua cp ti thi
im st nh th cc CSV ny c kh nng bo v cho trm. Nu trong mt s
phng thc vn hnh c kh nng on cp ni vi trm b h mch cui hoc
chiu di on cp di hn c 5 ln tr s tnh ton c bng cng thc (4.7) th
cn thit b tr thm mt CSV u cui on cp . Vi on cp ni vi ng
dy trn khng qua trm th cng cn p dng nhng nguyn tc nu trn.
Bo v cp in lc
Nu chiu di on cp lin lc gia hai ng dy trn khng di hn c 5
ln gi tr tnh ton c cng thc (4.7) th cn b tr CSV c hai u ni cp.
i vi cp c in p nh mc t 72,5kV tr ln, cn thit treo DCS trong
mt s khong ct gn ti on ni cp (thng thng l 3 khong ct) v m bo
tr s in tr ni t chn ct b.
4.2. NG DNG TI U CHUN I EC 60099-5 VO VI C LA
CHN CHNG ST VAN CA LI IN TRUNG P
Yu cu la chn CSV trong li trung p thng rt gn v la chn thng
s sau y:
CSV c khe h (SiC)
- in p nh mc
- 95 -

c tnh bo v (in p chc thng vi xung st hoc in p d vi dng
phng in danh nh)
CSV khng khe h (ZnO)
- in p lm vic cc i lu di (MCOV)
- in p nh mc (c tnh V-s tn s cng nghip) (kim tra theo TOV
v t
TOV
)
Sau khi chn c CSV, cn kim tra phi hp cch in ca thit b (BIL).
y ch kim tra c cho trng hp s trm n gin (1 MBA, 1 hoc 2 l
ti). Cc trng hp phc tp hn, thng yu cu m phng c th bng chng
trnh my tnh (EMTP)
V d xem xt mt xut tuyn ca li in tnh Hng Yn
S mt si ca xut tuyn 372 t trm E8.3 (li in 22 kV, trung
tnh ni t trc tip)

Hnh 4.4. S mt si ca xut tuyn 372 E8.3
S thay th ca xut tuyn 372 t trm E8.3 trong ATP-EMTP (ly MBA
ngun t s bin p nh mc 115kV/27,5kV)
Lin Ph- ng 4
633
AC70/0,46
320
An Chiu 1-LP
629 6x100 kVAr
BTS UBND
X Th S
ac50/1.17
Qung Chu 4
160
7
a
c
5
0
/
0
. 6
3
4
24
ac50/0.06
ac50/0.03
M
48/0.03
ac50/0.04
ac50/1.5
A
C
5
0
/
0
. 0
1
ac50/1.312
a
c
5
0
/
0
. 2
1
6
ac50/0.42
372 E8.3
CD1
10
CD665
CD640
Ph- ng Thng-PC
Ph- ng -HN
180
Cty cp n-c
5
180
Thng Nht-TS
180
L bi-TS
100
Bi Ging1
15
11
637A
L2
a
c
5
0
/
0
. 1
4
a
c
5
0
/
0
. 7
8
320
B.Ba Hng-TS
320
180
B.Tht Vin-TS
160
Qung Chu 3
180
12
Qung Chu 2

6
6
5
a
c
5
0
/
1
. 7
Bi Ging2
665A
180
18B
CD1
100
661 655
645
639
50
ac50/2.305
17
16
m
4
8
631
CDPT
B.Hng Nam
180
Ph Hin
160
629
Qung chu 1
180
320
Hng Nam
Ph-ng chiu
a
c
5
0
/
0
. 0
2
a
c
5
0
/ 1
. 0
8
3
a
c
5
0
/
0
. 3
M48/0.015
180
B.Cng Vn-PC
2x180
An Chiu 2-LP
320
ac50/0.08
627
ay&May
250
4A
BTS
Hng Nam
- 96 -


Hnh 4.5. S thay th trong ATP-EMTP ca xut tuyn 372 E8.3
Ngn mch ti u xut tuyn (trm E8.3)
H s qu p ti u ngun

Hnh 4.6. th bin thin in p cc pha ti trm bin p u ngun
BCT
Y Y
661
AC120
655
AC120
645
AC120
639
A
C
1
2
0
637A
A
C
1
2
0
A
C
5
0
629
631
A
C
1
2
0
5
A
C
5
0
10
A
C
5
0
11
AC50
16
AC50
A
C
5
0
17
AC50
18B
AC50
24
AC50
12
AC50
7
AC50
665A
AC120
4A
A
C
5
0
C
5
0
B320
B
C
T
Y
B250
BCT
Y
AC50 B180
BCT
Y
15
AC50 B100
BCT
Y
A
C
5
0
B100
B
C
T
Y
AC50 B180
BCT
Y
A
C
5
0
B180
B
C
T
Y
A
C
5
0
B180
B
C
T
Y
C
5
0
B320
B
C
T
Y
AC50 B320
BCT
Y
A
C
5
0
B180
BCT
Y
A
C
5
0
B180
B
C
T
Y
633
C
5
0
B320
B
C
T
Y
A
C
5
0
B180
BCT
Y
B180
BCT
Y
A
C
5
0
B160
B
C
T
Y
A
C
5
0
B50
B
C
T
Y
A
C
5
0
B180
B
C
T
Y
B180
B
C
T
Y
B180
B
C
T
Y
A
C
5
0
B160
B
C
T
Y
KT2
AC50 B160
BCT
Y
B320
B
C
T
Y
V
V

(f ile luoi_hy .pl4; x-v ar t) v :665AA v :665AB v :665AC
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 [ms]
-30
-20
-10
0
10
20
30
40
[kV]
- 97 -


Hnh 4.7. th bin thin in p cc pha ti trm bin p xa nht
(Qung Chu 3)
Nhn xt: Khi ngn mch chm t mt pha ti u ngun (pha A), in
p cc pha lnh khng vt qu tr s in p pha cc i
Ngn mch ti im xa nht (pha cao p trm bin p Qung Chu
3)

Hnh 4.8. th bin thin in p cc pha ti trm bin p u ngun
(ngn mch pha A ti Qung Chu 3)

Hnh 4.9. th bin thin in p cc pha ti trm bin p Qung
Chu 3 (ngn mch pha A ti Qung Chu 3)
(f ile luoi_hy .pl4; x-v ar t) v :KT2A v :KT2B v :KT2C
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 [ms]
-30
-20
-10
0
10
20
30
40
[kV]
(f ile luoi_hy .pl4; x-v ar t) v :665AA v :665AB v :665AC
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 [ms]
-30
-20
-10
0
10
20
30
[kV]
(f ile luoi_hy .pl4; x-v ar t) v :KT2A v :KT2B v :KT2C
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 [ms]
-30
-20
-10
0
10
20
30
40
[kV]
- 98 -

Ngn mch ti mt im trung gian trn xut tuyn
Ta chn tnh ton cho mt chm bt k, chng hn TBA Lin Phng 4

Hnh 4.10. th bin thin in p cc pha ti trm bin p u ngun
(ngn mch pha A ti Lin Phng 4)

Hnh 4.11. th bin thin in p cc pha ti trm bin p Lin
Phng 4 (ngn mch pha A ti Lin Phng 4)
Nhn xt:
TBA
Bin in p pha lnh
(kV)
in p nh mc
(kV)
H s
qu p
(p.u)
E8.3 21,55 21,45 1,002
Qung
Chu 3
23,42 21,45 1,09
Lin
Phng 4
22,12 21,45 1,03

Lu : Tr s nh mc c so snh vi bin in p pha lnh ch
bnh thng
- Cc pha lnh ti trm u ngun khng b qu in p
(f ile luoi_hy .pl4; x-v ar t) v :665AA v :665AB v :665AC
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 [ms]
-30
-20
-10
0
10
20
30
[kV]
(f ile luoi_hy .pl4; x-v ar t) v :633A v :633B v :633C
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 [ms]
-35
-25
-15
-5
5
15
25
[kV]
- 99 -

- Cc pha lnh ti trm Qung Chu 3 b qu p vi h s 1,09
- Cc pha lnh ti trm Lin Phng 4 b qu p vi h s 1,03
Thi gian tn ti qu in p trn cc pha lnh ny ph thuc vo thi gian
lm vic ca bo v chng ngn mch mt pha. Thng thng, cc xut tuyn ca
li phn phi c dng hnh tia, bo v ca n ch yu l loi qu dng in c thi
gian ph thuc c phi hp chn lc cho cc phn on ca xut tuyn, cng vi
r le chng chm t nhy cao.
R le qu dng in c thi gian ph thuc
Cc cp chn lc thi gian d phng thng ly t= 0,4 - 0,5 giy vi r le
s. Do , vi xut tuyn c nhiu phn on, thi gian ct d phng s c c th
ko di. V d c 5 phn on, thi gian MC u ngun ct loi tr s c c th
ko di ti t > 5. 0,5 = 2,5 giy.
R le chng chm t nhy cao
Thi gian lm vic t 2 n 3,5 giy [5]
Chn CSV cho trm bin p Qung Chu 3
Nu xt trng hp in p u ngun thay i trong khong (0,9 - 1,05)U
m

th tr s in p trn pha lnh ti trm Qung Chu 3 c th t ti U
max
= 1,05.
1,09. 21,45 = 24,55 (kV) trong khong thi gian tn ti s c ly bng 2 giy.
La chn CSV c khe h
o in p nh mc ca CSV c khe h phi lun lun ln hn tr s
in p cc i ti im t CSV, do U
m
24,55 / =
17,36(kV)
o La chn dng phng in danh nh (loi 5kA hoc 10kA): ph
thuc tr s dng st (bin , dng sng cng vi xc sut xut
hin, mt st ti ni t trm)
o Phi hp cch in vi thit b trm (ch yu l MBA- BIL): xc
nh khong cch ti a t CSV - MBA, t s bo v (protection
ratio) (yu cu 1,2 [12])
- 100 -

La chn CSV khng khe h
o in p lm vic cc i lu di (MCOV) U
c
1,05. 21,45/ =
15,93 (kV)
o Qu in p tm thi (TOV) quy i v thi gian 10s theo cng
thc (4.1) ta c:

o La chn dng phng in danh nh (loi 5kA hoc 10kA): ph
thuc tr s dng st (bin , dng sng cng vi xc sut xut
hin, mt st ti ni t trm)
o Phi hp cch in vi thit b trm (ch yu l MBA- BIL): xc
nh khong cch ti a t CSV - MBA, t s bo v (protection
ratio) (yu cu 1,2 [12])
Tr s in p nh mc ca CSV c chn phi tha mn

(kV)

T cc kt qu tnh ton nu trn ta c th la chn cc CSV do Siemens sn
xut c thng s nh sau:
CSV c khe h: 3EG4 180-0A hoc 3EG4 180-0B
in p nh mc
in p phng in chc thng
xung st tiu chun
in p d vi
dng phng in 5kA
kV kV kV
18 60 60

CSV khng khe h: 3EH2 220
in p nh mc MCOV
in p d vi
dng phng in 5kA (8/20)
kV kV kV
22 17,5 72


- 101 -

La chn CSV cho TBA Lin Phng 4
Nu xt trng hp in p u ngun thay i trong khong (0,9 - 1,05)U
m

th tr s in p trn pha lnh ti trm Lin Phng 4 c th t ti U
max
= 1,05.
1,03. 21,45 = 23,20 (kV) trong khong thi gian tn ti s c tm ly bng 1 giy.
La chn CSV c khe h
o in p nh mc ca CSV c khe h phi lun lun ln hn tr s
in p cc i ti im t CSV, do U
m
23,20 / =
16,40(kV)
o La chn dng phng in danh nh (loi 5kA hoc 10kA): ph
thuc tr s dng st (bin , dng sng cng vi xc sut xut
hin, mt st ti ni t trm)
o Phi hp cch in vi thit b trm (ch yu l MBA- BIL): xc
nh khong cch ti a t CSV - MBA, t s bo v (protection
ratio) (yu cu 1,2 [12])
La chn CSV khng khe h
o in p lm vic cc i lu di (MCOV) U
c
1,05. 21,45/ =
15,93 (kV)
o Qu in p tm thi (TOV) quy i v thi gian 10s theo cng
thc (4.1) ta c:

o La chn dng phng in danh nh (loi 5kA hoc 10kA): ph
thuc tr s dng st (bin , dng sng cng vi xc sut xut
hin, mt st ti ni t trm)
o Phi hp cch in vi thit b trm (ch yu l MBA- BIL): xc
nh khong cch ti a t CSV - MBA, t s bo v (protection
ratio) (yu cu 1,2 [12])
- 102 -

Tr s in p nh mc ca CSV c chn phi tha mn

(kV)
T cc kt qu tnh ton nu trn ta c th la chn cc CSV do GE sn xut
c thng s nh sau: [16]
CSV khng khe h: 3EH2 220
in p nh mc MCOV
in p d vi
dng phng in 5kA (8/20)
kV kV kV
21 17 47,6

La chn CSV cho TBA u ngun
Nh thy, in p trn pha lnh ti TBA u ngun khng vt qua tr s
in p pha cc i, do CSV s c chn theo in p pha cc i trong ch
bnh thng.
La chn CSV c khe h
Chn loi 3EG4 180-0A hoc 3EG4 180-0B
in p nh mc
in p phng in chc thng
xung st tiu chun
in p d vi
dng phng in 5kA
kV kV kV
18 60 60

La chn CSV khng khe h 3EH2 220
in p nh mc MCOV
in p d vi
dng phng in 5kA
kV kV kV
18 17,5 72

Sau khi la chn xong CSV, ta cn thit phi kim tra phi hp cch in
xung st vi thit b ca trm m bo CSV c kh nng bo v thit b mt
xc sut tin cy chp nhn c.

- 103 -

Nhn xt
o Nhn chung yu cu la chn CSV i vi cc TBA u ngun nh
hn so vi cc trm xa ngun. Mc cch in la chn ti trm u
ngun gim nh so vi trm pha cui ngun nhiu hay t ph thuc
vo mc qu p tm thi trong cc tnh hung s c (TOV) v yu
cu phi hp cch in vi cc thit b trong TBA.
o Nh trn thy: h s qu in p trn pha lnh ph thuc rt nhiu
vo chng loi dy, chiu di tuyn dy, thng s MBA, ch ni
t trung tnh v cu trc li. Do khi tnh ton h s qu in p
la chn cch in, cn thit phi tnh ton ht cc thng s ny.
y l vn tng i kh thc hin v thng b b qua trong
thc t thit k quy hoch. iu ny c l cng gii thch vic Quyt
nh s 1867 NL/KHKT ngy 12 thng 9 nm 1994 v ban hnh cc
tiu chun k thut li trung th 22kV, H Ni quy nh li in
22kV thc hin trung tnh ni t trc tip nhng cch in c la
chn theo in p dy. Tuy vy, vi vic la chn CSV, khng nht
thit vic la chn tr s in p nh mc cao s m bo CSV lm
vic an ton tin cy. Bi v khi in p nh mc ca CSV c nng
cao, c tnh bo v ca n cng tng ng c nng cao thm,
tng ng lm gim h s bo v v dn ti QA do xung dng in
st ti thit b c th vt qu ngng chu ng ca n.

- 104 -

KT LUN V KIN NGH
Li trung p l mt khu trung gian ca qu trnh truyn ti in nng t
ni sn xut n h s dng, c vai tr c bit quan trng quyt nh n cht
lng in nng m ngi tiu dng th hng. Tuy nhin, do c im ca nc ta
cn kh khn v kinh t, vn u t cho li in cn hn ch, tc tng trng
ph ti cng nh yu cu v cht lng in nng li tng trng qu nhanh nn
vn u tin u t pht trin nng cp li in trung p cn nhiu hn ch.
Nhiu yu cu nng cao cht lng in p, tin cy, kh nng bo v, t ng
ha li in cn cha c quan tm ng mc. Mt lot vn kinh t k thut
vi li trung p rt cn u t nghin cu c nhng hiu bit c bn v xut
nhng hng thc hin hp l. Vn QA trong li in trung p cng l vn
rt quan trng v n nh hng ti vic la chn mc cch in cho thit b v vic
phi hp cch in gia cc thit b vi nhau. Vic la chn CSV li ny thng
thc hin n gin, t quan tm xem xt ti cc yu t nh hng ti CSV trong qu
trnh lm vic dn ti trong mt s tnh hung vn hnh, CSV c th b qu p v
dn ti b ph hy hon ton.
Lun vn tp trung nghin cu cc dng QA trong li in trung p,
cc trng hp gy xut hin QA nguy him vi thit b, cng nh nghin cu
quy trnh la chn CSV c xut trong IEC 60099-5 xut cc phng
thc thc hin khi xem xt la chn CSV trong khi quy hoch thit k li in
trung p.
Quy trnh la chn CSV l mt bi ton phi hp kinh t-k thut v c th
phi thc hin mt quy trnh gm nhiu bc lp li tm ra mt mc cch in
hp l ti im xt. Do mt s u im ca mnh, CSV loi c khe h vn tip tc
c s dng trong li trung p song song vi vic p dng ngy cng rng ri
CSV loi khng khe h. Chnh v vy quy trnh la chn ny cn phn bit vi hai
loi CSV trn. Tr s in p nh mc la chn cho CSV loi c khe h phi lun
cao hn tr s in p t ln n trong mi tnh hung vn hnh vi in p tn s
CN. Tuy nhin, vi CSV khng khe h, tr s in p nh mc ny biu hin di
- 105 -

dng mt ng c tnh Vn-giy tn s CN c trng cho mc chu qu p
tm thi ca cc a in tr ca CSV khng khe h v kh nng tn nhit ca n.
CSV sau khi la chn tr s in p nh mc, cn thit chn tr s in p chu
ng phi hp lm vic vi cc sng QA xut hin ti im t. QA cn quan
tm xem xt vi li trung p l QA kh quyn (st) v QA tm thi (TOV).
TOV c trng bi h s QA v thi gian tn ti (tnh t lc pht sinh ti lc s
c c gii tr).
Do iu kin kh nng v thi gian cn hn ch nn lun vn ch tp trung
nghin cu nh hng ca QA tm thi gy ra do s c ngn mch chm t mt
pha. y l dng s c c xc sut xy ra nhiu nht trong li trung p, h s qu
p ca n ph thuc vo t s X
0
/X
1
v l dng s c gy ra mc qu p TOV
nh nht trong cc nguyn nhn gy ra TOV (s c khng i xng, sa thi ph ti,
backfeeding, hiu ng Ferranti, phn ng ca thit b iu tc, iu p, cng hng
iu ha, cng hng st t). Chnh v vy thng s CSV la chn theo h s qu
p do chm t mt pha c xem nh tr s gii hn di ca thng s la chn
cho CSV.
Hng nghin cu sp ti ca ti l m rng nghin cu m phng qu p
cho cc trng hp gy ra TOV va k trn, bao gm cc dng s c khng i
xng phc tp khc, backfeeding, cng hng iu ha, cng hng st t, phn
ng ca thit b iu tc, iu p trong trng hp c s tham gia ca ngun phn
tn (thy, nhit in) trong li trung p.
Vi mong mun hon chnh ni dung ti, tc gi mong c s nhn xt
gp ca cc thy c, cc ng nghip b sung hon thin cng nh chnh sa
cc phn ni dung cn cha chnh xc, cn hn ch v nng cao hiu bit cc kin
thc trong lnh vc chuyn mn ngnh in.

- 106 -

TI LIU THAM KHO
Ting Vit
[1] Trn Bch (2000), Li in v H thng in (Tp 1), NXB Khoa hc v
K thut.
[2] Nguyn Th Minh Chc (2001), Hng dn thit k tt nghip K thut
in cao p, H Ni.
[3] Nguyn Vn m (2004), Mng li in (tp 1), NXB Khoa hc v K
thut.
[4] V Vit n (1972), Gio trnh K thut in cao p, Khoa i hc Ti
chc Trng i hc Bch Khoa H Ni.
[5] Trn nh Long (2000), Bo v cc H thng in, NXB Khoa hc v K
thut.
[6] Ng Hng Quang (2002), S tay la chn v tra cu thit b in t 0,4 n
500kV, NXB Khoa hc v K thut.
[7] o Quang Thch, Phm Vn Ha (2007), Phn in trong Nh my in
v Trm bin p, NXB Khoa hc v K thut.
[8] Bi Ngc Th (2007), Mng cung cp v phn phi in, NXB Khoa hc
v K thut.
[9] Trn Vn Tp (2002), K thut in cao p- Qu in p v bo v chng
qu in p, NXB Khoa hc v K thut.
[10] L Vn t (2000), Ngn mch trong H thng in, NXB Khoa hc v
K thut.
Ting Anh
[11] ABB Distribution Transformer Guide (2002).
[12] ANSI C62.22-1997, IEEE guide for application of metal-oxide surge
arresters for Alternating-Current systems.
[13] Canadian-American EMTP User Group, EMTP Rule Book.
- 107 -

[14] Central Station Engineers of the Westinghouse Electric Coorporation
(1964), Electrical Transmission and Distribution Reference Book.
[15] Hermann W. Dommel (1987), EMTP Theory Book.
[16] GE Arresters, Tranquell Surge Arresters: Product Selection and
Application Guide.
[17] A. Haddad, D.F. Warne (2004), IEE Power and Energy Series 40,
Advances in High Voltage Engineering
[18] John Horak , Zero sequence Impedance of Overhead Transmission Lines,
Basler Electric.
[19] IEC 60071-1(1993), Insulation Coordination- Part 1: Definitions,
Principles and Rules.
[20] IEC 60071-2(1996), Insulation Coordination- Part 2: Application Guide.
[21] IEC 60099-4 (2004), Surge Arresters Part 4: Metal-oxide surge arresters
without gaps for A.C. systems.
[22] IEC 60099-5 (2000), Surge Arresters Part 5: Selection and application
recommendations.
[23] N. McDonagh et al. PAC World Dublin (2010), Testing of ESTs 20kV
faulted phase earthing system, MIEI, MIET, ESBI, Ireland.
[24] Siemens (2002), Medium Voltage Equipment Selection and Ordering
Data: Surge Arrester.
[25] Juergen Schlabbach, Karl-Heinz Rofalski (2008), Power System
Engineering- Planning, Design and Operation of Power Systems and
Equipment, Wiley-VCH.
[26] Hans Kritian Hidalen (2002), ATPDraw Manual 3.5