PGS.

NGUYN C VN

Nh xut bn gio dc 1983 MC LC

Phn I Cu hi v bi tp 1. Kh tr................................................................................................... 2. Hidro...................................................................................................... 3. Cc Halogen.......................................................................................... 4. Oxi......................................................................................................... 5. Lu hunh- Phn nhm Selen 6. Nit- Phot pho....................................................................................... 7.Phn nhm Asen..................................................................................... 8. Cacbon-Silic.......................................................................................... 9. Tnh cht ca kim loi........................................................................... 10. Kim loi kim...................................................................................... 11. Kim loi kim th................................................................................ 12. Nhm................................................................................................... 13. Gecmani Thic Ch....................................................................... 14. ng Bc Vng............................................................................. 15. Km Cadimi Thy ngn................................................................ 16. Crom Mangan St ......................................................................... Phn II Hng dn tr li

Phn I: Cu hi v bi tp

1. KH TR (He Ne Ar Kr Xe) 1. Trnh by c im ca kh tr ? (Cu trc electron, bn knh nguyn t, nng lng Ion ha). Nhn xt v cho kt lun v kh nng phn ng ca cc nguyn t . 2. Nhit nng chy ca cc kh tr c cc gi tr sau : He Ne Ar Kr Xe Rn Tnc( C): -272 -249 -189 -157 -112 -71 Gii thch s thay i nhit nng chy trong dy t Heli n Radon. 3. Th Ion ha th nht ca cc kh tr c cc gi tr sau: He Ne Ar Kr Xe Rn I(e V): 24.6 21.6 15.3 14.0 12.1 10.7 Hy gii thch ti sao khi nguyn t tng th th Ion ha gim? 4. Hy trnh by cc c tnh ca Heli ? (nhit si, khi lng ring, tan dn in).T cho bit nhng ng dng quan trng ca Heli ? 5. Mc oxi ha c trng ca Kripton, Xenon v Radon ? Ti sao cc mc li khng c trng i vi cc kh tr cn li ? T nhn xt trn hy gii thch hot tnh ha hc ca cc kh tr? Nu v d minh ha. 6. Hy gii thch nguyn nhn hnh thnh cc Hidrat ca kh tr dng X.6H 2O (X=Ar, Kr, Xe). Cc Hidrat c phi l hp cht ha hc khng ? 7. Ngi ta kt lun rng: cc kh tr khng c tnh tr tuyt i, tr Heli v Neon, cn li l nhng cht c hot tnh ha hc, nguyn t lng cng tng hot tnh cng cao. Cc hp cht ca Kripton, Xenon u l nhng cht oxi ha, cc hp cht ha tr cao c tnh oxi ha mnh v c tnh axit. Hy tm dn chng chng minh kt lun trn v gii thch. 8. Ti sao nguyn t Xenon khng to ra phn t Xe2 mc d c kh nng to ra lin kt ha hc vi nguyn t Flo hoc Oxi. ? 9. Ti sao nguyn t Clo t c kh nng to ra hp cht ha hc vi Xenon trong khi Flo li to ra d dng hn ? 10. bn vi nhit thay i nh th no trong dy KrF4 , XeF4 v RnF4? 11. Vit phng trnh cc phn ng sau: XeF4 + KI XeF4 + KI XeF4 + H2 XeF4 + Na
o

2.HIRO (H)

12.a) c im nguyn t ca cc ng v ca Hidro. b) Tnh cht vt l quan trng ca Hidro nh v ng dng ca nhng cht ? c) Ti sao Hidro nh li c khuch tn ln? 13. Hidro nh hn hay nng hn khng kh bao nhiu ln? C th chuyn Hidro t cc ny sang cc khc c khng? 14.a) Trong hai khuynh hng phn ng (oxi ha _kh) ca Hidro th khuynh hng no in hnh nht? ti sao? b)Khi to ra cc cht di y phn ng thuc v khuynh hng no? Hidro clorua; nc; amoniac; silan; metan; canxi hirua; natri hirua. Lin kt trong cc hp cht thuc kiu lin kt no? 15.a) Tnh cht ha hc quan trng ca Hidro? Ti sao nhit thng Hidro km hot ng v mt ha hc? b) Nhng nguyn t no c kh nng phn ng vi Hidro nhit phng? 16. Trong cng nghip Hidro c iu ch bng nhng phng php no v c dng lm g? Nguyn tc chung ca cc phng php ? 17. Trong qu trnh luyn than cc bng phng php chng kh than ngi ta thu c hn hp kh l cc gm 50% N2, 25%CH4, 10% H2, 5% CO, 5% CO2 v 5% Hidro cacbon. Bng phng php no c th tch c Hidro ra khi hn hp ? Phng php tch da trn nhng nguyn tc no? 18.a) ng dng ca Hidro mi sinh? b) Ti sao Hidro mi sinh li c hot tnh ha hc cao hn Hidro phn t? Ly v d minh ha? 19. Vit phng trnh phn ng khi cho kh Hidro tcdng vi cc cht sau: Cl2 ,O2, N2, CO ,CuO. Nu r cc iu kin phn ng v ng dng cc phn ng trong thc t. 20.a) Ti sao khi iu ch kh Hidro bng phng php in phn nc li phi cho thm dung dch NaOH hoc H2SO4? b) C th thay NaOH bng KOH, HNO3, Na2SO4 ,CuSO4, CuCl2 c khng? L do? 21.a) C th dng bnh cha kh (Gazomet) cha kh Hidro nh kh Oxi c khng? Ti sao? b) Nhng kh c c tnh nh th no c th tch tr trong bnh cha kh? 22.a) Trong phng th nghim, Hidro c iu ch bng nhng phng php no? Phng php no l ch yu? b) Ti sao khi iu ch Hidro bng cch cho Zn tinh khit tc dng vi dung dch H2SO4 long li phi thm mt t dung dch CuSO4. 23. Lm th no thu c kh Hidro tinh khit v kh khi iu ch kh bng cch cho km kim loi tc dng vi HCl trong bnh kp? 24. Trong thnh phn cc hp cht ha hc, Hidro nm dng Ion no? Ion H+ tn ti trong iu kin no? 25. Ti sao kh Hidro rt kh ha tan trong nc hoc trong cc dung mi hu c? 26. Cu to ca Ion Hidroxoni? trong iu kin no to ra Ion 27. Ti sao trong cc nguyn t nhm I ch c Hidro to ra n cht dng kh nhit phng?

28. Lin kt Hidro l g? Nhng cht nh th no to ra lin kt Hidro? 29. Da trn nhng c s thc t no ni rng Hirua ca kim loi kim l nhng hp cht "mui"? 30.a) Nhng nguyn t no hnh thnh cc Hirua Ion v Hirua cng ha tr? b) Bn cht ca cc loi Hirua ? 31. Bng nhng dn chng no kt lun rng lin kt trong cc Hirua ca cc kim loi kim v kim th c bn cht Ion? 32. Gc ha tr trong phn t Hirua v Florua ca mt s nguyn t thuc chu k II c cc gi tr sau: X-C-X X-N-X X-O-X o o C2H4 120 NH3 107 H2O 104,5o C2F2 114o NF3 102o F2O 101,5o Hy gii thch s gim gc ha tr t hirua n florua? 33. Hy nu nhn xt chung v s bin thin tnh kh, tnh bn, tnh axit ca hirua cng ha tr trong chu k v trong phn nhm trong h thng tun hon. 34. Hy gii thch nguyn nhn tnh axit tng trong dy : NH3 H2O HF v t HF n HI? 35. Hy gii thch ti sao bn knh ca Ion Cl- l 1,81 nhng khong cch gia nhn hidro v nhn nguyn t Clo trong phn t HCl ch bng 1,28 ? 3. Cc Halogen (F, Cl, Br, I, At) Trnh by c im cu trc nguyn t ca halogen. (bn knh nguyn t, cu trc electron nng lng Ion ha, i lc electron). t c im hy cho bit trong hai khuynh hng phn ng (oxi ha kh) ca cc halogen th khuynh hng no l ch yu? Da vo thuyt lin kt ha tr hy cho bit: a) Mc oxi ha c trng ca cc halogen. b) Ti sao phn ca cc halogen u cu to t hai nguyn t? Ti sao Flo khng th xut hin mc oxi ha dng trong cc hp cht ha hc? Ti sao vi Clo, Brom, Iot th mc oxi ha chn khng phi l mc c trng? Nng lng lin kt X-X (Kcal/mol) ca cc halogen c gi tr sau: F2 Cl2 Br2 I2 (Kcal/mol) 38 59 46 35 Hy gii thch Ti sao t F2 n Cl2 nng lng lin kt tng, nhng Cl2 n I2 nng lng lin kt gim? Phn ng phn hy phn hy phn t thnh nguyn t X2 2X ca cc halogen cc nhit sau: F2 Cl2 Br2 I2 o ( C) 450 800 600 400 Hy gii thch s thay i bn nhit ca cc phn t halogen.

36. 37.

38.

39.

40. Nhit nng chy v nhit si ca cc halogen c cc gi tr sau: F2 Cl2 Br2 I2 o Tnc( C): - 223 -101 -7,2 113,5 o Ts( C): -187 -34,1 38,2 184,5 Nhn xt v gii thch? 41. a) Ti sao cc halogen khng tan trong nc nhng tan trong benzen? b) Ti sao Iot tan t trong nc nhng li tan trong dung dch kali ioua? 42. Gii thch nguyn nhn hnh thnh cc tinh th hirat Cl2.8H2O. hidrt c phi l cht ha hc khng? 43. Hy so snh cc i lng: i lc Electron, nng lng lin kt, nng lng hrat ha, th tiu chun ca Clo v Flo t gii thch: a) Ti sao kh nng phn ng ca Flo li ln hn Clo? b) Ti sao trong dung dch nc Flo c tnh oxi ha mnh hn Clo 44. Ly v d chng minh rng theo chiu tng s th t nguyn t ca cc halogen th tnh dng in li tng? 45. Bng phn ng vi hidro hy chng minh rng tnh oxi ha ca cc halogen gim dn t Flo n Iot. 46. a) Trnh by cc phn ng khi cho cc halogen tc dng vi nc. b) Flo c kh nng oxi ha nc gii phng oxi ha , cc halogen khc c tnh cht ny khng? Gii thch. 47. a) Ti sao khi cho cc halogen tc dng vi kim loi li to ra nhng hp cht ng vi s oxi ha ti a ca cc kim loi ? Ly v d minh ha. b) Ti sao Flo l cht oxi ha mnh nhng Cu, Fe, Ni, Mg khng b Flo n mn? 48. a) Tm dn chng chng minh rng theo chiu tng s th t nguyn t trong nhm halogen th tnh kh tng. b) Vit cc phng trnh phn ng v nu hin tng khi cho kh clo t t i qua dung dich gm Kali bromua v Kali iotua ? 49. Cc phng php iu ch halogen trong phng th nghim v trong cng nghip. a) Cc phng php da trn nhng nguyn tc no? b) Diu kin c th ca phn ng? c) Phm vi ng dng ca mi phng php? 50. a) Bng cch no c th thu c Flo t HF? b) Ti sao khng th iu ch Flo bng phng php in phn dung dch nc c cha ion Florua? c) Flo l cht oxi ha mnh nhng ti sao khi iu ch Flo bng phng php in phn th thng in phn v cc m li lm bng ng hoc bng thp? 51. Trong phng th nghim ngi ta iu ch Clo bng phng php cho KMnO4 tc dng vi HCl . a) Ti sao khng th dng phng php iu ch Flo ? b) C th iu ch Brom v Iot bng phng php c khng? c) C th thay KMnO4 bng MnO2 Hoc K2Cr2O7 c khng? 52. Nhit nng chy v nhit si ca cc hidro halogenua thay i nh th no? Gii thch nguyn nhn.

53. bn i vi nhit t HF n HI thay i nh th no? C ph hp vi s thay i nhit nng chy v nhit si khng? 54. a) Hn hp ng ph (hay hn hp ng si) l g? b) Ti sao cc hidro halogenua li hay bc khi trong khng kh m? c) Ti sao dung dch HCl nng ln hn 20% li c hin tng bc khi trong khng kh, nhng dung dch c nng b hn 20% li khng c hin tng ? 55. Bng cch no c th xc nh nhanh hm lng phn trm ca HCl trong dung dch khi bit khi lng ring ca dung dch ? a) Hy tnh hm lng % ca HCl trong cc dung dch c khi lng ring (g/cm3):1,025; 1,050; 1,08; 1,135; 1,195. b) Hy tnh gn ng khi lng ring (g/cm3) ca cc dung dch HCl khi hm lng HCl l: 12%, 20%, 30%, 32,5%. 56. a) Ti sao axit HF li l axit yu trong cc axit HX ca cc halogen cn li l axit mnh? b) Ti sao axit HF li to ra mui axit cn cc axit HX khc khng c kh nng ? 57. a) Tnh axit trong dy t HF n HI thay i nh th no? Gii thch nguyn nhn? b) Vai tr ca HI trong cc phn ng sau y c ging nhau khng? 2FeCl3 +2HI 2FeCl2 + I2 +2HCl (1) Zn+2HI ZnI2 + H2 (2) 58. a) Ti sao khi cho HCl tc dng vi St hoc Crom li to ra FeCl 2, CrCl2 m khng phi l FeCl3 ,CrCl3? b) Vi axit HBr, HI phn ng c tng t nh th khng? 59. a) Trong cc mui Kali halogenua mui no c th phn ng c vi FeCl3 to nn FeCl2? b) Cho kt lun v tnh kh ca cc halogenhidric? 60. a) Vit cc phng trnh phn ng khi cho H2SO4 c tc dng vi hn hp CaF2, SiO2. ng dng ca phn ng? b) Nu thay CaF2 bng CaCl2 phn ng c xy ra nh th khng ? 61. a) Hy gii thch ti sao HF ch c php ng trong cc bnh bng nha. b) Phn ng xy ra c khc nhau khng khi cho thy tinh tc dng vi HF v vi HCl? 62. a) Ti sao tnh kh ca cc hidro halogenua tng ln t HF n HI? b) Ti sao cc dung dch axit Bromhiric v axit Iodhiric khng th trong khng kh? Hy vit cc phng trnh phn ng khi cho Oxi tc dng vi dung dch axit halogenhiric. 63. a) Ti sao hidrohalogenua li tan rt mnh trong nc? b) Khi cho hidro clorua tan trong nc c hin tng g? Ti sao dung dch li c tnh axit? Hidro clorua lng c phi l axit khng? 64. a) Trong phng th nghim, hidro clorua c iu ch bng cch no? b) Nu dng dung dch H2SO4 long v NaCl long c to ra HCl ? c) Phng php trn c th dng iu ch HBr v HI c khng? 65. a) Trong cng nghip, axit HCl c iu ch bng phng php no? b) Phng php da trn nhng nguyn tc no?

66. 67. 68. 69. 70. 71.

72. 73. 74. 75.

76. 77. 78.

79. 80. 81.

c) C th vn dng phng php cho cc axit halogen hiric khc c khng? L do? Trnh by phng php iu ch axit HF, HBr, HI. Phng php da trn nhng c s l lun no? Hy trnh by nhng hiu bit ca mnh v cc halogenua ion: a) Nhng nguyn t no to ra cc halogenua ion? b) Mc lin kt Ion trong cc halogenua ? Tnh cht ca cc halogenua Ion . a) Nhng nguyn t no hnh thnh cc halogenua cng ha tr? b) c tnh ca loi hp cht ? So snh tnh bn, tnh oxi ha ca cc oxit Cl2O, ClO2, Cl2O6, Cl2O7? Ti sao cc oxit khng th iu ch c bng phng php tng hp? Cu trc phn t ca cc oxit Cl2O, ClO2, Cl2O7 a) Trong cc oxit oxit no c tnh thun t? l do? b) Bng nhng phn ng no c th chng minh c rng cc oxit ca Clo u l cc Anhirit? Vit phng trnh ca cc phn ng? Hy trnh by mt vi c im ca cc oxit ca halogen? Vit cc cng thc cc axit cha Oxi ca cc halogen. Tn gi cc axit v mui tng ng? a) Nu nhn xt v tnh bn, tnh axit, tnh oxi ha ca cc axit hipohalogen. b) Trong cc axit axit no c nhiu ng dng trong thc t. a) Nc Clo l g? Nc Javen l g? Clorua vi l g? Cc cht c dng lm g? b) Khi cho CO2 qua dung dch nc Javen hoc dung dch Ca(OCl)2 c hin tng g xy ra? Gii thch. a) Ti sao nc Clo, nc Javen, Clorua vi c tc dng ty mu? b) T cc cht ban u: CaCO3 , NaCl , bng nhngphn ng no iu ch c Clorua vi? Vit cc phng trnh phn ng. Vit phng trnh phn ng khi cho dung dch nc Clo tc dng vi dung dch NaOH, dung dch KI, dung dch Natri Thiosunfat. a) Cho cc Halogen Cl2 , Br2 , I2 tc dng vi nc, vi dung dch KOH c nhng phng trnh phn ng no xy ra. b)Khi cho Cl2 tc dng vi dung dch KOH long sau un nng dung dch t t ln 7000C ngi ta thu c cht g? Vit cc phng trnh phn ng. Hai cht CaOCl2 v (CaOCl)2 iu ch bng cch no? C th t nhng nguyn liu t nhin no? Chng ging v khc nhau ch no? Gi tn cc cht ? a) Cho mt t axit Bromhidric vo nc Javen cphn ng g xy ra? b) Nu un nng nc Javen cho n khi kh va ht nc sau cho thm axit HBr th phn ng c khc khng? Cho 2 cp phn ng: a) Cl2 + 2KBr = Br2 + 2KCl 2KClO3 + Br2 = 2KBrO3 + Cl2 b) Cl2 + 2KI = I2 + 2KCl

82. 83. 84. 85.

86. 87. 88. 89. 91. 92.

93. 94.

2KClO3 + I2 = 2KIO3 + Cl2 Trong tng cp, vai tr ca cc Halogen c mu thun g vi nhau khng? Gii thch. Cho kh Clo tc dng vi dung dch KOH long ngui, vi dung dch KOH c nng. Hi t l th tch kh Clo phi dng trong c 2 trng hp thu c lng KCl bng nhau? a, Cho nhn xt v s bin thin tnh axit trong dy HClO HBrO HIO. b, Cho mt t axit Clohidric vo nc javen long c hin tng g xy ra? Thay HCl bng H2SO4 long hay HBr c khc khng? So snh tnh bn, tnh axit, tnh oxi ha ca cc oxi axit HClO , HClO 2 , HClO3 , HClO4 . Gii thch v s bin thin cc tnh cht. Vit cc phng trnh ca cc phn ng: 1, MnO2 + HCl 2, KMnO4 + HCl 3, Ca(OH)2 + Cl2 Ca(OCl)2 + 4, CaOCl2 + CO2 5, HClO3 + HCl 6, Ag + HClO3 AgClO3 + 7, Fe + HClO3 8, HClO3 + FeSO4 H2SO4 + 9, Cl2O5 + H2O 10,HClO4 + P2O5 So snh tnh axit, tnh bn, tnh oxi ha ca cc axit halogenic. Ly v d minh ha. Bng phng php no c th tch c HClO ra khi hn hp vi HCl? Bng cch no c th iu ch c HClO t HCl? T Kaliclorua bng phng php no c th iu ch c Kaliclorat? T KClO3 bng phng php no c th iu ch c KClO4. S thu c sn phm no khi cho KClO3 tc dng vi: a) HCl b) H2SO4 c c) H2SO4 long d) Kali pesulfat e) Axit oxalic f) Hn hp gm axit oxalic v H2SO4 long. Lm th no tch c cc cht ra khi hn hp: a) KClO3 v NaClO3 b) AgF v AgCl. tan ca KClO3 v KClO4 trong nc c gi tr sau: to 0,0 10 15 20 KClO3 (%) 3,2 4,8 6,8 KClO4 (%) 0,7 1,1 1,4 to 40 50 60 70 KClO3 (%) 12,7 16,5 20,6 24,5 KClO4 (%) 5,1 10,9

20,5 25 30

9,2

1,7 2,2 -

80 90 100

28,4 32,3 36,0

18,2

V th tan ca hai cht trn theo nhit . 95. a) C th iu ch axit peiodic t mui BaH3IO6 c khng ? b) Ti sao H5IO6d dng to ra mui axit ? c) Ti sao trong tt c cc halogen th ch c Iot l to ra axit a chc? 96. Hy trnh by vi nhn xt v cc hp cht gia cc halogen. Tnh cht c bn ca chng? 97. a) Ti sao s nguyn t Flo lin kt vi cc halogen khc tng dn t Clo n Iot? b) Ti sao Iot khng to ra hp cht vi Clo tng t hp cht IF7? c) Ti sao ch s n trong hp cht XYn (hp cht gia cc halogen) l nhng s l. 4.Oxi 98. a) Trnh by c im v cu trc nguyn t ca cc nguyn t thuc nhm VI a? (bn knh nguyn t, cu trc electron, nng lng Ion ha, i lc electron). b) T nhng nhn xt hy cho bit trong hai khuynh hng phn ng (oxi ha kh) th khuynh hng no l ch yu? 99. a) Ti sao mc oxi ha c trng ca Oxi l -2 mc d Oxi nhm VI a? b) Oxi c kh nng th hin mc oxi ha dng khng? Ly dn chng minh ha. 100. Hy trnh by cu trc phn t Oxi theo quan im ca phng php lin kt ha tr v phng php obitan phn t. Gii thch tnh thun t ca phn t Oxi . 101. Hy xy dng gin cc mc nng lng gn ng theo thuyt obitan phn t ca phn t v cc Ion phn t sau y:O2+, O2, O2-, O22-. Trong cc trng hp trn trng hp no c tnh thun t? 102. Trnh by cu trc ca cc Ion O2+, O2-, O22- . Trong nhng hp cht no c cha cc ion ? 103. Khong cch gia cc ht nhn nguyn t Oxi O-O trong cc ion phn t Oxi c gi tr sau: O2+ O2 O2-O22--. d O - O (Ao) 1,123 1,207 1,39 1,49 Hy gii thch s tng di lin kt trong dy trn. 104. Bn knh Ion ca cc nguyn t nhm VI a v cc halogen c gi tr sau: O2S2Se2Te2r(Ao) 1,40 1,84 1,98 2,21 FClBrI-

r(Ao) 1,36 1,81 1,95 2,16 Hy gii thch ti sao Anion ca cc nguyn t nhm VIa li c kch thc ln hn so vi cc Anion ng electron ca cc halogen tng ng. 105. a) Cc ng v ca Oxi? Cu trc nguyn t ca cc ng v ? Trong cc ng v c nhng ng v no bn? b) Hm lng ca cc ng v bn trong kh quyn? c) Hy tnh nguyn t lng ca Oxi theo n v Oxi v n v Cacbon. 106. a) Nhng n cht no khng c kh nng phn ng trc tip vi oxi? b) Ti sao oxi l nguyn t hot ng mnh hn Clo, nhng iu kin thng li t ra km hot ng hn? 107. Cho oxi tc dng vi hidro, photpho, cacbon, nit, cacbon oxit, lu hunh ioxit. Vit phng trnh ca cc phn ng. Ghi r cc iu kin xy ra phn ng. ng dng thc t ca cc phn ng . 108. Nu hin tng v gii thch hin tng khi t chy cacbon, lu hunh, pht pho, st trong bnh ng oxi nguyn cht? Vit phng trnh ca cc phn ng. Nu t chy cc cht trn trong khng kh th c khc g khng? Ti sao? 109. Hy trnh by nhn xt chung v tng tc ca oxi vi cc nguyn t khc. 110. a) Nguyn tc iu ch oxi trong phng th nghim . b) Vit phng trnh phn ng iu ch oxi t KClO 3, KMnO4 bng phng php nht phn. 111. a) Hy gii thch c ch qu trnh to ra oxi bng phng php in phn. b) Ti sao khng th thu c oxi khi in phn nc nguyn cht? c) C th thu c oxi khi in phn cc dung dch K2SO4, KCl, KNO3, KOH, HNO3 khng? 112. Trong cng nghip oxi c iu ch bng phng php no? Nguyn tc chung ca phng php . 113. Trnh by cu to phn t ozon. 114. a) So snh tnh cht ha hc ca oxi v ozon. b) Vit phng trnh phn ng gia oxi v ozon vi Ag, PbS, KI. C nhn xt g qua cc phn ng ? 115. Ozon c th tn ti trong khng kh c cha mt lng ln cc kh SO2, CO2, HF, NH3 c khng? 116. a) Cch nhn ra ozon. b) Giy h tinh bt tm t dung dch KI, khi gp ozon t mu trng chuyn thnh mu xanh en. Gii thch hin tng v vit phng trnh phn ng . 117. Bng phng php no c th nhn ra c ozon c trong hn hp vi hi hidro peoxit? 118. Cc phng php iu ch ozon? 119. C th dng nhng cht no di y lm anot khi iu ch ozon bng phng php dung dch axit sunfuric? (than ch, platin, bc vng). 120. a) c im v cu to phn t ca H2O v H2O2? b) Nhng tnh cht gy ra t nhng c im ?

121. a) Ti sao H2O v H2O2 iu kin thng l nhng cht lng, c nhit si cao? b) Ti sao hai cht li c th trn ln vi nhau theo bt k t l no? 122. a) Ti sao khi un nng chy nc c hin tng co th tch? b) Ti sao p sut thng, nc c khi lng ring ln nht 40C? 123. a) Pehidrol l g? b) Ti sao dung dch long H2O2 li bn hn dung dch m c ? c) Ti sao khi un nng hoc chiu sng dung dch H2O2 li b phn hy mnh? 124. a) Thng dng nhng cht no c ch qu trnh phn hy hidro peoxit? b) Nhng cht no thc y nhanh qu trnh phn hy H2O2? c) ng dng ca hidro peoxit? 125. a) Nhng bng chng no chng t rng hidro peoxit l axit yu? b) So snh bn cht lin kt trong cc hp cht: H2O2, Na2O2 , F2O2 , BaO2 126. a) Da vo c s no ni rng H2O2 va c tnh axit va c tnh kh? Trong hai kh nng kh nng no l ch yu? b) C cc phn ng no hidro peoxit ng thi th hin c hai tnh cht khng? 127. Trong mi trng no hidro peoxit th hin tnh oxi ha mnh hn? 128. a) Trong hai cht O3 v H2O2 cht no c tnh oxi ha mnh hn? Nu dn chng? b) Vit phng trnh phn ng khi cho H2O2 tc dng vi dung dch KI, dung dch KMnO4 trong mi trng axit, dung dch Natri cromit trong mi trng kim. Trong mi trng hp H2O2 th hin tnh cht g? 129. Vit phng trnh ca cc phn ng sau: 1) MgI2 + H2O2 + H2SO4 2) Na2O2 + KI + H2SO4 3) H2O2 + K2CrO7 + H2SO4 4) CaOCl2 + H2O2 O2 + 5) Na2SeO2 + H2O2 6) CrCl3 + H2O2 + NaOH Na2CrO4 + 7) Na2O2 + Fe(OH)2 + H2O 8) Hg(NO3)2 + H2O2 + NaOH 9) Fe + H2O2 10) As2S3 + H2O2 + NH4OH (NH3)3AsO4 + 130. a) Trong phng th nghim, Hidro peoxit c iu ch bng cch no? b) Ti sao khi cho Na2O2 tc dng vi H2O c cha O2 thot ra nhng khi cho BaO2 tc dng vi H2SO4 long th khng c hin tng ? c) Gii thch c ch ca qu trnh in phn dung dch H2SO4 50% to ra H2O2 ? 131. a) Nhng cht no c kh nng hp th hi nc? b) Nguyn tc lm kh cc cht rn v cht kh? c) Trong cc cht sau y cht no hp th nc mnh hn: CaCl2, H2SO4 c, KOH rn silicagen, P2O5? Da trren c s no dn n kt lun.

 5. Lu hunh Phn nhm selen (S, Se, Te, Po) 132. a) Ti sao Lu hunh, Selen, Telu li c kh nng xut hin cc mc oxi ha +4 v +6? b) Ti sao trng thi dng 6 l c trng hn i vi lu hunh so vi selen v telu? 133. Ti sao nhit nng chy v nhit si ca lu hunh li rt cao so vi nhit nng chy v nhit si ca Oxi? 134. nht () ca lu hunh nng chy ph thuc vo nhit c gi tr sau: t0 C t0C t0C 118,3 0,1145 159,2 0,116 213,5 572 125,7 0,1031 166,1 225 221,7 450 132,7 0,0884 170,7 491 231,5 316 140,7 0,0776 172,4 579 252,9 146 141,4 0,0756 180,5 866 253,6 139 142,5 0,0744 186,9 925 280,1 55 151,5 0,0622 191,6 920 305,8 23 157,3 0,0672 196,0 857 ( nht c o bng n v poaz: k hiu l p) a) V gin ph thuc lg vo nhit . T xc nh ti nht no khi lu hunh nng chy c nht cao nht? b) Hy gii thch s thay i nht ca S nng chy? 135.a) Ti sao nhit thng, lu hunh c tnh tr v phng din ha hc, nhng khi un nng li t ra kh hot ng? b) Trong iu kin no lu hunh th hin tnh oxi ha, tnh kh? c) Vit phng trnh ca cc phn ng khi cho lu hunh tc dng vi cc cht sau: F2, Cl2, O2, P, NaOH, KClO3, H2SO4 c, HNO3 c, HNO3 long. 136.a) Da vo nhng bng chng no chng minh rng cc n cht F2, O2, Cl2, S theo chiu t F n S trong dy trn tnh oxi ha gim? b) Nhng cht c kh nng tng tc trc tip vi nhau khng? 137.a) c im v cu to ca phn t H2S? b) Ti sao gc ha tr HSH = 920, nhng gc HOH = 1050? c) Ti sao iu kin thng H2S l mt cht kh nhng H2O li l cht lng? d) Ti sao kh H2S t tan trong nc nhng tan nhiu trong dung mi hu c? 138.a) Tnh cht ha hc ca H2S ? b) Ti sao dung dch nc ca H2S lu trong khng kh li b vn c? c) Ti sao trong t nhin c nhiu ngun to ra H2S nhng li khng c hin tng tch t kh trong khng kh? 139. Vit phng trinh ca cc phn ng sau: 1) H2S +FeCl3 2) H2S + K2CrO7 + H2SO4 3) H2S + K2MnO4 + H2SO4

4) H2S + Br2 + H2O 5) H2S + I2 140. vit phng trnh ca cc phn ng sau: 1) H2S + Pb(CH3COO)2 2) Na2S +MnSO4 3) CuSO4 + H2S 4) H2S + SO2 + NaOH Na2S2O3 5) FeS2 + O2 141.a) Hy trnh by nhng hiu bit ca mnh v cc hp cht sunfua (cc loi sunfua , tan, mu sc, kh nng thy phn)? b) Trong cc sunfua kim loi sau y, sunfua no b thy phn? Trng hp no c th iu ch bng phn ng trao i trong dung dch nc: Al2S3 ; Cr2S3 ; Na2S ; ZnS ; PbS ; La2S3 c) Hy gii thch ti sao mt s sunfua k trn li khng b thy phn. 142.a) Trong phng th nghim kh H2S c iu ch bng cch no? b) Nguyn tc chung diu ch cc sunfua kim loi? Dn chng 143.a) Nhng c im v cu to phn t ca SO2. b) Cu to ca Ion SO32-? So snh vi cu to ca phn t SO2 c g khc khng? 144.a) Cn bng ca dung dch kh sunfur trong nc s chuyn dch nh th no khi cho thm NaOH hoc H2SO4 long vo dung dch ? b) Trong iu kin no to ra cc mui hidrosunfit, cc mui sunfit. 145.a) Tnh cht ha hc ca SO2 v ca cc mui sunfit? b) Vit phng trnh phn ng ca SO2 vi cc cht HI, H2S, CO, H2, C. T cho nhn xt v tnh kh ca SO2 so vi cc cht k trn? 146.a) Vit phng trnh phn ng khi cho dung dch SO2 tc dng vi Mg, I2, HClO3, HClO3, H2S. Trong mi trng hp dung dch SO2 th hin tnh cht g? b) Bng phng php no nhn ra kh SO2 ? 147.a) Nguyn tc iu ch SO2 trong phng th nghim v trong cng nghip iu ch kh SO2 bng nhng cch no? b) ng dng ca SO2? 148.a) Cu to phn t ca SO3? b)Ti sao SO3 li d dng trng hp ha to ra cc polime? c) Ti sao SO3 li tng tc mnh lit vi H2O? ng dng ca phn ng . 149.a) Oleum l g? Tnh cht ca oleum? b) Tnh cht l ha ca H2SO4 ? Ti sao khi pha long H2SO4 c, ngi ta phi cho t t tng git axit vo H2O m khng c lm ngc li? c) Ti sao iu ch cc axit khc ngi ta thng dng H2SO4 tc dng vi mui ca cc axit ? 150.Vit phng trnh phn ng khi cho: a) H2SO4 long tc dng vi Mg, Cr, Fe. b) H2SO4 c, nng tc dng vi C, Cu, Fe2O3, Fe3O4, HI, H2S. Gii thch nguyn nhn? 151.Trnh by c im cu to, bn, tn gi ca cc axit cha oxi ca lu hunh?

152.a) Tnh cht ha hc ca cc axit cha oxi ca lu hunh? b) Ti sao axit peoximonosunfuric li l axit mt nc mc d c 2 nguyn t hidro? c) Ti sao cc axit H2S2O3, H2S2O4, H2S2O6, H2S3O6 u l cc axit khng bn ? 153.a) Trong cc mui ca cc axit cha oxi ca lu hunh mui no c tnh oxi ha , c tnh kh? b) Trnh by nguyn nhn gy ra tnh oxi ha v tnh kh ca cc axit tng ng? c)S khc nhau gia cc ion S2O32-, SO32-, SO42-? 154.Tnh cht ca cc mui sunfat?(tnh tan, kh nng kt tinh, kh nng to hirat, kh nng nhit phn, kh nng to phn) b) Trong iu kin no mui sunfat th hin tnh oxi ha? 155. Qu trnh no c th xy ra khi tip tc un nng cc cht sau y trong khng kh? a) FeSO4 b) (NH4)2SO4.FeSO4.6H2O c) Na2SO4.10H2O d) FeSO4.7H2O e) NaHSO4 g) Hn hp KHSO4 v Al2O3 Nu un nng trong kh quyn Nit c khc khng? 156.a) Cc phng php iu ch mui sunfat kim loi? b) C th vn dng nhng phng php no iu ch cc mui sau y: Na2SO4, CaSO4, Mg(HSO4)2, CuSO4, Ag2SO4, Vit cc phng trnh phn ng. 157.a) Bng cc phn ng trao i c th iu ch cc cht sau y c khng? 1) iu ch BaSO4 t BaSO3, t CaSO4? 2) iu ch BaCO3 t BaSO4? b) Bng cch no c th iu ch H2S t CaSO4? 158.a) C th iu ch mui Fe (II) pesunfat c khng? Ti sao? b) Hy nu mt phng php iu ch SO2 t ZnSO4. 159. C th nung Kali hidrosunfat trong chn bng st c khng? C nhng phn ng no xy ra trong qu trnh ? 160.a) Trong 2 mui BaSO4 v BaSO3, mui no d tan trong axit ? b) C th ha tan CaSO4 trong axit c khng? c) Mun tch Na2SO4 ra khi hn hp vi Ag2SO4 th lm th no? 161. Vit phng trnh ca cc phn ng sau: 1) Zn + H2SO4c 2) Hg + H2SO4c 3) Zn + H2S2O7 H2S + 4) Cl2 + Na2S2O3 + H2O 5) I2 + Na2S2O3 6) Al + Na2S2O3 + HCl H2S + 162. Vit phng trnh ca cc phn ng sau: 1) (NH4)2S2O3 + MnSO4 + H2O HMnO4 +

2) K2S2O4 + K2Cr2O7 + H2SO4 3) K2S3O6 + O3 + H2O 4) Na2S4O6 + KMnO4 + H2SO4 5) Na2S5O6 + O3 + H2O 6) (NH4)2S3O6 + K2Cr2O7 + H2SO4 163.a) iu ch H2SO4 Trong cng nghip? Nguyn tc chung ca phng php? b) Nhng yu t no nh hng n cn bng to ra SO3 khi oxi ha SO2 ca khng kh? c) Trong qu trnh hp th nc ca SO3 Ti sao phi dng H2SO4 c? C th thay th H2SO4 c bng nc c khng? 164.a) C th iu ch axit Tiosunfuric bng phng php cho H2SO4 long tc dng vi mui Na2S2O3 c khng? L do? b) Trong thc t iu ch axit bng cch no? 165.a) Nhng mui sau y thuc axit no: NaHS, NaHSO3, K2SO3, MgSO4, K2S2O7, K2S2O8. Cu to phn t v tn gi cc mui ? b) Cu to phn t v tn gi cc mui sau y: Na2S2O3, K2SO5, Na2S5, Na2S5O6, Na2S4O6 , K2S2O4, Na2S3O6. nhng axit ng vi mui ? 166.a) Lu hunh to ra nhng hp cht no c cha cc halogen? b) S khc nhau v cu to ca cc mui Tionyl halogenua SOX2 v sunfuryl halogenua SO2X2? 167.a) C hin tng g xy ra khi cho sunfuryl clorua tc dng vi dung dch Bari clorua long? b) C phn ng ha hc no xy ra khi cho sunfuryl clorua tc dng vi dung dch KMnO4? 168.a) iu kin thng, phn t lu hunh, selen, telu v poloni tn ti dng no? b) Trong iu kin no tn ti dng phn t 2 nguyn t? c) Nu nhn xt v bn ca cc phn t 2 nguyn t trong dy t oxi n telu? 169.a) Gii thch ti sao gc ha tr HXH t oxi n telu li gim? b) Nhn xt v bn ca cc hp cht H2X t oxi n poloni? Gii thch nguyn nhn. 170.a) Cho nhn xt v s thay i nhit si t H2 n H2Te? Gii thch nguyn nhn. b) Gii thch s thay tnh axit trong dy ? c) Tnh kh thay i nh th no? Bit rng th in cc ca chng c gi tr: H2O H2S H2Se H2Te 0 + E (X + 2H + 2e = H2X) von +1,23 +0,17 -0,40 -0,72 nhng ti sao chng c kh nng tn ti trong dung dch nc? 171.Tnh axit trong dy SeO2 TeO2 PoO2 thay i nh th no? Ly dn chng minh ha.

172.a) So snh tnh axit tnh oxi ha kh ca H2SO3, H2SeO3 v H2TeO3? b) Tm dn chng chng minh rng H2SeO4 c tnh oxi ha mnh hn axit H2SO4? c) Ti sao Telu li to ra axit Teluric H6TeO6 nhng lu hunh v Selen khng c kh nng ? 173. Vit phng trnh ca cc phn ng sau: 1) H2SeO3 + HClO3 2) H2SeO4 + HCl 3) H2SeO3 + KMnO4 + KOH 4) Na2SeO4 + SO2 + H2 O 5) Na2SeO3 + Cl2 + H2 O 6) Ag2SeO3 + Br2 + H2O 174. Vit phng trnh phn ng: 1) Se + HNO3 + H2O 2) Te + HNO3 3) SeO2 + Na2S2O3 + H2O Na2S4O6 + 4) SeO3 + I + H2O 5) SOCl2 + Fe FeCl2 + FeS + 6. Nit - Photpho (N - P) 175.a) Hy nu cc c im v cu trc nguyn t ca nguyn t nhmVa? b) T nhng c im hy cho bit s bin i tnh cht ha hc ca cc nguyn t trong nhm? 176.a) c im cu trc electron ca phn t N2? b) Nit l mt nguyn t khng kim loi (vi in m l 3,04) nhng ti sao iu kin thng li km hot ng (tr v mt ha hc) c) Trong 2 khuynh hng phn ng (oxi ha v kh) ca Nit th khuynh hng no l ch yu? 177. Hy trnh by nhng nhn xt khi qut v tng tc ca cc nguyn t vi Nit? 178.a) Trong phng th nghim Nit c iu ch bng nhng phng php no? b) Nguyn tc chung iu ch Nit trong cng nghip? 179.a) Trong phng th nghim bng cch no thu c Nit t khng kh? b) Hy xut mt phng php n gin c th xc nh c t l th tch ca Nit trong kh quyn? 180.a) Cho mt lung khng kh c cha cc hp cht: hi nc, H2S, CO2 qua cc dung dch NaOH c, H2SO4c. Sau khi hp cht b hp th ht thu c mt hn hp kh A. So snh tnh cht l ha ca cc kh trong hn hp A? b) Cho hn hp kh tip xc vi v bo Mg d, chy 6000C thu c mt hn hp cht rn B. Cho hn hp B vo nc c sn phm g to thnh? Vit cc phng trnh phn ng c th xy ra trong ton b qu trnh trn.

181.a) Cu to ca phn t NH3? (cu trc electron hnh dng cc obitan lai ha sp3 ca nguyn t N trong phn t NH3, cng thc cu to) b) T cu to gii thch nguyn nhn gy ra cc c tnh l, ha ca NH3? 182. Tnh cht ha hc ca NH3. Trong cc phn ng m NH3 c th tham gia th phn ng loi no d xy ra nht? 183.a) Ti sao NH3 khng phn ng vi cc baz? b) Trong cc cht sau y cht no c kh nng lm kh c kh NH3: H2SO4 c, CaCl2 khan, P2O5, KOH rn. 184. a) Hy gii thch Ti sao NH3 d dng phn ng vi nhiu hp cht v c c cha Hidro? HF v H2O c tnh cht khng? b) NH3 v H2O u c obital lai ha sp3 v u c cc electron t do nhng ti sao NH3 to ra NH4+ m khng phi l H3O+ theo cc phn ng: NH3 + HOH NH4+ + OHNH3 + H2O H3O+ + NH2c) Ti sao phn t CH4 khng c kh nng kt hp proton nh NH3 185. a) Trong qu trnh tng hp NH3 t N2 v H2 c thc hin trong iu kin no? p sut v nhit nh hng n cn bng nh th no? b) Vai tr ca xc tc trong qu trnh tng hp NH3? C th thu c NH3 khng kh khng tng nhit ? c) Trong phng th nghim NH3 c iu ch bng phng php no? 186. Vit phng trnh phn ng khi cho NH3 tc dng vi : hidro clorua, canxi clorua, oxi, clo, ng (II) oxit, kali hipobromit? Trong mi trng hp NH3 th hin tnh cht g? 187. a) Gii thch ti sao cc mui Amoni c tnh cht ging mui kim loi kim? S khc nhau gia hai loi mui ? b) Phn t NH4 c iu ch bng cch no. Ti sao phn t NH4 khc hn vi Ion NH4+ l cc k khng bn? 188. a) Vit phng trnh phn ng nhit phn cc mui sau: (NH4)2CO3, NH4NO3, (NH4)2SO4, NH4Cl, (NH4)2HPO4, NH4H2PO4, (NH4)2Cr2O7. b) T cc phn ng hy cho nhn xt v kh nng nhit phn cc mui Amoni? c) Khi ha tan cc mui trn trong nc s to ra mi trng g? 189. a) So snh cng thc cu to ca Hirazin v hidroxylamin? Hai cht c c im g ging vi phn t NH3? b) Hy nu mt s tnh cht ha hc ca chng gy ra t c im cu to . c) Phng php iu ch Hirazin v hidroxylamin ? 190. Vit phng trnh cc phn ng : 1) N2H4 + HgCl2 2) N2H4 + HNO2 3) N2H4 + K2Cr2O7 + H2SO4 4) N2H4. H2SO4 + CuSO4 + NaCl 5) N2H4.HCl + SnCl2 + HCl NH4Cl + 191. Vit cc phng trnh phn ng sau: 1) NH2OH + SeO2 2) (NH3OH)2SO4 + KMnO4 MnSO4 +

192.

193.

194.

195.

196.

197.

198.

3) NH2OH + I2 + KOH 4) NH2OH.HCl + H2O2 5) N2H4.HCl + K2Cr2O7 + HCl Vit phng trnh phn ng khi cho cc cht sau y tc dng vi nhau: 1) Hirazin sunfat vi Iot trong mi trng kim 2) Hirazin sunfat vi Kali Iotdat trong mi trng kim. 3) Hirazin vi Natribromat. 4) Hirazin sunfat vi Clorua vi. Vit phng trnh phn ng khi cho cc cht sau y tc dng vi nhau: 1) Hidroxilamin vi st II sunfat trong mi trng axit 2) Hidroxilamin vi CuO 3) Hirazin vi bc nitrat 4) Hirazin vi Natri hipobromit. a) Vit phng trnh phn ng : N2H4.H2O + Se V gii thch ti sao xy ra qu trnh ha tan Selen mc d nguyn t Nit khng thay i mc oxi ha ? b) Hy nu s khc nhau gia Hirazin sunfat v hidroxilamin sunfat? Gia Amoni sunfat v Hirazin sunfat? a) Cng thc cu to ca axit hirazoic? Tnh cht ha hc c bn ca n? b) Ti sao khng th iu ch c axit Hirazoic bng phng php tng tc trc tip gia Nit v hidro ? c) Ti sao cc azotua kim loi kim khng bn v u n? a) Nit to nn nhng oxit no? Thnh phn phn t v tnh cht vt l ca cc oxit ? b) Phng php iu ch cc oxit nit? xit no c kh nng iu ch c t cc n cht N2 v O2? Khi un nng mt th tch nht nh khng kh trong mt bnh kn n 25000C, sau lm lnh nhanh hn hp thu c. Hi thnh phn ca kh trong bnh c khc trc khng? Nu lm ngui t t thnh phn ca kh c thay i khng? a) Cu to phn t ca oxit N2O? b) Hy gii thch cch vit cng thc cu to ca N2O Di dng sau y: .. + :N N- O : : N N O .. .. .. .. :

199. a) Tnh cht ha hc ca N2O? Nguyn nhn gy ra nhng tnh cht ? b) Ti sao ni rng N2O l mt cht kh c kh nng duy tr s chynhng khng c kh nng duy tr s sng? iu c mu thun g khng? 200. Phng php iu ch N2O? C s l lun ca phng php ? b) Ti sao khng th iu ch N2O bng phng php iu ch trc tip t n cht N2v O2 c) Mt hn hp gm N2O v NO, bng phng php no c th tch c hai kh ra khi hn hp? 201. a) Cu hnh electron theo thuyt Obitan phn t ca NO? So vi cu hnh ca N2 c g khc? b) Hy xy dng gin cc mc nng lng gn ng theo thuyt Obitan

202. 203.

204. 205.

206. 207.

208. 209.

210.

211. 212.

phn t ca cc phn t v ion phn t sau y: NO+, N2, NO, NOCho nhn xt? a) So snh v nu c im trong cng thc cu to NO+, N2, NO, NO- ? b) Ly dn chng nhng hp cht c cha Ion NO+ ? c) So snh tnh bn ca NO v NO+ v nu r nguyn nhn? Vit cc phng trnh phn ng sau v t cho bit cc tnh cht ha hc c bn ca NO NO + H2S N2 + NO + SO2 N2O+ NO + O2 NO + Cl2 NO + KMnO4 MnO2 KMnO4 + NO + H2SO4 Mn2+ + NO + CrCl2 + HCl NH4+ + Cr3+ + a) Phng php iu ch kh NO trong phng th nghim ? b) Bng phn ng no c th nhn ra c kh NO? a) Trnh by cu to ca phn t NO2. T cho bit ti sao phn t NO2 c kh nng trng hp thnh phn t ime N2O4? b) Ti sao NO2 li c mu nhng N2O4 li khng c mu? Ti sao phn t SO2 khng c kh nng trng hp nh NO2? So snh cu hnh electron ca phn t NO2 vi phn t SO2, O3, ClO2, Cl2O, NO2- theo thuyt obitan phn t. Nu r s khc nhau c bn trong cu hnh electron ca cc cht ? a) Cho nhn xt tng qut v s tn ti ca NO2 v N2O4 khi nhit thay i t 2000C n 6000C? b) Bng th nghim no c th chng minh s bin i gia hai dng NO2 v N2O4? a) Ti sao ni rng NO2 v N2O4 l nhng anhirit hn tp? b) Gii thch nguyn nhn hnh thnh ion NO2- v NO3- khi cho NO2 hoc N2O tc dng vi nc hoc vi dung dch kim? a) Phng php iu ch v tnh cht ha hc ca NO2 b) Vit phng trnh phn ng khi cho NO2 tc dng vi CO, SO2, O3, H2O2. Trong mi trng hp NO2 th hin tnh cht g? c) Vit phng trnh phn ng tc dng gia NO v NO2 vi dung dch FeSO4 . So snh s khc nhau gia hai phn ng ? a) N2O3 c th phn ng vi nc to hn hp l axit nitr hoc axit nitric. Vit phng trnh phn ng v cho bit iu kin no xy ra i vi tng phn ng ? b) Ti sao ni rng NO2 l anhirit hn tp, nhng khi cho tc dng vi nc n ch to ra HNO3? a) Tnh cht ha hc ca axit nitr. b) So snh tnh bn, tnh oxi ha - kh ca axit nitr v mui tng ng. c) Phng php iu ch HNO2. C s l lun ca phng php . a) Vit phng trnh phn ng chng minh rng HNO2 c kh nng t oxi ha - kh.

b) Th din cc chn ca axit nitr trong mi trng axit v mi trng kim c th tm tt t s sau: trong mi trng axit: +0,96V HNO2 NO +0,94V Vit phng trnh ca cc phn ng sau: 1)HNO2 + HI I2 2)HNO2 + SO2 + H2O NO 3)HNO2 + FeSO4 + H2SO4 NO 4)NaNO2 + K2Cr2O7 + H2SO4 5)KNO2 + MnO2 + H2SO4 6)NaNO2 + KMnO4 + H2SO4 7)NaNO2 + PbO2 + H2SO4 a) Ti sao axit HNO3 tinh khit l cht lng khng mu nhng trong thc t thng c mu vng? b) Nguyn tc chung iu ch HNO3 t khng kh v nc? Vit cc phng trnh phn ng ? a) Ti sao khi iu ch HNO3 t Kali nitrat phi dng H2SO4 c v KNO3 rn? Trong trng hp ti sao phi un nng nh hn hp? b) Ti sao khi chng ct dung dch HNO3 ch thu c dung dch 70%? a) Nguyn tc chung xy ra cc phn ng khi cho HNO3 tc dng vi cc kim loi v khng kim loi? Ly v d. b) Da vo c s no kt lun rng : khi cc cht tc dng vi dung dch HNO3 c thng to ra kh NO2 v vi HNO3 long thng to ra kh NO? a) Vit phng trnh phn ng khi cho HNO3 c v long tc dng vi cc kim loi Sn, Pb, Zn, Cu. b) Vit phng trnh phn ng khi cho HNO3 tc dng vi Mg, As, Co, C, S a) Hy trnh by nhng c tnh ca mui nitrat? ( tan, bn nhit, tnh oxi ha ) b) So snh bn nhit ca cc hp cht sau: HNO2, HNO3, KNO3, Pb(NO3)2, Cu(NO3)2, AgNO3 c) Hy gii thch ti sao HNO3 v cc mui nitrat kim loi nng c bn nhit km hn so vi cc mui nitrat ca cc kim loi kim? a) Vit phng trnh phn ng khi cho HNO3 c tc dng vi HCl c? Vai tr ca hn hp trong ha hc? b) Nu cho HNO3 c tc dng vi HBr, HI c phn ng nh th khng? c) Ti sao mt s kim loi nh Platin, vng, khng tan trong axit nhng li tan trong nc cng thy? Cho ba axit: HCl, H2SO4, HNO3 c nng ty , tc dng vi Cu. Hy iu ch cc mui CuCl2 , CuSO4, Cu(NO3)2.Nu cc iu kin cn thit. Phn ng no xy ra d nht? L do? Ngi ta c th iu ch kali nitrat bng phn ng trao i khi cho NaNO 3 tc dng vi KCl theo phng trnh sau: NaNO3 + KCl NaCl + KNO3 NO2-

213.

214.

215. 216.

217.

218.

219.

220. 221.

222.

223.

224. 225.

226. 227. 228.

229.

230.

231.

Hy cho bit c s l lun ca phng php trn c mu thun g v chiu ca phn ng trao i khng? a) M t cng thc cu to ca P trng v cc dng th hnh khc ca phtpho. Trong nhng iu kin no cc dng th hnh c th bin i cho nhau? b) Ti sao P trng c nhit thp hn P ? c) Ti sao P trng d to ra mng tinh th cn P li l cht v nh hnh? a) iu kin thng, nit l cht kh, nhng Photpho li l cht rn . Gii thch nguyn nhn? b) Ti sao P l nguyn t c in m b hn nit, nhng iu kin thng li hot ng mnh hn nit? c) Tm dn chng minh ha rng trong cc dng th hnh ca Photpho th P trng li hot ng manh nht ? Nguyn nhn? Nu nhn xt chung v tng tc ca Photpho i vi cc nguyn t. a) Tnh cht ha hc c bn ca Photpho. Tm dn chng minh ha? b) Trong hai tnh cht oxi ha v kh ca photpho th tnh cht no l ch yu? So snh vi Nit c khc khng? c) Ti sao nhng dng c thy tinh sau khi dng lm th nghim vi photpho li phi ngm trong dung dch CuSO4? Vit phng trnh phn ng khi cho photpho tc dng vi oxi, axit Nitric, bc peclorat, nc oxigen, lu hunh, cc halogen. Trong mi trng hp photpho th hin tnh chtg? Sn phm no c to thnh khi thy phn PCl3 v PCl5. C th vit phng trnh thy phn di dng ion c khng? a) Photpho to nn nhng hp cht no? Cc cht c iu ch bng cch no? b) So snh tnh cht ha hc ca PH3 v NH3 ? c) Ti sao PH3 c cc tnh b, t tan trong nc, khng tc dng vi H2O nh NH3. Vit phng trnh ca cc phn ng sau: 1)Ca3P2 + H2O 2)Ca3P2 + HClO 3)P4 + Ba(OH)2 + H2O 4)PH3 + KMnO4 + H2SO4 5)PH3 + HClO4 6)PH3 + HCl 7)PH4I + KOH a) Cu to phn t P4O6 v P4O10 ? S ging nhau v khc nhau v cu to ca chng? b) Vit phng trnh ca phn ng khi cho P4O6 tc dng vi H2O, vi O2, P4O10 tc dng vi H2O; HClO, HNO3, H2SO4. c) ng dng ca P4O10. a) Cng thc phn t, cu to, tn gi ca cc axit cha oxi ca photpho? b) Trnh by tnh axit, tnh bn, tnh oxi ha kh ca cc axit quan trng trong cc axit trn.

232.

233. 234. 235. 236. 237.

c) Vit phng trnh phn ng iu ch axit hipophotphor, axit photphor, axit octo photphoric. a) Vit phng trnh ca phn ng thy phn cc mui NaH2PO4, Na2HPO4 v Na3PO4? Gii thch ti sao trong c ba trng hp gi tr pH ca dung dch li khc nhau? b) Qu trnh thy phn (NH4)PO4 v Na3PO4 c khc nhau khng? Ti sao mui Ag3PO4 li ch kt ta mu vng trong mi trng trung tnh hoc axit yu, nhng khong th kt ta trong mi trng axit mnh? Ti sao khi cho mui canxi ca axit photphoric tan trong axit axetic v trong axit Clohiricli thu c nhng sn phm khc nhau? Vit cc phng trnh phn ng ? Khi cho KH2PO4, K2HPO4, K..PO4 tc dng vi AgNO3 sn phm ca phn ng c khc nhau khng? Nguyn nhn? Trong hai mui Ba3(PO4)2 v BaSO4 th mui no d tan trong axit? Gii thch? Vit phng trnh ca cc phn ng sau: t 1) H3PO3 2) H3PO3 + KMnO4 3) H3PO3 + AgNO3 + H2O 4) H3PO2 + AgNO3 + H2O t 5) H3PO4
0 0

238.

239. 240. 241.

242.

243.

7. phn nhm asen ( As, Sb , Bi) a) Vit phng trnh ca cc phn ng khi cho As, Sb, Bi tc dng vi HNO3 long. b) T cc phn ng hy nu nhn xt v s bin thin tnh cht kim loi t As n Bi. Cho nhn xt v s thay i nhit nng chy v nhit si t NH3 n BiH3? Gii thch nguyn nhn? Nguyn nhn s bin thin bn nhit ca cc hp cht trong dy t NH3 n BiH3. a) So snh tnh kh ca cc hp cht cha hidro ca cc nguyn t thuc nhm Va? b) Vit phng trnh phn ng khi cho AsH3 tc dng vi kali iodat, vi bc nitrat, SbH3 vi bc nitrat. a) Ti sao gc ha tr HXH gim dn t X n Sb? (X l cc nguyn t nhm Va). b) kh nng kt hp H+ thay i nh th no t NH3 n BiH3 ? Gii thch nguyn nhn? a) S bin thin tnh axit v baz ca cc oxit trong dy t As2O3 n Bi2O3? Dn chng? b) S bin thin tnh axit v baz v tnh kh ca cc hidroxit X(OH) 3?

244. 245. 246.

247.

248.

(X=As, Sb, Bi). Dn chng? c) So snh tnh axit ca cc axit cha oxi trong dy t As n Bi? Vit phng trnh ca cc phn ng khi cho As4O6 tc dng vi O3, H2O2 , FeCl3 , HNO3 , K2Cr2O7. Sn phm no c to ra khi cho As tan trong nc cng thy? Vit phng trnh phn ng ? Vit phng trnh cc phn ng sau: 1) As + H2SO4 c 2) Bi + H2SO4 c 3) As + NaClO + H2O 4) As2O3 + HClO + H2O 5) AsH3 + KMnO4 + H2SO4 Vit phng trnh ca cc phn ng sau y: 1) AsCl3 + SnCl2 2) As2S3 + O2 + H2O H3AsO4 + ... 3) As2O3 + HNO3 + H2O 4) As2O3 + H2O2 + NH4OH AsO42- + ... 5) Sb2O3 + KMnO4 + HCl Sb2O5 + ... Vit phng trnh ca cc phn ng sau y di dng phn t v ion : 1) As + K2Cr2O7 + H2SO4 H3AsO4 + ... 2) NaAsO2 + I2 + Na2CO3 + H2O NaH2AsO3 + ... 3) KsbO2 + AgNO3 + KOH 4) H3SbO3 + KMnO4 + HCl 5) BiCl3 + K2SnO2 + KOH Bi + ...

249.

250.

251. 252. 253.

8. cacbon silic (C, Si) a) c im cu to ca nguyn t cacbon? C th gii thch cc mc oxi ha ca cacbon trn c s cu to nguyn t ca nguyn t nh th no? b) Ti sao cacbon khng c tnh kim loi nh thic v ch, mc d lp v electron ca cc nguyn t tng t nhau? a) Ti sao nguyn t cacbon li c kh nng to thnh mch di (mch cacbon)? b) S bin thin v tnh cht hot ng ha hc trong dy t cacbon n ch? a) Hy gii thch s hnh thnh ng v cacbon 146C trong kh quyn tri t di tc dng ca tia v tr? b) So snh c im cu to nguyn t ca hai ng v 12C v 14C. a) Trnh by c im cu to ca kim cng v than ch ? b) T nhng c im hy gii thch tnh cht vt l ca hai dng th hnh trn? a) S hp ph l g? Phn bit s hp ph v hp th? Nu dn chng minh ha? b) Nguyn nhn gy ra s hp ph cao ca than v nh hnh?

254. a) Ti sao than v nh hnh c kh nng hp ph nhng kim cng li khng c kh nng ? b) Than hot tnh l g? Ti sao than hot tnh c kh nng hp ph cao hn than thng? 255. a) c im v hp ph ca cacbon? b) Hy gii thch ti sao : kh no cng kh ha lng th cng kh b hp ph? khi nhit tng th kh nng hp ph gim? 256. a) Tnh cht ha hc ca cacbon? b) Trong cc dng th hnh ca cacbon th dng no t ra hot ng mnh hn? Gii thch nguyn nhn? c) Vit phng trnh phn ng khi cho cacbon tc dng vi Oxi, lu hunh, flo, CuO, H2SO4 c. 257. a) So snh cu to v tnh cht ca canxi cacbua CaC2 v wonfram cacbua W2C? b) Di tc dng ca nc v axit , cacbua kim loi b phn hy nh th no? nhng loi cacbua no c kh nng phn hy ? 258. a) Vit phng trnh phn ng iu ch CaC2 . b) T bari nitrat, bng phng php no c th thu c bari cacbua? c) ng dng ca CaC2? Vit phng trnh phn ng khi cho CaC2 tc dng vi H2O , N2 , MgO. Cho bit iu kin v ng dng thc t ca cc phn ng ? 259. a) Cu to ca phn t metan? b) Ti sao ngi ta khng th tch tr kh CH4 trong cc bnh cha kh (gazomet). c) Ti sao CH4 khng c tnh axit nh HCl v khng c kh nng to ra phc cht? 260. a) c im cu to phn t ca CO? b) So snhcu trc electron ca phn t CO v N2 t gii thch tnh cht l ha tng t nhau ca hai cht ? 261. a) Tnh cht ha hc ca cacbon oxit? b) Vit phng trnh phn ng khi cho cacbon oxit tc dng vi oxi, clo, nc, NaOH, Fe2O3, Ni. Trong mi trng hp CO ng vai tr g? 262. a) Nhng kim loi no c kh nng phn ng c vi CO? Sn phm ca phn ng? b) Hy gii thch s hnh thnh lin kt "cho nhn" khi cho crom tc dng vi cacbon oxit? c) Phc cht cacbonyl kim loi tc dng vi cc axit v c nh th no? 263. a) So snh tnh kh ca H2 v Co? Da vo cn bng : H2 + CO2 CO + H2O gii thch? b) Hai cht H2v CO kh c oxit no trog cc oxit kim loi sau y: Fe2O3 , Al2O3 , FeO , CaO, H2O , Cu2O , HgO. iu kin ca cc phn ng? 264. a) Phn ng gia CO v H2O, vi dung dch NaOH xy ra trong iu kin no? Nu kt lun rng CO l mt oxit tr c hon ton ng khng? b) Trong phng th nghim v trong cng nghip iu ch cacbon oxit bng

265. 266. 267. 268.

269.

270. 271. 272. 273. 274.

275.

276. 277.

278.

cch no? c) ng dng ca cacbon oxit? a) Tnh cht l ha ca CO2? Bng cch no c th to ra tuyt cacbonic? b) Qu trnh no c th xy ra khi cho CO2 tan trong nc, trong dung dch NaOH , Ba(OH)2? Nhng phn t no, ion no tn ti trong dung dch ? a) C th to ra metan t CO2 c khng? b) Nguyn tc iu ch CO2 trong phng th nghim? a) Khi cho vi tc dng vi axit to ra kh CO2 c nn dng H2SO4 khng? L do? b) Nu dng HCl bng cch no tinh ch c kh CO2? a) Ti sao CaCO3 li tan c trong dung dch bo ha kh CO2 v Ti sao dung dch Ca(HCO3)2 khi thm NaOH li to ra kt ta? Da vo s thy phn ion CO32- gii thch? b) Kh CO2 c to ra trong mt loi bnh cha chy cha dung dch phn nhm vi xoda. Gii thch? a) Ti sao khng th iu ch c mui cacbonat ca Fe3+ v Al3+? b) Vit phng trnh phn ng khi cho dung dch CrCl 3 , FeCl3 vi nc khi c mt xoda? c) Vit ptpu khi cho xoda nng vo dung dch c cha ion Zn2+ , Co2+ , Cr2+ , Ni2+. Vit ptpu nhit phn cc mui ccbonat ca cc kim loi sau: ng , magie, canxi, natri, mui amoni, natri hidrocacbonat. Gii thch nguyn nhn s khc nhau v bn nhit ca cc mui . Trong hai mui cacbonat ng v bc th mui no bn hn? a) Phng php iu ch v tnh cht l, ha ca cacbon disunfua? b) Vit ptpu khi cho CS2 tc dng vi dung dch NaOH? Vit cng thc cu to ca cc cht sau y v cho bit s ging nhau v mt cu to ca cc cht : Cacbondioxit, Cacbondisunfua, axit cacbonic, axit tiocacbonic, Kali cacbonat, Kali tiocacbonat? a) Cu to ca phn t xian, axit xianhidric v axit xianic? b) Vit ptpu khi cho xian v axit xianhidric tc dng vi O2 , H2O , NaOH. c) Ti sao ion Xianua cn c kh nng to thnh nhng hp cht phc tng t nh CO? Hy gii thch s hnh thnh ion phc [Fe(CN) 6]4-. a) Silic v kim cng u c cu to tng t nhau(hnh t din u) nheng ti sao silic l cht bn dn, cn kim cng li l cht cch in? b) Vit phng trnh phn ng khi cho Si tc dng vi halogen, MgO , MnO2 , H2O. iu kin ca phn ng? a) Nguyn tc iu ch Si v nh hnh? b) Nhng axit no c kh nng ha tan c Si? Vit phng trnh phn ng khi cho Si tc dng vi dung dch kim, so snh vi cacbon c g khc? a) Hy gii thch ti sao Silicdioxit li c nhit nng chy rt cao so vi Cacbondioxit? b) Vit phng trnh phn ng khi cho SiO2 tc dng vi F2 , HF , NaOH , Na2CO3. a) Hy gii thch ti sao Photphin si nhit thp hn so v amoniac nhng Silan li si nhit cao hn Metan?

279. a) Silicagel l g? Cacborundum l g? Hy trnh by qu trnh hnh thnh gel ca axit Silicic v phng php iu ch cacborundum? b) cc ng dng ca Silicagel v cacborundum da trn nhng c s khoa hc no? 280. a) Cacbon v Silic to ra nhng hp cht no vi cc halogen? b) Hy so snh bn nhit v hot tnh ha hc ca tetra halogenua ca cacbon trong dy t CF4 n CI4. c) So snh bn nhit ca tetra halogenua ca cacbon v ca Silic tng ng. Gii thch nguyn nhn?

282.

283.

284.

285.

286. 287. 288.

9. Tnh cht kim loi a) Mt s kim loi c cu hnh electron sau y: 1)...2p6.3s1 2)...4f14.5s2p6d1.6s2 3)...4d2.5s2 4)...4f3.5s2p5d1.6s2 5)...3d14s2 6)..5d2.6s2 7)...2p6.3s2 8)...4f6.5s2p6d1..6s2 9)...6p6.7s1 10)...4f13.5s2p6d1.6s2 b) Cc kim loi chu k no? Nhm no? Da vo bng h thnh tun hon kim tra li kt qu suy on v cho bit tn cac kim loi ? a) Ni dung ca thuyt vng? b) Thuyt vng gii thch tnh dn in ca kim loi nh th no? c) Bit rng dn in ca kim loi gim khi nhit tng v kim loi c tnh siu dn. C th gii thch hin tng nh th no? a) Bn cht lin kt trong kim loi? b) Lin kt kim loi khc lin kt trong hp cht cng ha tr v hp cht ion nh th no? Ly v d lin kt trong tinh th Li, trong hp cht LiCl v trong n cht Cl2 lm dn chng. a) Ti sao kim loi c v sng c bit? b) Ti sao mt s kim loi li c mu c trng? c) Hiu ng quang in l g? vn dng thuyt vng gii thch cc hin tng trn? a) Th in cc tiu chun ca kim loi l g? ng dng? b) Th in cc ca kim loi ph thuc vo nhng yu t no? Trong dy th in cc tiu chun Li xp trc Cs iu c mu thun g vi s sp xp cc kim loi trong nhm Ia ca bng h thng tun hon khng? a) Tnh cht ha hc ca kim loi? b) Vi iu kin no kim loi c kh nng phn ng c vi H2O, dung

289.

290. 291.

292.

293. 294. 295.

296.

297.

298.

dch kim, vi dung dch cc axit khng c tnh oxi ha? Ly v d minh ha? a) Tnh th in cc ca hidro trong mi trng trung tnh 25 0C v p sut ca kh hidro = 1atm. b) Hy cho bit trong cc kim loi sau y kim loi no c kh nng tan c trong nc nguyn cht? Li, Mg, Fe, Ni, Sn Da vo th in cc chun hy sp xp cc kim loi sau y theo th t tnh kh gim dn: Li, Na, K, Rb, Be, Mg, Ca , Ba, Al, La, Cu, Ag, Au, Zn, Cd, Hg, Sn, Pb, Mn, Cr, Fe, Co, Ni. a) Trong cc kim loi sau y kim loi no c kh nng kh c Ion H+ thnh H2 trong dung dch axit: Cd, In, Al, Sn, Mn, Cr, Ag. b) Ti sao Fe tan trong dung dch H2SO4 long li to ra mui st (II) m khng phi mui st (III)? Nu thay bng H2SO4 c nng hoc HNO3 phn ng c thay i khng? a)Cr,Mn tc dng vi cc dung dch axit c phn ng tng t nh st khng? b) Vi nhng axit loi no to ra mui ca kim loi c mc oxi ha thp? To ra mui ca kim loi c mc oxi ha cao? a) St c tan c trong dung dch CuSO4 khng? Ngc lai Cu c tan c trong dung dch FeSO4, Fe2(SO4)3 khng? b) Crom c th y c st ra khi dung dch FeCl2 hoc FeCl3 khng? Bc kim loi c kh nng y c H2 ra khi dung dch HI 1N c khng? Bit tch s tan ca AgI l 8,3.10-17 Khi lng ring (g/cm3) ca mt s kim loi c gi tr sau: kimloi: Ag Be Cr Hg Mg 3 khi lng ring (g/cm ):10,5 1,82 7,14 13,55 1,74 hy tnh bn knh hiu dng ca nguyn t cc kim loi . ( b qua cu to ca tinh th) a) Tnh t khi hi ca thy ngn 5000C( p= 1atm) b) Tnh t khi hi ca km nht si ca kim loi . c) Tnh phn t lng trung bnh ca mt hn hp hi c cha 80% Zn, 10% Cd v 10% Ar. Vit phng trnh phn ng iu ch hidroxit, mui clorua , mui sunfat t cc kim loi sau: Mg, Ca, Al, Na, Sn, Cu, Zn, Ni. nu r cc iu kin ca mi phn ng? Tnh hng s cn bng, nng lng Gibbs v xc nh chiu ca phn ng ca cc h sau 250C: a) Cu2+ + Zn Zn2+ + Cu b) Ni2+ + Cu Cu2+ + Ni c)Zn2+ + Fe Fe2+ + Zn hy tnh t l gii hn v nng ca cc Ion kim loi c trong dung dch ca cc h trn?

299. a) Nguyn tc chung iu ch kim loi t qung? b) Nhng phng php thng dng thu c kim loi t oxit, t mui. Ly v d minh ha. 300. Hidro c th kh c oxit NiO theo phng trnh sau y c khng: NiO ( rn) + H2 (kh) Ni (rn) + H2O (hi) 301. Trong cc cht sau y cht no c th kh c Fe3O4 thnh kim loi: Si, Al, Ca. hy tnh G ca phn ng . 302. a) Nguyn tc chung dng cacbon lm cht kh trong qu trnh iu ch kim loi? b) Hidro v cacbon oxit c th kh c nhng oxit kim loi no? 303. a) Nguyn tc ca phng php nht kim iu ch cc kim loi? b) Tnh hiu ng nhit ca cc phn ng sau theo H0: 1) V2O5(rn) + 5Ca(r) 2V(r) + 5CaO(r) 2)TaCl5(r) + 5Na(r) Ta(r) + 5NaCl(r) 3) Cr2O3(r) + 2Al(r) 2Cr(r) + Al2O3(r) 4)3Mn3O4(r) + 8Al(r) 9Mn(r) + 4Al2O3(r) 5)TiCl4 (lng) + 4Na(r) Ti(r) + 4NaCl(r) 304. a) Nhng kim loi no c iu ch bng in phn mui nng chy? b) Nguyn tc chung ca phng php nhit phn hy cc cht v c iu ch kim loi. 305. in phn dung dch cc cht sau bng in cc Platin: NiSO4; KI; NaCl; H2SO4 long; NaOH a) M t qu trnh xy ra trn b mt in cc. b) Sn phm thu c cc in cc. c) Mi trng in cc trong qu trnh in phn? 306. a) Nguyn tc chung iu ch kim loi bng phng php in phn dung dch mui. b) Phng php c vn dng iu ch nhng kim loi no? 307. a) Qu trnh xy ra cc in cc khi in phn dung dch CuSO4 vi dng cc bng Cu; dung dch AgNO 3 vi dng cc bng Ag; NiSO4 vi dng cc bng Ni. b) ng dng ca phng php. 10. kim loi kim (Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs) 308. a) c im v cu to nguyn t ca cc kim loi kim. b) So snh kh nng phn ng ca Hidro v ca cc kim loi kim. C th gii thch nh th no khi bit rng hidro c nhng kh nng khc hn kim loi kim mc d lp v nguyn t ngoi cng c cu trc nh nhau? 309. Hy trnh by nhng c im nguyn t ca cc kim loi kim(cu trc electron, th ion ha, bn knh nguyn t, bn knh ion, th in cc) Cho nhn xt v s thay i cc c im t Li n Cs. 310. Hy xy dng gin ph thuc mt s tnh cht vt l (nhit nng chy, nhit si, khi lng ring, bn knh nguyn t, bn knh ion,

311.

312.

313. 314.

315.

316.

317. 318. 319.

320.

321.

dn in) vo s th t nguyn t ca cc kim loi kim. T gin hy nhn xt v s bin thin cc tnh cht . a) Liti l kim loi hot ng km hn cc kim loi kim khc nhng ti sao th in cc li c gi tr m nht? Gii thch nguyn nhn. b) Hy gii thch Ti sao cc kim loi kim li mm (d ct) v nhit nng chy li gim dn t Li n Cs? a) Cc kim loi kim u c dn in cao nhng cn km hn so vi Ag, Cu, Au. iu c mu thun g khng khi so snh hot tnh ha hc ca cc kim loi kim vi cc kim loi Cu, Ag, Au? Gii thch nguyn nhn. b) Ti sao dn in ca Na li ln hn so vi cc kim loi kim khc? a) Gii thch Ti sao trng thi hi cc phn t kim loi kim li gm 2 nguyn t? Nguyn nhn gy ra mu ngn la ca cc kim loi kim? a) Phng php in phn iu ch cc kim loi kim. C s l lun ca phng php b) C th dng phng php ha hc (khng dng phng php in phn) iu ch cc kim loi kim t cc hp cht ca chng c khng? a) Vit phng trnh phn ng xy ra trn b mt in cc khi in phn NaOH nng chy hoc NaOH nng chy. b) Vai tr ca NaF v KCl khi in phn NaCl nng chy iu ch Na kim loi? a) Cc kim loi kim c phn ng trc tip vi cc cht sau y khng: N2 ; O2; Cl2; H2; C; Si b) Bit rng trong luyn kim thng dng Liti kh du vt Cacbon trong cc hp cht kim loi. C th dng Na hoc K thay th cho Li c khng? Phng php bo qun cc kim loi kim v c s khoa hc ca phng php ? a) Tnh cht hidrua ca cc kim loi kim? Bng dn chng no chng t rng lin kt trongNaH c bn cht ion? b) V tnh cht, NaH ging vi cht no hn: HCl hay NaCl? Vit phng trnh phn ng: 1) LiH + N2 2) NaH + Cl2 3) NaH + O2 4) LiH + H2O a) Hy trnh by nhn xt v tng tc ca oxi vi cc kim loi kim. b) Bng phng php c th iu ch c cc oxit Li2O; Na2O; K2O? c) Vit cc phng trnh phn ng theo s sau: Na Na2O2 Na2O Na2CO3 a) Cu to ca phn t Natri peoxit (Na2O2) Kali supeoxit(KO2); Rubidi ozonit(RbO3)? b) Ti sao cc kim loi kim d dng to ra cc peoxit. Ti sao Li li khng c kh nng ?

322. a) Vit phng trnh phn ng thy phn Na2O2 v cho bit Ti sao phn ng li xy ra theo mt chiu mc d v bn cht l thun nghch? b) Na2O2 v hn hp Na2O2 + KO2 c dng trong cc bnh ln lm ngun cung cp Oxi. ng dng da trn c s l lun no? 323. Vit phng trnh ca cc phn ng: 1) Na2O2 + KI + H2SO4 2) Na2O2 + Fe(OH)2 + H2O 3) Na2O2 + KMnO4 + H2SO4 4) Na2O2 + nc Clo 324. iu ch hidroxit ca cc kim loi kim bng phng php in phn. C s l lun ca phng php? C th dng loi mui no lm cht in phn trong phng php ? 325. Hy trnh by cc qu trnh xy ra trn b mt in cc khi in phn dung dch NaCl thu c NaOH. T dung dch NaOH thu c catot lm th no to ra NaOH rn? 326. a) T NaCl Bng phng php no thu c NaOH khi khng dng phng php in phn? b) Dung dch KI cho thm vi git dung dch h tinh bt v vi git dung dch phenoltalein, khi in phn dung dch c hin tng g xy ra? 327. a) Tnh cht ca cc hidroxit kim loi kim. Ti sao gi l "kim n da" b) Trong hai hidroxit KOH v CsOH, hidroxit no c tnh baz mnh hn? Gii thch. c) Ti sao trong cc hidroxit kim loi kim ch c LiOH l c kh nng nhit phn to ra oxit Li2O? 328. iu ch NaCl tinh khit ngi ta cho HCl qua dung dch bo ha mui n. Gii thch c s l lun ca phng php . 329. Hy sp xp theo th t tng dn v nhit nng chy cc mui sau y: NaCl; NaI; NaF; NaBr Gii thch nguyn nhn s thay i . 330. a) C th iu ch K2SO4 bng phng php cho Kali tc dng vi H2SO4 c khng? b) C hin tng g xy ra khi cho cc dung dch sau y tc dng vi dung dch m c Li2SO4: NaF; Na3PO4; Na2CO3; CH3COONa; NaCl? 331. a) Trong cc mui kim loi kim sau y mui no s b thy phn: CH3COOLi; LiCl; NaNO2; NaClO4; KBr; K2CO3? Vit phng trnh phn ng m t qu trnh thy phn cc mui . b) Trong cc mui sau y mui no b thy phn mnh hn: Na2CO3; Na2SO3; NaCN? Gii thch. 332. a) Vit phng trnh phn ng khi thy phn Na2CO3 V NaHCO3v cho bit trong trng hp no dung dch c tnh kim mnh hn? b) bo qun NaHCO3 ttinh khit khi b phn hy ngi ta ng trong chn bng Bc t trong bnh kn, bo ha kh CO2 vi p sut p = 2 3 atm. Phng php da trn c s no? 333. Ni dung ca phng php Solvay iu ch Na2CO3 t NaCl v CO2. C s khoa hc ca phng php. Vit cc phng trnh phn ng.

334. a) T Na2SO4 c nhng phng php no iu ch c Na2CO3? b) C th dung phng php tng t phng php iu ch xoa iu ch K2CO3 c khng? 335. a) Vit phng trnh phn ng iu ch NaNO3 t Na2SO4 v iu ch Na2SO4 t CH3COONa. b) Bng phn ng no thu c K2SO4 t K2SO3? iu ch Na t Na2CO3? 336. S khc nhau v tnh cht ca kim loi Li v ca cc hp cht ca Li (oxit, hidroxit, cc mui) so vi cc kim loi kim khc. Nu dn chng minh ha. 337. Dung dch bo ha Na2CO3 trong nc c gi tr sau: t0C 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 %Na2CO3 6,7 11,2 17,8 29 33,2 32,2 31,7 31,4 a) V th ph thuc tan vo nhit . b) Na2CO3 ha tan cc i nhit no? c) T dung dch bo ha 600C, Na2CO3 s trng thi no khi thay i nhit ? 11. kim loi kim th (Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba) a) c im v cu to nguyn t ca cc kim loi kim th? So snh vi cc kim loi kim. b) Nu nhn xt v s thay i nng lng ion ha, th in cc, bn knh nguyn t, bn knh ion ca cc kim loi kim th. a) V th s ph thuc cc hng s vt l (nhit nng chy, nhit si, khi lng ring g/cm3, dn in) vo s th t nguyn t ca cc kim loi kim th. b) Nu nhn xt s bin thin cc c tnh trong dy t Be n Ba. So snh vi cc kim loi kim. a) Ti sao vi cc kim loi kim th c th ion ha th 2 ln hn th ion ha th nht (I2 >I1) nhng li to ra dng ion M2+ d dng hn dng M+? b) Th ion ha ca kim loi kim th ln hn th ion ha ca kim loi kim nhng ti sao th in cc li tng ng? Gii thch ti sao kim loi kim d to ra dng phn t M2 trng thi hi, nhng kim loi kim th li khng c kh nng ? a) Ti sao cc kim loi kim th c cng ln hn cc kim loi kim? b) Ti sao nhit nng chy v nhit si ca cc kim loi kim th li bin i khng u nh kim loi kim? Ti sao cc kim loi kim th c dn in cao mc d vng nng lng ns (vng ha tr) trong tinh th c lp y? Th in cc ca Be cao hn (dng hn) so vi cc kim loi kim th khc nhng th in cc ca Li li thp hn (m hn) so vi cc kim loi kim khc. Thc t c mu thun g vi nhau khng? Tm dn chng (v tnh cht ca n chtv hp cht) chng minh rng Li c tnh cht ging kim loi kim th, Be c tnh cht ging Al.

338.

339.

340.

341. 342. 343. 344. 345.

346. a) Trong cc cht sau y, Be c kh nng phn ng trc tip vi cht no: O2 , H2 , N2 , S , Cl2? Vit cc phng trnh phn ng. b) Ti sao Be khng c kh nng to ra cc peoxit? 347. Vit cc phng trnh phn ng khi cho Be tc dng vi nc v cc dung dch: a) Dung dch HCl c v long. b) Dung dch H2SO4 c v long. c) Dung dch HNO3 c v long. d) Dung dch H3PO4. e) Dung dch KOH. 348. a) Vit cc phng trnh phn ng iu ch BeO v Be(OH) 2. b) Bng nhng phn ng ha hc chng minh rng BeO v Be(OH) 2 u l nhng hp cht lng tnh. 349. a) Khi t chy khng hon ton mt mnh Mg trong khng kh, sau cho sn phm tan vo nc thu c hn hp cht rn v mt hn hp kh. Thnh phn cc hn hp gm c nhng cht g? b) C th t chy Mg trong nhng kh no khi khng c oxi? 350. a) Ti sao khi Mg chy pht ra nh sng chi giu tia t ngoi, nhng khi t cc kim loi kim hoc kim th li khng c hin tng ? b) Ti sao khng th dng nc dp tt m chy Mg? 351. a) Khi iu ch Mg (bng phng php in phn) ti sao phi dng kh H2 ph b mt cht in phn? C th thay H2 bng kh N2 c khng? b) Ngoi phng php in phn c th dng phng php no iu ch Mg? 352. Mg tng tc vi cc cht sau y nh th no: H2O , HCl , H2SO4 , HNO3 , CH3COOH , NaOH? 353. a) C th dng NH4OH iu ch Mg(OH)2 khng? b) Ti sao khng c kt ta Mg(OH) 2 tch ra khi cho vo dung dch mui MgCl2 mt dung dch c cha NH4OH v NH4Cl? Gii thch nguyn nhn. 354. a)Hin tng s xy ra nh th no khi cho Mg(OH) 2 tc dng vi cc cht: HCl , KOH , NH4Cl , KCl? b) Mg(OH)2 ha tan trong cht no tt hn: HCl hay NH4Cl? V sao? 355. a) S c hin tng g khi cho dung dch MgCl 2 tc dng vi xoda nng?, tc dng vi dung dch KHCO3? b) C th ha tan MgCO3 bng cch no nu khng cn dng axit? c) Lm th no c th tch c cc cht ra khi hn hp gm MgCl2 v BeCl2? 356. a) Cc kim loi Ca , Sr , Ba tc dng vi cc cht sau y nh th no: H2, N2 , O2 , H2O? Tnh cht ca sn phm phn ng? b) So snh cc phn ng trn vi cc phn ng ca kim loi kim. 357. Vit phng trnh ca cc phn ng: 1. CaH2 + H2O 2. CaH2 + O2 3. BaH2 + CO2 C + 358. a) Phng php iu ch BaO2? b) T BaF2 bng cch no c th iu ch c BaO2?

c) Vit cc phng trnh phn ng: 1. BaO2 + HCl (c) 2. BaO2 + HCl(long) 3. BaO2 + KI + HCl 4. BaO2 + AgNO3 5. MnO2(nng) Trong mi trng hp trn BaO2 th hin tnh cht g? 359. a) Vic iu ch hidroxit cc kim loi kim th (Ca , Sr, Ba) da trn nguyn tc no? Nguyn tc c th vn dng cho Be(OH) 2 v Mg(OH)2 khng? b) Ti sao trong thc t ngi ta khng iu ch hidroxit kim loi kim theo phng php iu ch hidroxit kim loi kim th v ngc li? 360. a) Gii thch nguyn nhn v s bin thin tnh cht hidroxit trong dy t Be(OH)2 n Ba(OH)2? b) Ti sao hidroxit cc kim loi kim th c th b nhit phn to ra oxit tng ng nhng hidroxit cc kim loi kim li khng c kh nng ? 361. Gii thch v s thay i bn nhit ca cc mui Sunfat trong dy t BeSO4 n BaSO4. 362. Ti sao cc mui Sunfat kim loi kim th li c tan gim t Ca 2+ n Ba2+ nhng mui Florua ca cc kim loi li c tan tng? 363. Vi cng mt kim loi (Ca2+ , Sr2+ hoc Ba2+) ti sao mui Florua c tan ln hn tan ca mui cacbonat? 364. a) Da vo thuyt cc ha ion hy gii thch qu trnh nhit phn CaCO 3. b) Cn bng phn ng nhit phn CaCO3 chuyn dch trong iu kin no? ngha thc t ca cc iu kin ? 365. So snh bn nhit ca cc mui cacbonat kim loi kim th v gii thch. 366. Ti sao khi cho kh CO qua dung dch BaCl2 hoc Ba(NO3)2 khng to ra kt ta nhng khi cho CO2 tc dng vi nc Barit li c BaCO3 to thnh? Nu thay dung dch nc Barit bng dung dch Bari axetat c kt ta khng? 367. Kt ta no s xut hin trc nu cho vo dung dch c cha ion Ca2+ v Ba2+ cng nng tng git dung dch (NH4)2SO4? 368. Gii thch ti sao khi thm mt lng nh dung dch Kali dicromat vo dung dch c cha CaCl2 v BaCl2 c lng bng nhau th ch c kt ta mui Bari? 369. Cc mui kim loi kim th khi kt tinh s to ra dng hidrat tinh th, cn cc mui kim loi kim t c kh nng . Gii thch. 370. a) Thch cao l g? ng dng ca thch cao?C s khoa hc ca ng dng . b) T thch cao bng nhng phng php no thu c Ca kim loi? 371. a) Nc cng l g? Nguyn tc chung kh tnh cng ca nc? b) Vit phng trnh phn ng khi cho cc cht sau y kh tnh cng ca nc: Ca(OH)2 , NaOH , Na2CO3 , Na3PO4. c) Gii thch qu trnh s dng nha trao i ion (ionit) lm mm nc

cng. 372. 12. nhm a) Hy nhn xt v c im cu to nguyn t ca cc nguyn t nhm

IIIa. b) So snh vi cu to ca cc kim loi kim v kim th. 373. Nhn xt v s thay i bn knh nguyn t, th ion ha ca cc nguyn t nhm IIIa? Gii thch s thay i bt thng trong dy t Al n Tl trn c s cu trc electron ca nguyn t. 374. Nhit nng chy v nhit si ca cc nguyn t nhmIIIa c gi tr sau: B Al Ga In Tl 0 Tnc ( C): 2030 660 30 156 303 0 Ts ( C): 3930 2450 2240 2050 1470 Nhit si gim lin tc nhng nhit nng chy thay i bt thng. Gii thch ti sao nhit nng chy rt cao Bo nhng li kh thp Gali. a) Gii thch s khc nhau ng k v tnh cht ca 2 nguyn t B v Al. b) Phn ng xy ra (hoc khng xy ra) nh th no khi cho Bo tc dng vi H2O , HCl , HNO3 , H2SO4? Vit phng trnh phn ng t rt ra kt lun v tnh cht ca Bo. 376. 377. 378. Thnh phn ha hc ca cc hp cht Borua, Boran, Borat, peborat, mui Boryl. Ly VD. M t cu to ca phn t BF3. Ti sao ni rng trong phn t Bohalogenua c c ch "cho- nhn"? a) Cng thc cu to ca iboran. Gii thch cu to ca cht vi quan im lin kt 3 tm. b) Vit phng trnh phn ng thy phn iboran. C chphn ng thy phn c ging phn ng thy phn ca mui khng? a) Thu c cht g khi cho anhidrit boric ha tan trong nc? b) Bit rng anhidrit boric c th iu ch c trng thi v nh hnh, trng thi v nh hnh cng c cho cc hp cht khc ca Bo. Hy gii thch nguyn nhn. a) Tnh cht ha hc ca axit octoboric. b) Phn t H3BO3 c 3 nguyn t hidro nhng ti sao li l axit mt ln axit? C th gii thch iu nh trng hp ca axit H3PO3 khng? c) Nhng cht no c to ra khi nung nng t t axit octoboric? Vit phng trnh phn ng.

375.

379.

380.

381.

a) Mc oxi ha ca cc nguyn t nhm IIIa? b) Ti sao nhm d to ra ion Al3+ mc d tng nng lng ion ha th nht, th hai, th ba l rt ln? Vit phng trnh phn ng khi cho tc dng vi lu hunh, cacbon, nit, halogen, phot pho, silic. a) Nhm tc dng vi cc dung dch cc cht sau y nh th

382.

383. no:

1. Na2CO3 3. CuCl2 2. HgCl2 4. HNO3 long b) Vit phng trnh cc p sau: 1. Al + Cr2O72- + H+ 2. Al + MnO4- + H+ 384. a) Nguyn tc iu ch nhm bng phng php in phn. b) Ti sao khng th iu ch nhm t dung dch mui nhm tan trong nc bng cch in phn? a) Nguyn tc iu ch Al2O3 , Al(OH)3 . Nguyn tc c th vn dng iu ch oxit, hidroxit ca nhng kim loi no? b) C th vn dng nguyn tc iu ch oxit v hidroxit ca kim loi kim v kim th khng?

385.

386.

a) Vit phng trnh phn ng iu ch Al2O3 hoc Al2(SO4)3 t phn Al-NH4+ v t nhm nitrat. b) Ngc li, t Al2O3 lm th no thu c Al2(SO4)3. 18H2O? 387. a) Corundum l g? ng dng ca corundum? b) Corundum c th tan c trong cc cht sau y khng? H2O , HCl , NaOH , Na2CO3 , K2S2O7 nu c, phn ng s xy ra trong iu kin no? c) Alumogen l g? ng dng ca Alumogen? 388. a) C hin tng g xy ra khi cho phn Al - NH4+ tc dng vi xoa? b) Vit phng trnh phn ng xy ra khi un nng dung dch c cha Al2(SO4)3 vi Natri axetat. c) Gii thch ti sao khi cho dung dch AlCl3 tc dng vi tinh th K2CO3 li c kh CO2 bay ra? 389. a) Phn l g? b) Cng thc phn t v ng dng ca phn. Gii thch c s khoa hc ca cc ng dng . 390. a) Phn t nhm cloura trng thi kh c dng ime tng t nh iboran. Hy gii thch cu trc ca Al2Cl5 b) Vit phng trnh phn ng khi cho Nhm Clorua khan tc dng vi amoniac. Gii thch. c) Ti sao AlCl3 trng thi rn dn in tt hn trng thi nng chy?

391.

Vit phng trnh phn ng tng tc gia: 1) Gali vi H2SO4. 2) Tali vi HNO3 c nng. 3) Tali vi HNO3 long ngui. 4) Tali vi HCl. 5) Gali, Indi ,Tali vi dung dch kim. 392. S bin thin tnh Baz trong dy t Ca(OH) 2 n Tl(OH)2. Gii thch nguyn nhn. 393. a) Trong hai mui Nhm clorua v Indi clorua mui no d b thy phn hn? b) Mui no c thy phn cao hn: TlNO3 hoc Tl(NO3)3? 394. a) Ti sao ion Tl+ li c kh nng to phn nh cc ion kim loi kim? b) Tnh cht ca cc mui, cc hp cht ha tr mt ca Ga, In v Tl. 13. gecmani thic ch (Ge, Sn, Pb) 395. a) S hnh thnh cc mc oxi ha ca cc nguyn t nhm IVa (C, Si, Ge, Sn, Pb) b)Ti sao cc nguyn t khng to ra ion 4+ hoc ion 4-? Bn cht lin kt trong cc hp cht ca cc nguyn t trn. 396. a) Ti sao bn ca cc hp cht ng vi s oxi ha +4 trong dy t Ge n Pb li gim, nhng hp cht ng vi s oxi ha +2 c bn tng trong dy ? Gii thch. b) T kt lun trn hy so snh tnh oxi ha ca dy GeO2 SnO2 PbO2 v tnh kh ca cc cht trong dy GeCl 2 SnCl2 PbCl2. 397. Nhit nng chy ca cc nguyn t nhm IVa c cc gi tr sau: C Si Ge Sn Pb o Tnc( C) 4000 1410 950 232 327 a) Hy gii thch ti sao t C n Si nhit nng chy li gim t ngt? b) Gii thch nguyn nhn s gim Tnc c tnh quy lut t Si n Pb. 398. a) Ti sao Sn v Pb li mm nhng Ge li cng? b) Ti sao c th to ra dung dch rn gia Si v Ge, nhng khng to ra dung dch rn gia Si v Pb? 399. a) Vit cc phng trnh phn ng khi cho Ge v Sn tc dng vi HCl, HNO3, H2SO4. b) Ti sao Pb kh tan trong dung dch HCl long v H2SO4 long nhng li d tan trong dung dch dung dch m c ca axit ? 400. a) S thay i v bn nhit ca cc hirua dng AH4 trong dy t C n Pb. b) Trong cc hirua cht no tan c trong dung dch kim? Vit phng trnh phn ng. 401. Nhit nng chy ca cc oxit dng MO2 ca cc nguyn t nhm IVa nh sau: CO2 SiO2 GeO2 SnO2 PbO2

1120 1130 290 (5 atm) (phn hy) Hy gii thch s bt thng v nhit nng chy ca CO2. Ti sao PbO2 c bn nhit km hn so vi cc oxit khc trong dy trn? 402. Trong cc oxit sau y, oxit no bn hn khi un nng: GeO2 hay SnO2 ? PbO2 hay PbO ? 403. Trong cc hidroxit sau y cht no th hin tnh baz ln hn: Ge(OH)2 hay Sn(OH)2 ? Sn(OH)2 hay Pb(OH)2 ? Sn(OH)2 hay Sn(OH)4 (SnO2.2H2O) ? 404. a) Bng phn ng no minh ha rng cc oxit sau y u l lng tnh? SnO v SnO2 PbO v PbO2. trong tng cp mt, cht no c tnh baz ln hn? b) Cc oxit trn c iu ch bng cch no? Vit phng trnh phn ng oxi ha mui Pb2+ axetat bng Clorua vi to ra PbO2? 405. Hidro c th kh c oxit no di y thnh n cht: CO2; SiO2; SnO; SnO2; GeO2; PbO; Pb3O4? 406. Vit phng trnh phn ng : 1) iu ch SnO t SnCl2 v t Natri Stanit. 2) iu ch PbO t Pb(NO3)2 v t Kali plombit. 3) Tc dng gia PbO2 v kh SO2. 407. Vit phng trnh phn ng: 1) Tc dng gia PbO2 v dung dch KI. 2) Tc dng gia PbO2 v kim. 3) Tc dng gia HCl v Natri Plombit. 408. a) Bng phn ng no c th chng minh nhn nh rng Pb3O4 l mt mui? tn ca mui ? b) Vit phng trnh phn ng chng minh tnh oxi ha mnh ca Pb 3O4. 409. a) Trong hai tnh cht axit v baz ca Pb(OH) 2 th tnh cht no tri hn? bit rng mui Pb(NO3)2 thy phn km hn K2PbO2. b) Phng php iu ch cc hidroxit Ge(OH) 2, Sn(OH)2, Pb(OH)2. a) Ti sao khi iu ch SnCl2 bng cch cho Sn tc dng vi HCl li phi cho axit d? b) Ti sao qu trnh li to ra SnCl2 m khng phi l SnCl4? c) Sn phm no c to thnh khi cho SnCl2 tc dng vi HgCl2; FeCl3? a)PbI2 l cht t tan trong nc nhng ti sao d tan trong dung dch KI? b) Ti sao nhit nng chy ca SnCl2 cao hn SnCl4? 412. dchHCl : Cn bng sau y s chuyn dch nh th no trong dung PbCO3 Pb2+ + CO32-

Tnc(oC)

-57

1730

410.

411.

PbCrO4 Pb2+ + CrO42t cho bit hai mui mui no d tan trong HCl? 413. Vit phng trnh ca cc phn ng sau: 1) SnCl4 +Sn 2) SnCl2 + O2 3) PbO2 + HCl 4) Pb3O4 + KI + H2SO4 PbSO4 + 5) Pb3O4 + MnSO4 + HNO3 HMnO4 + 6) Sn + H2SeO4 (long) 7) Pb + H2SeO4 (c) 414. C th tn ti ng thi trong dung dchcc cht sau y khng? 1) Sn(NO3)2 v FeCl3 2) SnCl2 v Cu 3) Pb(NO3)2 v Cd 4) SnCl2 v Fe(ClO4)3 5) Pb(NO3)2 v FeCl2 a) C phn ng xy ra khng khi cho SnS tc dng vi dung dch Pb(NO3)2? PbS tc dng vi dung dchSnCl2 b) Bng phn ng no c th tch c SnS ra khi hn hp vi PbS?

415.

416. a) Vit phng trnh phn ng iu ch Amoni stanat t SnCl2. Khi axit ha dung dchc cha amoni stanat c hin tng g ? b) Vit phng trnh phn ng khi cho "vng gi" tc dng vi dung dch HNO3. c)PbS, SnS tan trong nhng axit no?

14. ng bc vng ( Cu , Ag, Au ) 417. a) c im v cu trc electron ca Cu, Ag, Au. b) Trnh by nhn xt v nng lng ion ha, i lc electron ca cc nguyn t so vi cc nguyn t kim loi kim. c) Cc nguyn t Cu, Ag, Au c kh nng hnh thh phn t dng Cu 2, Ag2, Au2 hay khng? a) Cc mc oxi ha c th c ca cc nguyn t Cu, Ag, Au? b) Cc mc oxi ha c ph hp vi c im cu to nguyn t ca cc nguyn t khng? c) Ti sao mc oxi ha c trng i vi Au l +3 cn i vi Ag l +1? a) Ti sao cc nguyn t Cu, Ag, Au li c tnh cht khc nhau ng k so vi cc kim loi kim?

418.

419.

b) Vit phng trnh phn ng khi cho Cu tc dng vi HNO 3, H2SO4; Cu tc dng vi Cl2, F2, vi nc cng thy. 420. Vit phng trnh phn ng iu ch Cu kim loi t CuO, Pirit CuS2, malakit CuCO3, Cu(OH)2 421. a) Qu trnh no s xy ra trn b mt in cc v thu c sn phm g khi din phn dung dch CuCl2 vi in cc bng than ch? b) Qu trnh no s xy ra khi in phn dung dch CuSO4 vi dng cc bng ng v Platin. 422. a) Ti sao bc v vng khng to ra cc oxit khi t nng trong khng kh. b) Gii thch ti sao Ag khng b oxi ha trong khng kh nhng thng b oxi ha trong Ozon v b oxi ha khi in phn dung dch axit cha oxi nu dng bc lm in cc? 423. a) Vit phng trnh phn ng tc dng gia CuSO4 vi dung dch KI. Gii thch nguyn nhn gy ra phn ng. b) Ti sao vi Clo, ng c kh nng to ra hai cht CuCl2 v CuCl, nhng vi iod ch to ra CuI? 424. Vit phng trnh phn ng thy phn cc mui sau y: CuCl2, Cu(NO3)2, CuSO4 ,Cu(CH3COOH)2. 425. C hin tng g xy ra khi cho dung dch KOH hoc lung kh H2S tc dng vi dung dch [Cu(NH3)4]SO4? Gii thch v vit cc phng trnh phn ng. 426. C hai dung dch CuSO4 v AgNO3 cho thm vo cc dung dch tng git dung dch NaOH. Tip tc cho thm NH4OH, c hin tng g thay i? Gii thch nguyn nhn v vit cc phng trnh phn ng. 427. C hin tng g xy ra khi thm vo dung dch c cha Ion[ Cu(NH3)4]2+ mt lng d Kali Xianua KCN? vit phng trnh phn ng. 428. a) Vit phng trnh phn ng khi cho Cu kim loi ha tan trong dung dch KCl. Ag v Au c kh nng khng? Gii thch nguyn nhn. b) Gii thch ti sao Ag kim loi c kh nng ha tan trong dung dch KCN khi c mt oxi? Vit phng trnh phn ng. 429. a) Ti sao AgI khng tan trong dung dch Amoniac nhng tan trong dung dch KCN? b) Trong dung dch amoniac theo dy AgCl, AgBr, AgI tan s gim. Gii thch nguyn nhn. 430. Vit cc phng trnh phn ng v gii thch nguyn nhn s to thnh kt ta khi cho axit Nitric tc dng vi dung dch [Ag(NH 3)2]Cl. 431. a) C th c phn ng xy ra khng khi cho AgCl tc dng vi dung dch KI m c? b) Phn ng s xy ra nh th no khi cho Bc Cromat tc dng vi HCl m c? 432. a) Lm th no c th thu c CuSO4 t nhng cht sau y: 1) CuCl2 v H2SO4. 2) Cu v dung dch H2SO4 long

b) iu ch ng Peclorat Cu(ClO4)2 t cc cht sau: 1) HClO4, NaOH v CuSO4 2) Ba(OH)2, Cu, H2SO4 v HClO4 433. a) Phn ng no s xy ra khi cho kh SO2 qua dung dch CuBr2 un nng? b) T CuSO4 bng phn ng no iu ch c CuBr? 434. a) Gii thch ti sao AgI c kh nng tan trong dung dich KI? b) AgBr c kh nng tan trong dung dch Na2S2O3 khng? c) Phn ng s xy ra nh th no khi cho H2S tc dng vi dung dch c cha Ion [Ag(S2O3)2]3-? 435. Vit phng trnh phn ng: Au(OH)3 + NaOH Au(OH)3 + HNO3 Au(OH)3 + HCl 15. km caimi thy ngn (Zn, Cd, Hg) 436. a) Nhn xt v cu to nguyn t ca cc nguyn t Zn, Cd, Hg? So snh vi cu to ca cc kim loi kim th cng chu k c g khc? b) Cc kim loi Zn, Cd, Hg c kh nng hnh thnh phn t 2 nguyn t khng? 437. a) Th in cc ca Zn, Cd, Hg c gi tr sau: Zn Cd Hg 0 E (V) -0,76 -0,4 0,85 2+ 0 X + 2e X Hy gii thch ti sao th tiu chun ca Hg li rt xa v bn phi ca Zn v Cd trong dy th in cc? b) So snh hot tnh ha hc ca Zn, Cd, Hg vi cc kim loi kim th. 438. a) Tnh cht ha hc ca cc kim loi Zn, Cd, Hg. Cc kim loi phn ng vi cc dung dch kim, dung dch axit nh th no? b) Vit phng trnh phn ng khi cho cc kim loi tc dng vi cc dung dich axit c v long: HCl, H2SO4, HNO3. 439. a) Ti sao Zn khng tan c trong nc mc d th in cc ca Zn thp hn th in cc ca Hidro trong mi trng trung tnh? b) Mun cho H2 thot ra nhanh khi cho Zn tc dng vi HCl th phi lm th no? Gii thch. 440. a) Trong mi trng no Zn th hin tnh kh mnh hn? b) Km c kh nng tan trong dung dch ZnCl2 khng? c) Vit phng trnh phn ng khi cho Zn tc dng vi cc dung dch sau: NaOH, NH4OH, NH4Cl. 441. a) Phng php iu ch cc kim loi Zn, Cd, Hg. b) Nhng kim loi no trong nhm II ca h thng tun hon c th kh c CO2 to ra Cacbon? 442. a) Tnh cht ha hc ca cc oxit ZnO, CdO, HgO. bn ca cc oxit thay i nh th no khi i t ZnO n HgO?

b) Mt hn hp gm ZnO, CdO, HgO bng phng php no c th tch c cc oxit ra khi hn hp? 443. a) Phn ng s xy ra nh th no khi cho cc dung dch mui ca cc kim loi nhm Km tc dng vi dung dch kim mnh? b) S bin thin tnh axit ca cc hidroxit trong dy t Zn(OH) 2 n Hg(OH)2? 444. a) Vit phng trnh phn ng thy phn cc mui ZnCl2, Zn(NO3)2, ZnSO4. b) Thu c sn phm g khi thy phn Natri Zincat Na2[Zn(OH)4]? 445. C sn phm g c to thnh khi cho ZnCO3 tc dng vi dung dch K2S? Gii thch. 446. a) C th iu ch Zn(NO3)2 dng tinh th khi un nng dung dch c cha mi Km v mui Ch khng? b) T Zn(NO3)2 iu ch Km Peclorat. 447. a) C phn ng xy ra khng khi cho Hg(NO3)2 tc dng vi dung dch NaCl? b) Ti sao cc mui HgCl2, Hg(CN)2 li l cht in li km? 448. a) Cng nh cc nguyn t h d khc, cc kim loi thuc nhm Zn u c khuynh hng to phc. Hy gii thch nguyn nhn v so snh vi cc kim loi kim th cng chu k. b) Thy ngn c phn ng vi Iot khng? C tan trong dung dch gm Iot v Kali Iodua khng? a) C xy ra phn ng khi cho km kim loi tc dng vi dung dch c cha ion [Cu(Cn)4]3-? b) Trong hai mui sau y mui no b thy phn mnh hn: ZnCl 2 v [Zn(NH3)4]Cl2? 16. crom mangan st (Cr, Mn, Fe) 450. a) Hy trnh by nhn xt v cu trc electron, bn knh nguyn t, nng lng ion ha ca nguyn t Crom. So snh vi Molipden v Vonfram. b) Cc mc oxi ha c th c i vi Crom? Trong s , mc no c trng nht? a) Vit phng trnh phn ng khi cho Crom tc dng vi O2, HCl, H2SO4 long, H2SO4 c, HNO3 c. b) Ti sao khi cho Crom tan trong HCl li thu c CrCl2 m khng thu c CrCl3? a) Tnh cht c bn ca dung dch mui Cr2+? b) Hy gii thch ti sao khi mun iu ch CrCl2 bng phng php cho Crom tc dng vi HCl phi thc hin trong bu kh quyn Hidro?

449.

451.

452.

453.

a) Tnh cht ha hc c bn ca CrO v Cr(OH) 2? b) Thu c cht g khi CrCl2 trong khng kh? c) Trong phng th nghim ngi ta c th dng dung dch CrCl 2 trong HCl hp th oxi. C s khoa hc ca phng php ? 454. T cu trc electron ca nguyn t Lu hunh v Crom hy gii thch ti sao Crom l mt kim loi li xp chung cng mt nhm vi Lu hunh l mt nguyn t khng kim loi. 455. Tm dn chng minh ha nhng tnh cht ging nhau v khc nhau gia Crom vi Nhm; Crom vi Lu hunh. 456. a) Vit phng trnh phn ng nhit phn (NH4)Cr2O7 thu c Cr2O3. Bng cch no c th thu c Cr2O3 khi nhit phn lng d (NH4)2Cr2O7? b) Vit phng trnh phn ng khi cho Cr2O3 tinh th nu nng chy vi K2S2O7, KOH. Cc phn ng chng minh tnh cht g ca Cr2O3? 457. a) Hy chng minh rng Cr(OH) 3 c tnh lng tnh nh Al(OH)3. b) Mt dung dch c cha ng thi Kali Cromit v Kali Aluminat. T dung dch bng cch no c th tch c: Cr(OH)3 va Al(OH)3. Dung dch mui Cr3+ c c im l mu sc thay i. Gii thch nguyn nhn v cho bit nhng yu t no gy ra hin tng ? a) Vit phng trnh phn ng khi cho dung dch K2Cr2O7 bo ha tc dng vi dung dch H2SO4 c thu c CrO3. Lm th no tch c CrO3? b) Tnh cht ca CrO3? a) Hn hp Sunfocromit l g? ng dng . b) Phng php iu ch hn hp Sunfocromic? T anhidrit cromic lm th no diu ch c: 1) K2Cr2O7 2) K2CrO4 3) Cr2O3 Vit phng trnh phn ng khi un nng hn hp CrO3 vi Fe(OH)2 v khi pha long hn hp vo nc. a) Cc ion Cr2O72- v CrO42- bn trong mi trng no? Gii thch nguyn nhn. b) Khi cho KOH vo dung dch mui Cr3+,, CrO42- v Cr2O72- c hin tng g xy ra? Gii thch. a) T Na2CrO4 bng cch no thu c Na2Cr2O7.2H2O? b) Bng cch no c th: 1) T phn Crom iu ch CrO3? 2) T Cr2O3 iu ch CrO3? 3) T Crom kim loi iu ch K2Cr2O7?

458. 459.

460. 461. 462. 463.

464.

465.

Bit rng th in cc chun ca Cr2O72-/Cr3+ trong mi trng axit l +1,36V v th in cc chun ca Cl2/2Cl- l +1,36V, nhng ti sao trong phng th nghim ngi ta c th dng K2Cr2O7 tc dng vi HCl iu ch Clo? u im ca phng php ? a) C th dng cht no oxi ha dung dch mui Cr3+ to thnh dung dch icromat? Ly v d v vit phng trnh phn ng. b) Bng phng php no iu ch Cromyl Clorua t Kali Cromat? Hin tng g xy ra khi cho: 1) Dung dch K2Cr2O7 tc dng vi dung dch AgNO3? 2)Dung dch K2Cr2O7 tc dng vi dung dch Ba(OH)2 3) Dung dch H2SO4 long tc dng vi BaCrO4? Vit cc phng trnh phn ng. a) iu ch Bari icromat. b) T Cr2O3 iu ch Amoni icromat. Nu r phng php v vit cc phng trnh phn ng.

466.

467.

468.

469. Qu trnh no nu ra sau y c th xy ra trong mi trng axit nu Kali icromat l cht oxi ha: 1) 2Br- Br2 2) 2Cl- Cl2 3) 2H2O H2O2 + 2H+ 4) H2S S 5) Hg22+ 2Hg2+ 6) Cu Cu2+ 7) Mn2+ MnO4470. Vit phng trnh ca cc phn ng sau: 1) Na2Cr2O7 + KI + H2SO4 2) K2Cr2O7 + H2S + H2SO4 3) K2CrO4 + H2S + H2O 4) K2Cr2O7 + SO2 + H2SO4 5) H2CrO4 + FeSO4 + H2SO4 6) Cr2(SO4)3 + K2[Fe(CN)6] + KOH Vit phng trnh ca cc phn ng sau: 1) CrO3 + H2O2 + H2SO4 2) CrBr3 + H2O2 + NaOH 3) CrO3 + HI 4) Cr2(SO4)3 + Br2 + NaOH 5) Cr2O3 + K3[Fe(CN)6] + KOH 6) Cr2(SO4)3 + KMnO4 + KOH a) Cu to ca nguyn t Mangan. So snh vi cu to nguyn t Clo.

471.

472.

b) T nhng c im v cu to nguyn t hy so snh tnh cht ha hc ca cc n cht v hp cht ca chng. 473. a) Cc mc oxi ha c th c ca Mangan? Mc no bn nht b) Vit cng thc phn t v nu tnh cht ha hc c bn ca cc oxit v hidroxit ca Mangan ng vi cc mc oxi ha . a) Tnh cht ha hc ca Mangan? b) S bin i tnh cht ha hc t Mn n Re? c) Vit phng trnh phn ng khi cho Mangan, Tecnexi v Reni tc dng vi cc cht sau: 1) HCl long v c. 2) H2SO4 long. 3) H2SO4 c. 4) HNO3 c. a) Ngi ta c th iu ch Mangan bng phng php in phn dung dch MnSO4. Hi c nhng qu trnh no xy ra trn b mt in cc khi in phn dung dch ? b) Ngoi phng php in phn c th dng phng php no iu ch Mangan? a) T MnO bng phng php no c th thu c Mn(OH) 2 bit rng MnO khng tan trong nc? b) Bng phn ng no chng minh rng Mn(OH) 2 c tnh kh? Vit phng trnh ca cc phn ng sau: 1) MnSO4 + KClO3 + KOH(nng chy) 2) MnSO4 + PbO2 + HNO3 3) MnSO4 + Br2 + NaOH 4) MnBr2 + H2O2 + KOH 5) mNso4 + CaOCl2 + NaOH

474.

475.

476.

477.

478.

M t cng thc cu to ca MnCl 3.4H2O bit rng hp cht c cu hnh tm mt trong 4 phn t nc cng tham gia hnh thnh lin kt.

479. a) MnO2 l cht oxi ha mnh nhng khi tc dng vi cht oxi ha mnh hn th MnO2 th hin tnh kh. Tm dn chng minh ha cho kt lun . b) Vit phng trnh ca cc phn ng sau: 1) MnO2 + HCl 2) MnO2 + NaOH c 3) MnO2 + H2SO4 480. a) T MnO2 bng phn ng no c th thu c: MnCl2, KmnO4, Mn2O7? b) T MnO2 iu ch Ba(MnO4)2. Vit cc phng trnh phn ng.

481.

a) Cc ion MnO42- v MnO4- bn trong mi trng no? Gii thch nguyn nhn. b) Thm t t tng git dung dich NaOH cho n mi trng kim vo mt dung dch KMnO4 sau cho thm tng git H2SO4 long cho n mi trng axit. Hy nu cc qu trnh xy ra trong qu trnh trn v gii thch nguyn nhn. a) Vit phng trnh phn ng m t tnh oxi ha v tnh kh ca K2MnO4. b) C th thu c H2MnO4 bng phng php cho H2SO4 c tc dng vi mui K2MnO4 c khng?

482.

483.

a) T phn ng gia KMnO4 vi K2SO3 hy m t tnh oxi ha ca KMnO4 trong cc mi trng axit, baz, trung tnh. b) C th iu ch HMnO4 bng cch cho H2SO4 tc dng vi mui tng ng c khng? a) Tnh cht ca Mn2O7? So snh vi tnh cht ca Cl2O7? b) Phng php iu ch Mn2O7? So snh vi phng php iu ch Cl2O7? Vit cc phng trnh phn ng sau: 1) KMnO4 + MnCl2 2) K2MnO4 + Cl2 3) KMnO4 + KI + H2SO4 4) KMnO4 + KI + H2O 5) KMnO4 + FeSO4 + H2SO4 Vit cc phng trnh phn ng sau y di dng phn t: 1) Mn2+ + ClO- + OH- 2) MnO4- + NO2- + H+ 3) MnO4- + Fe + H+ 4) Mn2 + BrO3- + H2O 5) MnO4- + H2O2 + OH-

484.

485.

486.

487.

So snh cc phn ng sau y: 1) KMnO4 + HCl 2) K2Cr2O7 + HCl 3) PbO2 + HCl Phn ng no xy ra nhanh hn? Mun iu ch mt lng nh kh Clo nn dng phn ng no? C ba dung dch K2CrO4, K2MnO4, K2SO4 cho tc dng ln lt vi H2SO4, NaOH. Nu hin tng v gii thch cc hin tng ? a) c im cu to nguyn t ca st? b) Ngi ta bit c cc mc oxi ha no ca St? Ly v d cc hp cht ng vi cc mc oxi ha . c) Vi st, mc oxi ha no bn nht? Ti sao?

488. 489.

490.

a) Vit phng trnh phn ng v nu r cc iu kin khi cho Fe tc dng vi O2, Cl2, S, H2O, H2SO4 long, H2SO4 c. b) St c b n mn khng khi trong khng kh c cha SO2, H2, CO2? Vit phng trnh phn ng khi cho cc oxit: FeO, Fe2O3, Fe3O4 tc dng vi cc cht sau: 1) HCl long? 2) H2SO4 long v c nng? 3) HNO3 c nng? a) Hy gii thch s hnh thnh lin kt trong phn t hp cht Fe(CO)5. b) Phng php iu ch v ng dng ca Fe(CO) 5

491.

492.

493.

a) Trong dung dch nc, ion Fe2+ c tnh kh mnh nht l trong mi trng kim; ion Fe3+ c tnh oxi ha mnh nht trong mi trng axit. Hy ly v d minh ha. b) C phn ng xy ra khng khi cho dung dch FeCl3 tc dng vi dung dch KBr, KI? Gii thch. a) Trong hai cht K4[Fe(CN)6] v FeSO4 cht no c tnh kh mnh hn? Ti sao? b) Bit rng Fe c th tan trong dung dch KCN to thnh K4[Fe(CN)6]. Gii thch nguyn nhn v vit phng trnh phn ng.

494.

495.

a) Hai cht K4[Fe(CN)6]v K3[Fe(CN)6] cht no c tnh oxi ha? Cht no c tnh kh? b) Vit phng trnh phn ng khi cho K3[Fe(CN)6] tc dng vi H2O2 trong mi trng KOH. c) Vit phng trnh phn ng khi cho K4[Fe(CN)6] tc dng vi H2O2 trong dung dch HCl. 496. C th tn ti ng thi trong dung dch cc ion sau y khng? 1) Fe2+ v Sn2+. 2) Fe3+ v Sn2+. 3) Fe2+ v MnO4-. 4) Fe3+ v MnO4-. 5) Fe2+ v Cr2O72-. 6) Fe3+ v Cr2O72497. Vit phng trnh ca cc phn ng sau: 1) Fe(SO4)3 + Na2SO3 + H2O 2) FeSO4 + HNO3 + H2SO4 3) FeSO4 + HNO3 4) FeSO4 + KMnO4 + H2SO4 5) FeCl3 + Na2CO3 + H2O 498. a) Vit phng trnh phn ng khi cho K4[Fe(CN)6] tc dng vi dung dch Fe2(SO4)3. b) Vit phng trnh phn ng khi cho K3[Fe(CN)6] tc dng vi dung dch

FeSO4. Nu r s thay i mu sc trong c hai trng hp. 499. Vit phng trnh ca cc phn ng sau y di dng ion: 1) FeSO4 + K2Cr2O7 + H2SO4 2) FeSO4 + HClO3 + H2SO4 HCl + 3) FeSO4 + KBrO3 + H2SO4 4) K4[Fe(CN)6] + KMnO4 + H2SO4 5) K4[Fe(CN)6] + H2O2 + H2SO4 500. Vit phng trnh ca cc phn ng sau di dng phn t: 1) Fe3+ + H2S 2) Fe3+ + I- 3) Fe3+ + S2O3- 4) Fe3+ + SO32- + H2O 5) Fe2+ + Br2 + H+

Phn II Hng dn tr li
1. Kh tr 1.a) lp ngoi cng ca nguyn t kh tr gm cc obitan ns v np, tt c cc electron u ghp i. - Kch thc nguyn t tng dn (t He n Ar tng nhanh; t Ar n Kr tng chm) - Nng lng ion ha cao v gim dn (t He n Ar gim nhanh; t Ar n Kr gim chm) - Nng lng ion ha cao gy ra tnh tr v mt ha hc nn nhn chung cc kh tr t c kh nng phn ng, nht l kh tr nh. b) T He n Rn, nng lng ion ha gim nn kh nng phn ng tng, nht l Kr v Xe u c hot tnh ha hc cao. Cc hp cht ca Kr v Xe u l cc cht oxi ha mnh, chng c kh nng to ra cc hp cht ng vi cc mc oxi ha +2; +4; +6; +8. Hp cht ng vi mc oxi ha cao c tnh oxi ha mnh v c tnh axit, chng hn dung dch axit H4XeO6. 2. Cc nguyn t kh tr tng tc vi nhau ch yu do lc khuch tn, mt thnh phn quan trng trong lcVan der Waals, t He n Rn bn knh nguyn t tng, kh nng b cc ha ca cc kh tr tng, dn n nng lng tng tc khuch tn tng do cc cht cng kh nng chy. 3. Khi kch thc nguyn t tng th tc dng chn in tch ht nhn ca cc lp electron s tng ln, do electron lp v ngoi cng ca nhng nguyn t c kch thc ln hn d dng tch ra khi nguyn t, v th ion ha gim. 5.a) Hy da vo s hnh thnh cc electron c thn khi kch thch nguyn t chuyn electron t trng thi ghp i sang trng thi c thn gii tch

kh nng hnh thnh cc mc oxi ha khc nhau. V d: Gii thch s hnh thnh mc oxi ha +2 ca Xe nh sau:
5s2 5p6 5d0 5s2 5p5 5d1

Vi He khng c kh nng . b) Cc electron c thn trng thi cao nn khng bn, d dng tr v trng thi c nng lng thp ban u, do gy ra tnh oxi ha bc oxi ha cao. c) Do nng lng ion ha gim t He n Rn nn cc kh tr c kh nng tng i d dng to ra cc hp cht c ha tr cao. Lin kt trong cc hp cht u l lin kt cng ha tr. d) Cc hp cht ca kh tr u t bn, d b phn hy, c tnh oxi ha mnh. V d chng oxi hop dc iodua thnh iod, ozon thnh oxi. 6. Cc hidrat ca kh tr dng X.6H2O l nhng hp cht bao. Cc hidrat c hnh thnh nhit thp v p sut cao khi bo ha kh tr. Trong tinh th nc c nhng khong trng c hnh thnhkhi cc phn t nc lin kt vi nhau bng lin kt Hidro, p sut cao cc nguyn t kh tr thm nhp vo cc khong trng , cc nguyn t kh tr tng tc vi cc phn t nc nh c lc khuch tn, lc ny khng hnh thnh hp cht phc (mt loi hp cht ha hc), do cc hp cht ca kh tr khng phi l loi hp cht ha hc thc s. He v Ne khng c kh nng hnh thnh nhng hp cht tng t, v He v Ne c kch thc b nn d dng khuch tn ra khi tinh th nc . 7. Vi He v Ne khng c kh nng hnh thnh hp cht. Ar v Kr t c nghin cu hoc c to ra mt t hp cht nhng km bn. Ch yu l Xe to ra nhiu hp cht vi cc nguyn t c m in cao nh Flo, Oxi, Clo, c bit vi Flo v Oxi. Chng hn cc hp cht Florua ca Xe nh XeF2, XeF4, XeF6 hoc XeO3 u t bn v c tnh oxi ha mnh: 2KI + XeF2 I2 + Xe + 2KF 8NH3 + 3XeF2 3Xe + 6NH4F + N2 4KI + XeF4 Xe + 2I2 + 4KF XeO3 + 6KI + 6HCl Xe + 3I2 + 6KCl + 3H2O Axit Paxenic H4XeO6 c bit trong dung dch, cc mui ca n u c th tch ra dng tinh th nh: Ba2XeO6 , K4XeO6.9H2O , Na4XeO6.6H2O , Na4XeO6.8H2O. Trong mi trng axit chng th hin tnh oxi ha mnh, chng hn oxi ha Cr2+ n Cr2O72- ; ClO3- n ClO4- ; Mn2+ n MnO4- ; Br- n BrO3- 8. Mun hnh thnh lin kt gia hai nguyn te to ra phn t hai nguyn t th phi to ra hai electron khng ghp i, iu i hi nng lng kh ln v vy khng th hnh thnh lin kt gia hai phn t Xenon.

9. Nng lng lin kt Xe Cl b hn so vi Xe F, nng lng c to ra sau khi kch thch nguyn t Xe khng b li nng lng dng kch thch nguyn t. 10. bn vi nhit tng do bn lin kt tng. 11. Da vo c tch oxi ha ca cc Xenon Florua vit cc phng trnh phn ng. 2. hidro 12.a) Nu c im cu to ht nhn (s proton, s ntron) nguyn t cc ng v ca Hidro. V d vi Triti (k hiu l T) c 1e-, 1p+, 2n0. c) V th tch b nn c khuch tn ln. 13. Da vo t khi xc nh C th chuyn c bng cch p cc th hai khng cha Hidro ln cc th nht c cha Hidro. 15. V phn t Hidro c bn ln. Nng lng phn li H2 2H l H = 103 kcal/mol nn nhit thng km hot ng, ch hot ng nhit cao. b) Ch c Flo v mt s kim loi chuyn tip nng l c kh nng phn ng trc tip nhit phng. 17. Bng phng php ha lng phn on. 18.c) V khng cn cung cp nng lng chuyn Hidro phn t thnh nguyn t. V d: H2 + FeCl3 FeCl2 + HCl (khng xy ra) (Zn + HCl) + FeCl3 FeCl2 + HCl (d dng). 20. Da vo nguyn tc in phn cc cht trong dung dch nc, sau vit s in phn s dn n kt lun cn thit. Chng hn, khi in phn dung dch CuSO4, ch thu c ng kim loi v Oxi, khng thu c Hidro. 21.b) Nhng kh khng c kh nng to vi Oxi ca khng kh to thnh hn hp kh n u c th tch tr trong bnh cha kh. 23. Kh Hidro c to ra cn ln hi nc v Hidro clorua, cn cho hn hp qua dung dch kim v sau qua dung dch c kh nng hp th nc. 24. Trong thnh phn cc hp cht ha hc Hidro ch tn ti dng ion Hc trong cc Hidrua ca cc kim loi mnh (NaH, CaH2). Dnh ion H+ khng tn ti trong cc hp cht ha hc v bn cht lin kt trong cc hp cht l lin kt cng ha tr (v d HCl; HF). Trong dung dch khng c dng ion H+ m ch c dng H3O+

Ion H+ thc s ch tn ti trong mi trng kh khi phng in qua kh Hidro bng cc tia ion ha nh chng hn. 25. V Hidro l mt cht khng phn cc nn t ha tan trong dung mi phn cc. 27. Tng tc gia cc phn t Hidro vi nhau l tng tc khuch tn. Tng tc trong kim loi kim l tng tc kim loi. Do s bay hi ca cc kim loi i hi mt nng lng thng tng tc gia cc nguyn t. Tri li s bay hi ca Hdro xy ra khi ng nng ca phn t Hidro thng lc tng tc khuch tn, do nhit thng Hidro l mt cht kh. 29. Khi in phn dung dch cc Hidrua ion trong mui Halogenua kim loi kim nng chy, thu c hidro cc m. Bn thn cc Hidrua kim loi kim hoc kim th b thy phn rt mnh: NaH + H2O NaOH + H2 30.a) Cc kim loi kim v kim th hnh thnh ra cc Hidrua ion. Cc nguyn t khng kim loi hoc na kim loi to ra Hidrua cng ha tr: Li Na K Rb Cs Fr Mg Ca Sr Ba Ra C Si Ge Sn Pb N P As Sb Bi O S Se Te Po F Cl Br I At

To ra Hidrua ion To ra Hidrua cng ha tr b) Cc hidrua ion l cc mui, kt tinh theo dng lp phng hoc t phng, lin kt trong phn t l lin kt ion. Cc Hdrua cng ha tr ch yu l nhng cht dng kh (d bay hi); khi tan trong nc phn ln to ra axit; lin kt trong phn t l lin kt cng ha tr.

31. Da vo nhng c im ca hp cht ion nh cht rn tinh th, nhit nng chy cao,khi nng chy th dn in, khi in phn th thu c kh H2 m cc dn n kt lun. 32. Do s chuyn mt in tch v pha Flo nn lm gim lc y gia hai ion Florua. 33. T tri qua phi (theo chu k), tnh kh tng, tnh axit tng, tnh bn gim. bn nhit ph thuc vo nng lng lin kt H X, ph thuc vo in m v kch thc nguyn t ca X. Khi hai nguyn t c in m tng ng, nguyn t no nng hn cho HX c bn nhit km hn.

34. C th gii thch nh sau: Khi tan vo nc c cn bng sau: Hn-1X- + H3O+ HnX + H2O Hn+1X+ + OHin li axit in li baz Cn bng chuyn dch v pha no ph thuc vo trng lc ca ion trung ntm X v O2- (ngha l ph thuc vo in tch v bn knh). Vi HF, cn bng s chuyn dch v pha in li axit, do trng lc ca O2ln hn trng lc ca F- (bn knh ca O2- l 1,36 ; bn knh ca F- l 1,33; v in tch ca O2- ln hn F-) do H+ chuyn v pha O2-. Vi NH3, cn bng s chuyn dch theo hng in li baz, do trng lc 3ca N ln hn O2- (trng lc ph thuc c bn knh v in tch; bn knh ca N3- l 1,47). 3. Halogen 36. Khuynh hng oxi ha l ch yu v trong nguyn t c mt electron cha ghp i obital np nn d dng kt hp thm 1 electron. T Flo n Iod, nng lng ion ha gim nn kh nng nhng electron tng, do n Iod c kh nng to ra ion I+ (trong cc hp cht nh ICl, I(CH3COO)3). 37.a) Mc oxi ha c trng ca cc Halogen (tr Flo) l +1, +3, +5, +7. Gii thch cc mc bng s kch ng electron chuyn t obital ns v np sang nd. b) V mi nguyn t ch c mt electron khng ghp i obital np, hai electron khng ghp i hai nguyn t ghp li vi nhau to thnh phn t hai nguyn t. 38. Trong nguyn t ca cc Halogen c mt electron khng ghp i, nn tr Flo, chng u c kh nng to ra mc oxi ha +1 khi chng lin kt vi mt nguyn t khc c m in mnh hn (v d vi Oxi) Nguyn t ca Clo (hoc Brom, Iod) cn c nhng obital cha c lp y, do c th xy ra cc qu trnh kch ng electron nh sau:
s s s p p p d d d

Kt qu to ra 3, 5, 7 electron khng ghp i ng vi cc trng thi ha tr 3, 5, 7 ca Halogen. Qu trnh kch ng xy ra di nh hng ca nhng nguyn t c in m mnh hn. Lp ngoi cng ca nguyn t Flo khng c obital d, mun to ra trng thi ha tr ln hn 1 Flo, phi kch ng electron t obital 2p sang lp th 3, khng

c nguyn t no c in m ln hn Flo cung cp nng lng thc hin qu trnh kch ng trn, do vi Flo khng th xut hin mc oxi ha dng v ch c th c ha tr mt. Ngoi ra cng cn ch rng nu trong nguyn t, chng hn c 5 electron khng cp i tham gia hnh thnh 4 lin kt, trong nguyn t cn li mt electron khng cp i, iu gy ra kh nng phn ng rt mnh ca phn t c to ra, nn chng l nhng hp cht km bn. Chng hn ClO2 l hp cht c s l electron.
O Cl O

L hp cht cha bo ha ha tr, do c khuynh hng kt hp hoc nhng mt electron: ClO2 + e = ClO2ClO2 - e = ClO2+ ch yu l khuynh hng th nht (i lc Electron ca ClO2 l 3,43 eV); ClO2 rt khng bn, d phn hu n, c tnh oxi ha mnh. 39. Phng php Obitan phn t m t cu hnh electron ca cc phn t halogen nh sau:

( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2 * 2 S 2 2 2 * 2 x S Z x y y

* 2

Ngha l hai nguyn t halogen lin kt vi nhau bng mt lin kt (z). Ngoi lin kt , trong phn t Cl2, Br2, I2 cn c mt phn lin kt to ra bi s xen ph ca cc obitan d. Trong phn t Flo, lin kt ch c hnh thnh do mt lot cc electron ha tr, khng c kh nng hnh thnh lin kt nh trn v khng c cc obitan d. Lin kt c hnh thnh l lin kt "cho nhn" to ra do cp electron t do ca mt nguyn t v obitan d cn b trng ca nguyn t khc; c th m t theo s sau:
3s 3p 3d

3d

3p

3s

S hnh thnh cc lin kt lm cho phn t cc halogen bn r rt. Flo khng c kh nng to ra lin kt nn phn t Flo c nng lng lin kt b hn so vi Clo. T Clo n Iot do bn knh nguyn t tng, di lin kt tng: F2 Cl2 Br2 I2 DX X () 1,42 2,00 2,29 2,17 nn nng lng lin kt gim. 40. Trong phn t hai nguyn t ca cc halogen, bn nhit ca phn t lin quan n nng lng lin kt X-X trong phn t:

Xem cch gii thch bi 39. 41. Nhit nng chy v nhit si ca cc halogen tng. Tnh cht ph thuc vo tng tc khuch tn gia cc phn t. trng thi lng v rn, cc phn t halogen tng tc vi nhau bng lc Van der Waals. V phn t cc halogen khng c cc nn tng tc ph thuc vo tng tc khuch tn, nng lng tng tc ny cng ln khi phn cc ca phn t cng ln. V kh nng b cc ha ca cc phn t ph thuc vo bn knh nguyn t, nn t F n I, bn knh nguyn t tng, phn cc tng do tng tc khuch tn tng lm cho nhit nng chy v nhit si ca cc halogen tng. 42.a) Cc cht c xu hng tan nhiu trong cht lng ging vi chng. Cc halogen l nhng cht khng cc nn t tan trong dung mi c cc (v d: H2O) v tan nhiu trong dung mi khng cc. b) Trng hp Iot tan nhiu trong dung dch KI v to ra Ion I3- theo phn ng: I2 + I- = I343. Xem cch gii thch bi s 6. 44. So snh: Nng lng lin kt X2 (Kcal/mol) i lc electron X + e X- (Kcal/nguyn t g) Nng lng hirat ha ca X- (Kcal/mol) Th tiu chun E0x2/2x- (Von) F2 37 79 121 2.87 Cl2 59 83 90 1,36

Ta thy rng nng lng lin kt v i lc electron ca Flo b hn Clo; nng lng hidrat ln v th tiu chun ca Flo ln hn Clo. a) Mc d c i lc electron thp hn (c tnh oxi ha km hn) nhng nng lng lin kt trong ph t Flo thp hn do kh nng phn ng ca Flo cao hn Clo. b) Qu trnh chuyn X2 2X- trong dung dch ph thuc vo cc yu t sau: - Nng lng phn li phn t thnh nguyn t(nng lng lin kt). - i lc electron bin nguyn t thnh X-. - Nng lng hirat ha ca anion X-. Vi Flo, mc d nng lng phn li phn t thnh nguyn t v i lc electron b hn Clo, nhng nng lng hirat ha ca Ion F- li ln hn nhiu so vi Ion Cl- , do trong dung dch nc, Flo c tnh oxi ha mnh hn Clo. 45. Xem bi s 36 46. Da vo iu kin phn ng v nhit to thnh ca phn ng khi cho H2 phn ng vi halogen chng minh.

47.a) Cc halogen tc dng vi H2O theo cc phng trnh phn ng sau: 2F2 + 2H2O 4HF + O2 Cl2 + H2O HCl + HClO K= 4,2.104 Br2 + H2O HBr + HBrO K= 7,2.10-4 I2 + H2O HI + HIO K= 2,1.10-13 Kh nng phn ng t Flo n Iot gim. b) So snh th oxi ha-kh chun xc nh: O2 + 4H+ (10-7 ion-g/l) + 4e = 2H2O E0=+0,81V F2 + 2e = 2FE0= +2,86 V Cl2 + 2e = 2ClE0= +1,36V Br2 + 2e = 2BrE0= +1,07V I2 + 2e = 2IE0= +0,53V Chng hn vi trng hp Flo: 2F2 + 2H2O = 4HF + O2 E0=2,06V Nh vy Flo phn ng mnh vi nc. Vi Clo v Brom thc t i hi nng lng hot ha cao; vi Iot khng c kh nng . 48.a) Vi cc kim loi c nhiu mc oxi ha th cc hp cht ng vi mc oxi ha u c tnh kh, trong khi cc halogen li l cht oxi ha mnh. b) Khi cht rn tng tc vi cht kh, kh nng phn ng ph thuc vo cu trc ca cht rn c to ra. Nu sn phm to ra bm chc vo b mt cht rn tng tc th n s ngn cn phn ng tip din. L lun s gii thch trng hp nu trong bi tp. 49.b) So snh th din cc xc nh trt t ca cc phn ng v t m t hin tng. 51.b) V rng th in cc ca Flo rt ln nn khng th iu ch Flo bng phng php in phn dung dch nc c cha Ion Florua, m phi in phn mt hn hp nng chy gm KF v HF. Xem tip cch tr li bi tp 48. 52. So snh th in cc chun tr li theo hng: a) Flo c tnh oxi ha mnh hn KMnO4. b) KMnO4 c tnh oxi ha mnh hn Br2 v I2 nn c th oxi ha Br2 v I2 to ra BrO3- v IO3-. c) C th thay KMnO4 bng MnO2 hoc K2Cr2O7 nhng phi dng HCl c v phi un nng dng th in cc tng ng nhau. (E0Cl2/2Cl-=1,36V; E0Cr2O72-/Cr3+ trong mi trng axit l 1,36V). 53. T HF n HCl: Nhit nng chy v nhit si gim. T HCl n HI nhit nng chy v nhit si tng. Cc hidro halogenua tng tc vi nhau bng lc tng tc gia cc phn t gm lc nh hng, lc khuch tn v lc cm ng. Nhng nng lng tng

tc cm ng thng rt b so vi nng lng tng tc nh hng v tng tc khuch tn, do nh hng ca tng tc cm ng n nhit nng chy v nhit si c th b qua. Nng lng tng tc nh hng gim t HF n HI do phn cc ca phn t gim. Nng lng tng tc khuch tn tng ln trong dy do s tng bn knh nguyn t ca cc halogen v s gim phn cc ca lin kt trong phn t. T HF n HCl, nhit nng chy v nhit si gim do gia cc phn t HF pht sinh c lin kt Hidro, ng thi nng lng tng qut ca tng tc gia cc phn t gim do tng tc nh hng gim. T HCl n HI nng lng tng tc khuch tn chim u th so vi tng tc nh hng v vy nhit nng chy v nhit si tng. 54. di lin kt HX, nng lng lin kt v bn i vi nhit trong dy t HF n HI c cc gi tr sau: HF HCl HBr HI di lin kt HX () 1,02 1,28 1,41 1,60 Nng lng lin kt HX (Kcal/mol) 135 103 87 71 0 Phn hy 1000 C (%) Khng 0,014 0,5 33 Trong dy , bn i vi nhit gim do di lin kt tng v nng lng lin kt gim. bn i vi nhit ch ph thuc vo nng lng lin kt ca phn t, cn nhit nng chy v nhit si li ph thuc vo nng lng tng tc gia cc phn t. 55.a) Hn hp ng ph hay hn hp ng si l nhng hn hp si nhit khng i v khng thay i thnh phn ca hn hp p sut khng i. Cht nguyn cht cng c c tnh nh th, nhng vi hn hp ng si th khi p sut thay i khng nhng nhit si m c thnh phn ca hn hp cng thay i theo. V d Hidro Clorua to thnh vi nc mt hn hp ng si 1100C di p sut thng v cha 20,2% HCl. Khi thay i p sut, thnh phn ca HCl trong hn hp cng thay i: p sut (mmHg) 150 500 760 1000 2500 Thnh phn HCl (%) 22,5 20,9 20,2 19,7 18,0 Cc hidro halogenua khc cng to nn cc hn hp ng si c thnh phn v nhit si xc nh. Vi HF si 1200C thnh phn HF 35,4%; vi HBr hn hp si 1260C, thnh phn HBr 47%;vi HI hn hp si 1270C, thnh phn HI 57% c) V c tan ln trong nc nn cc hidro Clorua bc khi trong khng kh. Khi un nng dung dch HCl c ln hn 20% th u tin kh Hidro Clorua bc ra, cn nu dung dch di 20% th trc ht hi nc thot ra v nng axit tng. Trong c hai trng hp , khi hm lng ca HCl trong axit t n 20,2% ( 760 mmHg) th thu c hn hp ng si iu gii thch hin tng bc khi ca dung dch HCl c.

56. C th xc nh nhanh hm lng % ca HCl trong dung dch bng cch nhn hai con s sau du phy (ca khi lng ring ca dung dch) vi 2. Ngc li nu bit thnh phn % ca HCl trong dung dch c th tnh gn ng khi lng ring ca dung dch . a) V d: Dung dch c khi lng ring l 1,025 g/cm3, hm lng HCl l: 2,5.2= 5%, dung dch c khi lng ring l 1,195 g/cm 3, hm lng HCl l 19,5.2 = 39 %. b) Dung dch 32,5 % th khi lng ring l: 32,5:2= 16,25 suy ra d= 1,162 g/cm3. 57.a) Mt phn v nng lng lin kt HF rt ln, mt phn khc v khi ha tan trong nc xy ra qu trnh Ion ha to ra H3O+ v F-, sau Ion F- li tng tc vi phn t HF t ra Ion phc HF2-: HF + H2O H3O+ + FHF + F- HF2Hoc dng tng qut: 2HF + H2O H3O+ + HF2Do mt phn phn t HF lin kt to ra HF2- nn hm lng tng i ca Ion H3O+ khng ln, v vy dung dch axit Flohidric c tnh axit yu (K= 7.10-4). b) V nguyn nhn trn nn trong dung dch axit Flohidric c cc Ion dng H2F3 , H3F4-, H4F5-. Khi trung ha to ra cc mui axit nh K[HF2] (Tnc= 2390C); K[H2F3] (Tnc= 620C); K[H3F4] (Tnc=600C); K[H4F5] (Tnc= 730C). 58.a) in li ca cc dung dch axit halogen hidric HX 0,1N. HF HCl HBr HI (%) 9 92,6 93,5 95 mnh ca axit tng t HF n HI do di lin kt tng (xem bi s 54). Axit Flohidric l mt axit yu (xem bi 57) b) Vai tr ca HI trong hai phn ng khc nhau. 59. Da vo th in cc gii thch. 60.a) Ch c KI l c th phn ng c vi FeCl3 (da vo th in cc gii thch). 61.a) Axit Sunfuric tc dng vi Canxi Florua to ra axit Flohidric, l axit duy nht tc dng c vi Silic ioxit. SiO2 + 4HF = 2H2O+ SiF4 Sau silic tetraflorua tc dng vi HF d to ra axit Hecxa flosilixic H2SiF3 tan trong nc: SiF4 + 2HF = H2SiF3 Axit Clohidric khng c kh nng n mn c thy tinh. 62.b) Trong c hai trng hp sn phm to ra u nh nhau: Na2O.CaO.6SiO2 + 14H2F2 Na2SiF6 + CaSiF6 + 4SiF4 + 14 H2O.

Tuy nhin khi thy tinh b dung dch axit Flohiric n mn th sn phm phn ng s chuyn vo dung dch v b mt b n mn s tr nn trong sut. 63.a) V bn i vi nhit gim, nng lng lin kt gim nn tnh kh ca cc hidro halogenua tng ( trng thi kh cng nh trng thi tan trong dung dch) (xem bi tp 54). b) Khi tc dng vi Oxi: HF + O2: khng c phn ng; HF hon ton khng th hin tnh kh. HCl + O2 : trong dung dch khng xy ra phn ng, nhng trng thi kh th xy ra phn ng thun nghch:
t < 6000C

4HCl (kh) + O2

t > 6000C

2H2O + 2Cl2

HCl ch th hin tnh kh khi tc dng vi cht oxi ha mnh. HBr v HI u l nhng cht kh mnh, dung dch ca chng vn l trong sut v khng mu, nhng lu trong khng kh dung dch s vng dn do to ra cc halogen t do: 4HBr + O2 (KK) 2H2O + 2Br2 4HI + O2 (KK) 2H2O + 2I2 Trng hp HI dung dch nhum mu vng nhanh hn so vi dung dch HBr. 64.a) V cc hidro halogenua u l nhng hp cht c cc nn tan rt mnh trong dung mi c cc. b) Khi tan trong nc, dung dch c tnh axit v to ra vi nc ion hidroxoni H3O+. trng thi lng chng khng phi l axit. 65.a) iu ch hidro clorua bng cch cho NaCl tc dng vi H2SO4 c: NaCl + H2SO4 NaHSO4 + HCl NaCl + NaHSO4 Na2SO4 + HCl Phn ng th nht xy ra mc ng k ngay nhit thng v khi un nng n 2500C th thc t xy ra hon ton. Phn ng th hai xy ra nhit cao hn khon 400-5000C. b) Khi dng H2SO4 long v NaCl long phn ng s khng to ra hidroclorua v phn ln cn bng s chuyn dch v pha to ra H2SO4 t phn li hn HCl. Nhng nu dng dung dch NaCl m c v H2SO4c th khi un nng, cn bng c th chuyn dch sang phi v HCl d bay hi hn. c) Phng php trn c th dng iu ch HF nhng khng th vn dng cho HBr v HI v chng u l cht kh mnh: 2HBr + H2SO4 Br2 + SO2 + 2H2O 8HI + H2SO4 4I2 + H2S + 4H2O 66.a) Ngoi phng php trn (bi tp 65) hin nay trong cng nghip ch yu dng phng php tng hp iu ch hidro clorua, sau cho hp th nc to ra axit Clohidric:

H2 +Cl2 2HCl H= - 44 Kcal/mol b) Phng php da trn c s phn ng dy chuyn. Phn ng trn xy ra rt chm nhit thng, nhng khi un nng mnh hoc c tia la in, hoc chiu bng tia t ngoi th phn ng xy ra mnh lit. Trc ht nh nng lng h ca tia t ngoi (hoc t nng), phn t Clo phn li thnh nguyn t sau cc nguyn t ny tc dng vi phn t Hidro to thnh HCl v nguyn t Hidro. Nguyn t Hidro ny li tc dng vi phn t Cl2 to thnh HCl v nguyn t Clo Cl2 + h Cl + Cl (kch thch ban u) Cl + H2 HCl + H H + Cl2 HCl + Cl Cl + H2 HCl + H Do to ra mt dy phn ng k tip nhau v c mt phn t kch thch ban u c th to ra hng trm ngn phn t HCl khc. c) Phng php khng th vn dng iu ch cc axit halogen hidric khc c; vi HF phn ng xy ra qu mnh lit; vi HBr v HI cho hiu sut thp. iu c th thy r khi so snh nhit hnh thnh H ca cc hidro halogenua: HF HCl HBr HI H(Kcal/mol) -128 -44 -24 +12. 68.a) Halogenua ion l nhng halogen c mng li tinh th bao gm cc ion. Cc kim loi kim: Na, K, Rb,Cs Cc kim loi kim th: Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba. Lantan, mt s Lantanoit v Actinoit to ra cc halogenua dng ion. Ngoi ra mt s kim loi c nhiu mc oxi ha cng to ra cc halogenua ion mc oxi ha thp ca kim loi. b) Mc ion trong lin kt ca cc hp cht thay i ty theo bn tnh ca kim loi v ca cc halogen. V d: Kim loi c mc oxi ha khc nhau th halogenua thp c bn tnh ion cao hn halogenua cao; chng hn PbCl2 l hp cht ion, PbCl4 l hp cht cng ha tr. Vi cng mt kim loi th mc ion ca lin kt gim dn t Florua n Iodua. Chng hn AlF3 l hp cht ion nhng AlI3 l hp cht cng ha tr. 69. Halogenua ion c nhng tnh cht ch yu sau: nhit nng chy v nhit si cao; mc ion trong phn t cng ln th nhit nng chy cng cao. Dn in khi nng chy v khi tan trong nc. a s tan trong nc to ra cc ion hidrat ha. Khi cc halogenua u l ion th tan tng t florua n iodua (do nng lng mng li gim khi bn knh ion halogenua tng). Chng hn halogenua ca cc kim loi kim, kim th v cc cht Lantanoit (cc florua ca cc Lantanoit thc t khng tan). 70.a) Nhng halgenua cng ha tr l nhng halogenua c mng li phn t. Lc tng tc gia cc phn t trong tinh th l lc Van der Waals.

Cc nguyn t khng kim loi, cc kim loi mc oxi ha cao to ra cc halogenua cng ha tr. b) Cc halogenua cng ha tr c mt s c tnh sau: ni chung u d bay hi; tan trong dung mi khng cc; khng dn in khi nng chy cng nh khi tan trong dung mi khng cc, d dng b thy phn to ra axit halogen hidric. Chng hn: BiCl3 + 3H2O Bi(OH)3 + 3HCl. 71. Theo dy Cl2O, ClO2, Cl2O6, Cl2O7 tnh bn tng, tnh oxi ha gim. V c in m gn tng ng nn khng th iu ch bng phng php tng hp trc tip t Clo v Oxi m phi iu ch bng phng php gin tip. 72.a) Trong cc oxit ca Clo th ClO2 c tnh thun t v trong phn t c mt electron cha ghp i (xem bi tp 38). b) Bng phn ng cho tc dng vi nc to ra axit hoc phn ng vi dung dch kim to ra mui minh ha cc oxit l cc anhidrit. Cl2O l anhidrit ca axit hipoclor. ClO2 l anhidrit hn tp ca axit hipoclor HClO2 v axit cloric HClO3. Cl2O6 l anhidrit hn tp ca axit cloric v axit pecloric HClO4. Cl2O7 l anhidrit ca axit pecloric. Chng hn cc phn ng: Cl2O + 2KOH 2KC lO + H2O 2ClO2 + 2KOH KClO2 + KClO3 + H2O Cl2O6 + H2O HClO3 + HClO4 Cl2O7 + H2O 2HClO4. 73. bit c cc oxit sau y: F Cl Br I OF2 Cl2O Br2O I2O4 O2F2 ClO2 Br3O3(hoc) I4O9 O3F2 Cl2O6 BrO3 O4F2 Cl2O7 BrO2 I2O5 Flo c in m ln hn oxi nn cc oxit ca flo c th coi l cc florua ca oxi, trong ch c OF2 l tn ti nhit phng. Ni chung u l nhng hp cht khng bn d b phn hy, d n, nn u c kh nng phn ng. Bn hn c l I2O5 , cht rn trng, n 3000C khng b phn hy, iu ch bng cch kh nc ca axit Iodic 2000C. I2O4 c coi l mui Iodyl Iodat IO(IO)3, cn I4O9 l mui Iodat ca Iod ha tr ba I(IO3)3. 74.Cc halogen to ra cc axit cha oxi nh sau: Tn gi F Cl Br Axit hipohalogen HFO HClO HBrO Axit halogen HClO2 Axit halogenic HClO3 HBrO3 I HIO HIO3

HIO4;H3IO5; H5IO6; H4I2O9 tr axit hipoflor, nhng axit khc ca flo cha iu ch c. Cc axit brom, axit pebromic, axit iod cha iu ch c. Axit peiodic c kh nng tn ti trong dung dch di dng cc ion hidrat ha khc nhau, chng hn nh ion H2IO5- (IO4-.H2O); H4IO6- (IO4-.2H2O), ... axit meta peiodic HIO4 l dng n gin nht ca loi axit peiodic c iu ch t axit para peiodic H5IO6, bng cch kh H2O hon ton 1000 trong chn khng. Axit mezo peiodic H3IO5 tn ti trong dung dch (cng cn gi l axit metaiodic, para iodic). 75.a) Theo dy HFO, HClO, HBrO, HIO, tnh bn gim, tnh axit gim, tnh oxi ha gim. HFO: c kh nng tch ra trng thi t do, nhit thp l cht rn mu trng, nhit nng chy l - 1170C. Ba axit cn li u t bn ch tn ti trong dung dch long khng tch ra c trng thi t do. Hng s in li axit ca HClO l 3,4.10-8; ca HBrO l 2.10-9 v HIO l 2,0.10-11. th tiu chun ng vi qu trnh: 2HXO + 2H+ + 2e X2 + 2H2O gim (vi Clo, E0 = 1,63V; vi Brom, E0=1,59V; vi Iod E0=1,45V) . 76.a) Nc Clo l dung dch Clo ha tan trong nc m thnh phn ch yu l axit Clohidric HCl v axit hipoclor HClO; nc javen l dung dch trong nc ca Natri Clorua v Natri hipoclorit; clorua vi l cht bt mu trng m thnh phn ch yu l Canxi clorua hipoclorit CaOCl2. b) Khi cho kh CO2 qua dung dch nc javen hoc dung dch Canxi hipoclorit c cc phn ng sau y: CO2 + H2O + NaClO NaHCO3 + HClO CO2 + H2O + Ca(OCl)2 CaCO3 + 2HClO. 77.a) Do tc dng ca CO2 trong khng kh , to thnh HClO. Axit hipoclor d dng b phn hy to ra HCl v oxi do c kh nng ty mu. b) T Canxi cacbonat iu ch Canxi hidroxit, t Natri clorua iu ch ra Clo, sau iu ch Clorua vi. 78. Clo tc dng vi KI to ra I2 cho dung dch mu nu, sau Clo d tc dng vi I2 to ra IO3- lm cho dung dch mt mu. Cl2 + 2NaOH NaCl + NaClO + H2O Cl2 + 2KI I2 + 2KCl 5Cl2 + I2 + 6H2O 2HIO3 + 10HCl 79.a) Cc Halogen tc dng vi H2O (xem bi 47). Khi cho cc Halogen tc dng vi dung dch kim, phn ng to ra Hipohalogenit (XO-), nhng trong mi trng kim cc Hipohalogenit b phn hy theo phn ng: 3XO- 2X- + XO3-

Axit pehalogenic

HClO4

(X = Cl, Br, I). S phn hy ph thuc vo bn cht ca cc Halogen v nhit . ClO-: phn hy chm nhit thng, nhanh khi un nng. BrO-: phn hy chm nhit thp, nhanh nhit thng. IO-: phn hy tt c cc nhit . Nh vy qu trnh phn hy tng khi nhit tng; t Clo n Iot qu trnh phn hy tng. Do , khi cho cc Halogen tc dng vi dung dch kim, phn ng xy ra theo cc phng trnh: Cl2 + 2KOH
t0 thng 700C t
0

KCl + KClO + H2O 5KCl + KClO3 + 3H2O 5KBr + KBrO3 + 3H2O

3Cl2 + 6KOH

3Br2 + 6KOH thng

3I2 + 6KOH 5KI +KIO3 + 3H2O b) Khi cho Cl2 tc dng vi dung dch KOH long nhit thng to ra KClO, khi un nng ln 70oC, KClO phn hy thnh KClO3 v KCl, n 1000C cn hn hp mui rn gm KClO3 v KCl, n 4000C KClO3 phn hy to ra KClO4 v KCl, khi un nng cao hn na KClO4 phn hy thnh KCl v O2. 80. Cho kh Clo qua vi ti bt t hoc qua huyn ph c Ca(OH) 2 30 C thu c Canxiclorua hipoclorit.
0

O Ca Cl

Cl

Cho kh clo qua dung dch nc vi trong nhit thng to ra canxi hipoclorit.
O Ca O Cl Cl

81. So snh th in cc tr li. 83. Th tch kh clo trng hp th nht gp i trng hp th hai. 84. a) HClO H+ + ClO- K= 3,7.10-8 HBrO H+ + BrO- K= 2.10-9 HIO H+ + IOK= 2.10-11 HIO I+ + OHK= 3.10-10 tnh axit gim, tnh baz tng. b) Khi thm HCl vo nc Javen to ra mi trng axit. Trong mi trng , ion ClO oxi ha ion Cl to ra kh Clo. HClO + H+ + Cl- Cl2 + H2O So snh th in cc gii thch c vn trn: HClO + H+ + 2e Cl- + H2O E0=+1,5V Cl2 + 2e 2ClE0=+1,36V

Khi axit ha nc javen bng H2SO4 long, trong dung dch s tn ti cn bng: Cl2 + H2O HClO + H+ + Clv nng H+ tng nn cn bng chuyn sang tri to ra kh Clo. HClO trong nc javen c oxi ha bng HBr s oxi ha ion Br- thnh bromat BrO3-. 85. Theo dy HClO, HClO2, HClO3, HClO4: a) Tnh bn tng: HClO v HClO2 ch tn ti trong dung dch long; HClO 3 tn ti trong dung dch di 50%; HClO4 tch ra di dng tinh khit. bn tng do di ca lin kt Cl - O gim: HClO HClO2 HClO3 HClO4 d(Cl-O) 1,7 1,64 1,57 1,45 b) Tnh oxi ha gim do bn tng trong dy ClO-, ClO2-, ClO3-, ClO4nn tnh oxi ha ca axit v ca mui gim. c) Tnh axit tng: HClO l axit yu (K=2,4.10-3); HClO2 l axit trung bnh (K=1,1.10-2); HClO3 l axit mnh; HClO4 l axit mnh nht trong tt c cc axit. mnh ca cc axit ph thuc v kh nng tch proton H+ khi phn t, ngha l ph thuc vo bn ca lin kt O - H. Khi s nguyn t Oxi (khng nm trong nhm hidroxyl) tng th bn trong nhm OH gim, do kh nng tch proton H+ tng. 86. 3) 4) 5) 6) 7) 8) 9) 10) 2Ca(OH)2 + 2Cl2 Ca(OCl)2 + CaCl2 + 2H2O CaOCl2 + CO2 CaCl2 + CaCO3 + Cl2O HClO3 + 5HCl 3Cl2 + 3H2O 6Ag + 6HClO3 5AgClO3 + AgCl + 3H2O 6Fe + 18HClO3 5Fe(ClO3)3 + FeCl3 + 9H2O HClO3 + 6FeSO4 + 3H2SO4 HCl + 3Fe2(SO4)3 + 4H2O2 Cl2O5 + H2O HClO3 + HClO4 2HClO4 + P2O5 Cl2O7 + 2HPO3

87. Theo dy HClO3 - HBrO3 - HIO3 tnh bn tng, tnh axit gim, tnh oxi ha gim. axit Cloric HClO3 v axit Bromic HBrO3 ch tn ti trong dung dch, nng trn 50% b phn hy. 3HClO3 HClO4 + 2ClO2 + H2O 4HBrO3 O2 + 4BrO2 + 2H2O Axit iodic HIO3 c th tch ra dng tinh th khng mu bn n 2500 to ra I2O5. C 3 axit u c tnh oxi ha mnh, chng hn trong mi trng axit chng c kh nng gim ha tr to ra cc halogenua: ClO3- + 6H+ + 6e Cl- + 3H2O E0=+1,45V BrO3- + 6H+ + 6e Br- + 3H2O E0=+1,44V IO3- + 6H+ + 6e I- + 3H2O E0=1,09V t ta thy tnh oxi ha gim t HClO3 n HIO3.

88. C th bng cch sau: cho CaCO3 tc dng vi hn hp gm HCl v HClO. Axit Clohidric tc dng vi CaCO3, cn HClO khng phn ng. Dung dch cn li cha HClO, Ca2+ v Cl-. Chng ct hn hp, HClO phn hy theo s : 2HClO 2Cl2O + H2O. Cho Cl2O ha tan trong nc thu c dung dch HClO. 89. Cho hn hp gm hidro clorua v khng kh un nng 4500C c cht xc tc. Hn hp kh thu c gm Clo v hidro clorua cho tan vo nc, to ra dung dch gm axit clohidric v axit hipoclor. Tch HClO ra khi hn hp nh bi 88. 90. C th iu ch bng phng php in phn dung dch KCl. Trong qua trnh in phn, Catot to ra mi trng kim: 2H2O + 2e H2 + 2OH-. anot to ra Clo: 2Cl- - 2e Cl2 nu qu trnh in phn khng c mng ngn cch 2 in cc th dung dch Catot v Aot trn ln vi nhau sinh ra phn ng: Cl2 + 2KOH KClO + KCl + H2O. trong mi trng kim, ion ClO- b phn hy theo phn ng: 3ClO- 2Cl- + ClO3kt qu thu c kali clorat KClO3 tch ra dng tinh th v tan ca KClO3 b ( tan ca KClO3 200C l 6,8%). 91. C th iu ch bng phng php nhit phn kali clorat thu c hn hp gm KClO4 v KCl. Sau tch 2 cht bng phng php kt tinh phn on (da vo tan khc nhau). C th iu ch bng phng php in phn dung dch KClO 3. Qu trnh in phn xy ra theo phng trnh: in phn KClO3 + H2O H2(catot) + KClO4 (anot). KClO3 + 6 HCl KCl + 3Cl2 + 3H2O 3KClO3 + 3H2SO4 3KHSO4 + HClO4 + 2ClO2 + H2O 2KClO3 + H2SO4 K2SO4 + 2HClO3 2KClO3 + K2S2O3 2K2SO4 + O2 + 2ClO2 2KClO3 + H2C2O4 K2CO3 + CO2 + 2ClO2 + H2O 2KClO3 + H2SO4 + H2C2O4 K2SO4 + 2ClO2 + 2CO2 + 2H2O 92. 93.Da vo tan khc nhau ca cc mui trong hn hp. 95.a) Khi thm mt lng tng ng H2SO4 c th kt ta ht Ba2+ c trong dung dch nc ca BaH3IO6. Axit Peioic cn li trong dung dch. BaH3IO6 + H2SO4 BaSO4 + H5IO6

b) Axit Parapeiodic H5IO6 l axit yu so vi axit HClO4. Cc h s in li cc nc lin tip u rt b (K1=3.10-2; K3=3.10-13) do Ion IO65- c rt t trong dung dch.Chnh iu gii thch nguyn nhn hnh thnh cc mui axit. c) Ph thuc vo s phi tr ca nguyn t trung tm. S nguyn t oxi lin kt vi nguyn t trung tm ca phn t axit bng s phi tr ca nguyn t . S phi tr cng ln nu bn knh ca nguyn t trung tm cng ln. S phi tr cc i trong axit cha Iod l bng 6. 96. Trong nhng iu kin khc nhau, cc halogen tng tc vi nhau to ra cc hp cht gia cc halogen XYn , trong n l s phi tr (l nhng s l 1,3,5,7), I l cc halogen nh c in m ln hn. Ngi ta bit c nhng hp cht sau: XY XY3 XY5 XY7 ClF ClF3 (ClF5) BrF BrF3 BrF5 (IF) IF3 IF5 IF7 ICl ICl3 IBr Do c mt s chn nguyn t halogen, vi cc electron ho tr ghp i hoc dng cp electron t do nn hp cht gia cc halogen u c tnh nghch t. Tnh cht l ha ca chng u l tnh cht trung gian gia hai halogen c trong thnh phn ca chng, mc d cc hp cht u phn cc. Tt c cc hp cht gia cc halogen u l cht oxi ha manh, u b thy phn, trong dung dch kim to ra cc halogenua ca halogen c kch thc nh hn v Anion cha oxi ca halogen c kch thc ln hn. V d: IF5 + 6KOH 5KF + KIO3 + 3H2O XYn l nhng cht hot ng mnh hn so vi cc halogen to ra chng, v rng nng lng lin kt X-Y b hn nng lng lin kt X-X v Y-Y. tng hi, chng l hp cht cng ha tr, nhng tng lng chng t Ion ha, v d: 2ICl I+ + ICl22ICl3 ICl2+ + ICl42BrF3 4BrF2- + BrF42IF3 IF4+ + IF6Do , chng c dn in ring kh cao v l nhng dung mi ion ha tt i vi nhiu cht. 97.a) Do nng lng kch thch nguyn t cn thit hnh thnh cc electron khng cp i gim dn t Clo n Iod; ng thi theo chiu t Clo n iod bn knh nguyn t tng nn s nguyn t Flo c th phn b c nhiu hn xung quang nguyn t c kch thc ln hn. b) Gii thch nh cu 97a. c) V mc oxi ha c trng ca cc halogen l s l. Ch s n chnh l s electron c thn c to ra khi hnh thnh lin kt.

4. Oxi 98. Nguyn t cc nguyn t thuc nhm ny u c 6 electron ha tr vi cu hnh ns2p4, gn vi cu hnh bn ca kh tr. Do cc nguyn t nhm VIa (tr Te v Po) d dng kt hp thm electron ca cc kim loi mnh to ra hp cht ion, gy nn tnh cht c bn l tnh oxi ha. T O n Po, kh nng kt hp thm electron gim, ng thi kh nng nhng electron tng, n Te v Po to ra cc Cation, Po c xem nh l kim loi in hnh, chng hn Po tan c trong dung dch axit HCl. Po + 2HCl PoCl2 + H2 Cn Se v Te khng tc dng. Se v Te tc dng vi H2SO4 c hoc HNO3 tng t nh lu hunh, cn Po th to ra mui: Po + 8HNO3 Po(NO3)4 + 4NO2 + 4H2O 99.a) Nguyn t oxi c cu hnh 1s22s22p4, trong nguyn t c 2 electron c thn, gy ra trng thi ha tr 2 ca nguyn t.
2s2 2p4

Mun xut hin ha tr ln hn 2 cn phi chuyn electron t mc 2p ln mc 3s to ra 4 electron khng cp i, iu khng th thc hin c v i hi mt nng lng kh ln. b) Oxi c kh nng xut hin mc oxi ha dng trong cc hp cht F2On (n=1,2,3,4) do oxi c m in b hn Flo. V d: F2O, F2O2 100. Theo quan im ca phng php lin kt ha tr th phn t oxi c hnh thnh bng s ghp i ca cc electron c thn hai nguyn t oxi vi nhau to ra phn t O2 ng vi s :
:

Ngha l trong phn t c mt lin kt kp, phn t khng cn electron c thn. Theo phng php Obitan phn t th phn t oxi c cu hnh electron nh sau: O[K.2s2.2p4] + O[K.2s2.2p4] O2[KK
lk 2s 2 * 2 s 2 2 lk lk 2 px 2 py, z 4 * 2 py, z 2 ]

Vi cu hnh , phn t oxi cn d 4 electron to lin kt. Cc obital phn

lin kt * 2 p c kh nng nhn ti a l 4 electron, nhng ch mi c 2 electron,

chng u c spin song song nhau ph hp vi quy tc Hund. S cc mc nng lng ca phn t oxi theo thuyt obital phn t:

* 2p
* * 2 py 2 pz

:O

O:

lk lk 2 py 2 pz

lk 2 px * 2s lk 2s
.. .. . O: :O .

cho ta thy trong phn t O2 c 2 electron c thn cha ghp i. Cu hnh ph hp vi s cu to phn t oxi nh sau: hoc ngha l trong phn t oxi c mt lin kt bo m bng 1 cp electron c spin i song (obital 2 p ) v 2 lin kt c bit, mi lin kt c 3 electron trong c 2 electron lin kt ( 2 p ) v mt electron phn lin kt ( 2 ). Nhng
*
. :O . O:

nguyn t, ion hay phn t c tnh thun t (c momen t vnh cu) bt buc phi c t nht mt electron c thn. Phn t O2 c tnh thun t, nh vy phi c electron c thn trong phn t. iu khng th gii thch c bng thuyt lin kt ha tr m c chng minh bng quan im ca thuyt obital phn t. 101. Ph hp vi nhng d kin quang ph, cc Obitan phn t ca phn t hai nguyn t c cc mc nng lng c phn b theo trt t sau:
lk < * < lk < lk < lk = lk < * = * < * 1 s 1s 2 s < 2 s 2 px 2 py 2 pz 2 py 2 pz 2 px Trong *

cc k hiu: - 1k: ch cc obitan lin kt - * : ch cc obitan phn lin kt Nhng khi nng lng gia cc nguyn t 2s v 2p trn ln vi nhau mt phn no to ra cc obitan phn t 2s v 2px, cc obitan s tng tc y nhau v do cc obitan phn t
lk

lk 2 py

v 2 px c nng lng cao hn so vi

lk

obitan 2 px . Trong trng hp trt t cc mc nng lng c th phn b nh sau:

* * lk < * < lk < lk = lk < lk < * = < * 1 2 py 2 pz 2 px 2 py s 1s 2 s < 2s 2 pz 2 px S

electron ti a trng thi l 2e v l 4e. Da vo trt t c th vit c cu hnh electron ca cc ion phn t O2+, O2- v O22- nh sau:
2 2 lk lk O2+ : 2s * 2 s 2 px 2 2 2 2 lk lk * : 2s 2 s 2 px lk 2 py, z lk 2 py, z 4 * 1 2 py 4 * 2 py, z 3

O2-

2 2 lk * lk O22-: 2s 2 s 2 px

2 lk 2 py, z

4 * 2 py, z

gin cc mc nng lng phn b nh sau: O2+ O2 O2_ _ _ *

p

O22_

* p lk p lk p * s lk s

Trong cc trng hp trn ch c O2+, O2, O2- l c tnh thun t v c electron khng ghp i, cn O22- c tnh nghch t. 102. i lc electron ca phn t O2 l 0,8eV, nng lng ion ha l 12,2eV, do phn t O2 c th mt bt hoc kt hp thm electron to thnh ion phn t O2+ , O2- hoc O22-. Khi tch mt electron ra khi obitan phn t *, phn t oxi to thnh ion phn t O2+ :
.. .. . O: :O .
- 1e

:O . . . O:

hoc:
. :O . O:
- 1e

. :O

O:

Ion phn t O2+ c trong hp cht tng t mui O2+[PtF3] khi cho O2 tng tc vi PtF3 . Khi nhn thm mt electron vo obitan *, phn t oxi to thnh ion supeoxit O2- :
.. .. . O: :O . :
+ 1e

:O . . . O:

ion O2- c trong supeoxit ca cc kim loi kim khi cho oxi tc dng trc tip vi cc kim loi , chng hn KO2, RbO2. Khi kt hp thm 2 electron v obitan *, phn t oxi chuyn thnh ion peoxit O22- :
: : :O : : .. .. . O: +2e :O . O:
2

ion O22- c trong cc hp cht nh: BaO2, H2O2 103. di lin kt tng do s tng ca cc obitan phn kin kt.

C th da vo bn lin kt gii thch. bi lin kt trong phng php obitan phn t c xc nh theo s electron c trn obitan lin kt v s electron c trn obitan phn lin kt: bi lin kt =
(s electron lk) - (s electron ph n li n kt) 2

Nh vy s electron trn obitan phn lin kt tng th bi lin kt gim, do khong cch gia cc nguyn t tng. Theo dy trn, bi gic s l: 2,5 ; 2 ; 1,5 ; 1. 104. Do in tch ht nhn nguyn t ca cc nguyn t nhm VIa b hn mt n v. 105.c) Mun tinh luyn nguyn t ca nguyn t theo n v cacbon th ly nguyn t lng theo n v c (tnh bng n v oxi) nhn vi 0,99996. V d vi oxi: 16.0,99996 = 15,9994 .v.C 106.a) Cc halogen, cc kh tr, mt s kim loi qu nh: Ag, Pt, Au khng phn ng trc tip vi oxi. b) Khong cch gia hai nguyn t trong phn t O2 l 1,21 , b hn di ca lin kt n O - O l 1,48 , do d phn t O2 rt bn. Trong phn t O2 c mt lin kt v hai lin kt ba electron . Trong phn t Clo ch c mt lin kt , ngoi ra cn c mt lin kt do s xen ph bi cc electron d. Do nng lng ln kt trong phn t oxi l 118 Kcal/mol, cn vi Clo l 59 Kcal/mol. 20000C phn t oxi phn li thnh nguyn t, lc oxi s th hin tnh ha hc mnh hn Clo. 109. Oxi to ra nhng hp cht oxi vi i a s cc nguyn t hoc trc tip hoc gin tip. Nhng hp cht m trong nguyn t oxi lin kt vi nguyn t ca nguyn t khc v khng lin kt gia cc nguyn t oxi vi nhau gi l cc oxit thng (R2IO). Cn nhng oxit m trong phn t cc nguyn t oxi lin kt vi nhau gi l cc peoxit (R2IO2). Da vo tnh cht ha hc, ngi ta chia thnh oxit axit, oxit baz v oxit lng tnh. Nhng oxit ca mt s nguyn t khng kim loi, khng c tnh axit cng nh tnh baz c gi l cc oxit tr. Nhng oxit tan trong nc gi l cc oxit axit (N2O5, SO2, SO3, CO2, Cl2O7 v.v); c oxit tuy khng tan trong nc nhng li tan trong dung dch kim cng gi l oxit axit. V d: Sb2O3 + 2NaOH + 5H2O 2Na[Sb(OH)6] Oxit baz khi tc dng vi nc to ra baz (Li2O, Na2O, CaO, BaO). Mt s oxit tuy khng tan trong nc nhng tan trong dung dch axit long cng l oxit baz. V d: NiO + 2HCl NiCl2 + H2O

MgO + H2SO4 MgSO4 + H2O Oxit lng tnh va tan trong axit va tan trong dung dch kim (Al 2O3, ZnO, Cr2O3) Cc oxit khng tan trong nc, trong axit, trong dung dch kim c gi l oxit tr (N2O, Co) Cc oxit cao c to bi Na, Mg, Al, Si, P, S v Cl; theo chiu tng mc oxi ha ca cc nguyn t trong dy th tnh cht ca oxit s chuyn t oxit baz Na2O n oxit axit Cl2O7. Nhng nguyn t c nhiu mc oxi ha , khi to ra cc oxit th mc oxi ha thp, oxit c tnh baz, mc oxi ha cao, oxit c tnh axit. V d, trong dy: MnO Mn2O3 MnO2 Mn2O7 t tri sang phi tnh axit tng, tnh baz gim (MnO c tnh baz, Mn 2O7 c tnh axit). Lin kt ha hc trong cc oxit bin i t thun ty ion (trong oxit ca kim loi kim, kim th) n thun ty cng ha tr (trong oxit ca cc halogen). S hnh thnh ion O2- t oxi phn t v sau hnh thnh cc oxit cn tiu tn mt nng lng kh ln, nn s hnh thnh oxit ion s gp kh khn, nhng nh c nng lng mng li ca cc oxit li rt cao, nn trong thc t c nhiu oxit thun ty ion v rt bn. nhng oxit m nng lng mng li khng ln c th ion ha hon ton nguyn t kim loi, th lin kt trong oxit c mc cng ha tr ng k , v d BeO, B2O3 v.v Ion O2- ch tn ti trong tinh th ca cc oxit ion, nhng khng th tn ti trong dung dch v d dng b thy phn: O2- + H2O 2OHV vy cc oxit ion nh oxit kim loi kim, kim th khi tan trong nc to ra mi trng kim. Ngoi cc oxit k trn, cn c cc Peoxit nh Na2O2, BaO2, SnO2 v cc oxit hn hp nh Pb2O3, Pb3O4, Mn3O4, Fe3O4 Cc peoxit khng phi l cc oxit thc s m l mui ca H2O2, khi cho cc peoxit tc dng vi axit th cng vi mui cn to ra H2O2, nhng nhm - O - O khng bn nn thng thu c O2. V d: 2Na - O - O - Na + 2H2SO4 2Na2SO4 + 2H2O + O2 (Xem thm bi 321, 322). Cc oxit hn hp (i khi cn gi l cc oxit kp) c xem nh l cc mui (Xem bi 408). V d Pb2O3 = PbPbO3 (mui Pb (II) ca H2PbO3), Mn3O4 = Mn2MnO4 (mui Mn (II) ca axit H4MnO4), Fe3O4 = Fe(FeO2)2 (mui Fe (II) ca HFeO2). Trong phn t ca axit loi ny c cc nguyn t ca cng mt nguyn t nhng c mc oxi ha khc nhau. 113.Phn t Ozon khng c cu to vng kn m c cu to dng gc vi gc OOO=116,5 0 (gn vi gc tm ca tam gic u), phn t c cc tnh vi =0,52. Trong phn t O3, nguyn t oxi trung tm trng thi lai ha sp2 (nh cc obitan 2s, 2pX, 2pY). Hai obitan lai ha sp2 ca nguyn t trung tm to thnh hai lin kt vi hai nguyn t oxi cn li. Obitan sp2 th ba cha cp electron t do. Obitan 2pZ ca nguyn t oxi trung tm thng gc vi mt phng phn t to thnh lin kt khng nh v vi cc obitan 2pZ ca hai nguyn t oxi cn li.

b) Nh vy trng thi c th c ca phn t ozon ng vi cu hnh sau: (1k)4 = (1k)2 + ()2 Tm li trong phn t ozon c hai lin kt v mt lin kt khng nh ch. 114.a) Ozon l cht khng bn, d b phn hy do c hot tnh oxi ha cao hn nhiu so vi oxi. Oxi c th tc dng vi nhiu cht, nhng c nhiu trng hp xy ra nhit cao v phi c cht xc tc. Tri li ozon c th oxi ha c nhiu n cht t hot ng nh Ag, Hg ngay nhit thng. b) Ag + O2 Khng 2Ag + O3 Ag2O + O2 Tc dng vi PbS: O2 khng th oxi ha PbS to ra PbSO4, tri li vi O3: PbS + 2O3 PbSO4 + O2 Tc dng vi dung dch KI: So snh th in cc ca O2 v O3 trong mi trng axit v baz: O3 + 2H+ + 2e O2 + H2O E0=+2,07V O3 + H2O + 2e O2 + 2OH- E0=+1,24V O2 + 4H+ + 4e 2H2O E0=+1,23V I2 + 2e 2IE0=+0,54V O2 + 2H2O + 4e 4OHE0=+0,40V Nh vy O2 ch c th oxi ha c I- to ra I2 trong mi trng axit, cn O3 c kh nng oxi ha I- to ra I2 khng nhng trong mi trng axit m c trong mi trng kim: 2KI + O3 + H2O I2 + 2KOH + O2 115. Kh SO2 n NH3 u c tnh kh nn b ozon oxi ha. 116. a) C th nhn ra ozon bng phng php sau: Ozon lm en l bc h nng Giy qu c tm dung dch KI s ha xanh khi tip xc vi O3. C th nhn ra bng dung dch KI t khng mu to ra mu vngnu khi cho O3 i qua dung dch . b) Khi cho O3 tip xc vi giy h tinh bt tm t dung dch KI s to ra I2 l xanh h tinh bt. 117. Dng giy tm dung dch MnCl2, khi c mt ozon, giy ny ha nu, hidro peoxit khng tc dng vi giy . 118. C th iu ch bng phng php phng in m qua kh oxi kh: O2 + hv 2O O + O2 O3 - C th un nng nh amoni pesunfat vi axit Nitric m c 65% 3(NH4)2S2O3 + 3H2O 6NH4HSO4 + O3 - C th cho H2SO4 c tc dng vi BaO2:

3BaO2 + 3H2SO4 3BaSO4 + 3H2O + O3 - C th in phn dung dch H2SO4 50%. 119. Ch c th dng cc Platin hoc vng lm Anot. 120. Phn t H2O c cu to ng vi s lai ha sp3 ca nguyn t oxi. trong phn t H2O, hai obitanlai ha sp3 ca nguyn t oxi xen ph vi obitan 1s ca nguyn t hidro hnh thnh 2 lin kt O - H. 2 obitan lai ha sp3 cn li di dng 2 cp electron t do. Trong phn t H2O, c 8 electron ha tr phn b theo cc obitan phn t ng vi cu hnh sau:
lk s 2 lk 2 px 2 2 pz 2 2 py 2

Trong c 4 electron to ra 2 lin kt v 4 electron khng tham gia lin kt z v y. c im cu trc phn t ca H2O v H2O2 l tnh khng i xng nn c cc tnh ln v do u l nhng dung mi ion ha ht.

0, 99

O
o

. .

H
1,48 A
o

0,95 A

.
950

1050

.H

1200

trng thi hi khng c hin tng trng hp, nhng trng thi lng c hin tng trng hp phn t, gy ra do lin kt hidro, v vy c nhit si kh cao (ca H2O l 1000C, ca H2O2 l 1500C). Do c lin kt hidro nn H2O v H2O2 trn ln vi nhau theo bt k t l no. 121. Xem cu 120. 122. a) Nh c lin kt hidro, cc phn t trng hp vi nhau to ra nhng tp hp phn t ln hn. Do phan t nc c dng (H2O)5 vi cu to t din (4 phn t H2O nm 4 nh, 1 phn t H2O nm tm hnh t din ). Phn t tp hp (H2O)5 c cu to rng. Khi nc nng chy, 1 phn lin kt hidro b t, cu to rng b ph hy, cc phn t H2O gn nhau hn, do c hin tng co th tch. b) Do hin tng co th tch nh th nn khi tng nhit trn 00C, nc chy nng hn nc 00C (Khi lng ring tng). Khi tip tc tng nhit , th tch ca nc tng ln do khong cach ca cc phn t nc tng ln. Nhng ng thi lin kt hidro b t thm nn th tch ca nc gim xung. Trn 40C, qu trnh tng th tch ca nc chim u th, nn khi lng ring ca nc gim. Kt hp c 2 qu trnh tng v gim th tch cho thy ti sao nc c khi lng ring cao nht ~ 40C.

123. a) Pehidrol l dung dch H2O2 30 % bn th trng. b) Qu trnh phn hy 2H2O2 2H2O + O2 c c tnh dy truyn km thun li hn do cc phn t H2O ngn cn s va chm gia cc gc v cc phn t H2O2. Khi chiu sng hoc khi un nng, to iu kin thun li cho qu trnh va chm v lm cho dy truyn phn hy pht trin. Hidro peoxit rt tinh khit bn hn dung dch c ln tp cht cng gii thch tng t nh trn. 124. a) Nhng cht c c tnh axit nh H3PO4, H2SO4 u c kh nng c ch qu trnh phn hy H2O2. H2O2 c ct tr trong cc bnh bng Polietilen hoc bnh trng bng Paraphin. b) Nhng cht c tnh kim; bi; cc kim loi nng v cc ion ca chng; MnO2 thc y nhanh qu trnh phn hy H2O2 125. a) H2O2 l 1 axit rt yu. Trong dung dch nc c cn bng in li axit: H2O2 + H2O H3O+ + HO2Vi hng s cn bng ion ha K= 1,39 . 10-12 (ion HO2-: ion hidropeoxit) b) Bn cht lin kt trong cc hp cht: H2+O22-: lin kt gia H+ v O22- l lin kt cng ha tr. Na2+O22-, Ba2+O22-: lin kt gia ion Na+ hoc Ba2+ vi ion O22- c bn cht ion. F2-O22+: lin kt gia F- v O22+ c bn cht cng ha tr. 126. a) V gc O22- trong H2O2 c kh nng thu thm 2 electron : O22- + 2e 2O2v kh bt 2 electron : O2- - 2e O2 Th in cc ca H2O2 trong mi trng axit H2O2 + 2H+ + 2e 2H2O E0 = + 1,77 V v trong mi trng kim H2O2 + 2e 2OHE0 = + 0,87 V Th hin tnh oxi ha mnh ca H2O2 trong c 2 mi trng, nhng mnh hn l trong mi trng axit. H2O2 cn th hin tnh kh khi tc dng vi cht c tnh oxi ha mnh hn n, vi th in cc: O2 + 2H+ + 2e H2O2 E0 = + 0,68 V. Nh vy H2O2 c tnh oxi ha l ch yu. b) Phn ng phn hy H2O2 th hin ng thi c 2 tnh cht oxi ha v kh: H2O2 + H2O2 2H2O + O2 H = - 23,5 Kcal/ mol 128. a) Ozon c tnh oxi ha mnh hn H2O2:

H2O2 + O3 H2O + 2O2 b) Tc dng vi dung dch KI 2KI + H2O2 + H2SO4 I2 + K2SO4 + 2H2O Trong trng hp cho, xy ra qu trnh kh H2O2: H2O2 + 2e 2OHTc dng vi dung dch KMnO4: 5H2O2 + 2KMnO4 + 3H2SO4 2MnSO4 + K2SO4 + 5O2 + 8H2O Trong trng hp ny xy ra qu trnh oxi ha H2O2: H2O2 - 2e O2 + 2H+ Khi cn bng phng trnh c th t nh sau: 5 O2-2 - 2e = 2O 2 Mn+7 + 5e = Mn+2 Tc dng vi Natri Cromit NaCrO2 trong mi trng kim: 2NaCrO2 + 3H2O2 + 2NaOH 2Na2CrO4 + 4H2O Trong phn ng ny H2O2 l cht oxi ha. 129. 1) MgI2 + H2O2 + H2SO4 MgSO4 + 2H2O + I2 2) Na2O2 + 2KI + 2H2SO4 I2 + Na2SO4 + K2SO4 + 2H2O 3)3H2O2 + K2Cr2O7 + 4H2SO4 Cr2(SO4)3 + K2SO4 + 7H2O + 3O2 4) CaOCl2 + H2O2 CaCl2 + O2+ H2O 5) Na2SeO3 + H2O2 Na2SeO4 + H2O 6) 2CrCl3 + 3H2O2 + 10NaOH 2Na2CrO4 + 6NaCl + 8H2O 7) Na2O2 + 2Fe(OH)2 + 2H2O 2Fe(OH)3 + 2NaOH 8) Hg(NO3)2 + H2O2 + 2NaOH Hg + 2NaNO3 + 2H2O + O2 9) 2Fe + 3H2O2 2Fe(OH)3 10) As2S3 + 14H2O2 + 12NH4OH 2(NH4)3AsO4 + 3(NH4)2SO4 + 20H2O 130. a) c th c cc phng php sau: Dng dung dch H2SO4 t 15 - 18% tc dng vi BaO2: BaO2 + H2SO4 BaSO4 + H2O2 hoc: Na2O2 + H2SO4 Na2SO4 + H2O2 c hai phng php u phi tin hnh nhit thp . Cng c th bng phng php cho mt lung kh CO2 sc mnh vo nc p lnh n 00C, va khuy k va cho tng lng nh BaO2: BaO2 + CO2 + H2O BaCO3 + H2O2 b) C hai phn ng Na2O2 + H2O v BaO2 + H2SO4 u to ra H2O2, nhng khi cho Na2O2 tc dng vi H2O to ra mi trng kim: Na2O2 + 2H2O 2NaOH + H2O2 H2O2 s b phn hy trong mi trng kim to ra O2. c) Khi in phn dung dch H2SO4 50% nhit t 5 - 100C c th xy ra c ch sau: 2HSO4- - 2e S2O32- + 2H+ 2SO42- -2e S2O32Axit Peoxi disunfuric H2S2O8 s tc dng vi H2O H2S2O8 + 2H2O 2H2SO4 + H2O2

131. Di y l mt s cht lm kh vi m d ca kh tnh bng mg trong mt lt kh: CaCl2 H2SO4 95% CaO NaOH KOH MgO Mg(ClO4)2 Silicagen BaO P2O5 0,34 mg/lt kh 0,30 _ 0,25 _ 0,15 _ 0,002 _ 0,08 _ -4 5.10 _ -4 3.10 _ -5 8,5.10 _ -5 1,5.10 _ 5. Lu hunh - Phn nhm Selen 132. Cc nguyn t S, Se v Te c kh nng xut hin mc oxi ha +4 v +6 v nguyn t ca chng tng i d dng chuyn thnh trng thi kch thch:
s s p p d d

Nng lng cn tiu th cho qu trnh kch thch nguyn t c b li bi nng lng thot ra khi to thnh lin kt ha hc. Nng lng lin kt gim dn t S n Te nn bn ca cc hp cht ng vi mc oxi ha cao ca cc nguyn t gim. 133. Mt trong nhng nguyn nhn lm tng nhit nng chy v nhit si t oxi n lu hunh l s tng bn knh nguyn t to iu kin lm tng tng tc khuch tn. Ngoi ra cn ch rng phn t oxi gm hai nguyn t, cn lu hunh trng thi lng hay rn u c s nguyn t ln hn (thng l 8 nguyn t), do i vi lu hunh cn phi cung cp nng lng ln hn oxi, khng nhng thng lc tng tc khuch tn m cn phi thng tng tc gia cc nguyn t trong phn t. 134.b) nht ca S nng chy thay i do cu to mch trng hp ca S thay i.

135.a) in m ca S l 2,5 nn S l mt nguyn t hot ng, nhng iu kin thng li t ra tr v phn t dng trng hp mch khp kn. b) Tnh cht ha hc ch yu ca S l tnh oxi ha, nhng khi tc dng vi cht oxi ha mnh hn s th hin tnh kh. c) Vi P to ra cc polisunfua P4S6, P4S10 2KClO3 + 3S 2KCl + 3SO2 3S + 6NaOH (c nng) 3Na2S + Na2SO3 + 3H2O S + 2H2SO4 (c nng) 3SO2 + 2H2O S + 6HNO3(c) H2SO4 + 6NO2 + 2H2O S + 2HNO3 (long) H2SO4 + 2NO 136.a) C th da vo nhit to thnh ca phn ng tng tc vi H2, hoc c th da vo in m ca cc nguyn t kt lun: F2 + H2 2HF H = - 128 Kcal/mol O2 + 2H2 2H2O H = - 68 Kcal/mol Cl2 + H2 2HCl H = - 44 Kcal/mol S + H2 H2S H = - 4,8 Kcal/mol b) theo nhng iu kin khc nhau, Flo c kh nng phn ng trc tip vi oxi to ra F2O2, F2O3 (khi phng in m qua hn hp F2 v O2); vi Cl2 to ra ClF ( 2500C); vi S to ra SF6. Oxi phn ng trc tip vi lu hunh to ra SO2 (khi t lu hunh); Clo phn ng trc tip vi lu hunh nng chy to ra S2Cl2. 137.b) Tng tc y ca hai ion H+ trong phn t H2O mnh hn trong H2S. (Xem bi tp 169). c) Kh nng to lin kt Hidro ca H2S rt yu so vi H2O, v vy iu kin thng H2S l cht kh. d) H2S c cc tnh b hn H2O nn t tan trong dung mi c cc tnh ln v tan nhiu trong dung mi khng cc hoc c cc tnh b. 138. Phn ng 2H2S + O2 2S + 2H2O gii thch hin tng vn c ca dung dch H2S khi lu trong khng kh, v hin tng H2S khng c kh nng tch t trong kh quyn. 139. H2S l cht kh mnh. Ph thuc vo iu kin phn ng, sn phm ca qu trnh oxi ha H2S c th l S, SO2 hoc H2SO4, thng thng l S. 141.a) Ngoi H2S, lu hunh c kh nng to ra cc hidro polisunfua H2Sn (n = 2 23), gi l cc sunfan. Trong phn t Sunfan c cc gc Sn2- mch ch chi S S , v d:
: : : : : : : : S : : S : : S S : : S
2

2Gc S2

Gc S2 4

Lu hunh to ra vi kim loi nhng hp cht sunfua kimloi nh Na2S, CuS, Al2S3 V cc polisunfua dng M2ISn (n= 1 7) v d: Na2S + (n-1)S Na2Sn Lin kt trong cc sunfua ch yu l lin kt ha tr, cc sunfua kim loi kim, kim th to ra sunfua ion. b) Na2S v cc sunfua kim loi ha tr III d b thy phn. Chng hn qu trnh thy phn ca Al2S3 xy ra nh sau: Al2S3 2Al3+ + 3S2S2- + H2O HS- + OHHS- + H2O H2S + OHAl3+ + H2O Al(OH)2+ + H+ Al(OH)2+ + H2O Al(OH)2+ + H+ Al(OH)2+ + H2O Al(OH)3 + H+ Qu trnh thy phn s c tng cng do tng tc H+ + OH- H2O. Mt khc, qu trnh thy phn cng c y mnh do s hnh thnh Al(OH)3 dng kt ta. Qu trnh cho php kt lun tan ca Al2S3 ln hn tan ca Al(OH) 3. Tri li nng ca cc ion Zn2+ v Zn(OH)+ tn ti trong cn bng vi ZnS khng to thnh kt ta Zn(OH) 2. V vy, trong trng hp ZnS v PbS ch thy phn mt phn rt nh so vi ion sunfua chuyn vo dung dch, v c th ni rng nhng sunfua khi tan thc t khng b thy phn. Nh vy trong cc sunfua nu trn ch c ZnS v PbS c th iu ch c bng phn ng trao i khi cho cc dung dch mui tan ca Zn2+ v Pb2+ tc dng vi dung dch sunfua tan nh Na2S , cn cc sunfua nh Al2S3, Cr2S3, La2S3 khng tn ti trong dung dch nc v b nc phn hy. 143.a) phn t SO2- c dng gc tng t nh O3 vi gc OSO = 1200 di lin kt S - O bng 1,43 . Trong phn t SO2 nguyn t S trng thi lai ha sp2 (lai ha dng mt phng). Hai trong ba obitan lai ha c dng to lin kt vi hai nguyn t oxi, cn li mt obitan lai ha sp2 c cp electron t do. Mt obitan p khng lai ha ca nguyn t S to nn lin kt vi obitan p ca mt nguyn t oxi. l lin kt khng nh ch kiu p - p. Ngoi ra c mt phn lin kt kiu p - d to nn bi obitan p c cp electron t do ca oxi v obitan d cn trng ca lu hunh. Cu trc ca SO2 v SO32- khc nhau, mc d c im tng t. Ion SO32c cu to hnh chp tam gic, nguyn t S nh vi trng thi lai ha sp3:
S O
1, 43
0

S
o

2O

Phn t SO2 (vi trng thi lai ha sp2 ca S)

120

Phn t SO2 . (vi trng thi lai ha sp2 ca S)

Ba obitan lai ha sp3 to ra cc lin kt vi cc nguyn t oxi, cn obitan th t c cp electron t do. V ion SO32- c cp electron "cho" hot ng nn d dng chuyn thnh ion SO3H- v SO42- c cu to t din.

144. Trong dung dch nc ca SO2 c tn ti cn bng: SO2 + xH2O SO2.xH2O H3O+ + HSO3- + (x-2)H2O V trong dung dch c tn ti ion H3O+ v HSO3- nn khi cho thm NaOH hoc H2SO4 cn bng s chuyn dch theo nguyn l Le Chatelier. 145. Mc d trong dung dch khng tn ti dng phn t H2SO3, nhng vn chp nhn mt cch hnh thc axit sunfur vi hng s in li K1= 2.10-2 v K2 = 6.10-8. Nh vy dung dch c tnh axit yu. Kh SO2, dung dch SO2 trong nc, mui sunfit v hidrosunfit u c tnh kh mnh khi tc dng vi cht oxi ha mnh nh HNO3, HClO3, KMnO4, K2Cr2O7, cc halogen to ra ion SO42-. khi tc dng vi cht kh mnh hn, SO2 s th hin tnh oxi ha, v d: SO2 + 2H2S 3S + 2H2O SO2 + 6HI H2S + 3I2 + 2H2O 0 500 C (c xc tc) SO2 + 2CO 2CO2 + S 5000C SO2 + 2H2 S + 2H2O 0 500 C SO2 + 2C 2CO + S 148.a) SO3 c cu trc mt phng, trong nguyn t lu hunh trng thi lai ha sp2, c ba obitan lai ha u tham gia to thnh lin kt vi obitan p ca 3 nguyn t oxi.
O 1200
4A 1,3
o

S
O

Phn t SO2 vi trng thi lai ha sp2 ca nguyn t S

b)Tuy nhin, trng thi sp2 d dng chuyn sang trng thi lai ha sp3 l trng thi c trng ca lu hunh (c hnh t din) do SO3 d dng trng hp thnh polime (SO3)3 mch vng, hoc (SO3)n mch thng. c) Cng do nguyn nhn d hnh thnh nhng phn t c hnh t din nn SO3 d kt hp vi H2O, HF, HCl, NH3 : SO3 + H2O H2[SO4] Phn ng ny xy ra mnh lit. Cc hp cht HF, HCl, NH3 cng phn ng tng t: SO3 + HF H[SO3F] 149.a) Oleum l hn hp c to ra khi cho SO3 tan trong H2SO4 tinh khit. Trong hn hp c cc axit dng polisunfuric H2S n+1O3n+4 ch yu l axit sunfuric H2SO4, axit isunfuric H2S2O7; axit trisunfuric H2S3O10; axit tetrasunfuric H2S4O13;

O
S H O H2SO4 O

S O
H2S2O7

S O

O OH O S O

O S O
H2S3O10

O O OH S O

151. 1) H2SO3 dung dch khng bn (SO2.xH2O) axit sunfur. 2) H2SO4 bn: axit sunfuric, c cu to t din, c di lin kt S - OH l: 1,53 ; S - O l 1,46 . 3) H2Sn+1On+4 bn: axit polisunfuric (Xem bi 149) 4) H2S2O3 t bn: axit tiosunfuric, c cu to:
H O S H O H2S2O3 S H S H2S2O3 O H O S O O

5) H2SO3, H2S2O3 bn: thuc loi axit peoxi - sunfuric, trong phn t c dy oxi.
H O S HO O O O

O S O

O S

Axit peoxi mono sulfuric

Axit peoxi disulfuric

6) H2S2O4 km bn, trong phn t c day lu hunh, d b phn hy: 2H2S2O4 S + 3SO2 + 2H2O c cu to dng

HO
H

OH

O O

:
S

:
S O

, Axit ditiono

7) H2S2O6 ch tn ti trong dung dch long, c cng thc cu to:

O H O S O S O H

O O Axit ditionic

Khi un nng dung dch, n d b phn hy theo phng trnh: H2S2O6 H2SO4 + SO2 8) H2SnO6 (n=3 6), ch tn ti trong dung dch long, d b phn hy theo phng trnh: H2SnO6 H2SO4 + SO2 + (n-2)S Trong phn t c mch S S dng ch chi, ng vi cng thc cu to:
O HO S (S) n-2 O S HO

O O Axit poli tionic

V d: H2S3O6 (axit tritionic) H2S4O6 (axit tetrationic) 152.b) s ln axit c quyt nh bi s nhm -OH lin kt vi nguyn t trung tm trong phn t H2SO3 ch c mt nhm OH lin kt trc tip vi nguyn t lu hunh. Hng s in li i vi ion H+ trong nhm HO-O l rt b. V vy axit H2SO3 l axit mt ln axit. 155.1) Khi nung FeSO4.7H2O trc ht c qu trnh mt nc kt tinh, sau n qu trnh phn hy mui v tch SO3: 2FeSO4 700 Fe2O3 + SO3 + SO2 Trong khng kh, qu trnh c tng cng do oxi tham gia chuyn FeO thnh Fe2O3. 2) Khi nung (NH4)2SO4, FeSO4.6H2O c qu trnh nhit phn (NH4)2SO4: (NH4)2SO4 2NH3 + H2SO4 2FeSO4 + 2H2SO4 Fe2(SO4)3 + 2H2O + SO2 3) C qu trnh ln hoa ngay nhit thng ca Na2SO4.10H2O (hoc khi un nng nh). Na2SO4 khng b phn hy.
0

4) Khi nung nng, KHSO4 ha tan c Al2O3 tinh th (cc axit khng lm tan c loi oxit ny), chuyn Al2O3 thnh dng mui tan 2KHSO4 K2S2O7 + H2O Al2O3 + 3K2S2O7 Al2(SO4)3 + 3K2SO4 157.a) So snh tch s ca BaSO4 vi BaSO3 v CaSO4. Nng ion Ba2+ trong cn bng vi kt ta BaSO3 ln hn so vi nng ca ion trong cn bng vi kt t BaSO4; do t BaSO3 c th bng phn ng trao i chuyn thnh BaSO4. Cng l lun nh trn vi trng hp CaSO4. b) Khi nung hn hp CaSO4 vi than nhit cao: CaSO4 + 4C CaS + 4CO T CaS d dng thu c H2S 158.a) Ion Fe2+ s b oxi ha bi S2O32- to ra Fe2(SO4)3. b) Nung ZnSO4 thu c ZnO, SO3, SO2,O2. Da vo nhit si ca cc kh SO3, SO2 v O2 trong hn hp tch SO2 tinh khit. (Nhit si ca SO3 l 44,80C, ca SO2 l -100C, ca O2 l -1830C). 159. Trong qu trnh nung to ra mui Fe2(SO4)3 thnh pha trong ca chn st, do tc dng ca Fe2O3 vi H2S2O7. 160.a) Tr H2SO4, cc axit khc khng nh hng n cn bng: BaSO4 Ba2+ + SO42V Anion SO42- khng lin kt vi ion H+. Trong dung dch long H2SO4, tan ca BaSO4 gim, do khi c mt H2SO4 lm cho cn bng tan chuyn sang tri. Trng hp BaSO3 th ngc li. C cc qu trnh sau: BaSO3 Ba2+ + SO32Khi thm axit SO3 + H+ HSO3V tip tc: HSO3- + H3O+ + (x-2)H2O SO2.xH2O Do BaSO3 tan trong axit. b) CaSO4 c kh nng tan c trong H2SO4 c. Trong trng hp xy ra qu trnh sau: CaSO4 Ca2+ + SO42- (Tt = 2,5.10-5) H2SO4 + SO42- 2HSO4Do lm tng qu trnh tan ca CaSO4 CaSO4 + H2SO4 Ca(HSO4)2 c) Da vo tan khc nhau ca hai cht . 161. 1) 4Zn + 5H2SO4 (c) 4ZnSO4 + H2S + 4H2O 2) Hg + 2H2SO4 (c) HgSO4 + SO2 + 2H2O 3) 8Zn + 5H2S2O7 8ZnSO4 + 2H2S + 3H2O 4) 4Cl2 + Na2S2O3 + 5H2O 2NaHSO4 + 8HCl

5) I2 + 2Na2S2O3 Na2S4O6 + 2NaI 6)8Al +3Na2S2O3 +30HCl8AlCl3 + 6H2S +6NaCl +9H2O 162. 1) 5(NH4)2S2O3 + 2MnSO4 + 8H2O 2HMnO4 + 10NH4HSO4 + 2H2SO4 2) K2S2O4 + K2Cr2O7 + 3H2SO4 2K2SO4 + Cr2(SO4)3 + 3H2O 3) K2S3O6 + 4O3 + 2H2O 2KHSO4 + H2SO4 + 4O2 4) 5Na2S4O6 +14KMnO4 +6H2SO45Na2SO4 +7K2SO4 +14MnSO4 +6H2O 5) Na2S5O6 + 10O3 + 4H2O 2NaHSO4 + 3H2SO4 + 10O2 6) 3(NH4)2S3O6+K2Cr2O7+H2SO43S+3(NH4)2SO4+K2SO4+ Cr(SO4)3+ H2O 165. Xem bi 151. 166.b) Cc tionyl halogenua SOX2 (X= F, Cl, Br) c cu to t din, nguyn t S nh c trng thi lai ha sp3. 3 obitan lai ha sp3 to thnh lin kt vi obitan p ca nguyn t oxi v hai nguyn t halogen. Obitan lai ha sp3 cn li c cp electron t do. Cc sunfuryl halogenua SO2X2 (X= F, Cl) c cu to t din vi cc obitan lai ha sp3. Hp cht ny coi nh l sn phm th cc nhm OH trong phn t H2SO4 bng cc nguyn t halogen. O S

Cl

Cl

Cl

Phn t tionyl clorua

Cl Phn t sunfuryl clorua

167.a) Thy phn sunfuryl clorua to ra H2SO4 v HCl SO2Cl2 + 2H2O H2SO4 + 2HCl Kt qu c kt ta trng BaSO4. b) KMnO4 s oxi ha HCl c to ra do qu trnh thy phn SO2Cl2: 2KMnO4 + 5SO2Cl2 + 2H2O K2SO4 + 2MnSO4 + 5Cl2 + 2H2SO4 168. iu kin thng, phn t ca S, Se, Te tn ti dng a phn t: S8, Sn; Se8, Sen; Ten nhit cao, phn t ca chng (dng hi) gm hai nguyn t. bn ca nhng phn t gim dn t lu hunh n Telu. Nng lng lin kt ca chng nh sau: O2 S2 Se2 Te2 Nng lng lin kt(Kcal/mol) 118 77 64 54

169. Gc ha tr ca HXH: H2O H2S H2Se H2Te 0 0 0 HXH 104,5 92,2 91 900 Gc ha tr gim do gim kh nng lai ha sp2 t O n Te. (C th gii thch nh bi 137). T H2O n H2Po bn gim do di lin kt tng v nng lng lin kt gim. H2O v H2S u bn, l hp cht pht nhit; H2Se phn hy khi nung nng, l hp cht thu nhit, H2Te phn hy nhit thng; H2Po rt khng bn. di lin kt X - H ( ) Nng lng lin kt X - H (Kcal/mol) Nhit to thnh H (Kcal/mol) H2O 0,96 111 - 68 H2S 1,33 90 - 4,8 H2Se 1,46 66 + 18,5 H2Te 1,70 57 +34

170.a) Nhit si gim t H2O n H2S, sau li tng ln t H2S n H2Te (Xem bi 53) b) Tnh axit tng t H2O n H2Te vi hng s phn li K1 trong dung dch nc: H2O H2S H2Se H2Te -14 -7 -14 K1 = 1,8.10 1.10 1.10 2.10-3 axit tng, do bn lin kt gim v phn cc tng. c) Tnh kh tng t H2O n H2Se, H2Se v H2Te c th kh c H2O to ra H2 nhng do hin tng qu th ca hidro nn chng c kh nng tn ti trong dung dch. (H2Se v H2Te tan nhiu trong noc). 171. Tnh axit yu dn t SeO2 - TeO2 - PoO2: SeO2 tan trong nc: SeO2 + H2O SeH2O3 TeO2 tan trong kim, trong axit: TeO2 + 2KOH K2TeO3 + H2O TeO2 + 4HCl TeCl4 + 2H2O PoO2 + 2H2SO4 Po(SO4)2 + 2H2O 172.a) Trong dy H2SO3 - H2SeO3 - H2TeO3, tnh axit gim: H2SO3 H2SeO3 H2TeO3 -2 -3 Hng s in li K1 2.10 2.10 2.10-3 Hng s in li K2 6.10-8 5.10-9 1.a0-8 Tnh oxi ha kh thay i theo th in cc sau: H2SO3 + 4H+ + 4e S + 3H2O E0 = + 0,45V H2SeO3 + 4H+ + 4e Se + 3H2O E0 = + 0,74V b) Tnh oxi ha ca H2SeO4 v H2SO4 thay i theo th in cc sau: 2SO4 + 4H+ + 2e SO2 + 2H2O E0 = + 0,17V SeO42- + 4H+ + 2e H2SeO3 + H2O E0 = + 1,15V c) Lu hunh v Selen khng to ra axit tng t vi axit H6TeO6 v bnknh ca nguyn t S v Se b hn bn knh ca Te (Xem bi 97). 173.

1) 3H2SeO3 + HClO 3H2SeO4 + HCl 2) H2SeO4 + 2HCl H2SeO3 + Cl2 + H2O 3) H2SeO3 + 2KMnO4 +4KOH K2SeO4 + 2K2MnO4 + 3H2O 4) Na2SeO3 + 2SO2 + H2O Na2SO4 + Se + H2SO4 5) Na2SeO3 + Cl2 + H2O 2NaCl + H2SeO4 6) Ag2SeO3 + Br2 + H2O 2AgBr + H2SeO4 174. 1) 3Se + 4HNO3 + H2O 3H2SeO3 + 4NO 2) 3Te + 4HNO3 + H2O 3H2TeO3 + 4NO 3) SeO2 + 4Na2S2O3 + 2H2O 2Na2S4O6 + Se 4NaOH 4) SeO32- + 4I- + 3H2O Se + 2I2 + 6OH5) 2SOCl2 + 3Fe 2FeCl2 + FeS + SO2

6. Nito - Phot pho (N - P) 176.a) Cu hnh electron ca phn t N2 c dng: ( 2s )2 ( 2s )2 ( 2 px )2 ( 2 py )2 ( 2 pz )2

lk * lk lk lk

b) Trong phn t N2 c mt lin kt v hai lin kt nn phn t rt bn

:N N:

Nng lng lin kt ba trong phn t N2 l 225,8 Kcal/mol nn iu kin thng Nit l cht tr. 30000C, ch mi c 0,1% s phn t phn li thnh nguyn t. 177.Ty theo iu kin phn ng, nit c th to ra nhng hp cht vi kim loi hoc khng kim loi bng phn ng trc tip hoc gin tip. Vi cc nguyn t khng kim loi (oxi, cacbon, hidro), to ra hp cht cha nit dng kh. Vi kim loi to ra nitrua v azotua . Azotua l hp cht mui, ch yu iu ch c do phn ng trao i gia mui ca kim loi tng ng vi vi axit hidrazonic HN3. Cc nitrua c to ra khi cho kim loi tc dng vi nit hoc NH3; hidrua kim loi vi nit ; oxit kim loi vi amoniac; khi kh oxit kim loi bng than trong kh quyn nit. Da vo bn cht lin kt, cc nitrua c th chia lm ba loi: 1) nitrua ion ; 2) nitrua cng ha tr v 3) nitrua tng t kim loi. Nitrua ion gm nhng nitrua ca nhng kim loi c in m thp, nguyn t c lp v electron s (kim loi kim, kim th, cc kim loi phn nhm ng, km ). Nitrua cng ha tr c to ra vi cc nguyn t c v electron p (bo, nhm, silic, gali, gecmani v.v). Nitrua tng t kim loi to ra bi cc kim loi chuyn tip c lp v d hoc f. Nitrua ion v nitrua cng ha tr c thnh phn phn t ng vi ha tr ca kim loi (Li3N, Cr3N2) cn loi nitrua th ba c thnh phn phc tp, khng ng vi ha tr (Cr2N, Mn3N2).

178.a) C th iu ch theo nhng phng php sau: - Nhit phn dung dch bo ha mui amoni nitrit. NH4NO2 N2 + 2H2O - Nhit phn dung dch bo ha hn hp NaNO2 v NH4Cl. NaNO2 + NH4Cl NaCl + NH4NO2 - Nung nng hn hp gm KNO3 vi bt st kh: 6KNO3 + 10Fe 3K2O + 5Fe2O3 + 3N2 - Cho kh NH3 qua CuO un nng: 2NH3 + 3CuO 3Cu + N2 + 3H2O Hn hp kh NH3 d v N2 cho qua dung dch H2SO4 long. - Cho tng git dung dch nc brom tc dng vi dung dch amoniac: 2NH3 + 3Br2 N2 + 6HBr Hidro bromua tc dng vi lng d NH3 to ra NH4Br dng khi, cho nc hp th. 179.a) Dng pht pho trng hp th oxi, cn li Nit. 181.a) Nu cho rng phn t NH3 hnh thnh cc lin kt cng ha tr do ba electron p ca nguyn t N vi electron s ca nguyn t hidro th gc ha tr NHN phi bng 900. Tuy nhin gc ha tr NHN li l 1070 ng vi cu hnh sau y: ( s )2 ( px )2 ( py )2 ( pz )2
lk lk lk

Trong phn t c m my hai electron khng lin kt. b) Do c hai electron cn t do nn phn t NH3 d biu l kh nng "cho" cp electron . V vy phn t NH3 c cc tnh ln (=1,48D) v d tham gia phn ng cng; v phn t c cc nn tan nhiu trong dung mi c cc ; nhit nng chy v nhit si cao hn PH3. 184. a) Do c cp electron t do cha tham gia lin kt . b) Kh nng tng dn t HF, H2O, NH3, v s cp electron t do gim dn nn lm tng i lc vi proton. Chng hn i lc vi proton ca NH3 l 9,3eV ln hn H2O l 7,9eV, nn trong dung dch nc, NH3 s chim proton ca phn t nc v do gy ra tnh cht baz ca dung dch. c) Nguyn t cacbon trong phn t CH4 cng trng thi lai ha sp3, nhng c 4 obitan sp3 u s dng lin kt vi 4 nguyn t hidro, trong phn t CH4 khng cn c cp electron t do nh trong phn t NH3, v vy phn t CH4 khng th hin tnh cht "cho", nhng cng khng cn obitan trng nn khng c kh nng "nhn". 185.b) Phn ng N2 + 3H2 2NH3 c H0 = -22 Kcal v S0 = - 45,9 cal/. T phng trnh G = H - TS ta thy T cng b th G cng m, nn lng NH3 cng ln nhng tc phn ng cng thp, do cn c xuc tc tng tc phn ng. 186. 1) 8NH3 + CaCl2 CaCl2.8NH3
t

2) 4NH3 + 3O2 2N2 + 6HNO 8000C 4NH3 + 3O2 4NO + 6H2O 3) 2NH3 + 3Cl2 N2 + 6HCl 4) NH3 + KBrO N2H4 + KBr + H2O 187.a) Ion NH4+ c bn knh gn tng ng vi bn knh cc ion kim loi kim ( r NH = 1,43 ; r K = 1,33 ; r Rb = 1,49 ); mt khc, NH4+ c i lc electron b tng t cc ion kim loi kim, do cc mui amoni c nhng tnh cht ging mui kim loi kim; cc mui amoni thy phn trong dung dch cho mi trng axit cn ion kim loi kim khng b thy phn. b) in phn dung dch mui amoni trong NH3 lng nhit thp vi m cc bng thy ngn thu c hn hng NH4 - Hg. Lin kt gia NH3 v H+ l lin kt cho nhn . Trong Ion NH4+, lp v electron ngoi cng ca nguyn t nit bo ha, do mc d c kh nng kt hp thm electron: NH4+ + 1e NH4 nhng rt yu v vy phn t NH4 d b phn hy thnh NH3v H2.
+ 4 + +

189. Phn t cc cht NH3, N2H4, NH2OH u c cc cp electron t do nguyn t nit:

H :N H H : : H H N N H H H : N H : O : H

V vy chng u c nhng tnh cht tng t nhau. V d, NH3 v N2H4 u l nhng cht c cc tnh ln; th lng u c kh nng trng hp nh lin kt hidro; trong dung dch c ba cht u c tnh baz yu: NH3 + H2O NH4+ + OHK= 1,85.10-5 N2H4 + H2O N2H5+ + OHK1= 8,5.10-7 N2H5+ + H2O N2H62+ + OHK2= 8,9.10-16 NH2OH + H2O NH3OH+ + OH- K= 2.10-8 Chng u c kh nng to cc mui tng t nhau. cc mui u thy phn cho mi trng axit; v d: NH4Cl, N2H5Cl (N2H4.HCl), (NH3OH)Cl hoc NH2OH.HCl; c ba u c tnh kh mnh, ring N2H4 v NH3OH li cn c tnh oxi ha. 190. 1) N2H4 + 2HgCl2 N2 + 2Hg +4HCl 2) N2H4 + HNO2 HN3 + 2H2O 3) 3N2H4 + 2K2Cr2O7 + 8H2SO4 2Cr2(SO4)3 + 3N2 + 2K2SO4 + 14H2O 4) N2H4.H2SO4 + 4CuSO4 + 10NaCl N2 + 4CuCl + 5Na2SO4 + 6HCl 5) N2H4.HCl + SnCl2 + 3HCl 2NH4Cl + SnCl4

191. 1) 4NH2OH + SeO2 Se + 2N2 + 6H2O 2) 5(NH3OH)2SO4 + 2KMnO45N2 +2MnSO4 + K2SO4+2H2SO4+18H2O 3) 2NH2OH + I2 + 2KOH N2 + 2KI + 4H2O 4) NH2OH.HCl + 3H2O2 HCl + HNO3 + 4H2O 5) 3N2H4.HCl +2K2Cr2O7 +13HCl3N2 +4CrCl3 +14H2O +4KCl Cc phng trnh trn c th da vo s oxi ha trung bnh ca N trong cc hp cht cn bng. V d: phng trnh (5): 3 2N-2 - 4e N0 2 2Cr+6 + 6e 2Cr+3 192. 1) N2H4.H2SO4 + 2I2 + 6KOH N2 + K2SO4 + 4KI + 6H2O 2) 3N2H4.H2SO4 + 2KIO3 + 6KOH 3N2 + 2KI + 3K2SO4 + 12H2O 3) 3Na2H4 + 2NaBrO3 3N2 + 2NaBr + 6H2O 4) N2H4.H2SO4 + 2CaOCl 2 N2 + 2CaCl2 + H2SO4 + 2H2O 193. 1) 2NH2OH + 4FeSO4 +3H2SO42Fe2(SO4)3 + (NH4)2SO4 + 2H2O 2) 2NH2OH + 4CuO N2O + 2Cu2O + 3H2O 3) N2H4 + 4AgNO3 4Ag + N2 + 4HNO3 4) N2H4 + 2NaBrO N2 + 2NaBr + 2H2O 194. Dung dch hidrazin c tnh kim, selen c kh nng tan trong dung dch kim to ra cc mui hidrazin: 4N2H4.H2O + 4Se 3N2H4.H2Se + N2H4.H2SeO4 195.a) Cu to ca axit hidrazoic:
: N H : N N

Ion azotua N3- (hay N+5N2-3) do c N+5 nn c tnh oxi ha, v c N-3 nn c tnh kh. Tnh cht ca HN3 tng t HNO3.Axit HN3 l mt axit yu(K = 1,8.10-5) b) Phn ng phn hy HN3 l phn ng pht nhit mnh: 2HN3 3N2 + H2 H = - 70,8 Kcal/mol Do phn t HNO3 khng bn v khng th to ra t N2 v H2. Tnh gy n ca cc azotua kim loi cng lin quan n tnh pht nhit ln khi chng b phn hy. 200.c) Cho hn hp hai kh N2O v NO qua dung dch FeSO4, dung dch ny hp th NO to ra [Fe(NO)SO4] khi b un nng, kh NO li thot ra: FeSO4 + NO Fe(NO)SO4 201.b) cu hnh electron ca NO, NO+, NO-:

Vi NO: ( 2s )2 ( 2s )2 ( 2 p )2 ( 2 p )2 ( 2 p )2 ( 2 p )1
lk *

lk

lk

lk

Vi NO+: ( 2s )2 ( 2s )2 ( 2 p )2 ( 2 p )2 ( 2 p )2
lk *

lk

lk

lk

Vi NO-: ( 2s )2 ( 2s )2 ( 2 p )2 ( 2 p )2 ( 2 p )2 ( 2 p )2
lk *

lk

lk

lk

Trong phn t NO c mt electron c thn, trong ion NO- c hai electron c thn. (Xem thm bi 176) (Cch xy dng gin cc mc nng lng xem bi 101). 202.a) Cng thc cu to:
:N N: :N ... O: :N O: :N O:

(N2) (NO) (NO+) (NO-) b) Ion NO+ c trong cc hp cht nh NOClO4 (nitrozyl peclorat) (NO)2FeO4 (nitrozyl selenat). c) Ion NO+ (nitrozoni) bn hn phn t NO v c t hn phn t NO mt electron. 204.b) Nhn ra kh NO bng phn ng to ra kh NO2 mu nu hoc phn ng vi dung dch FeSO4 to ra dung dch mu nu thm Fe(NO)SO 4. 205. Trong phn t NO2, nguyn t nit trng thi lai ha sp2. mt electron cha ghp i chim mt obitan lai ha sp2, cn hai obitan lai ha sp2 khc to thnh hai lin kt gia N v O. Do c mt electron cha ghp i nn NO2 c kh nng trng hp to ra phn t N2O4. Cng v NO2 c s l electron nn NO2 c mu. (Xem thm bi 113). SO2 khng c kh nng v phn t SO2 khng c electron c thn (Xem bi 143). 207.a) T - 200C n - 11,20C (Tnc) 100% N2O4 T - 11,20C n 21,50C (Tsi) c 0,01% 0,1%NO2 T 21,50C n 1000C: c 0,1% 90% NO2 n 1000C: 100% NO2 Trn 1000C: NO2 bt u phn hy cho NO v O2 n 6000C: NO2 phn hy hon ton. b) chng minh s bin i gia NO2v N2O4 c th cho ngm vo hn hp sinh hn di - 100C, sau tng nhit n khong 1000C. 208.b) Nng lng ion ha ca NO2 (NO2 - 1e NO2+) l 9,8eV; i lc electron ca NO2 (NO2 + 1e NO2-) l 1,62eV, do xy ra phn ng t oxi ha kh trong dung dch nc hoc trong dung dch kim to ra ion nitrit NO2- v nitrat NO3- : NO2 + NO2 + H2O H(ONO2)- + H(ONO)-

NO2 + CO CO2 + CO NO2 + SO2 SO3 + NO 2NO2 + O3 N2O5 + O2 2NO2 + H2O2 2HNO3 c) NO2 + 2FeSO4 + H2SO4 Fe2(SO4)3 + NO + H2O (Xem bi 200), bn cht hai phn ng hon ton khc nhau. 209.b) 210. Qu trnh tng tc N2O3v NO2 vi H2O u c to ra HNO2; HNO2 khng bn, d dng chuyn thnh HNO3 khi un nng. 212. Da vo quay tc: Nu th in cc bn phi ca tiu phn ln hn th bn tri th tiu phn gia s t oxi ha - kh. Nh vy trong mi trng axit, HNO2 s t phn hy theo phn ng: 3HNO2 HNO3 + 2NO + H2O v ion NO2- s bn trong mi trng kim, ngha l khng th t oxi ha kh theo phn ng: 3NO2- + H2O NO3- + 2NO- + 2OH213. Khi tc dng vi cht kh, bn thn NO2- bin thnh NO; khi th hin tnh cht kh (tc dng vi cht oxi ha mnh hn) s chuyn thnh NO3-. 215. Xem bi 55 v 65. 216.a) Sn phm ca phn ng ph thuc vo bn cht ca kim loi, v nng ca axit v nhit . phn ng to ra mui ng vi mc oxi ha cao ca kim loi, v sn phm ca qu trnh kh HNO3 c th l N2O, NO, NO2, N2, NH2OH, NH3, ty thuc vo iu kin phn ng.Vi cc nguyn t khng kim loi thng to ra axit ng vi mc oxi ha cao nht ca nguyn t . b) C th cho rng sn phm to thnh ch yu l NO2, nhng v khng bn, b phn hy to ra NO v NO2. NO2 tc dng vi H2O theo phn ng thun nghch: 3NO2 + H2O 2HNO3 + NO Axit HNO3 cng c cn bng cng c chuyn v pha to ra NO2, do khi tc dng vi HNO3 c thng to ra NO2. Vi kim loi nh Fe, Co, Ni tc dng vi HNO3 rt long c th to ra sn phm chnh l N2; vi axit HNO3 long th cc kim loi hot ng hn nh Mg, Zn s kh n amoniac. 217. 4Zn 4Sn 5Co 3As + + + + 10HNO3 (long) NH4NO3 + 4Zn(NO3)2 + 3H2O 10HNO3 (long) N2O + 4Sn(NO3)2 + 5H2O 12HNO3 (long) N2 + 5Co(NO3)2 + 6H2O 5HNO3 (long) + 2H2O 3H3AsO4 + 5NO

218. Khi gii thch s khc nhau v bn nht ca cc mui c th da v tc dng phn cc ca cc ion kim loi gii thch. V d ion Ag+ c lp v ngoi

cng l 18e, c tc dng phn cc ln hn ion Na c lp v 8e. Do trong tinh th AgNO3, ion NO3 d b bin dng hn so vi ion NO3 trong tinh th NaNO3, do tc dung phn cc c ion Ag+ ln hn ion Na-; v vy HNO3 v cc mui nitrat kim loi nng b phn hy nhit thp hn. 219.HNO3 c u c kh nng oxi ha HX (X l cc halogen ) u c phn ng tng t nh nc cng thy, nhng t NOCl - NOBr - NOI bn ca hp cht NOX gim xung, NOI khng iu ch c. c) Pt, Au tan c trong nc cng thy v qu trnh c to ra Clo hot ng v to nn phc cht ca cc kim loi . 221. Da vo tan khc nhau ca NaCl v KNO3 nhng nhit khc nhau. 222.b) V kch thc phn t ca photpho trng b hn photpho (Xem bi 133). c) S hnh thnh cht rn v nh hnh ph thuc vo kch thc phn t ca cht . Vi cht c phn t lng thp th trng thi v nh hnh khng phi l trng thi c trng, phn t ca cc cht loi ny c di ng ln v khi lm lnh d thay i nh hng ca n so vi cc phn t ln cn, Nn d dng sp xp thnh mng phn t; vi cht c phn t lng cao th di ng ca phn t b hn. Mt khc cn ch rng khi kt tinh cc cht phi thay i dng ca phn t. T cc l do trn, nhng cht c phn t lng cao bt k gm nhng phn t c di khc nhau rt kh kt tinh thnh tinh th. Photpho c cu trc cao phn t nn khi lm lnh khng th chuyn thnh dng tinh th m dng v nh hnh. 223.a) Kch thc ca phn t N2 b hn photpho, hn na phn t ca photpho gm mt s ln nguyn t, do nng lng tng tc gia cc phn t nit b hn photpho. b) Lin kt P - P trong phn t P4 km bn hn so vi lin kt N-N trong phn t N2. Hn na nguyn t P c obitan 3d nn electron d b kch ng t 3s2p3 ln 3d to ra 5 electron khng ghp i, hnh thnh 5 electron cng ha tr. 225.c) Photpho trng c kh nng phn ng vi mui ca cc kim loi nh ng, ch, bc, vng ; v vy kh photpho d ngi ta thng ngm cc dng c ng photpho trng trong dung dch CuSO4 theo phn ng: 5CuSO4 + 2P + 8H2O 2H3PO4 + 5H2SO4 + 5Cu 227. Qua trnh thy phn to ra axit cha oxi ca photpho v HCl; (H3PO3 v H3PO4 tng ng). Khng th vit phng trnh thy phn dng ion v PCl 3, PCl5 khng phi l cht in li. 228.a) Photpho to ra cc hp cht PH3, P2H4, P3H4; chng c iu ch bng phng php thy phn photphua kim loi, chng hn nh Ca3P2:

Ca3P2 + 6H2O 3Ca(OH)2 + 2PH3 P2H4 v P3H4 to ra ng thi vi PH3. b) Mc d PH3 c dng tng t NH3 nhng c nhiu tnh cht khc bit vi amoniac nh dung dch PH3 c mi trng trung tnh, PH3 c tnh kh mnh hn NH3 v.v c) Phn t NH3 c dng hnh chp, cc m my electron ca P dng lai 3 ha sp , tuy nhin do cc m my electron ca P c kch thc ln, nn trng thi lai ha sp3 th hin kh yu so vi nit trong NH3. Chnh v vy gc ha tr gn vi 900 (HPH = 93,50) do PH3 c cc tnh b, nn t tan trong nc. Mt trong bn obitan lai ha sp3 c hai electron t do, c dng gn vi hnh cu. Do lai ha yu nn kh nng nhng cp electron ca PH3 yu hn nhiu so vi NH3. V vy PH3 khng tng tc vi H2O nh NH3. 229. 2) Ca3P2 + 8HClO 2H3PO4 + 3CaCl2 + 2HCl 3) 2P + 3Ba(OH)2 + 6H2O 3Ba(H2PO3)2 + 2PH3 4) 5PH3 + 8KMnO4 + 12H2SO4 5H3PO4 + 8MnSO4 + 4K2SO4 + 12H2O 5) PH3 + HClO4 PH4ClO4 7) PH4I + KOH PH3 + KI + H2O 231. Ngi ta bit 11 axit cha oxi ca photpho gm 4 axit photphor, 5 axit photphoric v 2 axit pephotphoric. 1) H3PO2 axit hipophotphor H2PO(OH) (Cng thc cu to vit di dng n gin) c ngha l
HO H H P O

2) HPO2 axit metaphotphor (OH)PO 3) H4P2O5 axit diphotphor (HO)2P - O - P(OH)2 4) H3PO3 axit photphor (HO)3P 5) H4P2O6 axit hipophotphoric (HO)2PO - PO(OH)2 6) HPO3 axit metaphotphoric (HO)PO2 7) H4P2O7 axit diphotphoric (HO)2PO - O - PO(OH)2 8) H5P3O10 axit triphotphoric (HO)2PO - O - PO - O - PO(OH)2 OH 9) H3PO4 axit octophotphoric (HO)3PO 10) H3PO5 axit monopephotphoric (HO) - O - PO(OH) 2 11) H4P2O8 axit dipephotphoric (HO)2PO - O - O - PO(OH)2 . Trong H3PO2, H3PO3, H3PO4 l quan trng. Axit hipophotphor l axit mnh, mt ln axit, c tnh kh mnh, axit photphor l axit trung bnh, hai ln axit c tnh kh mnh; axit photphoric l axit trung bnh, ba ln axit, khng c tnh oxi ha. (Da vo bng hng s in li so snh tnh axit).

233. Trong mi trng axit mnh lm gim in li ca H3PO4 do khng t n tch s tan ca Ag3PO4 ngay c khi nng ca ion Ag + trong dung dch kh ln. Mt khc, v nguyn tc cc mui axit d tan hn so vi mui trung tnh, do khng c kt ta tch ra. 235. Kt qu u thu c mui trung tnh v c tan km hn cc mui axit. 236. Khi Ba3(PO4)2 tan trong axit c cc qu trnh sau: Ba3(PO4)2 3Ba2+ + 2PO43PO43- + H+ HPO42Nh vy qu trnh tan xy ra do to ra axit H3PO4, HPO42-, H2PO4- l cht in li km. Cc cn bng khng xy ra i vi BaSO4. 237. t0 1) 4H3PO3 PH3 + 3H3PO4 3) H3PO3 + 2AgNO3 + H2O 2Ag + H3PO4 + 2HNO3 7 Phn nhm Asen 238. 3As + 5HNO3 + 2H2O 3H3AsO4 + 5NO 3Sb + 5HNO3 3HSbO3 + 5HNO + H2O Bi + 4HNO3 Bi(NO3)3 + NO + 2H2O 239. Xem bi 53. 241.b) AsH3 + KIO3 H3AsO3 + KI AsH3 + 6AgNO3 + 3H2O 6Ag + 6HNO3 + H3AsO3

242. Gc ha tr HXH gim dn l do gim kh nng lai ha sp3 ca cc nguyn t t N n Bi. cng do nguyn nhn , kh nng nhng cp electron ca cc hirua yu dn v v vy kh nng kt hp H+ gim. NH3 ch to ta NH4+; PH3 ch kt hp vi axit mnh; AsH3 rt kh; SbH3 khng c kh nng. 245. 3As + 5HNO3 + 2H2O 3H3AsO4 + 5NO Phn ng ha tan As trong nc cng thy v trong HNO3 to ra sn phm nh nhau. Vai tr ca HCl trong nc cng thy l to ra hp cht trung gian NOCl, bn thn cht to iu kin thun li cho qu trnh oxi ha. Hp cht khng nh hng n sn phm ca phn ng. 246. 1) 2As + 3H2SO4 (c) 2H3AsO3 + 3SO2 2) 2Bi + 6H2SO4 9c) Bi2(SO4)3 + 3SO2 + 6H2O 3) 2As + 5NaClO + 3H2O 2H3AsO4 + 5NaCl 4) As2O3 + 2HClO + 3H2O 2H3AsO4 + 2HCl

5) 5AsH3 + 8KMnO4 + 12H2SO4 5H3AsO4 + 8MnSO4 + 4K2SO4 +12H2O 247. 1) 2AsCl3 + 3SnCl2 3SnCl4 + 2As 2) As2S3 + 7O2 + 6H2O 2H3AsO4 + 3H2SO4 3) 3As2S3 + 28HNO3 + 4H2O 6H3AsO4 + 9H2SO4 + 28NO 4)As2S3 + 14H2O2 + 12NH4OH 3(NH4)2SO4 + 2(NH4)3AsO4 + 20H2O 248. 1) 6As + 5Cr2O72- +22H+ 6AsO43- + 10Cr3+ + 11H2O 2) AsO2- + I2 + 2CO32- + 2H2O H2AsO4- + 2I- + 2CO2 + 2OH3) SbO2- + 2Ag+ + 4OH- SbO43- + 2Ag + 2H2O 4) 5H3SbO3 + 2MNO4- + 6H+ 5H3SbO4 + 2Mn2+ + 3H2O 5) 2Bi2+ + 3SnO22- + 6OH- 2Bi + 3SnO32- + 3H2O 8. Cacbon _ Silic (C - Si) 249.b) Da vo kh nng tch electron ha tr ca cc nguyn t chng minh. 250.a) Mt trong nhng nguyn nhn c bn gy ra kh nng to mch ca cacbon l bn ca lin kt C - C (83 Kcal/ngt gam), do s electron ha tr ca cacbon bng s obitan ha tr. 251.a) ng v 14C c hnh thnh trong kh quyn ca tri t di tc dng ca tia v tr theo phn ng ht nhn sau:
14 N + 1 n = 14 C + 1 H 7 0 6 1

b) S khc nhau c bn gia hai ng v l thnh phn ht nhn ca nguyn t. 252. Mi nguyn t cacbon trong kim cng u trng thi lai ha sp3, mi nguyn t u to thnh 4 lin kt bn, v ng nht vi 4 nguyn t xung quanh. Mng tinh th kim cng l mng lp phng v mi nguyn t cacbon u tm ca mt hnh t din u, cc hng lin kt u nh nhau v bng lin kt nn tinh th kim cng rt cng, khng dn in. Trong than ch, mi nguyn t cacbon trng thi lai ha sp2. Trong cng mt phng, mi nguyn t ccbon lin kt vi ba nguyn t cacbon khc bng lin kt bn. Trong kiu lai ha ny cacbon ch mi s dng 3 obitan lai ha, mc obitan 2p cn li cha lai ha to nn lin kt khng nh v. V vy than ch c kh nng to vy, mm, dn in, dn nhit v c mu xm, nhng tnh cht gy ra do lin kt khng nh v . 253. V rng trng thi tp hp ca cc cht kh khi b hp ph trn b mt ca cht rn c coi nh l trng thi trung gian gia trng thi kh v trng thi

lng, do nhng kh d ha lng l nhng cht m phn t d gn nhau hn chuyn sang trng thi lng nn cng d chuyn sang trng thi hp ph. Mt khc, s hp ph l mt qu trnh ta nht, cn bng hp ph tun theo nguyn l Le Chatelier do khi nhit tng kh nng hp ph gim. 257.a) CaC2 c cu trc tinh th mng ion. Trong tinh th c ion Ca2+ v C22- ; tri li W2C c cu trc tinh th kiu thm nhp, nguyn t cacbon thm nhp vo cc l trng ca mng li kim loi. t cu trc d dng thy c nhng tnh cht khc nhau ca hai loi cacbua kim loi trn. 259.c) Lin kt C - H trong phn t CH4 thc cht l lin kt cng ha tr, v vy khng th xy ra qu trnh tch H+ ra khi phn t CH4 di tc dng ca phn t H2O. Mt khc, cc obitan lai ha sp3 s dng ht, khng cn cp electron t do nn khng th to ra lin kt cho - nhn. 260.b) Phn t CO cng nh phn t N2 c lin kt 3. Hai trong 3 lin kt c to thnh nh s ghp i electron, cn lin kt th ba c to thnh theo lin kt cho - nhn. Lin kt ny gy ra nh obitan t do 2p ca cacbon v cp electron ca oxi: : C O: : C O: ng vi cu hnh electron sau y: ( s )2 ( s )2 ( py )2 ( pz )2 ( px )2
lk * lk lk lk

Do phn t CO c phn t lng, s electron v cu to phn t nh N2 nn c nhng tnh cht l ha tng t nhau. 262. Cc kim loi chuyn tip thng c kh nng phn ng vi CO, sn phm to ra gi l hp cht cacbonyl kim loi, l cc phc cht, trong CO ng vai tr l phi t, v d: Cr(CO) 5, Fe(CO)5, Ni(CO)4 Khi tc dng vi axit v c, chng hn HNO3, phc cacbonyl kim loi s b ph hy, hnh thnh phn ng oxi ha kim loi, chng hn: Cr(CO)3 + 6HNO3 (c) Cr(NO3)3 + 6CO + 3NO2 + 3H2O Trong qu trnh to phc, xy ra s ghp i cc electron ha tr ca cc kim loi chuyn tip (v d: cc nguyn t d). Lin kt trong phc cht cacbonyl c to thnh theo c ch cho - nhn nh cc obitan t do ca cc nguyn t d v cc cp electron t do ca cc phn t CO. Chng hn nguyn t Crom trng thi c bn c cu hnh 3d54s1, su electron s ghp i theo s :
3d 4s 4p

Trng thi c bn: Trang thi to phc: To ra lin kt vi cc cp electron ca CO

263.a) Hai cht H2 v CO u c tnh kh tng ng da vo hng s cn bng K ca phn ng: H2 + CO2 CO + H2O K= CCO . CH O
2 2 2

CH . CCO cc nhit khc nhau so snh: Nhit 0C 700 800 830 1000 1200 1400 K 0,6 0,9 1 1,7 2,6 3,45 0 Nh vy 830 C, trong hn hp cn bng c lng CO v H2 nh nhau; CO v H2 c i lc nh nhau i vi oxi; di 8300C, CO kh mnh hn; trn 8300C H2 kh mnh hn. b) Mun bit H2 v CO kh c oxit kim loi no c th dng phng php tnh G ca phn ng. 266.a) Nhit cao hn 7000C cn bng CO2 + H2 CO + H2O Chuyn sang phi. Nu cho hn hp CO2 vo H2 i qua mt ng un nng, th khi lm lnh kh, cn bng khng kp chuyn sang tri. Khi c mt cht xc tc v d: Ni, oxit cacbon thu c c th to ra Metan theo phn ng: CO + 3H2 CH4 + H2O 268.a) Gia kt ta v dung dch c tn ti cn bng tan: CaCO3 Ca2+ + CO32Ion CO32- b thy phn: CO32- + H2O HCO3- + OHKhi cho CO2 i qua dung dch, to thnh axit v lm tng nng ion + H3O , to iu kin cho cn bng thy phn chuyn sang phi, to ra dung dch mui tan Ca(HCO3)2; ngc li, khitng nng OH-, cn bng chuyn sang tri, to ra kt ta CaCO3 khi cho NaOH vo dung dch Ca(HCO3)2. 269. Xem bi 141. a) Khi cho mui cacbonat ca kim loi kim hoc amoni tc dng vi dung dch mui kim loi ha tr 3 nh Al3+, Cr3+, Fe3+ s to ra hidroxit ca cc kim loi . c) Khi cho soda vo dung dch mui Zn2+, Co2+, Cr2+, Ni2+ s to ra mui cacbonat baz. 270. Xem bi 218. 274. Xian: Axit Xianhidric: Axit Xianic: H :N H O C C C C N: N N C: C O

N : hoc H N : hoc H

Ion CN- (Xianua) c cu to tng t phn t CO: : C N: V vy CN c kh nng to phc tng t CO, chng hn [Fe(CN) 6]4-, [CO(CN)6]3-, [Fe(CN)6]3- [Mn(CN)6]4- S hnh thnh nhng phc cht nh th tng t nh s hnh thnh phc cacbonyl (Xem bi 262). 275.a) Trong kim cng v trong tinh th silic, cc nguyn t C v Si u trng thi lai ha sp3, nhng cc obitan lai ha sp3 trong tinh th silic c phn khng nh v, nn cu trc tinh th silic c phn tng t cu trc kim loi v l cht bn dn. 276.b) Silic bn vi cc axit v ch tan trong hn hp HF v HNO 3. 3Si + 4HNO3 + 18HF 3H2SiF6 + 4NO + 8H2O V ha tan mnh trong kim: Si + 2KOH + H2O K2SiO3 + 2H2 277.a) Silic ioxit tuy c cng thc phn t ging vi cacbon dioxit nhng c cu to khc nhau. Cacbon dioxit c cu to ng thng O = C = O ng vi trng thi lai ha sp ca nguyn t cacbon. Tri li SiO2 c cu to t din ng vi trng thi lai ha sp3 ca nguyn t silic. Trong tinh th SiO2, nguyn t Si nm tm ca t din, lin kt cng ha tr vi 4 nguyn t oxi nm 4 nh ca t din . Nh vy mi nguyn t oxi lin kt vi 2 nguyn t oxi hai t din cnh nhau. Do , SiO2 dng polime vi cu trc ba chiu, nn qu trnh nng chy c lin quan n qu trnh ct t lin kt ha hc; cn CO2 trng thi rn to ra tinh th phn t, qu trnh nng chy khng lin qua n s t lin kt ha hc trong nguyn t CO2. 278.a) Lin kt C - H v Si - H l lin kt khng cc, nn tng tc gia cc phn t metan v gia cc phn t Silan vi nhau ch yu l tng tc khuch tn. Lin kt P - H cng l lin kt khng cc do tng tc gia cc phn t PH3 cng l tng tc khuch tn. Cn tng tc gia cc phn t NH3 khng ch l tng tc khuch tn m cn c lc cm ng v lc nh hng, ngoi ra cn c s hnh thnh lin kt hidro. l c s gii thch cu hi trn (Xem thm bi 53). 280.a) Cacbon v silic u to ra hp cht tetra halogenua. b) Trong cc tetra halogenua ca cacbon (cng nh ca silic) t CF4 n CI4 di lin kt tng, nng lng lin kt gim, nn bn nhit gim, hot tnh ha hc tng. c) Nng lng lin kt Si - X ln hn nng lng lin kt C - X (v d: Si Cl c nng lng lin kt trung bnh l 86 Kcal/ngtg; cn C - Cl l 79 Kcal/ngtg) do SiX4 c bn nhit hn so vi CX4. 9.TNH CHT KIM LOI

282. C th da vo tng s electron ca nguyn t sau tm s th t ca nguyn t. C th da vo s electron ha tr tm s th t ca nhm t tm ra nguyn t. V d: 2p63s1: Nguyn t chu k 3 (n = 3); phn nhm chnh nhm 1 (hay nhm Ia); h s (c mt electron s). 4d25s2: Nguyn t chu k 5 (n = 5); phn nhm ph nhm 4 (hay nhm IVb); h d (c 2 electron 4d). 283. Vi kim loi, trng thi ngng kt (lng, tinh th) c s bin v cc electron, nhng electron khng nh v ny lin kt ng thi vi nhiu tm v c th chuyn ng trong ton b tng lin kt. iu kin thng nhng electron ny chim trng thi nng lng thp nht to thnh vng nng lng b chim (vng ha tr). Khi b kch thch, cc electron vng ny thu thm nng lng v chuyn t vng ha tr ln vng c nng lng cao hn, l vng t do hay vng dn in. Chnh nhng electron khi chuyn ln vng dn in nh tc dng ca in trng ngoi l nguyn nhn gy ra dng in trong kim loi. Tuy vy mun chuyn t vng ha r ln vng dn in, electron phi vt qua vng cm, ngha l phi thu mt nng lng l E = E2 - E1 (E2: Nng lng vng dn in; E1: Nng lng vng ha tr). Ty theo cu trc ca nguyn t v ca tinh th, E c th c nhng gi tr khc nhau; trong kim loi E rt nh; tri li trong cht in mi E li rt ln c th ln hn 3eV, cn trong cht bn dn khong cch E vng cm vo khong 0,1 n 3eV. C th gii thch n gin l khi nhit tng lm tng giao ng ca mng tinh th, ngn cn qu trnh chuyn ng ca electron khng nh v, do dn in ca kim loi gim nhit gn 00K, kim loi c tnh siu dn. Lc ny cc tiu phn trong mng tinh th hu nh khng chuyn ng, mng tinh th khng b giao ng to iu kin thun li cho s chuyn ng ca cc electron khng nh v. 284. Trong kim loi khng th c lin kt bng 2 electron nh v nh trong cc phn t cng ha tr hoc cc phn t ion. Chng hn, trong tinh th liti, mi nguyn t Li c bao quanh bng 8 nguyn t Li khc, nn to ra lin kt bng 2 electron th mi nguyn t Li phi to ra 8 electron hnh thnh lin kt, trong khi Li ch c 1 electron ha tr (1s22s1). 285.a) Cc electron ca kim loi trong tinh th c kh nn ghp th nng lng nh sng chuyn ln mc nng lng cao hn trong vng ha tr hoc vng dn in, v sau li pht ra nng lng tr v mc nng lng thp hn. Qu trnh ch yu xy ra trn b mt tinh th kim loi, phn x li ton b phn nh sng hp th, do kim loi c mu trng bc v c nh kim. b) Tuy nhin qu trnh phn x c trng hp khng ng u i vi mi tia nn mt s kim loi c mu khc nhau, v d kim loi ng c mu , kim loi vng c mu vng.

286.b) Th in cc tiu chun ca kim loi ph thuc vo ba yu t: - Nng lng ion ha: cng b, th in cc cng thp, kim loi cng hot ng. - Nng lng hidrat ha: cng ln, th in cc cng thp. - Nng lng mng li: cng nh, qu trnh oxi ha kim loi xy ra cng d. 287. Kim loi liti c nng lng hidrat ha ln nn c th in cc thp. S bin thin tnh cht ca cc nguyn t theo bng h thng tun hon ph thuc vo cu trc ca nguyn t, khng xt n nh hng khc. 288.b) iu kin cho kim loi phn ng vi H2O l kim loi phi c th in cc b hn th in cc ca hidro trong mi trng trung tnh (- 0,41V) v hidroxit to ra phi tan trong nc; khi kim loi ng trc hidro trong dy th in cc v mui to ra phi tan trong nc th kim loi tan c trong axit khng c tnh oxi ha; khi hidroxit kim loi tan c trong dung dch kim th kim loi tan c trong dung dch kim. 289.a) Da theo phn t Nernst tnh, vi nng ion H+ trong mi trng trung tnh l [H+] = 10-7 ion - g/l. Kt qu E0 2H+/H2= -0,413V b) Tnh sc in ng E xc nh. V d: th in cc chun E0 Ni2+/Ni = - 0,25V; E0 2H+/H2= - 0,41V, vy E0=-0,41-(- 0,25)=-0,16V (E <0) do Ni khng th y c H2 ra khi nc nguyn cht theo phn ng: Ni + 2H2O Ni(OH)2 + H2 291.b) So snh cc th in cc sau tr li: E0 Fe2+/Fe = - 0,44V; E0 Fe3+/Fe = - 0,04V 292.b) Nhng axit khng c tnh oxi ha khi tc dng vi kim loi s to ra mui ng vi mc oxi ha thp ca kim loi; nhng axit c tnh oxi ha nh H2SO4 c, HNO3 S to ra mui kim loi ng vi mc oxi ha cao. 293.a) So snh cc th in cc chun sau y: E0 Fe2+/Fe = - 0,44V; E0 Cu2+/Cu = + 0,34V; E0 Fe3+/Fe2+=+ 0,77V Fe + CuSO4 Cu + FeSO4 E >0 2Fe + 3CuSO4 3Cu + Fe2(SO4)3 E >0 Cu + FeSO4 Fe + CuSO4 E <0 Cu + Fe2(SO4)3 2FeSO4 + CuSO4 E >0 294. Tnh th in cc E Ag+/Ag trong iu kin cho: [I-] = 1 ion - g/l, T AgI = 8,3.10-17 AgI Ag+ + I[I-][Ag+]=8,3.10-17 [Ag+]=
8,3.10 17 = 8,3.10-17 ion - g/l 1

E Ag+/Ag = E0 +

0,059 .lg8,3.10-17 1

E Ag+/Ag = -0,103V Do : 2Ag + 2HI 2AgI + H2 E = + 0,103V Vy Ag c th y c H2 ra khi dung dch HI theo iu kin . 296.a) 3,2g/l;
nFE

b) 0,67g/l;
96500

c) 67,5

298. Hng s cn bng c tnh theo phng trnh: lgK = - 2,3RT = nE 2,3.8,314.298 = 16,9 nE Trong : + E l sc in ng + F l s Faraday + n l s electron chuyn t cht kh sang cht oxi ha + R= 8,314 jun/mol. Vi cn bng: Cu2+ + Zn Zn2+ + Cu Qu trnh oxi ha kh tng qut c xc nh t hai bn phn ng: Cu2+ + 2e Cu E1 = + 0,337V 2+ Zn Zn + 2e E2 = + 0,763V Th ca qu trnh tng qut bng tng th ca phn ng oxi ha v phn ng kh: E = E1 + E2 = 0,337 + 0,763 = 1,10V a vo phng trnh lgK = 16,9nE = 16,9.2.1,1= 37,2 hay K=[Zn 2+]/ [Cu2+] = 1,6.1037. T kt qu ta thy rng [Zn2+] = [Cu2+].1,6.1037. Ngha l lc cn bng, hm lng ca Cu2+ b hn 1037 ln so vi hm lng ca Zn2+ trong dung dch. l c s ca qu trnh luyn kim bng phng php dng kim loi hot ng hn y kim loi khc ra khi dung dch mui. Nng lng Gibbs bng: G = -2,3 RT.lgK = -2,3.37,2.298.1,98.10 -3 = -67,9Kcal/mol (hay = -283,7 jun/mol). Trong R = 1,98 cal/mol. V G<0 nn cn bng trn thc t chuyn sang phi. 299.a) Nguyn tc chung l kh cc ion kim loi thnh kim loi bng tc nhn kh thch hp: Mn+ + ne M0 b) Nhng phng php thng dng: 1) kh ion kim loi t cc oxit bng cc cht kh nh C, H2, Si, CO nhit cao. 2) Kh ion kim loi t cc hp cht bng mt kim loi khc nhit cao (phng php nhit kim). 3) y kim loi ra khi dung dch mui. 4) in phn mui nng chy. 5) in phn dung dch mui trong nc.

6) nhit phn cc hp cht v c. 300. xc nh chiu ca phn ng c th tnh G ca phn ng. Gp = [G0Ni ( r ) + G0H2O (k)] - [G0NiO ( r ) + G0H2 (k)] = =[0 + (-54,6)] - [(-50,6) + 0] = - 4 Kcal hay = - 16,72 jun. G<0 do qu trnh kh NiO c th xy ra. C th tnh G0 ca phn ng t phng trnh: G0 = H0 - TS0 Hp = [H0Ni ( r ) + H0H2O (k)] - [H0NiO ( r ) + H0H2 (k)] = =[0 + (-57,8)] - [(- 57,3) + 0] = -0,5 Kcal (hay = -2,09 jun). SP = [S0Ni ( r ) + S0H2O (k)] - [S0NiO ( r ) + S0H2 (k)] = (7,1 + 45,1) - (9,1 + 31,2) = 11,9 n v entropi. Gp = - 0,5 - 273 (11,9/1000) = -3,75 kcal/mol. Vy G<0, do qu trnh c th xy ra. 301. Cch gii nh bi 300. 302.a) Dng cc cacbon lm cht kh iu ch cc kim loi mu nng nh Zn, Sn, Pb, Cu Khi m i lc ca oxi vi kim loi b hn so vi cacbon; cng khng th dng cacbon lm cht kh khi kim loi d dng to ra hp cht cacbua kim loi nh Be, Cr, Mn 303.b) 1) - 388,4 Kcal; 3) - 127,8 Kcal; 5) - 280,9 Kcal; 2) - 286 Kcal; 4) - 608,1 Kcal

304.b) C ba phng php nhit phn hy cc cht v c iu ch kim loi: 1) Nhit phn cc hp cht cacbonyl 2) Nhit phn cc hp cht iotua kim loi; 3) un nng kim loi trong chn khng bng l in cc tp cht s bay hi cn li kim loi. 10. Kim loi kim 308. b) So snh nng lng ion ha ca hidro v ca cc kim loi km. T rt ra kt lun v kh nng kh ca cc nguyn t ? Ion H+ c kh nng hidrat ha to ra H3O+ , cn cc ion kim loi kim khng c kh nng . Hidro c kh nng kt hp electron to ra cc hp cht hidrua vi kim loi mnh; ng thi hidro d dng to ra lin kt cng ha tr c cc hoc khng c cc. 310. Cc hng s vt l u c im bt thng Li. 311.a) V ion Li+ c bn knh b hn cc ion kim loi kim khc, nn lin kt bn hn vi cc phn t nc hidrat ha, do ion Li+ c nng lng hidrat ha ln hn, to iu kin cho s chuyn dch cn bng Li Li+ + e v pha phi.

b) Cc kim loi kim gi electron ha tr ca mnh kh yu, do lin kt kim loi trong mng li ca cc kim loi l lin kt yu, v vy cc kim loi kim mm d ct. - Nhit nng chy ph thuc mnh vo nng lng mng li tinh th. Khi chuyn t Li n Cs, bn knh nguyn t tng, do lm gim tng tc gia cc nguyn t, chnh iu lm gim nhit nng chy ca cc kim loi kim. Cn ch l cc kim loi kim u c cu trc tinh th ging nhau. 312.a) Nu ly dn in ca Hg l n v th dn in ca Li l 11; Na l 21; ca K l 14; ca Rb l 8 v Cs l 5. Tuy nhin vi Ag l 59, ca Cu l 56,9, ca Au l 39,6; iu khng c ngha l cc kim loi kim hot ng km hn Cu, Ag, Au. V rng dn in ph thuc vo s nguyn t kim loi trong mng tinh th, ni cch khc ph thuc vo s nguyn t c trong 1cm3 kim loi trng thi rn, chng ta c th tnh c s nguyn t kim loi trong mt cm3 trng thi rn, v d nh: Khi lng mt nguyn t Li = 6,02.10 23 = 1,16.10-23 g. S nguyn t Li trong mt cm3: = 1,16.10 23 = 4,5.1022 nguyn t Li So vi Ag: Khi lng mt nguyn t Ag = 6,02.10 23 = 17,9.10-23 g. S nguyn t Ag trong 1cm3 = 17,9.10 23 = 5,8.1022 nguyn t Ag. Nh vy trong 1cm3 kim loi trng thi rn, s nguyn t Ag ln hn s nguyn t Li. b) Cng tng t nh th c th gii thch nguyn nhn kim loi Na c dn in cao hn cc kim loi kim khc. 313.a) trng thi hi phn t ca cc kim loi kim gm 2 nguyn t M2. Chng c th c hnh thnh do to ra lin kt cng ha tr t electron ns (cc obitan nguyn t ns cha c ghp i). b) Khi b kch thch cc electron tip thu nng lng v chuyn ra cc obitan xa nhn hn, cc obitan cng xa nhn c nng lng cng ln, v vy cc electron d chuyn v cc obitan gn nhn hn, trong qu trnh ny pht ra cc bc x khc nhau trong vng nhn thy ca quang ph, do c mu sc khc nhau. 314.b) c th dng phn ng ha hc theo phng php nhit kim kh cc ion kim loi kim, v d: KCl (nng chy) + Na K + NaCl 2RbCl + Ca 700 2Rb + CaCl2 2CsCl + Ca 700 2Cs + CaCl2 Cc phn ng u thc hin trong chn khng.
0 0

0,53

108

10,382

315.b) in phn hn hp nng chy gm NaCl + 25% NaF + 12% KCl thu c Na kim loi. Hn hp NaF + KCl hoc cc mui khc nh CaCl 2 lm gim nhit nng chy ca cht in phn t 8000C (NaCl) xung 500 - 6000C. 316.a) Tt c u phn ng trc tip vi kim loi kim, tr trng hp vi cacbon v silic th ch c Liti mi phn ng trc tip c. Na v K khng phn ng trc tip vi cacbon, do khng th thay th cho Li c. 317. Cc kim loi kim c bo qun trong du ha khan v trung tnh, ch kn; khng cho tip xc vi axit, vi H2O, vi hp cht c cha Clo nh CCl4, vi CO2 rn. 318.a) Th in cc ca qu trnh H2 + 2e 2H- l -2,25V do cc hidrua kim loi kim l cht kh mnh. Cc hidrua kim loi kim c bn cht ion c tnh dn in khi nng chy v nng chy nhit cao. b) V tnh cht NaH ging vi HCl hn NaCl. 319. a) LiNO3. Na2O, K2O iu ch bng phng php un nng peoxit hoc hidroxit vi kim loi kim tng ng. V d: 2NaOH + 2Na 2Na2O + 2H2 KO2 + 3K 2K2O 321.b) Qu trnh to ra peoxit hoc Supeoxit d hay kh ph thuc vo kch thc v nng lng ion ha ca cc kim loi. V i lc electron ca phn t oxi tng i b = 0,87eV (i lc electron ca nguyn t oxi l 1,46eV) nn khng c kh nng kt hp electron ca cc kim loi. Vi cc kim loi kim c th ion ha b hn v kch thc ln hn so vi cc kim loi khc, do c th electron ha tr ca mnh cho phn t oxi. Chng hn Na2O2. Nguyn nhn gy ra kh nng chuyn 2 electron ha tr ca 2 nguyn t Na cho phn t oxi to ra ion O22- hnh thnh phn t ion Na2O2. Vi Li khng c kh nng v th ion ha ca Li kh cao, kch thc li b nn phn t O2 khng th ht electron ca Li v pha mnh. 322.a) Phn ng thy phn Na2O2: Na2O2 + 2H2O 2NaOH + H2O2 l phn ng thun nghch (H2O2 l mt axit vi hng s in li K1 = 2,5.10-12) nhng qu trnh thy phn to ra mi trng kim nn H2O2 b phn hy do cn bng chuyn theo chiu thun. 2LiH + 3N2 2LiN3 + H2

320.b) Li2O iu ch bng phng php phn hy LiOH, Li2CO3 hay

b) Da vo phn ng ti sinh O2 khi Na2O2 hoc hn hp Na2O2 + KO2 tc dng vi CO2 gii thch. (Ch n th tch O2 c ti sinh so vi th tch CO2 tham gia vo phn ng ). 326.a) Cho tc dng vi Ag2O trong dung dch nc. b) Vit cc phng trnh phn ng xy ra trn b mt in cc khi in phn dung dch KI, sau xt cc sn phm c to ra tc dng vi cc thuc th nh th no, s thy c hin tng thay i v mu sc ca dung dch 2 in cc. 327.b) Tinh th KOH cng nh tinh th CsOH l tinh th ion. Khi ha tan trong nc, cc tinh th chuyn thnh ion, vi in li thc l bng n v. Tuy nhin in li biu kin ca 2 cht khng nh nhau v ion K+ tng tc vi ion OH- mnh hn Cs+. c) LiOH d b nhit phn to ra Li2O cn cc hidroxit ca cc kim loi kim khc khng c kh nng v ion Li+ ch c 2 electron v kch thc b nn d ht nguyn t oxi t OH- v pha mnh. Cn cc ion kim loi kim khc c 8 electron lp ngoi cng, kch thc li ln nn kh nng trn rt kh xy ra. 328. Da vo s chuyn dch cn bng tan ca NaCl gii thch. 329. Nhit nng chy t NaF n NaI gim. Tinh th ca chng u l tinh th ion nn c nng chy cao nhng bn knh ion ca cc halogenua tng, do mc ion ca lin kt gim, v vy nhit nng chy gim. 330.b) Da vo tan ca sn phm phn ng tr li. 331.b) Da vo hng s in li ca cc axit c to ra trong qu trnh thy phn gii thch. 332.a) Tnh pH ca dung dch Na2CO3 v NaHCO3 s dn n kt lun dung dch Na2CO3 c tnh kim ln hn. b) V rng phn ng Na2CO3 + CO2 + H2O 2NaHCO3 c bn cht thun nghch. Qu trnh phn hy NaHCO3 xy ra khi un nng, nhng nhit thng (v ngay c trong dung dch ) c s phn hy chm, v gy ra mt p sut no ca CO2 trn b mt cht rn. 334.a) C th c nhng phng php sau: 1) Na2SO4 + 4C + CaCO3 Na2CO3 + CaS + 4CO 2) Na2SO4 + BaCl2 BaSO4 + 2NaCl NaCl + CO2 + NH3 + H2O NaHCO3 + NH4Cl 3)Na2SO4 + Ba(OH)2 BaSO4 + 2NaOH 2NaOH + CO2 Na2CO3 + H2O b) KHCO3 d tan trong nc. 335.a) Na2SO4 + Ba(OH)2 BaSO4 + 2NaOH

NaOH + HNO3 NaNO3 + H2O 2NaCH3COO + H2SO4 2CH3COOH + Na2SO4 un nng dung dch cho CH3COOH bay hi, cn bng s chuyn sang phi, thu c Na2SO4. 337.b) Tan cc i 340C. c) T dung dch bo ha 500C: Khi tng nhit n 700C: Na2CO3 tch ra mt phn trng thi rn v dung dch bo ha Na2CO3. Khi h nhit xung 400C: Na2CO3 trng thi tan trong dung dch v cha bo ha. H nhit xung 300C: dung dch bo ha cha khong 32% Na2CO3. H nhit xung 200C: tinh th Na2CO3 tch ra trng thi rn v dung dch bo ha cha 17,8%Na2CO3. 11. Kim loi kim th 338.a) u l cc nguyn t h s, nhng cc obitan nguyn t ns cc kim loi kim th c lp y. b) Bin i u t Ca n Ba; nng lng ion ha cao v cao nht Be; th in cc ca Ca, Sr, Ba gn tng ng. Be c gi tr cao hn nhiu so vi cc nguyn t cn li, trong khi Li li c gi tr thp hn nhiu so vi cc kim loi kim cn li. 339.b) Nhit nng chy, nhit si, khi lng ring u cao v cao hn kim loi kim. Nhit nng chy v nhit si bin i khng u nh trong kim loi kim; dn in cao. 340.a) Mc d nng lng ion ha I2 > I1 nhng nng lng hidrat ha ca ion M kh cao, b cho nng lng ion ha cao, do kim loi kim th d mt 2 electron to ra ion M2+. b) Mc d nng lng ion ha ca kim loi kim th ln hn kim loi kim, nhng nng lng hidrat ha ca ion kim loi kim th ln hn nhiu so vi kim loi kim nn cn bng M M2+ + 2e d dng b chuyn dch. V vy th in cc ca kim loi kim th c gi tr tng ng vi kim loi kim.
2+

341. Mun to ra phn t 2 nguyn t M2 , cc nguyn t kim loi kim th phi thng xuyn trng thi kch thch s2 sp. Tuy nhin nng lng c to ra khi hnh thnh lin kt gia 2 nguyn t khng b li cho nng lng cn cung cp gy ra trng thi kch thch, v vy cc kim loi kim th khng to ra phn t M2. 342.a) Trong kim loi kim th c lin kt kim loi mnh hn trong kim loi kim nn kim loi kim th c cng ln hn. b) Tnc v Tsi ph thuc vo cu trc ca mng tinh th. V tinh th ca cc kim loi kim th khng cu to cng mt mng tinh th nn nng lng mng

li khc nhau. Do nhit nng chy v nhit si thay i khng u nh trong h kim loi kim. 343. Trong cc kim loi kim th vng ha tr ns c lp y nn s kch thch electron t vng ln vng t do kh thc hin. C th gii thch rng trong tinh th kim loi kim th, nng lng cc vng ns, np c xen ph vo nhau. Ni cch khc 2 electron ns c nng lng nm trong vng kh rng cha electron to ra cht cch in, do cc kim loi kim th c tnh dn in kh cao. 344. Vi Li c nng lng hidrat ha cao hn nhiu so vi cc kim loi kim khc, b li cho nng lng ion ha nn Li c th in cc thp hn nhiu so vi cc kim loi kim. Tri li, Beri mc d c nng lng hidrat ha cao nhng khng th b li nng lng ion ha cao v nng lng mng li cao ca Beri, v vy Beri c th in cc cao hn cc kim loi kim th khc. 346. Xem bi 321. 349. a) Qu trnh t chy ngoi MgO cn to ra Mg3N2 . b) Magi c th t chy trong Cl2, CO2, SO2. 350.a) Kh nng chy ca Mg khc vi cc kim loi khc l do nhit to thnh ca MgO kh ln: 2Mg + O2 2MgO H = -146 Kcal/mol Chnh nhit lng t nng mnh cc ht MgO c to nn, lm pht ra nh sng chi. b) Khi Mg chy khng th dp tt bng nc hoc bng CO2, SiO2, v khi t nng Mg u c kh nng phn ng vi H2O, CO2, SiO2. 351.a) H2 khng c kh nng phn ng trc tip vi Mg, nhng oxi v nit th phn ng d dng, do phi dng H2 lm bu kh tr. 353.a) Khng dng NH4OH kt ta ion Mg2+ thnh Mg(OH)2 v c phn ng thun nghch. Chng hn: MgCl2 + 2NH4OH Mg(OH)2 + 2NH4Cl b) Do nh hng ca ion ng dng NH4+ nn lm gim qu trnh in li ca NH4OH, v vy nng ion OH- khng t n tch s tan ca Mg(OH) 2. 354.b) Ha tan trong NH4Cl km hn, v NH4OH c in li ln hn H2O. 355.b) C th ha tan MgCO3 bng dung dch m c (NH4)2CO3 c) cho hn hp tc dng vi dung dch kim d. 357. 1) CaH2 + 2H2O Ca(OH)2 + 2H2

2) 3)

CaH2 + O2 CaO + H2O BaH2 + CO2 C + Ba(OH)2

358. b) Tch s tan ca BaF2 l 1,1.10-6, cn BaSO4 l 1,1.10-10 nn c th dng H2SO4 c chuyn BaF2 thnh BaSO4, sau nung 14000 cho BaO. Lm ngui t t n 4000 BaO kt hp vi oxi to ra BaO2. c) 1) BaO2 + 4HCl (c) BaCl2 + Cl2 + 2H2O 2) BaO2 +2HCl BaCl2 + H2O2 3) BaO2 + KI + 4HCl BaCl2 + 2KCl + I2 +2H2O 4) BaO2 + 2AgNO3 2Ag + O2 + Ba(NO3)2 5) BaO2 + MnO2 BaMnO4 360. b) So snh tc dng phn cc ha ca ion M1+ ( kim loi kim) v cc ion M2+ ( kim loi kim th) i vi nguyn t oxi trong nhm OH-. 361. T Be2+ n Ba2+, tc dng phn cc ha ca cation M2+ n anion SO42- gim (do bn knh ion tng t Be2+ dn Ba2+) nn bn nhit tng t BeSO4 n BaSO4. 362. tan ca cc mui ph thuc v 2 yu t: nng lng mng li ca tinh th mui v nng lng hidrat ha ca cation. Nng lng mng li gim, ha tan ca mui tng; nng lng hidrat ha ca cation gim, ha tan gim. T CaSO4 nBaSO4: yu t nh hng chnh n tan l nng lng hidrat ha. T Ca2+ n Ba2+ nng lng hidrat ha gim (t 377 Kcal/mol Ca2+ n 308 Kcal/mol Ba2+) nn tan gim. T CaF2 n BaF2: yu t quyt nh n tan l nng lng mng li. T CaF2 n BaF2 nng lng mng li gim (t 624 Kcal/mol CaF2 n 566 Kcal/mol BaF2) nn tan tng. 363. V d tan ca BaF2 l 8,3.10-3 mol/l 250C; cn tan ca BaCO3 l 1,1.10-4 mol/l cng nhit . Yu t quyt nh n tan ca chng l nng lng mng li. Nng lng mng li ca BaF2 (566 Kcal/mol) b hn ca BaCO3 (625 Kcal/mol) nn tan ca BaF2 ln hn tan ca BaCO3. 364.a) Khi phn hy nhit cc mui cacbonat xy ra s tch nguyn t oxi ra khi nguyn t trung tm ca anion v sau l kt hp nguyn t oxi vo cation. Qu trnh gy ra s chuyn dch mt in tch ca electron v lm bin dng ation do in trng ca cation, ngha l cc anion b cc cation phn cc. Kt qu l CaCO3 b nhit phn to ra CaO v CO2. T BeCO3 n BaCO3, tc dng phn cc ca cation gim nn kh nng b nhit phn gim (MgCO 3 b nhit phn 6000C nhng BaCO3 b nhit phn 13600C). b) Khi p sut gim v nhit tng, cn bng chuyn sang phi. Thi kh CO2 (cho p gim)ng thi tn nhit cho hiu sut nung vi tng. Khi nhit gim CaO kt hp vi CO2 to ra CaCO3 (qu trnh vi sng ha cacbonat) . 367. So snh tch s tan ca cc cht khng tan to ra trong dung dch.

369. Nng lng hidrat ha ca ion kim loi kim th ln hn ion kim loi kim nn d to ra cc hidrat tinh th. 370.b) Nung thch cao 14000C to ra CaO, sau chuyn CaO thnh CaCl2. in phn mui CaCl2 nng chy thu c Ca kim loi. 12. Nhm 372. Lp electron th 2 k t ngoi vo cc nguyn t nhm ny u c s electron khc nhau. Vi Al c lp 3d cn trng; Ga, In nm ngay sau cc nguyn t h d vi lp th 2 c 18 electron; Tali khng nhng nm sau cc nguyn t h d m cn nm sau cc nguyn t h f, lp electron th 2 k t ngoi vo cng c 18e. Tm li Ga, In, Tl u l cc nguyn t sau chuyn tip, tnh cht ca cc nguyn t ny gy ra bi cu trc . 373. Bn knh nguyt t tng t ngt t B n Al, sau gim mt t khi chuyn t Al n Ga v t Ga li tng. Th ion ha thay i khng u, gim mnh t B n Al v sau tng khng ng k. T Al n Ga c s thay i l do nh hng ca hin tng co d (Ga ng sau cc nguyn t h d). Cng vy, ngoi nh hng ca s co d, s co f cng c nh hng mnh, nn t In n Tl kch thc nguyn t tng ln khng ng k. 374. Tinh th Bo c cu to c kht. N bao gm nhng hnh hai chc mt B12 (c 12 nguyn t B to ra mt t bo tinh th hai chc mt). Lin kt gia cc nguyn t Bo l lin kt cng ha tr, do Bo rt kh nng chy. Tri li, tinh th Gali c mng li phn t, ti mt mng li l cc phn t Ga2, v vy Gali c nhit nng chy thp, nhng nhit bay hi li cao l do khi si phn t Ga2 phi phn hy thnh Ga nguyn t. 375.a) Bo l nguyn t khng kim loi nhng Nhm l mt kim loi hot ng. Do s bin i t ngt v kch thc nguyn t t 0,83 Bo n 1,26 Nhm v do nng lng hidrat ha ca ion Al3+ rt ln (1200Kcal/mol), v vy khuynh hng to thnh ion Al3+ d dng hn. 376. Borua l hp cht ca B vi kim loi. Cc borua kim loi thng c cng thc phn t v cu to khng ph hp vi quan im ha tr bnh thng, c thnh phn v cu trc phc tp, chng hn cc borua ca Niobi: Nb2B, Nb4B2, NbB, Nb3B4 Hp cht ca Bo vi hidro gi chung l cc boran, v d: B2H6, B4H10 Borat l mui ca axit boric, chng hn nh borac - mt loi borat ng vi cng thcNa2B4O7.10H2O. Cc borat thng c cu trc phc tp v dng polime. Mui c th ng vi axit tetraboric (K1=2.10-4 v K2=2.10-3) vi cng thc sau: O O B O B B OH HO B O O

Mui boryl l mt loi mui baz trong cha gc boryl BO+ (ha tr mt) tng t tianyl, zirconyl. V d (BO)PO 3 l mui ca axit metaphotphoric hoc boryl asenat (BO)AsO3. Nhng hp cht ny thng b thy phn hon ton trong nc. V d: BOPO3 + H2O HBO2 + HPO3 Nh vy, c th xem cc mui Boryl l sn phm ca axit boric dng baz B(OH)3 tng tc vi axit tng ng, mc d tnh baz ca H2BO3 mc khng ng k. 377. Phn t BF3 c dng tam gic u. Trong phn t nguyn t B trng thi lai ha sp2 ba obital lai ha ny to nn lin kt vi 3 obital 2p ca 3 nguyn t Flo. Mt obital trng cn li ca B vung gc vi cc obital lai ha to nn lin kt vi mt obital 2p khc c cp electron t do ca mt trong 3 nguyn t Flo. 378.a) lp v ngoi cng ca nguyn t B trong phn t BH3 c 3 cp electron v mt obital t do, v vy nguyn t B c tnh cht "nhn", ngha l c khuynh hng kt hp mt cp electron. Khi khng c phn t l c cha cp electron t do, th s lp y obital cn trng ca nguyn t B ch c th t c khi hai phn t BH3 kt hp vi nhau to ra B2H6, trong c mt cp electron ca phn t BH3 nyt vo obital t do ca nguyn t B trong phn t BH3 kia, kt qu to ra lin kt 3 tm. Trong phn t B2H6, nguyn t B trng thi lai ha sp3 (lai ha t din). Hai obital lai ha sp3 to lin kt hai tm vi hai nguyn t H, ngha l lin kt c hnh thnh do s ghp chung cp electron ca 2 nguyn t. Cp electron cn li to ra do obital lai ha th ba v obital 1s ca nguyn t H c t vo obital cn trng ca nguyn t B bn cnh to ra lin kt ba tm B - H - B, ngha l hnh thnh hai lin kt nhng ch c mt cp electron.

H H H B B o H H

H Hnh 1: Cu to ca B2H6 vi hai lin kt ba tm B - H - B Phn t diboran c cu tokhng gian nh hnh di y, trong cc nguyn t B v cc nguyn t H hai u nm trong cng mt mt phng. Hai

nguyn t H tham gia lin kt ba tm nm i xng nhau qua trc B - B. Hai nhm BH3 hnh thnh hai t din lch c cnh chung. b) V diboran khng phi l mt mui nn phn ng thy phn diboran khng theo c ch thy phn mui: B2H6 + 6H2O 2H3BO3 + 6H2
H
4 1,3

H
A 1,2
o

H
1190

970

H H

Hnh 2: Cu to t din lch ca hai nhm BH4 trong phn t B2H6 379.b) V d to ra mch cao phn t. 380.b) Axit octoboric l cht tinh th c mng lp, cc phn t H3BO3 trong mi lp lin kt vi nhau bng lc lin kt hidro, cn cc lp ni vi nhau bng lc Van der Waals. V vy chng trng thi rn l nhng vy nhn. Axit H3BO3 khng phn li proton nh axit khc, m do nguyn t B cn c mt obitan t do c kh nng nhn mt cp electron v vy khi tng tc vi H2O, n kt hp vi nhm OH- v gii phng proton ca nc: H3BO3 + H2O [B(OH)4]- + H+ K= 10-9 381.b) V ion Al3+ c nng lng hidrat ha rt ln nn Al d dng chuyn thnh dng ion Al3+. 382.a) Khi un nng bt nhm vi S to ra Al2S3. Cht ny ch trng thi rn, khng c trong dung dch v d b thy phn to ra: Al2S3+ H2O Al(OH)3 + H2S Al4C3 c to ra khi cho bt nhm kim loi tc dng vi cacbon trong kh quyn hidro. L cht bt mu vng khi tc dng vi H2O to ra CH4. Khi cho phn nhm tc dng vi N2 hoc NH3 13000K - 15000K to ra AlN. B phn hy trong nc nng v ngui, axit, kim. Tng hp t cc nguyn t Al v P to ra AlP. Nhm khng to ra hp cht vi silic. Nhm tc dng vi Clo v Brom nhit thng, vi Iot khi un nng v c H2O lm xc tc. 383.a) 2Al + Na2CO3 + 7H2O 2Na[Al(OH)4] + CO2 + 3H2

Nhm cng nh cc kim loi hot ng u c kh nng to ra hn hng. Hn hng nhm tng tc vi H2O to ra H2v Al(OH)3. b) 2Al + Cr2O72- + 14H+ 2Al3+ + 2Cr3+ + 7H2O 5Al +3MnO4- + 24H+ 5Al3+ + 3Mn2+ + 2H2O 387. Corundum l Al2O3 dng tinh th c trong t nhin. Rt tr, khng tan trong nc, trong axit, trong kim. Tan c trong NaOH nng chy; vi Na2CO3, K2S2O7 nhit cao (10000C). Al2O3 + NaOH (nc) NaAlO2 + H2O Al2O3 + Na2CO3 2NaAlO2 + CO2 Al2O3 + 3K2S2O7 Al2(SO4)3 + 3K2SO4 Alumogen l dng th hnh ca Al2O3 c iu ch khi kh nc ca Al(OH)3.nH2O 5500C; dng lm cht hp th b mt nh silicagen. 388.a) Da vo cn bng thy phn ca Al3+ gii thch. To ra kh NH3 v kt ta Al(OH)3. b) Ion axetat lin kt vi ion H+ c to ra do qu trnh thy phn Al3+ lm tng cng qu trnh thy phn, kt qu to ra Al(OH) 3 v CH3COOH. 2Al3+ + 6CH3COO- + 6H2O 2Al(OH)3 + 6CH3COOH c) Al3+ + H2O Al(OH)2+ + H+ CO32- + H2O HCO3- + OHH+ + OH- H2O Do cn bng to H2O nn lm tng cng qu trnh thy phn Al3+ to ra Al(OH)3 v tng cng qu trnh thy phn CO32- to ra CO2 mui cacbonat Al3+ khng c to ra trong iu kin v Al(OH) 3 c tan b hn. 389. Phn l loi mui kp c cng thc chung l M2 SO4.M2II(SO4)3.24H2O, trong : MI: kim loi ha tr I nh Na, K, Rb, Cs, NH4, Tl MII: kim loi ha tr III nh Al, Cr, Fe, Ga, In, Tl, Co.
I

390.a) trng thi hi v trong mt s dung mi hu c, cc nhm halogenua AlCl3, AlBr3, AlI3 dng phn t dime Al2X6 c cu hnh khng gian nh diboran, nhng l cu to t din u, kp vi mt cnh chung. Lin kt cu ni gia Cl v 2 nguyn t nhm Al - Cl - Al khng phi l lin kt 3 tm nh trong diboran; trong c lin kt cng ha tr do s ghp chung electron ca nguyn t Clo v nguyn t nhm; lin kt cn li l lin kt "cho - nhn" trong nguyn t Clo l cht "cho", nhm l cht "nhn". Cl Cl Cl Al Cl Al

Cl Cl AlCl3 khan bc khi mnh trong khng kh m gii phng hidro clorua: AlCl3 + 3H2O Al(OH)3 + 3HCl

HCl tc dng vi NH3 to ra khi NH4Cl. c) AlCl3 trng thi rn c cu to ion, cn trng thi nng chy c phn chuyn sang dng hp cht phn t. 391. Gali tc dng vi axit tng t Al. Tali tan trong HNO3 c nng to ra hp cht Tl3+, HNO3 long oxi ha tali n trng thi ha tr I. Tali tc dng vi HCl to ra TlCl. Ga tan trong dung dch kim tng t nhm: 2Ga + 2NaOH +6H2O 2Na[Ga(OH)4] + 3H2 Cn In v Tl khng phn ng vi dung dch kim. 392. Ga(OH)3 chc baz v chc axit th hin vi mc gn nh nhau; In(OH)3 tnh baz tri hn tnh axit; cn Tl(OH)3 th hin chc axit rt yu. 393. Mui kim loi yu hn d b thy phn hn. Cng mt kim loi, ion kim loi vi mc oxi ha cao hn d b thy phn hn. 394.a) V bn knh ca ion Tl+ tng t bn knh cc ion kim loi kim ( r =1,44; r =1,33) nn d kt tinh to phn. Tl K b) Tnh cht kh l ch yu. Cc hp cht Ga(I), In(I) u l cht kh mnh. Tl(I) c tnh kh km hn, ch chuyn thnh Tl(III) khi tc dng vi cht oxi ha mnh. Nh vy hp cht Tl3+ t bn hn, cn hp cht Tl cng li bn hn.
+ +

13.Gecmani - thic - ch 395.b) V tng nng lng ion ha kh cao nn khng th hnh thnh cc ion 4+ v i lc electron ca cc nguyn t khng to ra cc ion 4-. Bn cht lin kt trong cc hp cht l cng ha tr. 396.a) Cng nh cc nguyn t khc thuc h p, trong phn nhm Ge khi s th t nguyn t tng ln, th cc obitan d v f c nh hng ln n vic hnh thnh lin kt ha hc. Ni cch khc, khi chuyn t Ge n Pb tnh tr ca cc electron ns2 tng ln, vai tr tham gia vo vic hnh thnh lin kt ca cc electron ns2 gim xung, v vy trong dy khuynh hng cho mc oxi ha +4 gim xung, v khuynh hng to ra mc oxi ha +2 tng ln. V d: PbO2 l cht oxi ha mnh, nhng tnh oxi ha ca GeO2, SnO2 l khng c trng; GeCl2, SnCl2 l cht kh mnh, GeCl2 phn ng ngay tc khc vi Clo, SnCl2 phn ng nhanh nhit thng, nhng PbCl2 khng phn ng vi Clo nhit . 397.a) Kim cng v silic c cu trc tinh th tng t nhau, mi nguyn t lin kt cng ha tr vi 4 nguyn t khc bao quanh, kiu t din u, v vy chng u l nhng cht kh nng chy; tuy nhin khong cch C- C trong kim cng l 1,545 , cn Si - Si l 2,34 ng thi lin kt C- C c bn ln hn nhiu so vi lin kt Si - Si.

b) T Si n Pb, kiu lin kt ha hc bin i t cng ha tr n lin kt kim loi, do Tnc gim. 398.a) Tinh th Ge c cu trc kiu kim cng nn cng; Sn, Pb c kiu lin kt kim loi trong tinh th nn mm. b) So snh bn knh nguyn t v cu trc ca t bo nguyn t tinh th Si, Ge v Pb s dn n kt lun Si v Ge ha tan khng hn ch vo nhau, cc nguyn t c th thay th cho nhau trong mng li tinh th. 399.a) Gecmani khng tan trong HCl v H2SO4 long nhng tan trong H2SO4 c v HNO3 to ra axit gecmanic H2GeO3 (xGeO2.yH2O). V d: Ge + 4HNO3 H2GeO3.H2O + 4NO2 Thic tan c trong HCl v H2SO4 long. Trong HNO3 long to ra Sn(NO3)2, nhng trong HNO3 c to ra axit stanic: Sn + 4H2SO4 (c) Sn(SO4)2 + 2SO2 + 4H2O 3Sn + 8HNO3 (long) 3Sn(NO3)2 + 4NO + 4H2O Sn + 4HNO3 (c) H2SnO3.H2O + 4NO2 + 2H2O (xSnO2.yH2O) b) V c phn ng to ra cht tan: PbCl2 + 2HCl H2PbCl4 PbSO4 + H2SO4 Pb(HSO4)2 400.a) bn ca AH4 gim xung t C n Pb do khuynh hng lai ha sp ca A gim dn t Si n Pb.
3

401. Trong phn t CO2 c lin kt (p - p) l mt trong nhng lin kt bn. Phn t CO2 tng tc vi nhau bng lc Van der Waals l lc kh yu; cn silic khng to ra lin kt kp nh trong phn t CO2; SiO2 c cu to 3 chiu trong silic v oxi c s phn t l 4 v 2 tng ng. Nng lng lin kt Si - O kh ln v do tinh th rt bn c nhit nng chy cao (Xem thm bi 260). Ch dioxit d b nhit phn khi un nng mt dn oxi bin thnh cc oxit thp hn: 320 C 420 C 550 C PbO2 290 Pb2O3 290 Pb3O4 530 PbO (nu en) (Vng ) ( nu) (vng) S phn hy c th gii thch mt cch th s l do c tnh oxi ha mnh ca cation Pb4+ i vi anion O2-, mc d lin kt trong phn t c c tnh cng ha tr. Tuy vy cch gii thch cng chng minh c khuynh hng tng qut chuyn v trng thi ha tr II tng ln t Ge n Pb.
o 0 0

402. T SiO2 n PbO2 tnh bn gim; PbO2 d b phn hy to ra PbO bn. 403. T Ge(OH)2 n Pb(OH)2 tnh baz tng, tnh axit gim. T X(OH) 2 n X(OH)4 tnh baz gim. 405. So snh nhit to thnh cc oxit trn v nhit to thnh ca nc.

406.1) SnCl2 chuyn thnh Sn(OH)2v sau cho mt nc Na2SnO2 + 2H2O 2NaOH + Sn(OH)2 Sn(OH)2 SnO + H2O 3)PbO2 + SO2 PbSO4 407. Khi tan trong dung dch kim: PbO2 + 2KOH + 2H2O K2[Pb(OH)6] V trong kim nng chy: 4NaOH + PbO2 Na4PbO4 + 2H2O natri octoplombat 408.a) Cho Pb3O4 tc dng vi dung dch long ca H2SO4 hoc HNO3 to nn PbO2 v mui Pb2+: Pb3O4 + 4HNO3 2Pb(NO3)2 + PbO2 +2H2O ch octoplombat 410.a) SnCl2 d b thy phn to ra kt ta trng: SnCl2 + H2O Sn(OH)Cl + HCl b) So snh th tiu chun E0 Sn2+/Sn v E0 Sn4+/Sn. c) SnCl2 l cht kh mnh, c th kh Hg2+ thnh Hg; Fe3+ thnh Fe2+. 411.a) V c to ra cc phc cht tan: PbI2 + 2KI K2[PbI4] b) SnCl4 to ra tinh th phn t, cn tinh th SnCl2 dng polime trong c cc nhm:
Cl Sn Cl Sn

412. Khi cho axit tc dng vo PbCO3 s c cc qu trnh sau: PbCO3 Pb2+ + CO32CO32- + H+ HCO3HCO3- + H+ H2CO3 H2CO3 H2O + CO2 nh xy ra qu trnh tan ca PbCO3. Tri li PbCrO4 l mui ca axit mnh, nn cn bng tan: PbCrO4 Pb2+ + CrO42khng chuyn dch. 413. 1) SnCl4 + 2Zn 2ZnCl2 + Sn 2) 2SnCl2 + O2 SnO2 + SnCl4 3) PbO2 + 4HCl PbCl2 + Cl2 + 2H2O 4) 2KI + Pb3O + 4H2SO43PbSO4 + I2 + K2SO4 + 4H2O 5) 2MnSO4 + 5Pb3O4 + 26HNO3 2HMnO4 +

+ 13Pb(NO3)2 + 2PbSO4 + 12H2O 6) Sn +H2SeO4 (long) SnSeO4 + H2 7) Pb + 2H2SO4 (c) PbSeO4 + SeO2 + 2H2O 415.a) So snh tnh s tan ca SnS v PbS. b) SnS c kh nng b amoni polisunfua oxi ha n disunfua, sau disunfua tan trong amonisunfua to ra amoni tiostanat tan. PbS khng c kh nng . SnS + (NH4)2S2 SnS2 + (NH4)2S SnS2 + (NH4)2S (NH4)2SnS3 416.a) SnCl2 + H2S SnS + 2HCl SnS + (NH4)2S2 (NH4)2SnS3 SnS32- + 2H+ SnS2 +H2S b) "Vng gi" l SnS2 tan c trong kim v trong axit: SnS2 + 16HNO3 (c) H2SnO3 + 2H2SO4 + 16NO2 + 5H2O SnS2 + 6KOH 2K2SnS2 + K2[Sn(OH)6] (kali tiostanit) b) PbS v SnS khng tan trong nhng dung dch axit long, tan trong dung dch HNO3 v HCl m c 14. ng - Bc - Vng 417.a) Cu, Ag, Au l hng nguyn t thuc h d gn cui cng trong cc chu k tng ng. Dng l cu trc electron hai lp ngoi cng ca cc nguyn t ny phi l (n - 1)d9ns2 (n ng vi s th t ca chu k). Tuy nhin lp (n - 1)d gn hon thnh, nn vic chuyn 1 electron lp ns2 sang lp (n - 1)d s thun li hn v mt nng lng. V vy, cu trc cc lp electron ngoi cng ca 3 nguyn t Cu, Ag, Au s l (n -1)d10ns1. b) Nng lng ion ha th nht (eV) v i lc electron (eV) nh sau: Cu Ag Au 0 + Nng lng ion ha X X (eV) 7,73 7,57 9,22 i lc electron (eV) 2,4 2,5 2,1 Nng lng ion ha gim t Cu n Ag v sau tng ln n Au. i lc electron tng t Cu n Ag v sau gim. So vi cc kim loi kim th nng lng ion ha ca Cu, Ag, Au cao hn; nhng i lc electron th li cao hn rt nhiu so vi kim loi kim v ln hn c oxi, lu hunh v mt s nguyn t khng kim loi khc nh N, P c) Do c mt electron ns1 lp ngoi cng nn c kh nng hnh thnh phn t hai nguyn t nh cc kim loi kim (Cu2, Ag2, Au2). Tuy nhin nng lng phn li tng i ln so vi phn t ca kim loi kim trong cng chu k. Phn t M2 ca cc kim loi ny bn hn cc kim loi kim l do c hai lin kt b xung c hnh thnh do c ch "cho" gy nn (cc cp electron d t do v cc obital cn trng).

418. Vi Cu v Ag th mc d phn lp d c in y nh mt electron s lp ngoi cng nhuyn vo nhng cu trc cha phi bn hon ton, do nguyn t c th b kch thch chuyn thnh trng thi (n-1)d 9s1p1, kt qu to ra ba electron khng cp i, v nh vy c mt hoc hai electron d tham gia vo qu trnh hnh thnh lin kt ha hc:
(n-1)d10 ns1 np0

(n-1)d9

ns1

np1

Do cc nguyn t phn nhm ng ng vi cc mc oxi ha +1, +2, +3. Vi vng th trng thi oxi ha +3 l c trng, y c 2 electron d u tham gia vo qu trnh hnh thnh lin kt. Vi ng th trng thi c trng l +2; cn vi bc l +1. Tnh bn ca trang thi +1 bc l do cu hnh 4d10 c tnh bn tng i ln, v rng cu hnh c hnh thnh t nguyn t ng trc bc l paladi (Pd): 4d105s0. Cng t cu trc chng ta hiu c ti sao nng lng ion ha ca Ag li b hn ca Cu. 419.a) bn knh nguyn t ca nguyn t nhm ng b hn nhiu so vi cc kim loi kim, do lp 18 e st lp ngoi cng, v vy cc nguyn t ny c th ion ha cao hn cc kim loi kim; iu gii thch nguyn nhn v s khc nhau v tnh cht ca cc kim loi nhm ng so vi cc kim loi kim. 422.a) Ag v Au khng b Oxi oxi ha v sn phm phn ng khng bn; iu kin thng cc oxi khng c to ra, cn nhit cao th b phn hy. b) Oxi nguyn t c hot tnh ha hc ln hn oxi phn t, c kh nng phn ng vi bc ngay nhit thng, to ra trn b mt mt lp oxi Ag2O hoc AgO. 423.a) Mc d hp cht Cu (II) bn hn hp cht Cu(I), chng hn qu trnh phn hy CuF2 v CuCl2 thnh CuF v CuCl v halogen nhit cao, nhng do tnh kh mnh ca ion I- nn CuI2 b phn hy ngay iu kin thng do c phn ng: 2CuSO4 + 4KI 2CuI + I2 + 2K2SO4 b) Qu trnh kt hp nguyn t halogen vo phn t CuX (X l halogen ) ch c th xy ra sau khi kch thch nguyn t ng 3d104s1 3d94s1p1. Vi Iot c i lc electron b hn v bn knh ln hn so vi cc halogen cn li, do khi to thnh lin kt Cu - I nng lng c gii phng ra b hn so vi s to thnh lin kt tng t vi nguyn t halogen khc, nng lng khng gy ra trng thi kch thch trn. 425. So snh tch s tan ca Cu(OH)2, CuS v hng s khng bn ca ion phc [Cu(NH3)4]2+ tr li:

(Tch s tan ca Cu(OH)2 : = 5.10-20; ca CuS: = 6,3.10-36; hng s khng bn ca phc [Cu(NH3)4]2+ ng vi qu trnh: [Cu(NH3)4]2+ Cu2+ + 4NH3 l K = 9,33.10-13 ). 427. So snh hng s khng bn ca ion phc:[Cu(NH 3)4]2+ Cu2+ + 4NH3 K = 9,33.10-13 v tch s tan ca CuCN l 3,2.10-20. Kali xianua l cht kh mnh, c th kh c Cu2+ thnh CuCN v (CN)2. 428.a) Bit rng khi nhng mt thnh kim loi vo nc th trn b mt thnh kim loi c mt lng ion kim loi no tng ng vi v tr kim loi trong dy th t in th. Cn bng Cu + H+ Cu+ + H s chuyn dch v bn phi khi c lng d ion CN- to ra ion phc [Cu(CN)2]- , nng ion Cu+ nm trong cn bng vi kim loi s ln hn so vi cn bng in li ca ion phc [Cu(CN) 2]- , do Cu c th tan c trong dung dch KCN theo phn ng: 2Cu + 4KCN + 2H2O 2K[Cu(CN)2] + 2KOH + H2 Vi Ag v Au ng bn phi Cu trong dy th t in th nn nng ion kim loi Ag+ v Au+ chuyn t kim loi vo dung dch b hn so vi cn bng in li ca cc ion phc [Ag(CN)2]- v [Au(Cn)2]- , do khng c kh nng tan trong dung dch KCN. b) Tuy nhin khi c mt cht oxi ha, chng hn oxi ca khng kh, th cn bng M + H+ M+ + H s chuyn dch sang phi do qu trnh oxi ha hidro, v vy Ag v Au tan trong KCN khi c mt cht oxi ha: 4Ag + 8KCN + 2H2O + O2 4K[Ag(CN)2] + 4KOH Vi Au cng c phn ng tng t. 429.a) So snh tch s tan ca HgI (8,3.10-17) v hng s khng bn ca [Ag(NH3)2]+ (5,89.10-8) v ca [Ag(CN)2]- (1,0.10-21). b) tan gim do tch s tan t AgCl n AgI gim. 430. C cc qu trnh: [Ag(NH3)2]+ Ag+ + 2NH3 HNO3 H+ + NO3NH3 + H+ NH4+ Trong dung dch c ion Cl- do s in li cu ngoi: [Ag(NH3)2]Cl [Ag(NH3)2]- + ClNh qu trnh to ra ion NH4+ , nn lm tng qu trnh in li ion phc, v nng ion Ag+ s t n tch s tan: Ag+ + Cl- AgCl 431.a) So snh tch s tan ca AgCl v AgI. b) So snh tch s tan ca AgCrO4 v AgCl. 433.a) SO2 s kh CuBr2 to ra CuBr (Tch s tan ca CuBr l 5,3.10-9) theo phng trnh: 2CuBr2 + SO2 + 2H2O H2SO4 + 2HBr +CuBr

b) T CuSO4 chuyn thnh CuBr2, chng hn theo phn ng: CuSO4 + BaBr2 BaSO4 + CuBr2 Sau cho kh SO2 i qua dung dch nc lc c cha CuBr2, phn ng xy ra nh trn. 434.a) Cc halogenua MX khng tan trong nc v axit nhng tan trong dung dch m c ca cc axit halogen hidric hay cc dung dch halogenua to ra cc phc cht tan: AgI + KI K[AgI2] b) V c kh nng to ra phc cht tan c hng s khng bn b: AgBr + 2Na2S2O3 Na3[Ag(S2O3)2] + NaBr Hng s khng bn ca phc [Ag(S2O3)2]3- l 3,5.10-14. c) To ra kt ta Ag2S. (Tch s tan ca Ag2S l 6,3.10-50). 435. Au(OH)3 tan trong NaOH , HNO3 v HCl to ra cc phc cht: Au(OH)3 + NaOH Na[Au(OH)4] Au(OH)3 + 4HNO3 H[Au(NO3)4] + 3H2O Au(OH)3 + 4HCl H[AuCl4] + 3H2O 15. Km - cadimi - thy ngn 436.a) C lp (n - 1)d hon ton bn vng vi 10 electron. b) Cc kim loi Zn, Cd, Hg c bn knh b hn cc kim loi kim th cng chu k, nn khi hnh thnh lin kt gia cc nguyn t trng thi kch thch, nng lng c gii phng ra ln hn so vi qu trnh tng t ca cc kim loi kim th, nn cc phn t Zn2, Cd2, Hg2 c kh nng tn ti. 437.a) Do tnh bn c bit ca cu hnh 6s2 nn th ion ha ca thy ngn rt cao v vy th tiu chun cao. 438.a) Ch c km tc dng vi dung dch kim. Km v cadimi tan c trong dung dch HCl v H2SO4 long, thy ngn khng phn ng. Cc kim loi u phn ng vi cc dung dch HNO3 c hoc long v u tan d dng. Ring thy ngn khi phn ng vi HNO3 c thu c Hg(NO3)2. Hg + 4HNO3 Hg(NO3)2 + 2NO2 + 2H2O V vi HNO3 long khi Hg d s thu c Hg2(NO3)2: 6Hg + 8HNO3 3Hg2(NO3)2 + 2NO + 4H2O 439.a) V b mt c ph mt lp oxit khng tan trong nc nn km khng y c H2 ra khi nc. b) Cho thm CuSO4 vo dung dch to ra cp pin Ganvani: Cu - Zn, kh H2 s thot ra nhanh hn. 440.a) Trong mi trng kim, tnh kh ca kim loi km th hin mnh hn, v khi c mt ion OH- trn b mt ca km s mt lp bo v (Th in cc

ca km trong mi trng axit l - 0,76V, nhng trong mi trng kim l 1,22V). b) Dung dch nng ZnCl2 b thy phn to ra mi trng axit, nn c kh nng lm tan Zn kim loi. c) 1) Zn + 2NaOH + 2H2O H2 + Na2[Zn(OH)4] 2) Zn + 4NH4OH H2 + [Zn(NH3)4](OH)2 + 2H2O 3) Zn + 2NH4Cl + 2H2O ZnCl2 + H2 + 2NH4OH 441.a) Nhng kim loi m nhit to thnh ca oxit kim loi phi ln hn nhit to thnh ca CO2. b) C th bng cch un nng hn hp, HgO s b phn hy: 2HgO 2Hg + O2 Ha tan oxit km v cadimi cn li trong axit HCl. Cho kh H2S i qua dung dch, CdS s kt ta, cn li mui km trong dung dch. T dung dch mui km cho kt ta dng hidroxit, nung kt ta to ra ZnO. T Hg chuyn thnh HgO v t CdS tm cch chuyn thnh CdO (CdS khng tan trong axit long). 443.a) Khi cho dung dch cc mui km v cadimi tc dng vi kim mnh. Cc hidroxit Zn(OH) 2, Cd(OH)2 s thot ra di dng kt ta trng. Hg(OH)2 s b phn hy ngay khi mi c to thnh: Hg(NO3)2 + 2KOH HgO + 2KNO3 + H2O do khi cho mui thy ngn tc dng vi dung dch kim mnh s sinh ra thy ngn oxit mu vng. HgO khng tan trong kim d. Hidroxit Zn(OH) 2 tan trong kim d cn Cd(OH)2 kh tan. b) Tnh axit gim Hg(OH) 2 hu nh khng c tnh axit. c th gii thch do qu trnh to phc: M(OH)2 + OH- [M(OH)3]M(OH)2 + 2OH- [M(OH)4]2Ion Hg2+ c bn knh ln hn ion Zn2+ do kt hp vi phi t OH- yu hn so vi ion Zn2+. V th, ion phc [Hg(OH) 4]2- c bn b hn so vi ion phc [Zn(OH)4]2- nn trong thc t khng to ra trong dung dch ngay c khi nng ion OH- kh ln. 444.a) Khi ha tan Natri zincat trong nc xy ra cc qu trnh sau: Na2[Zn(OH)4] 2Na+ + [Zn(OH)4]2[Zn(OH)4]2- [Zn(OH)3]- + OH[Zn(OH)3]- Zn(OH)2 + OHcn bng s chuyn dch mnh v bn phi do nng ion OH- kh b. Cc phn t H2O lm nhim v thay th cc phi t OH- trong cu ni ca phc cht. 445. So snh tch s tan ca ZnCO3 v ZnS. 446. C th ly mui Pb(NO3)2 v ZnSO4. 447.a) C phn ng trao i to ra HgCl2 l cht in li km.

b) Hg c in m tng i ln nn lin kt trong cc hp cht c bn cht cng ha tr mc kh ln. 448.a) Mt trong nhng nguyn nhn gy ra kh nng to phc l do bn knh b ca cc kim loi phn nhm km, nh vy cc phi t c kh nng lin kt bn vi cc ion kim loi . b) Thy ngn tc dng vi Iod ngay nhit thng. Vi dung dch I2 + KI to ra ion phc [HgI4]2-: Hg + I2 + 2KI K2[HgI4] 16. Crom - Mangan - St 450.a) Lp (n - 1)d cha hon chnh; bn knh nguyn t tng t Crom n Molibden, nhng gn nh khng i khi chuyn t Molibden n vonfram do c hin tng co lantanit. Th ion ha tng v cc lp v electron ca nguyn t b co li c bit mnh khi chuyn t Mo n W. V nhng l do nn Mo v W c tnh cht ha hc ging nhau hn so vi crom. 451.b) So snh th in cc chun: E0Cr2+/Cr v E0Cr3+/Cr 452.a) C tnh kh mnh, ngay trong dung dch khi khng c cht oxi ha cng b nc phn hy dn: 2CrCl2 + 2H2O 2Cr(OH)Cl 2 + H2 b) Trnh hin tng oxi ca khng kh oxi ha CrCl2. 453.a) Ch th hin tnh baz: tan trong axit. b) 4CrCl2 + 2H2O + O2 4Cr(OH)Cl2 c) Trong mi trng axit, oxi ca khng kh oxi ha CrCl2: 4[Cr(H2O)6]2+ + O2 + 4H+ 4[Cr(H2O)6]3+ + 2H2O 454. mc oxi ha cao, cu hnh electron ca S6+ v Cr6+ tng t nhau, do hp cht c cha S6+ v Cr6+ c tnh cht tng t nhau.
t 456.a) (NH4)2Cr2O7 Cr2O3 + N2 + 4H2O Ha tan hn hp trong nc thu c Cr2O3. b) Cr2O3 + 3K2S2O7 Cr2(SO4)3 + 3K2SO4 Cr2O3 + 2KOH 2KCrO2 + H2O chng minh tnh lng tnh ca Cr2O3 tinh th.
0

457.b) C th bng cch sau: cho hn hp KCrO2 v KAlO2 thy phn trong mi trng axit, sau cho axit d chuyn thnh mui Cr3+ v Al3+. Cho thm cht oxi ha, chng hn HClO oxi ha Cr3+ thnh Cr2O72-. Cho thm kim s c Al(OH)3 xut hin. Dung dch cn li c cha hn hp CrO42- v Cr2O72-, t dung dch ny chuyn thnh mui Cr3+ sau to ra Cr(OH)3.

458. Mu sc ca dung dch thay i theo s lng phi t H2O trong cu ni. V d: [Cr(H2O)6]Cl3: xanh tm [Cr(H2O)5Cl]Cl2: xanh sng [Cr(H2O)4Cl2]Cl: xanh ti S phi t ph thuc vo cc yu t nhit , nng , pH ca dung dch lm cho thnh phn ca phc thay i. 460.b) iu ch hn hp sunfocromic bng cch ha tan 85 gam CrO3 tan trong 120ml H2O + 500ml H2SO4 98%; hoc dung dch 5% (theo trng lng) K2Cr2O7 trong H2SO4 98%. 461. Cho CrO3 ha tan trong dung dch long KOH to ra K2CrO4, sau axit ha dung dch K2CrO4 to ra K2Cr2O7. Cho dung dch K2Cr2O7 tc dng vi cht kh trong mi trng axit to ra Cr2(SO4)3 sau chuyn thnh Cr(OH)3, nhit phn Cr(OH)3 to ra Cr2O3. 462. 2CrO3 + 6Fe(OH)2 Cr2O3 + 3Fe2O3 + 6H2O CrO3 + 3Fe(OH)2 + 3H2O Cr(OH)3 + 3Fe(OH)3

463.a) Gia CrO42- v Cr2O72- c tn tai cn bng sau y trong dung dch: 2CrO42- + 2H+ Cr2O72- + H2O T ta thy ion Cr2O72- tn ti trong mi trng axit; ion CrO42- tn ti trong mi trng kim. b) Khi cho KOH vo dung dch mui Cr3+ to ra kt ta keo, xanh xm, kt ta tan trong kim d. Khi cho KOH vo dung dch K2Cr2O7 cn bng trn s chuyn sang tri, dung dch s chuyn t vng da cam sang vng. 464.b) Dng cht oxi ha chng hn CaOCl 2 hoc HClO, oxi ha mui Cr3+ to thnh Cr2O72- sau chuyn thnh CrO3. V d: Cr2(SO4)3 + 3HClO + 4H2O H2Cr2O7 + 3HCl + 3H2SO4 t K2Cr2O7 iu ch CrO3: K2Cr2O7 + H2SO4 (c) CrO3 + K2SO4 + H2O 465. Khi un nng th in cc s thay i. V vy khi cho HCl c tc dng vi tinh th K2Cr2O7 v un nng s c kh Clo thot ra, nu ngng un phn ng s dng li. Phn ng ny dng iu ch mt lng nh kh Clo, khi ngng un kh Clo s khng thot ra na. K2Cr2O7 + 14HCl 2KCl + 2CrCl3 + Cl2 + 7H2O 466.a) Dng nhng cht c th tiu chun ln hn th tiu chun ca Cr2O7-2/Cr3+. b) T K2CrO4 chuyn thnh K2CrO7, sau cho tc dng vi H2SO4 c to ra CrO3. Cho CrO3 tinh th tc dng vi kh HCl to ra cromylclorua. Hoc cho

H2SO4 c tc dng trc tip ln K2CrO4 thu c CrO3, sau cho tc dng vi kh HCl: CrO3 + 2HCl CrO2Cl2 + H2O 467. Da v s chuyn dch cn bng: Cr2O72- + H2O 2H+ + 2CrO42 gii thch hin tng, ng thi so snh tch s tan ca Ag2Cr2O7; Ag2CrO4; BaCrO4. 1) To ra kt ta nu Ag2CrO4. 2) To ra kt ta vng BaCrO4 3) To ra kt ta BaSO4. Ch rng H2CrO4 l mt axit mnh (K1=2.10-1; K2=3.10-7) nhng yu hn H2SO4, BaCrO4 c tch s tan l 1,2.10-10. V vy trong dung dch c cn bng: BaCrO4 Ba2+ + CrO42trong dung dch H2SO4, cn bng trn chuyn sang phi do qu trnh to thnh Cr2O72-, trong dung dch c cha ion Ba2+ s hnh thnh kt ta BaSO4. 468.b) C th bng cch: Cr2O3 + 3K2S2O7 Cr2(SO4)3 + 3K2SO4 tip tc oxi ha Cr2(SO4)3 trong mi trng kim khi c mt ion NH4+. 469. 1) Cr2O72- + 14H+ + 6Br- 2Cr3+ + 3Br2 + 7H2O 2) Phi c iu kin 3) Khng 4) Cr2O72- + 8H+ + 3H2S 2Cr3+ + 3S + 7H2O 5) Cr2O72- + 14H+ + 3Hg22+ 2Cr3+ + 6Hg2++ 7H2O 6) Cr2O72- + 14H+ + 3Cu 2Cr3+ + 3Cu2+ + 7H2O 7) Khng 1) Cr2O72- + 6I- + 14H+ 2Cr3+ + 3I2 +7 H2O 2) Cr2O72- + 8H+ + 3H2S 2Cr3+ + S + 7H2O 3) 2CrO42- + 3H2S + 2H2O 2Cr(OH)3 + 3S + 4OH4) Cr2O72- + 3SO2 + 2H+ 2Cr3+ + 3SO42- + H2O 5) CrO42- + 3Fe2+ + 8H+ Cr3+ + 3Fe3+ +4H2O 6) Cr3+ +3[Fe(CN)6]3- +8OH-CrO42- +3[Fe(CN)6]4-+4H2O

470.

471. 1) 2CrO3 + 3H2O2 + 3H2SO4 Cr2(SO4)3 + 3O2 + 6H2O 2) 2CrBr3 + 3H2O2 + 10NaOH 2Na2CrO4 + 6NaBr + 8H2O 3) 2CrO3 + 6HI 2Cr(OH)3 + 3I2 4) Cr2(SO4)3 + 3Br2 + 16NaOH 2Na2CrO4 + 6NaBr + 3Na2SO4 + 8H2O 5) Cr2O3 + 6K3[Fe(CN)6] + 10KOH 2K2CrO4 + 6K4[Fe(CN)6] + 5H2O 6) Cr2(SO4)3 + 6KMnO4+16KOH2K2CrO4 + 6K2MnO4 + 3K2SO4 + 8H2O 474.b) Hot tnh ha hc gim t Mn n Re.

c) Mn tan trong HCl v H2SO4 long. Cc kim loi Re v Tc phn ng vi cc axit HNO3 v H2SO4 c. V d: 3Tc + 7HNO3 3HTcO4 + 7NO + 2H2O 2Re + 7H2SO4 2HReO4 + 7SO2 + 6H2O 475.a) in phn dung dch MnSO4 tng t nh qu trnh in phn dung dch NiSO4 hoc CuSO4. b) C th iu ch Mn bng phng php nhit kim hoc nhit silic: 3Mn3O4 + 8Al 9Mn + 4Al2O3 MnO2 + Si Mn + SiO2 476.a) Chuyn MnO thnh MnSO4 hoc MnCl2, sau cho dung dch mui Mn tc dng vi kim thu c kt ta Mn(OH) 2 mu trng. b) C th dng phn ng : 2Mn(OH)2 + O2 (khng kh) + 2H2O Mn(OH)4
2+

477. 1) 3MnSO4 + 2KClO3 + 12KOH 3K2MnO4 + 2KCl + 6H2O + 3K2SO4 2) 2MnSO4 + 5PbO2 + 6HNO3 2HMnO4 + 3Pb(NO3)2 + 2PbSO4 + 2H2O 3) MnSO4 + 2H2O2 + 4KOH K2MnO4 + 4H2O + K2SO4 4) MnSO4 + 2Br2 + 8NaOH Na2MnO4 + 4H2O + 4NaBr + Mn2SO4 5) MnSO4 + CaOCl2 + 2NaOH MnO2 + Na2SO4 + CaCl2 + H2O 479.a) V d phn ng: 3MnO2 + KClO3 + 6KOH 3K2MnO4 + KCl + 3H2O 2MnO2 + 3PbO2 + 6HNO3 2HMnO4 + 3Pb(NO3)2 + 2H2O 480.a) C th cho MnO2 tc dng vi HCl c thu c MnCl 2: MnO2 + 4HCl MnCl2 + Cl2 + 2H2O Nung hn hp MnO2 + KClO3 + KOH rn phn ng to ra K2MnO4 (Xem bi 479), ha tan, lc dung dch nc lc c K2MnO4. Axit ha dung dch K2MnO4 thu c KMnO4. un nng dung dch 800C, sau lm ngui, tinh th KMnO4 xut hin. Mun thu c Mn2O7, cho H2SO4 c tc dng vi tinh th KMnO4: 2KMnO4 + H2SO4 2HMnO4 + K2SO4 2HMnO4 Mn2O7 + H2O b) Nung hn hp Ba(OH)2 v MnO2 trong khng kh: 2Ba(OH)2 + 2MnO2 + O2 2BaMnO4 + 2H2O 3BaMnO4 + 2H2O Ba(MnO4)2 + MnO2 + 2Ba(OH)2 Ba(OH)2 + CO2 BaCO3 + H2O lc v ra sn phm, Ba(MnO4)2 cn li trong dung dch. 481. Trong dung dch c tn ti cn bng sau: 3MnO42- + 2H2O 2MnO4- + MnO2 + 4OHt cn bng c th thy c ion MnO42- tn ti trong mi trng kim; MnO4- bn trong mi trng axit.

482.a) C th bng cc phn ng: K2MnO4 + 2H2S + 2H2SO4 2S + MnSO4 + K2SO4 + 4H2O 2K2MnO4 + Cl2 2KMnO4 + 2KCl 4K2MnO4 + O2 + 2H2O 4KMnO4 + 4KOH b) H2MnO4 khng bn nhanh chng b phn hy: K2MnO4 + H2SO4 H2MnO4 + K2SO4 2H2MnO4 2HMnO4 + MnO2 + 2H2O 485. 1) 2KMnO4 + 3MnCl2 + 2H2O 5MnO2 + 2KCl + 4HCl 3) 2KMnO4 + 10KI + 3H2SO4 2MnSO4 + 6K2SO4 + 5I2 + 8H2O 4) 2KMnO4 + 6KI + 4H2O 2MnO2 + 3I2 + 8KOH 486. 1) 2MnCl2 + 4KClO + 8KOH 2K2MnO4 + 8KCl + 4H2O vi phng trnh dng ion: 2Mn2+ + 4ClO- +8OH- 2MnO42- + 4Cl- + 4H2O theo v d trn, vit phng trnh phn t da vo cc phng trnh ion sau: 2) 2MnO4- + 5NO2- + 6H+ 2Mn2+ + 5NO3- + 3H2O 3) 3MnO4- + 5Fe + 24H+ 3Mn2+ + 5Fe3+ + 12H2O 4) 5Mn2+ + 2BrO3- + 4H2O 5MnO2 + Br2 + 8H5) 2MnO4- + H2O2 + 2OH- 2MnO42- + O2 + 2H2O 487. Da vo th tiu chun gii thch. 492.a) Phn t c hnh thnh theo c ch "cho - nhn" nh cc obital lai ha dsp3 ca nguyn t Fe.
3d 4s 4p

v cc cp electron ca 5 phn t CO (xem bi 262) b) Fe(CO)5 iu ch bng cch nung bt st trong dng kh CO 150 0 200 C vi p sut khong 100at. Fe + 5CO Fe(CO)5 494.a) Trong dung dch nc ion Fe2+ dng ion phc [Fe(H2O)6]2+ c bn km hn ion phc [Fe(CN)6]4-, nn [Fe(H2O)6]2+ c tnh kh mnh hn. b) Xem bi tp 427. 495.b) 2K3[Fe(CN)6] + H2O2 +2KOH2K4[Fe(CN)6] + O2 +2H2O c) 2K4[Fe(CN)6] + H2O2 + 2HCl 2K3[Fe(CN)6] + 2KCl + 2H2O 497.

1) Fe2(SO4)3 + Na2SO3 + H2O 2FeSO4 + Na2SO4 + H2SO4 2) 6FeSO4 + 2HNO3 + 3H2SO4 3Fe2(SO4)3 + 2NO + 4H2O 3) 3FeSO4 + 10HNO3 3Fe(NO3)3 + NO + 3H2SO3 + 2H2O 5) 2FeCl3 + 3Na2CO3 + 3H2O 2Fe(OH)3 + 6NaCl + 3CO2 499. 3) 6Fe2+ + BrO3- + 6H+ 6Fe3+ + Br- + 3H2O 4) 5[Fe(CN)6]4- + MnO4- + 8H+ 5[Fe(CN)6]3- + 4H2O + Mn2+ 5) 2[Fe(CN)6]4- + H2O2 + 2H+ 2[Fe(CN)6]3- + 2H2O 500. V d vit theo dng sau: 2FeCl3 + H2S S + 2FeCl2 + 2HCl