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SC BN VT LIU
Mc ch ca mn hc nhm trang b cho sinh vin nhng kin thc
c bn v vic tnh ton, thit k cc chi tit my, kt cu cng trnh.
Chng 1. NHNG KHI NIM CO BN
I. Nhim v v i tng ca sc bn vt liu
1. Nhim v
Tnh ton v bn, cng v n nh ca cc b phn cng
trnh hoc cc chi tit my. Khi thit k cc b phn cng trnh hoc cc
chi tit my, ta phi tho mn cc iu kin sau:
- Chi tit khng b ph hng hay m bo iu kin bn.
- bin dng ca chi tit khng vt qu mc cho php hay m
bo iu kin cng.
- Chi tit lun gi c hnh dng ban u hay m bo iu kin n
nh.
2. i tng nghin cu
Vt rn bin dng: v vt liu l cc vt th c tnh n hi tuyt i,
v mt hnh hc ch yu l cc thanh. Ngoi ra cc dng khc nh: tm,
v, ng dy, a, v.v. Thng thng xt mt trong ba cu hnh sau:

Khi (hnh 1.1)
Tm v v (hnh 1.2)
Thanh (hnh 1.3)




Hnh 1.3
a)
b)
F - din tch mt ct ngang
Trc thanh
Hnh 1.1
Hnh 1.2
2
II. Mt s gi thuyt c bn v vt liu
1. Gi thuyt v s lin tc, ng nht v ng hng
Di tc dng ca ngoi lc mi vt rn thc u b bin dng, ngha
l bin i hnh dng v kch thc, l v ngoi lc lm thay i v tr
tng i vn c gia cc phn t cu to nn vt rn y.
Tnh lin tc: vt rn c gi l lin tc nu mi phn t b tu
ca n u cha v s cht im sao cho trong vt th khng c l rng.
Tnh ng nht c ngha l ti mi im trong vt th, vt liu c
tnh cht l - ho nh nhau.
Tnh ng hng l tnh cht c - l ca vt liu theo mi phng
u nh nhau.
2. Gi thuyt v s n hi, bin dng v chuyn v b
Vt rn c gi l n hi (hay r hn, n hi tuyt i) nu c kh
nng phc hi hon ton hnh dng v kch thc vn c sau khi ngoi lc
thi tc dng, bin dng c khi phc hon ton sau khi ht ngoi lc
c gi l bin dng n hi.
Vt n hi tuyn tnh l vt m bin dng l n hi v t l bc nht
vi ni lc. Nhng vt n hi khc c gi l vt n hi phi tuyn.
Bin dng b c th hiu l n nh n mc nh nhng i lng v
cng b. Chuyn v l rt b so vi kch thc ca vt th.
3. Gi thuyt v quan h gia lc v bin dng
Gia ngoi lc tc ng ln vt th v bin dng ca n c mi
quan h biu din bi mt hm s no . Nu hm s l bc nht ta
gi vt liu tun theo quy lut tuyn tnh. Nu hm s khng phi bc
nht ta gi l quy lut phi tuyn. Trong chng trnh sc bn vt liu, ta
ch xt n quy lut tuyn tnh gia lc v bin dng.
3
III. Ngoi lc, ni lc
1. Ngoi lc
Ngoi lc bao gm ti trng (tnh v ng)
v cc phn lc lin kt.
Ti trng gm:
- Lc tp trung
- Lc phn b (hnh 1-4)
- Ngu lc tp trung
(mmen tp trung) hoc
phn b (hnh 1-5).
2. Ni lc
Phn lc tc dng
tng h chng li tc
dng ca ngoi lc gi l
ni lc.
Phng php mt ct
xc nh ni lc.
Cc thnh phn ni lc
(hnh 1-9) v quy c v du (hnh 1-10):

Lc dc N
z
; lc ct Q
x
, Q
y
; mmen un M
x
, M
y
; mmen xon M
z
.

IV. Bin dng v ng sut
Hnh 1-8 Hnh 1-9
M
z
>0
M
x
M
x
>0
Q
y
N
z
N
z

N
z
> 0
N
z
N
z

N
z
< 0
Q
y
> 0
Q
y
Q
y
< 0
Q
y Q
y
M
x
M
x
M
x
<0
M
x
Hnh 1-10
M
z
<0
l
z

a

q
1
kN/m
2
q=q
1
.b
q(z)
dz
a)
b)
c)
Hnh 1-4
b

kN/m
Hnh 1-5
a
P
P
M=P.a
m (kN/m
2
)
a
b
a)
b)
Hnh 1-6 Hnh 1-7
4
1. Bin dng
Bin dng c bn c phn loi theo thnh phn ni lc trn h
trc qun tnh chnh trung tm.
a. Ko (hoc nn) ng tm (hnh 1-11):
H ni lc mt ct ngang tng ng vi mt lc dc
z
N
G


Hnh 1-11
b. Ct (hay trt) (hnh 1-12)
H ni lc mt ct
ngang tng ng vi
mt lc ngang
y
Q
G
(hoc
x
Q
G
).
c. Xon (hnh 1-13).
H ni lc mt ct
ngang tng ng vi
mt ngu lc c mmen M
z
nm trong mt ct

d. Un (hnh 1-14).
Un thun tu: H ni lc mt ct ngang tng ng vi mt ngu
lc c mmen M
x
(hoc M
y
). Un ngang: Q
y
, M
x
(Q
x
, M
y
)

Hnh 1-14
2. ng sut
Hnh 1-13
Hnh 1-12
5
Cng ca ni lc ti mt im no trn mt ct c gi l
ng sut ton phn, k hiu
p
G
(hnh 1-15).
ng sut trung bnh ti im M k hiu l: tb
P
p
F

JG
G
(1-1)
ng sut ton phn ti im M:

F 0
P
p lim
F

JG
G
[lc/chiu di
2
] (1-2)

ng sut ton phn
p
G
phn lm hai thnh phn (hnh 1-15): ng sut
php, k hiu

, ng sut tip, k hiu

:

2 2
p = +
(1-3)
C th phn ng sut p
G
thnh ba phn theo 3 trc to l ng sut
php
z
v ng sut tip
zx
,
zy
(hnh 1-17).
Quan h gia ng sut v cc ni lc c h thc sau:
( )
= = = =
= =


x zx y zy z z x z
F F F F
y z z zy zx
F F
Q dF;Q dF; N dF ; M y dF;
M x dF; M x y dF
(1-4)
Quy c du ca ng sut:
ng sut php c coi l dng nu n i ra khi mt ct.
ng sut tip c coi l dng nu khi quay php tuyn ngoi ca
mt ct cng chiu kim ng h m chiu ca n trng vi chiu ca ng
sut tip.
V. Quan h gia ng sut v bin dng
I
Hnh 1-16 Hnh 1-15
Hnh 1-17
6
Quan h gia ng sut v bin dng biu din bng nh lut Hc
tng qut:

( )
( )
( )
xy
x x y z xy
yz
y y z x yz
zx
z z x y zx
1
; ;
E G
1
; ;
E G
1
;
E G


= + =

= + =


= + =

(1-5)
E: muyn n hi ca vt liu, [lc/(chiu di)
2
].
: h s Pot-xng ca vt liu, c gi tr 00,5.
G: muyn trt ca vt liu, [lc/(chiu di)
2
]
VI. s ho kt cu
Hnh 1-18 l hai s tnh c rt ra t dm thc tng ng, c
s ho bi mt ng trc v cc lin kt.

Hnh 1-19 biu din mt s lin kt qua cc s ho chng v
phn lc lin kt:

VII. Lin h vi phn gia ni lc v ngoi lc
Hnh 1-19
ngm
N
M
R
gi di ng (gi con ln)
R
R
gi c nh
R
R
N N
R=k.
Gi n hi ngm trt
M
M
M

M=k
ngm n hi
Hnh 1-18
A
B
q P
P
1
P
2
a)
b)
7
Ta nhn thy gia cng ti trng phn b, lc ct v mmen
un s c mi quan h vi phn nht nh.

Hnh 1-20
Thc vy gi s cho dm chu lc bt k nh trn hnh 1-20a. Xt
cn bng ca on thanh hnh 1-20b:

y y y
x 0 x x
Q P (Q dQ ) 0
dz
M Qdz M P (M dM ) 0
2
+ + =
+ + + + =

B qua lng v cng b: Q
y
dz v
2
dz
P
so vi M
x
v M, ta rt ra
iu cn nhn xt:

y x
dQ P; dM M = =

Xt cn bng ca on thanh hnh 1-20c:

y y y
x y x x
Q q.dz (Q dQ ) 0
dz
M Q .dz qdz (M dM ) 0
2
+ =
+ + + =

Nu b qua lng v cng b
2
dz
q
2
, ta c:
y
x
y
dQ
dM
q(z); Q
dz dz
= =
;
2
y
x
2
dQ (z)
d M (z)
q(z)
dz dz
= =
(1-6)
Vy o hm ca lc ct bng cng ca ti trng phn b theo
chiu di v o hm ca mmen un bng lc ct. S lin h gi l
s lin h vi phn gia cng ti trng phn b, lc ct v mmen
un.
dz dz
8
VIII. Biu ni lc
Biu ni lc l biu th s bin thin ca cc thnh phn ni lc
dc theo trc thanh.
1. v biu ni lc cn thc hin theo trnh t sau:
Xc nh cc thnh phn phn lc lin kt cn thit
Phn on v dng phng php mt ct xc nh cc thnh phn
ni lc trn tng on thanh.
Da vo quy lut phn b tng thnh phn ni lc v biu ni
lc cho tng loi ni lc.
Kim tra li biu ni lc
2. v nhanh v kim tra biu ni lc cn:
Da trn cc nhn xt v bc nhy:
Ti mt ct c t lc tp trung, biu lc ct c bc nhy, tr
s bc nhy bng tr s lc tp trung.
Ti mt ct c mmen tp trung, biu mmen un c bc
nhy, tr s bc nhy bng tr s mmen tp trung.
Da trn cc lin h vi phn gia ngoi lc v ni lc:
Trn on thanh khng c lc phn b (q = 0), biu lc ct (Q
y
)
l hng s, mmen un (M
x
) l ng bc nht.
Lc phn b q=const Q
y
bc nht, M
x
l ng bc hai.
Nu trn on thanh m q(z) l a thc bc n Q
y
l mt ng
bc (n+1) v M
x
l mt ng (n+2).
Trn on thanh c q>0 (hng ln) th Q
y
ng bin, trn on
thanh c q<0 (hng xung) th Q
y
nghch bin.
Trn on thanh c Q
y
>0 th M
x
ng bin, trn on thanh c
Q
y
<0 th M
x
nghch bin. Ti mt ct Q
y
= 0, M
x
t cc tr:
+ Cc i khi q < 0 (c chiu hng xung q )
+ Cc tiu khi q > 0 (c chiu hng ln trn q)
Da trn tnh i xng v tc dng ca ti trng:
B lm ca biu mmen un M
x
lun hng ly chiu tc dng
ca lc phn b.
Trng hp h c kt cu i xng chu ti trng i xng, biu
mmen un s i xng, biu lc ct s phn i xng qua
trc i xng ca h. Nu kt cu i xng chu ti trng phn i
xng th biu lc ct i xng v biu mmen un phn i
xng.
3. V d minh ho
9
V d 1.1.: Cho mt dm chu lc nh hnh 1.21. V biu ni lc
Q
y
, M
x
.
Bi gii:
Bc 1: Xc nh phn lc lin kt:
( )
A B
a
m F Y .3a M P.a q.a. 0
2
= + + =

G
B
q.a
Y 0
2
= <

Chiu Y
B
ngc li hnh v. Ta i chiu Y
B
xung di.
y A B
F Y Y P q.a 0 = + =
A B
q.a
Y Y 0
2
= = >
.
Vy chiu ca Y
A
gi nguyn.
Bc 2: V biu lc ct.
Trn on AC c ti trng phn b u q = const, vy biu lc ct
l hm bc nht. Ti A c lc tp trung
2
.a q
Y
A
=
l dng. Ti C c lc
tp trung P=q.a hng ln
trn nn biu Q
y
c bc
nhy ng bng P. Trn on
CB, biu lc ct l hng s
v bng phn lc lin kt ti
B.
Bc 3: V biu m
men un.
Trn on AC biu
mmen l hm bc 2, ng
parabol c b lm hng ly
chiu ca ti trng q. Trn
on CB, biu M
x
l hm
bc nht. Ti B, m men c
gi tr chnh bng m men
tp trung M lm cng th
di. Ti D, ta c Q
y
= 0 nn M
x
t gi tr cc tr.
Trn hnh 1.21 biu din biu Q
y
v M
x
ca dm.
Hnh
1 21

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