10

Chng 2. KO (NN) NG TM
I. Lc dc v biu lc dc
Thanh b ko (nn) ng tm l thanh m trn mi mt ct
ngang ch c mt thnh phn ni lc l lc dc
z
N
G
nm trn trc
thanh.
bit s bin thin ca lc dc
z
N
G
theo trc thanh, ngi
ta lp mt th biu din, gi l biu lc dc.
V d 2.1: V biu lc dc ca mt thanh chu lc nh
(hnh 2.1a)
Bi gii:
1. Xc nh phn lc
ti C: P
1
- P
2
- P
c
= 0
P
c
= P
1
- P
2
= 20 kN, c
chiu nh hnh v.
2. V biu :
+ Xt on AB:
(hnh 2.1b) (0 < z < 2a)
Chiu xung trc z,
ta c:
1
z Z 1
F N P 0 = =

1
z 1
N P 40kN 0 = = >

+ on BC
(hnh 2.1c), (
a z a 3 2
2

)
Xt cn bng ca
phn phi, ta c:
2
z z 2 1
F N P P 0 = + =

Suy ra:
2
Z 1 2
N P P 40 60 20kN 0 = = = <
- lc nn.
Tng t ta c th xt cc mt ct t phn tri, chn gc to
ti C (hnh 2.1d). Kt qu thu c cng ging nh trn.
Biu ni lc nh trn hnh 2.1e.
Hnh 2.1

11
II. ng sut v bin dng
1. Cc gi thit tnh ton
Mt ct ngang ca thanh trc v sau khi bin dng vn
lun thng v vung gc vi trc thanh.
Trong qu trnh bin dng cc th dc lun thng, song
song vi trc ca thanh v khng tc dng tng h ln nhau.

2. ng sut
Theo cc gi thit trn c rt ra t th nghim th trn
mt ct ngang ca thanh chu ko (nn) ng tm c bin dng
di theo phng trc z:

=
z
du
dz
(2.1)
nh lut Hc do nh khoa hc Anh, Robert Hooke tm ra
nm 1660:

z
= E
z
(2.2)
trong , h s t l E c gi l mun n hi Young.
Mt khc, ta c:

= = =

z z z z
F F
N dF dF F

=
z
z
N
F
(2.3)
Trong tnh ton thng vit:
z
z
N
F
=
(2.4)
2. Bin dng dc v bin dng ngang
T cc cng thc (2.2) v (2.3) suy ra:
( )
( )
( )
z
z
N z
z
EF z
=
(2.5)
Bin dng dc tuyt i l:
=

l
z
0
N
l dz
EF
(2.6)
z,n

du

z

dz

P
O
Hnh 2.2
N
z
dz
a)
b)

12
Trng hp c bit khi
z
N
EF
= const:

z
N l
l
EF
=
;
m n
zi i
i
i 1 i 1
i i
N l
l l
E F
= =
= =
(i = 1, 2, ..., n) (2.7)
Bin dng ngang (tng i) theo phng ngang x hoc y
c k hiu l
x
hoc
y
:

x
=
y
=
z
(2-8)
trong l hng s t l, c
gi l h s Poatxng.
V d 2.2. Mt thanh thp di
4m (hnh 2.3a) c tit din vung
mi cnh a = 20mm chu hai lc
P
1
= 80kN mt A v P
2
= 20kN
im gia B. Cho bit E =
2.10
5
N/mm
2
, = 0,25. Hy tnh
chuyn v ca mt thanh v bin
dng tuyt i ca kch thc
ngang ti mt ct nguy him.
Gii:
1. Lp biu lc dc
2. Bin dng dc ( gin) ca thanh:
( )
= + = + = + =
1 2
1 2
z z
1 2 z z
N l N l
1
l l l N N 4,5mm
EF EF EF

Cc mt ct nguy him thuc on BC: ng sut php bng:

2
3
z
2
z
N
100.10
250N/ mm
F 400
= = =

Bin dng dc (tng i) ca on ny bng:
z
5
250
0,00125 0,125%
E 2.10

= = = =

Bin dng ngang:
x
=
y
=
z
= 0,25.0,00125 = 0,03125%
Bin dng tuyt i ca mt ct ngang (lng co):
x
a a 0, 0003125.20 0, 00625mm = = =

Bin dng ngang rt nh so vi bin dng dc.
Hnh 2.3

13
III. Tnh cht c hc ca vt liu
Tnh cht c
hc ca vt liu l
nhng tnh cht
vt l th hin
trong qu trnh
bin dng di tc
dng ca ngoi lc.
Thng thng,
ngi ta chia vt liu lm hai loi: vt liu do v vt liu gin
1. Th nghim ko vt liu do
Mu th hay mu th nghim (hnh 2.4).
Quan h gia lng gin l v lc ko P c biu din bng
biu ko (hnh 2.5). Qu trnh bin dng gm 3 giai on:
Giai on th nht: giai on t l hay giai on n hi OA.
Gii hn t l
hay gii hn
n hi
tl
:
tl
tl
0
P
F
=
(2.9)
Giai on
th hai: giai
on chy do.
ng sut:
C
C
0
P
F
=
(2.10)
c gi l gii
hn chy (do).
Trn mt mu
s thy xut hin nhng ng gn nghing vi trc thanh mt
gc khong 45
0
(hnh 2.6).
Giai on th ba (giai on cng c):
Hnh 2.4
Hnh 2.5
i vi thp s 3:

t1
= 200MN/m
2

C
= 240MN/m
2

B
= 420MN/m
2


14
ng sut cc i:
B
B
0
P
F
=
c gi l gii hn bn.

2. Th nghim nn vt liu do
Mu th thng hnh 2.8a. Biu nn (hnh 2.8b) c gii hn
t l, gii hn chy nhng khng c gii hn bn.

3. Th nghim ko v nn vt liu gin
Vt liu gin chu ko rt km, nn b ph hng t ngt
ngay khi gin cn rt nh. Hnh 2.9 - biu ko (Pl). Khi
b nn cng b ph hng ngay khi bin dng cn nh.
Vt liu gin ch c gii hn bn:
=
B
B
0
P
F

Hnh 2.9
Hnh 2.8
Hnh 2.7
Hnh 2.6
Hin tng ti bn

15
IV. Th nng bin dng n hi
Cng ca ngoi lc chuyn ho thnh th nng bin dng
n hi U: U = A U =
2
P .
2EF
l
=
2
z
N .
2EF
l
(2-11)
Nu ni lc N
z
bin thin t 0 l th c th biu din:
U =

2
z
0
N
dz
2EF
l
(2-12)
Gi u l th nng ring bin dng n hi (th nng tch lu
trong mt n v th tch) th th nng ring c tr s: u=U/V
Thay V = F.l v
z
= N
z
/F ta c
u =
2
z z z
2E 2

=
hoc u =
l l 2
z z z
0 0
dz dz
2E 2

=

l l
(2-13)
V. Tnh ton v ko (nn) ng tm
1. ng sut cho php H s an ton
ng sut cho php []:
[ ]
0
n
1
=
(2.14)
Nh vy i vi vt liu do:
[ ] [ ]
n
ch
k n

= =
(2-15)
i vi vt liu gin, v kh nng chu nn tt hn chu ko
k
B
n
B
>
, nn ta c hai ng sut cho php khc nhau:

[ ]
n
n
B
n

=
;
[ ]
n
k
B
k

=
(2-16)
H s an ton n thng ln hn 1 v ph thuc vo yu cu
thit k cng nh tm quan trng ca cng trnh, chi tit my.
2. Ba loi bi ton c bn
m bo s lm vic an ton khi thanh chu ko (nn)
ng tm, ng sut trong thanh phi tho mn iu kin bn:

[ ]
z
z
N
F
=
(2-17)
T bt ng thc trn, ta c ba loi bi ton c bn sau y:
a. Kim tra bn (bi ton loi 1)
iu kin bn ca thanh:
[ ]
z
max
N
F
=
(2-18)

16
i vi cc vt liu gin l:

[ ]
z
max
k
N
F
=
;
[ ]
z
min
n
N
F
=
(2-19)
b. Chn kch thc mt ct ngang hay thit k (bi ton loi 2)

[ ]
[ ]
z
min
N
F F =

(2-20)
m bo an ton v tit kim, ch nn chn F xp x t s
N
z
/[] chng 5% l .
c. Ti trng cho php (bi ton loi 3)
[ ] [ ]
zmax z
N F N =
(2.25)
T iu kin cng ca thanh, cng dn n ba loi bi ton
tng t.
VI. BI TON SIU TNH
Trong cc bi ton tnh nh ch cn da n thun vo cc
phng trnh cn bng tnh hc xc nh ni lc. Trong bi
ton siu tnh nu ch da vo phng trnh cn bng tnh hc
th khng gii c ni lc m phi da thm vo mt s
phng trnh b sung lp c nh vic xt iu kin bin dng
ca c h. S phng trnh b sung gi l bc siu tnh ca c h.
V d 2.3. Tm ng sut
php trong cc thanh EB v
FC lm bng cng mt loi
vt liu dng treo mt
thanh AD tuyt i cng
(hnh 2.10). Cc thanh treo c
din tch mt ct F = 12cm
2
.
Gii
Thay lin kt bng cc phn
lc lin kt
A A 1 2
Y , Z , N ,N
G G G G
; Lp
phng trnh cn bng:
A
m (F)
= 2aN
2
+ aN
1
3aP = 0 3P = N
1
+ 2N
2
(a)
Hnh 2.10

17
y l bi tp ton siu tnh bc 1. iu kin tng thch bin
dng (l
1
= BB, l
2
= CC, ABB ACC): l
2
= 2l
1
(b)
Theo cng thc (2-7) ta c:
= =
1 2
1 2
N N
l , l
EF EF
l l

Thay vo biu thc (b), d thy: N
2
= 2N
1


= = = = =
2 1
6P 6.160 192
N 192kN; N 96kN
5 5 2

ng sut trong cc thanh EB v FC l:
4 2 2 1
1
4
N 96
8.10 kN/ m 80MN/ m
F 12.10

= = = =
;
2
= 2
1
= 160MN/m
2

V d 2.4. Dm tuyt
i cng AB c gi
bi cc thanh bng
thp c gii hn chy
2
ch
24kN/ cm = . Xc nh
ti trng cho php [q].
Bit n = 1,6; E =
2.10
4
kN/cm
2
.
Bi gii (hnh 2.11).
Ly tng mmen cc
lc i vi im A, ta
c:

0 )
2
3
2 .( 3 . q 5 . N 2 . N ) F ( m
2 1 ) A (
= + + =

(a)
Phng trnh ph tm c t iu kin hai tam gic ng
dng C AC ~ B AB
, ta c:
1 1 1 2 2
2 1 1 2 2
l N N 2
5 2
l 5 E F E F
l l
= =

(b)
trong : E
1
= E
2
= E ; F
1
= F
2
= F; l
1
= 1,8l ; l
2
= l
Gii phng trnh (a) v (b) ta c:

1 2
21 84
N q; N q
44 44
= =
N
2
> N
1
.
Vy iu kin bn phi xut pht t N
2
. Theo (2.25) ta c:
[ ] = F N
2 . Tra bng thp gc 56565 c: F = 4,11cm
2
Do
[ ]
2
ch
24
15kN/ cm
n 1, 6

= = =
[ ]

= =
4,11 15
q 44 32,3 kN/ cm
84

Hnh 2.11