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Chng 4.

c trng hnh hc ca mt ct ngang Cc thuyt bn


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Chng 4. C TRNG HNH HC
CA MT CT NGANG - CC THUYT BN
A. c trng hnh hc ca mt ct ngang
I. Khi nim
Th nghim ko (nn): kh nng chu ti ca thanh ph
thuc vo din tch mt ct ngang
(MCN).
Th nghim un, xon,...: kh
nng chu lc ca thanh khng
nhng ph thuc vo din tch MCN,
m cn hnh dng v s b tr MCN.
V d thanh trn rng (hnh 4.1a)
chu c M
z
gp 2 ln thanh trn
c cng din tch MCN. Thanh hnh
ch nht t ng (hnh 4.1b) ng
sut nh hn 4 ln khi t ngang
(hnh 4.1c) vi cng din tch MCN.
Do , ngoi din tch MCN, ta
cn xt n nhng i lng khc
c trng cho hnh dng MCN v
mt hnh hc, l mmen tnh v
mmen qun tnh.
II. Mmen tnh ca mt ct ngang
Hnh phng F nm trong mt
phng to Oxy (hnh 4.2).
Ngi ta gi tch phn:

m n
F
x y dF
(4.1)
l mmen din tch hn hp cp (m+n)
ca hnh phng F i vi h Oxy.
Khi m = 0, n = 1 tch phn (4.1)
c dng:

=

x
F
S ydF
(m
3
) (4.2)
Hnh 4.2
Hnh 4.1
a)
c)
b)
4a
4a
a
0,7D
D
d
a

P
P
Chng 4. c trng hnh hc ca mt ct ngang Cc thuyt bn
28
Khi m = 1, n = 0 tch phn (4.1) c dng:

=

y
F
S xdF
(m
3
) (4.3)
S
x
v S
y
c gi l mmen din tch cp mt hay mmen
tnh ca hnh phng i vi trc x v trc y.
Khi S
X
= S
Y
= 0 th trc X, Y
c gi l trc trung tm. Giao
im ca hai trc trung tm l
trng tm ca hnh phng. (hnh
4.3).
Cng thc xc nh to ca
trng tm C cng tng t nh cng
thc xc nh to ca khi tm:

y
C
S
x
F
=
;
x
C
S
y
F
=
(4.4)
Nu din tch F bao gm nhiu
din tch n gin F
i
:

=
=

n
i i
i 1
C
x F
x
F
;
=
=

n
i i
i 1
C
y F
y
F
(4.5)
trong x
i
, y
i
l to trng tm ca din tch F
i
.
III. Mmen qun tnh (din tch cp hai)
Khi m = n = 1, tch phn (4.1) c dng:
xy
F
J xydF =
(m
4
) (4.6)
c gi l mmen din tch hn hp cp hai, hay mmen qun
tnh li tm ca hnh phng i vi h trc Oxy.
Khi m = 0, n = 2 hoc m = 2, n = 0, cc tch phn:

2
x
F
J y dF =

v
2
y
F
J x dF =

(4.7)
c gi l mmen qun tnh (hay mmen din tch cp hai) ca
hnh phng F i vi trc x hoc trc y.
J
xy
c th dng hoc m, cn cc J
x
, J
y
lun lun dng.
Tng:
( )
+ = + = =

2 2 2
x y p
F F
J J y x dF dF J
(4.8)
c gi l mmen qun tnh c cc i vi gc to O.
Nu J
xy
= 0 th h trc c gi l h trc qun tnh chnh.
Hnh 4.3
Chng 4. c trng hnh hc ca mt ct ngang Cc thuyt bn
29
Nu J
xy
=0, S
x
=S
y
=0 th ta c h trc qun tnh chnh trung tm.
IV. Cng thc chuyn trc song song ca mmen qun tnh
Cng thc chuyn trc song song
mmen qun tnh ca h trc OXY vi
h trc trung tm oxy (hnh 4.4):
J
X
= J
x
+ Fb
2
J
Y
= J
y
+ Fa
2
(4.9)
J
XY
= J
xy
+ Fab
Chng minh cc cng thc (4.9)
nh sau: ta c, X = x + a ; Y = y + b (a)
Theo nh ngha:
= = =

2 2
X Y XY
F F F
J Y dF, J X dF, J XYdF
(b)
Thay (a) vo (b) suy ra:
J
X
= J
x
+2bS
x
+Fb
2
; J
Y
= J
y
+2aS
y
+Fa
2
; J
XY
= J
xy
+aS
x
+bS
y
+Fab
Khi x v y l cc trc trung tm th S
x
= S
y
= 0 (4.9).
V. Cng thc xoay trc ca mmen qun tnh
Cho bit J
x
, J
y
, J
xy
ca hnh
phng F i vi h trc Oxy. Hy
tnh J
u
, J
v
, J
uv
ca hnh phng F i
vi h trc Ouv (hnh 4.5). Ta c:
u = xcos + ysin
v = ycos xsin
=

2
u
F
J v dF
;
=

2
v
F
J u dF
;
=

uv
F
J uvdF

Thay u, v trn v khai trin
cc tch phn ny, ta c:

+
= +
+
= +

= +
x y x y
u xy
x y x y
v xy
x y
uv xy
J J J J
J cos2 J sin2
2 2
J J J J
J cos2 J sin2
2 2
J J
J sin2 J cos2
2
(4.10)
Nu h trc Ouv l h trc qun tnh chnh (J
uv
= 0) th phng
cc trc qun tnh chnh rt ra t cng thc th ba ca (4.10):
Hnh 4.4
Hnh 4.5
Chng 4. c trng hnh hc ca mt ct ngang Cc thuyt bn
30

=

xy
x y
2J
tg
J J
(4.11)
VI. Mmen qun tnh ca mt s mt ct ngang
1. Hnh ch nht (hnh 4.6)
H trc i xng Oxy l h trc qun tnh
chnh trung tm.
Ta c: J
x
=
h
h
2
2
2 2 3
h
h F
2
2
1
y dF y bdy by
3

= =


hay:
3
x
bh
J
12
=

3
y
hb
J
12
=
(4.14)
2. Hnh tam gic (hnh 4.7)
Chn di phn t din tch dF
song song vi trc y x
1
v cch
trc x
1
mt khong y. Chiu di
b(y) ca di phn t din tch ny
suy ra t iu kin ng dng:

b(y) h y
b h

=

b(h y)
b(y)
h

=

Nh vy, i vi trc y x
1
:
( )
1
h
h 3 4
2 2
x
F o
o
b h y
b hy y
J y dF y dy
h h 3 4

= = =




1
3
x
bh
J
12
=
(4.15)
Nu x l trc trung tm th theo cng thc (4.9):
J
x
=
2
3 3 2
bh h bh bh h
F .
12 3 12 2 9

=


hay
=
3
x
bh
J
36
(4.16)
3. Hnh trn (hnh 4.8)
i vi h trc trung tm Oxy: J
x
= J
y
=
p
J
2

trong :

=
4
4
p
R
J 0,1D
2
nn:


= = =
4 4
4
x y
R D
J J 0, 05D
4 64
(4.17)
Hnh 4.8
Hnh 4.6
Hnh 4.7
Chng 4. c trng hnh hc ca mt ct ngang Cc thuyt bn
31
4. Hnh vnh khn
i vi hnh vnh khn c ng knh ngoi D v ng knh
trong d:

( ) ( )

= = =
4
4 4 4
x y p
1 D
J J J 1 0, 05D 1
2 64
; = d/D (4.18)
VII. V d p dng
V d 4.1. Xc nh v tr trng
tm C
o
v cc mmen din tch cp
hai J
x
, J
y
ca mt ct cho trn
hnh 4.9 (n v l cm).
Gii
Coi mt ct cho l hiu ca
hai hnh ch nht ABCD (k hiu
l 1) v EFGH (k hiu l 2). Ta c: S
x
=
1 2
x x
S S
trong :
( )
1
1 3
x 1 C
60
S F y 100 60 180.000cm
2

= = =




( )
2
2 3
x 2 C
40
S F y 30 40 20 48.000cm
2

= = + =



Do : S
x
= 180.000 48.000 = 132.000cm
3
;
1 2
y y y
S S S =
trong :
( )
1
1 3
y 1 C
100
S F x 100 60 300.000cm
2

= = =




( )
2
2 3
y 2 C
30
S F x 30 40 50 78.000cm
2

= = + =



Vy: S
y
= 300.000 78.000 = 222.000cm
3

To trng tm C
o
ca mt ct l:
( ) ( )
= = =

o
y
C
S
222.000
x 46, 25cm
F 100 60 30 40
;
o
x
C
S 132.000
y 27,5cm
F 4800
= = =


1 2
x x x
J J J =
trong :
3 3
1 5 4 1 1
x
b h 100 60
J 72 10 cm
3 3

= = =


( )
2
3 3
2 2 2 2 2
x 2 C
b h 30 40
J F y 30 40 .40
12 12

= + = +
= 20,8 10
5
cm
4

Hnh 4.9
Chng 4. c trng hnh hc ca mt ct ngang Cc thuyt bn
32
Do : J
x
= (72 20,8)10
5
= 51,2 10
5
cm
4
;
1 2
y x y
J J J =

trong :
3 3
1 6 4 1 1
y
h b 60 100
J 20 10 cm
3 3

= = =


( )
2
3 3
2 2 2 2 2
y 2 C
h b 40 30
J F x 30 40 .65
12 12

= + = +
= 5,16 10
6
cm
4

Vy J
y
= (20 5,16)10
6
= 14,84 10
6
cm
4
.
B. Cc t huyt bn
I. Khi nim
i vi cc chi tit my c bn an ton th trng thi ng
sut mi im khng c vt qu trng thi ng sut nguy
him ca vt liu (trng thi ng sut gii hn -
0
v
0
).
ng sut gii hn ca trng thi ng sut n d dng c
xc nh bng thc nghim. V d, i vi vt liu do ng sut
gii hn l gii hn chy
ch
(hoc
ch
), i vi vt liu gin l
B

(hay
B
). Tuy nhin, thc t ngi ta hay tnh theo ng sut cho
php [] (hay []).
Kim tra bn trng thi ng sut n, trt thun tu:

[ ] [ ] [ ]
= =
max 1 min 3 max
k n
; ;
(4.19)
Khi kim tra bn trng thi ng sut phc tp (phng, khi),
cn lm cc th nghim ph hng trng thi ng sut. Vic xc
nh trng thi ng sut gii hn bng thc nghim rt kh khn
thc t c khi khng thc hin c, v:
S lng th nghim pht rt nhiu, p ng t l
1
,
2
v
3

Trnh k thut v thit b cha cho php th nghim trng
thi ng sut phc tp.
Do ngi ta a ra cc thuyt bn, nhm a trng thi
ng sut phc tp v trng thi ng sut n tng ng. Gi
ng sut chnh ca trng thi ng sut n tng ng l
t
(
t

lin h vi cc ng sut chnh
1
,
2
v
3
). iu kin bn c dng:

t
[] (4.20)
Thuyt bn cho php thit lp mi quan h gia ng sut
tng ng vi cc ng sut chnh. Ni mt cch khc, thuyt bn
Chng 4. c trng hnh hc ca mt ct ngang Cc thuyt bn
33
l nhng gi thuyt v nguyn nhn ph hoi ca vt liu, trn c
s cho php ta xc nh c bn ca vt liu mi trng
thi ng sut khi ta ch bit bn ca vt liu trng thi ng
sut n.
Di y chng ta s nghin cu nhng thuyt bn c bn
nht v ph bin nht.
II. Cc thuyt bn
1. Thuyt bn th nht (thuyt bn ng sut php ln nht)
Thuyt bn th nht do Galil a ra nm 1638. Thuyt ny
cho rng, vt liu b ph hng l do ng sut php ln nht gy ra.
Thuyt bn ny pht biu nh sau: Hai trng thi ng sut
phc tp v n c bn tng ng nu ng sut php ln nht
ca chng nh nhau.
iu kin bn theo thuyt ny:
[ ]
[ ]
= =

= =

t max 1
k
t min 3
n
(4.21)
i vi vt liu do []
k
= []
n

Thiu st ln nht l thuyt bn ny l khng k n nh
hng ca hai ng sut chnh cn li. Ngoi ra, thc nghim cho
thy thuyt ny khng thch hp vi vt liu do. Cn i vi vt
liu gin ch cho nhng kt qu ph hp khi c mt ng sut chnh
rt ln so vi cc ng sut chnh cn li. Thuyt ny hin nay hu
nh khng dng na.
2. Thuyt bn th hai (thuyt bn bin dng t i ln nht)
Thuyt bn th hai do Marit a ra nm 1682. Thuyt ny cho rng:
vt liu b ph hu l do bin dng di tng i cc i ca phn t trng
thi ng sut phc tp t n bin dng di tng i trng thi nguy
him ca phn t trng thi ng sut n.
Hai trng thi ng sut phc tp v n s c bn tng ng nu
bin dng t i ln nht do chng gy ra bng nhau.
iu kin bn c vit l:
Chng 4. c trng hnh hc ca mt ct ngang Cc thuyt bn
34

( ) [ ]
( ) [ ]
= +

= +

t 1 2 3
k
t 3 1 2
n
(4.21)
u im ca thuyt bn th hai l c k n nh hng ca ba ng sut
chnh
1
,
2
v
3
. Song cng nh thuyt bn th nht, thuyt ny cng
khng thch hp i vi vt liu do. Cn i vi vt liu gin th n ch cho
kt qu ph hp khi
1
> 0 v
3
< 0.
Thuyt ny hin nay hu nh khng cn c dng na.
3. Thuyt bn th ba (thuyt bn ng sut tip ln nht)
Thuyt bn th ba do Culng (Coulomb) a ra nm 1773. Thuyt ny
cho rng: vt liu b ph hoi l do ng sut tip cc i ca phn t trng
thi ng sut phc tp t n ng sut tip nguy him ca phn t trng
thi ng sut n.
Hai trng thi ng sut phc tp v n s c bn tng ng nu
ng sut tip ln nht ca chng bng nhau.
iu kin bn l: [ ]
max n
(a)
Ta bit
1 3
max
2

=
(chng 3),
[ ]
[ ]

= =
n
max
n
,
2 2
(chng 2)
Do iu kin bn theo gi thuyt ng sut tip ln nht:

t
=
1

3
[]
k
(4.22)
Trong trng hp ng sut phng c bit (hnh 4.10), ta c:
2 2
1 max
1 1
4
2 2
= = + +
;
2 2
3 min
1 1
4
2 2
= = +
(4.23)
iu kin bn theo gi thuyt ng sut tip ln nht:

[ ]
= +
2 2
t
4
(4.24)
Thuyt bn ng sut tip ln nht rt ph hp
vi vt liu do nhng li khng thch hp i vi
vt liu gin. Thiu st ca thuyt ny l khng k
n ng sut chnh
2
.
Thuyt th 3 cho php gii thch v sao vt
liu b nn u theo tt c cc phng c th chu
c nhng p sut rt cao, v trong trng hp ny th
1
=
3
=-p d p
sut p c ln ti u
t
cng lun lun bng khng.
4. Thuyt bn th t (thuyt bn th nng bin i hnh dng)

Hnh 4.10
Chng 4. c trng hnh hc ca mt ct ngang Cc thuyt bn
35
Thuyt bn th nng bin i hnh dng do Huybe a ra nm 1904.
Thuyt ny cho rng: vt liu b ph hoi l do th nng bin i hnh dng
ca phn t trng thi ng sut phc tp t n th nng bin i hnh
dng trng thi ng sut nguy him ca phn t trng thi ng sut n.
Hai trng thi ng sut phc tp v n s c bn tng ng nu
th nng ring bin i hnh dng ca chng bng nhau.
Trng thi ng sut khi: ( )
+
= + +
2 2 2
hd 1 2 3 1 2 2 3 3 1
1
u
3E

Trng thi ng sut n:
+
=
2
hd t
1
u
3E

iu kin bn c dng:
[ ]
= + +
2 2 2
t 1 2 3 1 2 2 3 3 1
k
(4.25)
Trong trng hp trng thi ng sut phng c bit:
[ ]
= +
2 2
t
k
3 (4.26)
Thuyt bn th t ph hp i vi vt liu do, nhng i vi vt liu
gin th cng khng thch hp. Mt khc thuyt ny vn cha gii thch c
s ph hoi ca vt liu khi b ko u theo 3 phng.
5. Thuyt bn th nm (thuyt bn Mo)
Thuyt bn Mo a ra ln u tin vo nm 1882 v sau pht trin
chi tit vo nm 1990. Thuyt ny cho rng: vt liu b ph hoi l do trng
thi ng sut ang xt vt qu trng thi ng sut gii hn tng ng trong
h vng trn ng sut gii hn.
Thuyt bn Mo da vo ng bao ca h vng trn ng sut gii hn
xc nh trng thi ng sut gii hn cho tng trng hp ca trng thi
ng sut. Nu lm nhiu ln th nghim vi cc ng sut chnh khc nhau th
ta c mt tp hp cc vng trn gii hn (hnh 4.13).
Ngi ta chng minh iu kin bn theo thuyt bn ny l:

[ ]
=
t 1 3
k
vi
k
0
n
0

(4.27)
Thuyt bn Mo vit cho trng thi ng sut phng c bit:

( ) ( )

= = + + +


2 2
2 2
t 1 3
1 1
4 4
2 2 2 2

iu kin bn:
[ ]

= + +
2 2
t
k
1 1
4
2 2
(4.28)
Chng 4. c trng hnh hc ca mt ct ngang Cc thuyt bn
36
Thuyt bn Mo c
nhc im l b qua nh
hng ca ng sut chnh
2
v n gin ng cong gii
hn thnh ng thng nhng
cng c u im hn nhng
thuyt trn v c xt n trng
thi ng sut ca vt liu b
ph hoi. Mt khc, thuyt
ny cng khng cn ra
nhng gi thuyt m cn c trc tip vo cc trng thi ng sut khi nguy
him biu th bng nhng vng trn gii hn.
III. p dng cc thuyt bn
Cho n nay ngi ta xy dng nhiu thuyt bn khc nhau, mi
thuyt bn ra mt quan im v nguyn nhn ph hoi ca vt liu.
Trong thc t tnh ton, vic chn thuyt bn no l ph thuc vo loi
vt liu s dng v trng thi ng sut ca im kim tra. Nu l vt liu do
ta dng thuyt th ba hoc th t. Nu l vt liu gin ta dng thuyt th hai
hoc th nm (Mo).
Gn y xut hin nhiu thuyt mi lin quan ch yu n cc loi vt
liu mi nh cht do, si thu tinh, cht do nhiu lp,
Cc nghin cu thc nghim v l thuyt cho thy rng cu trc ca
tinh th vt rn bin dng c nh hng ln n bin dng v ph hng ca
vt liu . Nu b qua nh hng th kt qu tnh ton theo cc thuyt
bn s b sai lch. Do hin nay, ngi ta ang tip tc nghin cu v cc
vn ny.
V d. Kim tra bn ca phn t vt th chu cc ng sut:

x
= -4kN/cm
2
,
y
= -6 kN/cm
2
,
z
= 3 kN/cm
2
,
xy
=
yx
=2 kN/cm
2
,

zx
=
xz
=
yz
=
zy
= 0. Cho bit [] = 12 kN/cm
2
.
Gii
Nu coi
z
= 3 kN/cm
2
l mt ng sut chnh ca phn t th hai
ng sut chnh cn li:

+ +
= + = +




2
2
x y x y 2 2
max xy
min
4 6 4 6
2
2 2 2 2


max
= -2,764 kN/cm
2
;
min
= -7,236 kN/cm
2

Hnh 4.13
Chng 4. c trng hnh hc ca mt ct ngang Cc thuyt bn
37
Nh vy:

1
= 3 kN/cm
2
;
2
= -2,764 kN/cm
2
;
3
= -7,236 kN/cm
2

Theo thuyt bn th ba:

t
=
1

3
= 3 (- 7,236) = 10,236 []
Theo thuyt bn th t:

[ ]
= + + =
2 2 2
t 1 2 3 1 2 2 3 3 1
8,888

Nh vy phn t bn theo c hai thuyt bn.

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