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Chng 5.

Xon thun tu thanh thng

Chng 5. xon thun tu thanh thng


I. Khi nim v xon thun tu
1. nh ngha Mt thanh chu xon thun tu khi trn MCN ch c mt thnh phn ni lc l mmen xon nh trn hnh 5.1. Ngu lc P-P to ra mmen xon, c gi tr bng P.a. 2. Lin h gia mmen xon ngoi lc vi cng sut v s vng quay Hnh 5.1 Cng sut do mmen xon ngoi lc M (Nm) thc hin khi trc quay mt gc theo thi gian t: A = M A M N = M M = Do cng sut N (watt-W): N = = t t trong - vn tc gc (rad/s); n l tc [vng/pht (v/ph)]. n rad / s Vn tc gc: = 30 Nu cng sut N tnh bng kW th: M = 9549
N ( Nm ) n N Nu cng sut tnh bng m lc th: M = 7162 ( Nm ) . n

3. Cc gi thuyt tnh ton Quan st on thanh trn chu xon (hnh 5.2) trc v sau khi bin dng, thy: MCN ban u phng v thng gc vi trc thanh th sau khi bin dng vn phng v thng gc a) Trc bin dng vi trc thanh, khong cch gia cc mt ct khng thay i. Cc bn knh ca thanh trc v sau khi bin dng vn thng v c di khng i. b) Sau bin dng Ni mt cch vn tt, khi thanh trn chu Hnh 5.2 xon, ch xy ra hin tng quay ca tit din ngang quanh trc thanh. Nhn xt ny c l thuyt v thc nghim xc minh l ng.

II. ng sut trn mt ct ca thanh trn chu xon


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Chng 5. Xon thun tu thanh thng

Kho st mt thanh trn chu xon thun tu (hnh 5.3a).

Hnh 5.3 Tch t thanh mt on di dz (hnh 5.4) Theo quan h gia ni lc v ng sut ta c: M z = dF (a)
F

4 d

Mt khc theo nh lut Hc: = G. (b) l ng sut tip trn MCN ti im cch trng tm mt ct mt khong bng . Theo hnh 5.4, ta c:

dz Hnh 5.4

d tg = dz

(c)

vi d l gc xon tng i gia 2 mt ct 3-3 v 4-4; dz l khong cch gia 2 mt ct . d = K hiu l gc xon t i trn mt n v di. dz Thay (c) vo (b) ri vo (a), ta c:

M z = G..2 dF = G..J p
F

(d) (5-1)

T (d) suy ra: =

Mz G.J p

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Chng 5. Xon thun tu thanh thng

M = z . Thay (5-1) vo (c) ri vo (b), ta c: Jp


ng sut tip ln nht: max = trong : Wp =
Jp

(5-2) (5-3)

Mz Wp

gi l mun chng xon ca mt ct ngang c th R nguyn l (chiu di)3; R l bn knh ca mt ct ngang. J p D3 0, 2D3 - i vi hnh trn: Wp = = R 16 D3 d (1 4 ) 0, 2D3 (1 4 ) ; = D - i vi hnh vnh khn: Wp = 16 Biu ng sut biu din nh trn hnh (5.3b). Ta thy ng sut tip phn b theo quy lut bc nht ph thuc vo khong cch n trng tm mt ct ngang.

III. Bin dng


Bin dng ti mt ct z ca thanh trn khi xon c th hin bng gc xon tng i gia hai mt ct ngang ln cn z, t (5.1) ta c: d M z = = (rad/m) (5-4) dz GJ p Gc xon gia hai MCN cch nhau mt khong l l: l M = z dz (rad) GJ p 0

(5-5)

GJp c gi l cng xon. Vi chiu di v ngoi lc nh nhau, cng xon cng ln gc xon cng nh. Nu trong sut chiu di l ca thanh, t s khng i trong tng on c chiu di li, ta c: n Ml Mzl = z i = G.J p hoc i =1 G i J pi
Mz khng i hoc G.J p

(5-6)

T cc cng thc trn ta thy khi chu xon, c trng hnh hc ca MCN khng phi l din tch F m l mmen c cc Jp.

IV. Tnh ton v xon thun tu


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Chng 5. Xon thun tu thanh thng

m bo iu kin bn v iu kin cng. 1. iu kin bn


zmax iu kin bn : max = W [ ] p

(5.7)

[] l ng sut tip cho php ca vt liu, xc nh nh sau:

[ ] =

[]k
2

hoc [ ] =

[]k
3

(5.8)
(5.9)

i vi vt liu do: [ ] =
M max = z Wp [ ] max

ch , vt liu gin: [ ] = B n n

iu kin bn trn ton thanh khi ng knh thay i: (5-10)

Vi cng thc (5.7) ta c ba loi bi ton c bn sau: a. Kim tra bn: theo cng thc (5.7).
z b. Chn kch thc mt ct ngang: Wp = Wp []

(5.11)

c. Tnh ti trng cho php: Mz Wp[] = [Mz] (5.12) 2. iu kin cng Gc xon tng i (hay bin dng xon) ln nht khng vt qu gii hn cho php:
max = Mz [ ] [rad/chiu di] hoc [/chiu di] GJ p

(5.13)

trong [] l gc xon tng i cho php (tra bng). Nu [] c cho bng (/chiu di) cng thc quy i sau: .[] / chiu di [] rad/chiu di = (5.14) 180 Theo cng thc 5.13 ta cng c ba loi bi ton sau: a. Kim tra iu kin cng: theo cng thc 5.13
z b. Tnh kch thc mt ct ngang: J p G = J p [ ]

(5.15)

c. Tnh ti trng cho php: Mz GJp[] = [Mz] (5.17) Khi tnh ton theo c iu kin bn v cng, iu kin no c nh hng nhiu hn th ly kt qu theo iu kin y. i vi thanh mnh, iu kin cng thng c nh hng nhiu hn.

V. Xon thanh c mt ct ngang khng trn


1. Thanh c mt ct ngang hnh ch nht
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Chng 5. Xon thun tu thanh thng

Sau khi b xon, cc tit din ngang ni chung u b vnh i. Trn MCN ca thanh ch c ng sut tip. Phn b ca ng sut tip thanh MCN hnh ch nht nh trn hnh 5.5. ng sut ln nht ti im gia cnh di:
max = Mz ab2

(5.18)

ng sut ti im gia cnh ngn: (5.19) 1 = max ( 1) Gc xon tng i: =


Mz ab3

Hnh 5.5

(5.20)

Cc h s , , ph thuc vo t s a/b, cho trong cc ti liu SBVL, v d a/b = 1 = 0,208; = 0,141; = 1,0. 2. Thanh c thnh mng kn hoc h Thanh thnh mng kn (hnh 5.6a) v h (hnh 5.6b). a. Thanh c thnh mng kn ng sut tip c phn b u theo b dy b ca thnh, v d ti mt im A: Mz a) A = (5.21) 2F* bA F* din tch gii hn bi ng tm ca thnh (chu vi trung gian). ng sut tip ln nht ti v tr b dy ca thnh nh nht. Gc xon tng i : Mz ds = 2 b 4GF*

b) Chu vi trung gian

Hnh 5.6

(5.22)

b. Thanh c thnh mng h Trn MCN ca thanh cng ch c ng sut tip. Nu MCN ca thanh do nhiu hnh ch nht ghp thnh (hnh 5.7), ng sut tip ln nht ti im gia ca cnh ai:
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Chng 5. Xon thun tu thanh thng

z 1 n 3 bi (5.23) ; J * = a i bi (5.24) J* 3 i =1 Thc nghim J* tnh theo (5.24) b hn mt cht so vi thc t i vi cc loi thp nh hnh, ngi ta a thm vo mt h s iu chnh 1: i max =
J* = 1 n a i b3 i 3 i =1

c cho trong cc ti liu SBVL, v d thp ch L: =1, ch I: = 1,2, ... Gc xon tng i: = GJ (5.25)
*

Mz

Khi MCN l mt di cong c th coi nh mt di ch nht. V d. Tnh ng sut max ti cc im A, B v gc xon ca mt thanh di 2m c thnh mng kn, b xon, mt ct ngang ca thanh nh hnh 5.8, bit Mz = 2.104Nm, G = 5,2.1010 N/m2 (vt liu gang). Gii: Din tch gii hn bi ng tm ca thnh: F* = (0,4 0,01)(0,2 0,03) = 0,0663m2

Hnh 5.7

Hnh 5.8

2.104 = 5.106 N / m 2 ng sut ti A l: A = 2.0,0663.0,03 2.104 B = = 15.106 N / m 2 ng sut ti B l: 2.0,0663.0,01

Gc xon ca thanh: = .
M l = z2 4GF *

ds b

M zl ds + = 4G F b1 * 12
2

ds 3 b 2 + 2

ds 2 b1 + 3

ds b2 4 1

2.10 4 .2 4.5, 2. ( 0, 0663 )

0,17 0,39 3 2. 0, 03 + 2. 0, 01 2,62.10 r ad

VI. Bi ton siu tnh v xon


Mt thanh trn b ngm hai u chu tc dng ca ngu lc M0 nh hnh 5.9a. V biu ni lc ca thanh.
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Chng 5. Xon thun tu thanh thng

Ngu lc lin kt MA v MB. xc nh chng, ch c mt phng trnh cn bng tnh hc: MA M0 + MB = 0 (a)

a)

Mun gii bi ton siu tnh (bc mt) ny, phi da vo iu kin bin dng ca thanh lp thm mt phng trnh b sung. Tng tng b ngm A c) v thay th bng phn ngu lc MA, ta c thanh tnh nh (hnh 5.9b). Hnh 5.9 iu kin thay th l gc xon AB phi bng khng, bo m s tng ng v bin dng vi thanh siu tnh cho, do :

b)

AB = AC + CB =

M Aa ( M A M 0 ) b + = 0 (b) GJ z GJ z

Gii phng trnh trn, c: b MA = M0 a+b thay (c) vo (a), suy ra:

(c)

a MB = a + b M 0

(d)

(Nu MA v MB tnh c trn mang thm du m, th chng c chiu ngc vi chiu gi thit ban u). Sau khi xc nh c cc phn ngu lc MA, MB s v c biu mmen xon Mz(z) ca thanh nh hnh 5.9c.

VI. Tnh l xo xon c hnh tr bc ngn

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Chng 5. Xon thun tu thanh thng

Xt mt l xo xon c tr trn, chu lc dc P (hnh 5.10) vi: h l bc ca dy l xo, d l ng knh dy l xo, D l ng knh trung bnh ca vng dy l xo, l gc nghing ca cc dy l xo, n l s vng dy l xo. Gi thit: 1. Gc nghing rt b, bc h ca l xo khng ln lm h <
D . 10 D . 5

2. ng knh d v D phi tho mn d <

1. ng sut Tng tng ct dy l xo bng mt mt ct i qua trc ca l xo v xt s cn bng ca mt trong hai phn. Thnh phn ni lc: Qy=P v Mz=PR=PD/2. Nu bc h ca l xo Hnh 5.10 khng ln lm MCN l hnh trn. ng sut do ngu lc xon Mz v lc ct Qy gy ra u l ng sut tip, k hiu tng ng l M v Q:
M = Mz PR Q = ; Q = y = 4P Jp Jp F d 2

ng sut tip ti mt im no l tng hnh hc ca hai thnh phn ng sut tip. max l ti im A trn bin ca mt ct ngang, ng vi ng knh trong ca l xo (hnh 5.10c).
max = 8PD 4P 8PD d + 2 = 1 + 2D d 3 d d 3

Trong thc t, d ca dy l xo thng rt b so vi D ca l xo, nn t s d/2D c th b qua so vi 1. 8PD max = k d 3 trong k l h s iu chnh k n nh hng ca lc ct Qy v nh
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Chng 5. Xon thun tu thanh thng

hng ca cong vng dy l xo: k =

D d + 0,25 D d 1

iu kin bn khi tnh ton l xo l: max = k d3 [ ]


2. Bin dng Ngoi bn, cn phi tnh lng co gin ca l xo. Gi l lng co gin ca l xo do lc dc P gy nn. Cng ca ngoi lc P trong bin dng l:
y2 A = P ( y ) dy = cydy = c 2 0 0
2 U = M z ( ) d = cd = c 2 0 0

8PD

=
0

c P = 2 2

Cng A bng cng bin dng n hi U trong l xo:


M zl 1 M 2l c. 1 1 z = = M z = M z = 2 2 2 GJ p 2 GJ p
M 2l z GJ p

trong : l chiu di ca dy l xo. Theo nguyn l bo ton nng lng A = U, ta c: P = Thay tr s ca l= Dn v Mz = PD/2: =
P Gd 4 cng ca l xo, k hiu l C: C = = 3 8D n
8PD 3n Gd 4

Lc cn thit gy nn mt bin dng n v ca l xo, c gi l

cng ca l xo c tnh bng N/m.

VII. V d p dng
V d 5-1: Cho dm u ngm u t do chu mmen xon tp trung M0 (hnh 5.11a). V biu mmen xon. Bi gii S dng phng php mt ct, ta c: MZ-Pa=0 MZ=P.a Biu mmen xon c v trn hnh 5.11b.
1 1

Hnh 5.11
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Chng 5. Xon thun tu thanh thng

V d 5-2: V biu Mz cho thanh chu lc nh hnh 5.12. Bi gii 1000Nm/m 1. Phn lc ti ngm C: Mz = 0 Mc = 900Nm 2. Chia dm thnh hai on: - on AB ct thanh mt 40cm 60cm ct z1 (0 z1 40cm) v xt s cn bng phn tri, ta tm c M z =300 Nm. - on BC ct thanh mt ct z2 v xt s cn bng phn phi ta c: M z = 900 - 1000.z2 Hnh 5.12 V biu Mz nh trn hnh 5.12. a) V d 5-3: Cho mt trc chu lc nh hnh 5.13a. Cc puli 1, 2, 3 l b ng c cng sut N1 = 40 m lc, N2 = 20 b) m lc, N3 = 30 m lc, puli 0 l ch ng. Cho Hnh 5.13 bit n =1000vng/pht, =d/D =0,6, 2 []=4500N/cm , G=8.106N/cm2, 0=20/m. Xc nh D, d. Bi gii: Biu cng sut c v trn hnh 5.13b. Mt ct nguy 71620 716200 N= 50Ncm him c N0 = 50 m lc M Zmax = n 1000 Chn kch thc theo iu kin bn (5-11), ta c: 716200.N 0 D3 16 716200.N 0 Mz wP = (1 4 ) = Wp D 3 3, 64cm 16 n [ ] n [ ] (1 4 ) [ ] Chn kch thc theo iu kin cng. T (5-14), ta suy ra: 716200N 0 100 180 D 4 Mz max = [ ] J P = (1 4 ) D=3,49cm GJ p 32 n.G.[0 ] so snh ta chn: D=3,64; d=3,64. 0,6 = 2,18cm.
1
2

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