Chng 7.

Thanh chu lc phc tp

63
Chng 7. THANH CH|U LUC PHC TAP
I. Khi nim
Khi trn MCN ca thanh xut hin t hai thnh phn ni lc tr ln th
gi l thanh chu lc phc tp. V d, mt trc truyn va chu xon va chu
un, mt tng chn va chu nn va
chu un,
Tng qut nht khi thanh chu lc
phc tp, ni lc trn MCN c th c 6
thnh phn (hnh 7.1).
Phng php tnh: p dng nguyn
l cng tc dng: ng sut hay bin dng
do nhiu yu t (ngoi lc, nhit ,
ln ca gi ta, ) gy ra ng thi trn
mt thanh th bng tng ng sut hay
bin dng do tng yu t gy ra trn
thanh .
II. Un xin
1. nh ngha
Khi trn mi MCN ch c hai thnh phn ni lc l M
x
v M
y
nm trong
cc mt phng qun tnh chnh trung tm ca MCN (hnh 7.2). Khi ch n
lc ct trn MCN c th c cc thnh ni lc M
x
, Q
y
, M
y
v Q
x
.

Gi M l vect tng ca cc vect M
x
v M
y
, nm trong mt phng V
cha trc z, nhng khng trng vi mt mt phng qun tnh chnh trung tm
no. Giao tuyn ca mt phng ny vi mt phng ct ngang gi l ng ti
trng.
Trong un xin ng ti trng i qua trng tm nhng khng trng vi
mt trc qun tnh trung tm no (hnh 7.2b ).
M
y
y
x
z
M
x
0
a)

V
b)

M
y
M
x
Hnh 7.2

y
x
z
M
M
Mt phng
ti trng
ng ti
trng

Q
y
Q
x
M
z
M
y

x
y
z
M
x

Q
z
Hnh 7.1
Chng 7. Thanh chu lc phc tp
64
2. ng sut php trn MCN
Theo nguyn l cng tc dng, ng sut php ti mt im bt k trn
MCN c to x, y c tnh theo cng thc:
y
x
z
x y
M
M
y x
J J
= +
(7.1)
M
x
, M
y
coi l dng khi lm cng phn chiu dng ca trc y, trc x.
Trong k thut ngi ta dng cng thc sau khng cn ch n du
ca M
x
, M
y
v to x, y:
y
x
z
x y
M
M
y x
J J
=
(7.2)
Ta s chn du + hoc du - trc mi s hng tu theo cc mmen
un M
x
v M
y
gy ra ng sut ko hay nn im ang xt.
Nu gi l gc ca ng ti trng hp vi trc x (hnh 7.2b):
tg = M
x
/M
y
M
x
= Msin; M
y
= Mcos
Gc c gi l dng khi quay t chiu dng trc x n ng ti
trng theo chiu kim ng h.
3. V tr ng trung ho
T (7.1) ta thy phng trnh ng trung ho:

y
x
x y
M
M
y x 0
J J
+ =
(7.3) hay
x x
y y
M J
y . .x x.tg
M J
= =
(7.4)
trong
x x
y y
M J
tg
M J
=
hay
x
y
J 1
tg
tg J
=

(7.5)
ng trung ho l mt ng thng i
qua trng tm ca MCN v khng vung gc
vi ng ti trng nh trong un phng.
T biu thc (7.5) i vi cc MCN
c v s h trc qun tnh chnh trung tm nh
hnh trn, cc a gic u cnh, ( J
x
= J
y
nn
tgtg = -1) th khng xy ra hin tng un
xin phng. V ng ti trng s vi mt
trc qun tnh chnh trung tm, cn ng
trung ho s trng vi mt trc qun tnh
chnh trung tm th hai vung gc vi ng
ti trng. Bi ton khi ch l un phng.
4. Biu ng sut php trn MCN
Theo (7.1) mt ng sut l mt phng, nn ng sut php phn b u
trn ng thng song song vi ng trung ho. Do ta c th v biu

D
ng
trung
ho
0

max
A
B
C
Hnh 7.3

min
Chng 7. Thanh chu lc phc tp
65
phn b ng sut php trn MCN trong h to nh hnh 7.3. Trc tung l
ng trung ho, trc honh vung gc vi ng trung ho.
5. iu kin bn
im nguy him l cc im xa ng trung ho nht v pha ko hoc
nn trng thi ng sut ca im nguy him l trng thi ng sut n.
iu kin bn c dng:
- i vi vt liu do: [ ]
max

(7.6)
- i vi vt liu gin: [ ]
max k

(7.7) [ ]
min n

(7.8)

y
x
max k k
x y
M
M
y x
J J
= +
;
y
x
min n n
x y
M
M
y x
J J

= +


(7.9)
Nu MCN ca thanh l nhng mt ct c th ni tip trong hnh ch
nht (hnh 7.4):
k n max
x x x = =

k n max
y y y = =

max
=
min
;
y
x
max
x y
M
M
W W
= +
(7.10)
trong :
x
x
max
J
W ;
y
=

y
y
max
J
W
x
=
(7.11)
Trng hp ny iu kin bn s l:
-Vt liu do:
[ ]
y
x
x y
M
M
W W
+
(7.12); Vt liu gin:
[ ]
y
x
k
x y
M
M
W W
+
(7.13)
T iu kin bn trn ta suy ra ba bi ton c bn sau:
- Kim tra bn theo (7.6) hoc (7.7) hoc (7.8).
- Tm ti trng cho php. Gi [P
i
] l ti trng suy rng cho php, ta c:
[ ]
x 1 i
M k P =
;
[ ]
y 2 i
M k P =
(7.14)

k
1
, k
2
l cc hng s. T iu kin bn, v d theo (7.12) ta suy ra:
[ ] [ ]
[ ]
1 i 2 i
x y
k P k P
W W
+
hay
[ ] [ ]
1 2
i
x y
k k
P /
W W

+



(7.15)
- Chn kch thc MCN
V cha bit tr s J
x
, J
y
, x
k
, x
n
, y
k
, y
n
ta c th chn th tnh theo un
phng do thnh phn mmen i hi kch thc ln, ri th dn.
i vi cc mt ct (hnh 7.4), u tin ta c th tnh theo cng thc:

[ ]
x y
x
M CM
W
+

vi
x
y
W
C
W
=
(7.16)
Hnh 7.4

Chng 7. Thanh chu lc phc tp
66
i vi hnh ch nht c chiu cao h v b rng b th C = h/b. i vi
mt ct hnh ch I lc u c th ly C = 8, v hnh ch U ly C = 6, sau
kim tra tnh ton li.
V d 7.1: Cho dm chu lc nh hnh 7.5. Xc nh s hiu mt ct dm
thp ch I, v tr ng trung ho. Cho P = 2400N; q = 4000N/m; l = 2m; =
30
0
; [] =16000N/m
2
.
Bi gii: Mt ct nguy him ti ngm c:

2
x
q
M P cos
2
= +
l
l
= 12160 Nm

y
M P sin 2400Nm = = l

Th ln th nht ta ly C = 8.
Theo cng thc (7.39):

[ ]
x y 3
x
M CM
W 196cm
+
=

Ta chn mt ct ch I s 20 c cc gi tr
nh hn v gn nht W
x
=184cm
3
;
W
y
=23,1cm
3
.
Th li:
max min
=


y 2
x
max
x y
M
M
17000N/cm
W W
= + =

V
[ ]
[ ]
max
17000 16000
100 100 6,2% 5%
16000


= = >

Do ta ly mt ct s 20a c W
x
= 203cm
3
, W
y
= 28,2cm
3

Khi :

y 2
x
max
x y
M
M 1216000 240000
14500N/cm
W W 203 28,2
= + = + =

ng sut nh hn:

[ ]
[ ]
max
14500 16000
100 100 9,4%
16000


= =

V gia thp c s hiu 20 v 20a khng cn s hiu no khc nn ta chn
dm thp c s hiu 20a.
Xc nh v tr ng trung ho. Tra bng vi I(20a) ta c J
x
=2030cm
4
;
J
y
=155cm
4.
Do ti mt ct ngm, phng ca ng trung ho l :

min
Hnh 7.5

P
q
y

x
A
B

x
y
n

max
Chng 7. Thanh chu lc phc tp
67

x ymax
y xmax
J M
2030 2400
tg 2,58
J M 155 12160

= = = +

hay
0
6850 = +

III. Un - ko (nn) ng thi
1. nh ngha
Mt thanh c gi l chu un - ko (nn) ng thi khi trn MCN ca
thanh c cc thnh phn ni lc l lc dc N
z
, mmen un M
x
, M
y
(hnh 7.6).
V d ng khi va chu nn do trng lng bn thn G, va chu un
do ti trng gi q (hnh 7.7).

2. ng sut php trn MCN
ng sut php ti mt im trn MCN c xc nh theo cng thc:

y
z x
z
x y
M
N M
y x
F J J
= + +
(7.18)
hoc
y
z x
z
2 2
z x z y
M
N M
. 1 y x
F N i N i

= + +



(7.19)
trong : F - din tch MCN;
i
x
, i
y
- bn knh qun tnh chnh:

x x
i J / F =
;
y y
i J / F =
;
J
x
, J
y
- mmen qun tnh chnh trung tm ca MCN;
x, y - to ca im tnh ng sut.
Quy c du ca N
z
(chng 2), ca M
x
, M
y
nh trong un xin.
Cng thc k thut c dng:
Hnh 7.7
q
G
Hnh 7.6
z
N
z
O
M
y
x
y
M
x
Chng 7. Thanh chu lc phc tp
68

y
z x
z
x y
M
N M
y x
F J J
=
(7.20)
Cc gi tr u ly gi tr tuyt i. Cn ly du + hoc - trc mi
s hng tu theo lc dc l ko hay nn v cc mmen un M
x
, M
y
gy ra
ng sut ko hay nn im ang xt.
3. V tr ng trung ho
T (7.18) ta suy ra phng trnh ng trung ho l:

y
z x
x y
M
N M
y x 0
F J J
+ + =
(7.21)
hay:
y
x
2 2
z x z y
M
M
1 y x 0
N i N i
+ + =
(7.22)
ng trung ho l mt ng
thng khng i qua trng tm ca
MCN nh trong un xin.
4. Biu ng sut php trn
MCN
Tng t nh trong un xin do
mt ct ng sut l phng, nn ng
sut php phn b u trn ng
thng song song vi ng trung ho. Biu phn b ng sut c v nh
hnh 7.8.
5. iu kin bn
im nguy him l cc im chu vi, xa ng trung ho nht v pha
ko hoc pha nn. Trng thi ng sut ca im nguy him l trng thi ng
sut n iu kin bn l :
- i vi vt liu do:
[ ]
max

(7.23)
- i vi vt liu gin:
[ ]
max k

; [ ]
min n

(7.24)
trong :
y
z x
max
x y
M
N M
y x
F J J
= + +
(7.25)

y
z x
min
x y
M
N M
y x
F J J
=
(7.26)
x
k
, y
k
l to ca im chu ko cch xa ng trung ho nht.
x
n
, y
n
l to ca im chu nn cch xa ng trung ho nht.
=N/F
Hnh 7.8

B
Chng 7. Thanh chu lc phc tp
69
Hnh 7.9
a)
b)

min

max
A
B
Nu MCN ca thanh c dng nh trn hnh 7.9 th l lun tng t nh
trong un xin ta c:

y
z x
max
x y
M
N M
F W W
= + +
(7.27)

y
z x
min
x y
M
N M
F W W
=
(7.28)
V d 7.2: Cho mt thanh chu lc nh hnh 7.9a. Tm gi tr ng sut
max
v
min
, v tr ng trung
ho v v biu phn b
ng sut php trn mt ct
nguy him. Cho: P
1
= 160
kN; P
2
= 4kN; P
0
= 240kN;
q=2kN/m; l=2m; b=12cm;
h=16 cm.
Bi gii
Mt ct nguy him ti
u ngm. V tr ng
trung ho v biu ng
sut php c v trn hnh
7.9b.
Lc dc:

z 0 1
N P P (240 160) 400kN = = + =
.
Mmen un:

2 4
1
x
Ph ql 2 4 10
M 160 8 1680kNcm
2 2 100 2

= + = + =

2
1 2
y
Pb P l
M 160 6 4 10 1360kNcm
2 2
= + = + =

Gi tr ng sut php ln nht v b nht theo (7.27), (7.28) l:
y
z x
max
2 2
x y
M
N M
400 1680 6 1360 6
4,75kNcm
F W W 12 16 12 6 16 12

= + + = + + =


y
z x
min
2 2
x y
M
N M
400 1680 6 1360 6
8,91kNcm
F W W 12 16 12 6 16 12

= = =


V tr ng trung ho: ng trung ho ct trc x v trc y ti cc im:
Chng 7. Thanh chu lc phc tp
70

2
z y
0
y
N i
x
M
=
;
2
z x
0
x
N i
y
M
=

trong
2
2 2
x
h
i 21,3cm
12
= =
;
2
2 2
y
b
i 12cm
12
= =


z
N 0 <
;
x
M 0 >
;
y
M 0 >
.
Khi thay bng s ta c:
0
x 3,53cm =
;
0
y 5,07cm =

IV. Un - xon ng thi
1. nh ngha
Mt thanh gi l xon v un ng thi. Khi trn MCN ca thanh c hai
thnh phn ni lc l mmen xon v mmen un (hnh 7.10).
2. ng sut trn
MCN trn - iu
kin bn
ng sut php
do mmen un gy
ra. ng sut tip do
mmen xon gy
nn phn b nh
trng hp xon
thun tu (b qua
nh hng ca lc
ct Q).
im nguy him trn mt ct nguy him l giao im ca ng ti
trng vi chu vi: im A hoc B (hnh 7.11). ng sut php v tip c gi tr:

2 2
x y
u A B
max min
u u
M M
M
W W
+
= = =
(7.29)
max
A,B
z
p
M
W
=
(7.30)
V phn t trng thi ng sut phng nn iu kin bn c dng:
[ ]
tdmax

(7.31)
V d theo thuyt bn ng sut tip ln nht ta c:
2 2
td
4 = +

Thay cc gi tr ca v theo (7.29), (7.30) v ch W
p
= 2W
u
, ta c:

2 2 2
x y z
td
max
u u
M M M
M
W W
+ +
= =
;
2 2 2
td x y z
M M M M = + +
(7.32)
Hnh 7.11
Hnh 7.10
Chng 7. Thanh chu lc phc tp
71
Theo thuyt bn th nng bin i hnh dng :
2 2 2
x y z
2 2 td
max
u u
M M 0,75M
M
3
W W
+ +
= + = =
vi
2 2 2
td x y z
M M M 0,75M = + + (7.33)
Theo thuyt bn Mo ta c: [ ]
k
td 1 3
=

trong :
2
2
1,3
2 2

= +


;
[ ]
[ ]
k
n

vi
2 2 2 2 2
td x y x y z
1 1
M M M M M M
2 2
+
= + + + + (7.34)
M
td
c tnh theo cc thuyt bn thch hp (7.32), (7.33), (7.34).
V d 7.3: Mt trc truyn bng thp chu lc nh trn hnh 7.12. Trng
lng Puli G = 3kN, cng sut v s vng quay ca mt l: W = 50kN, n =
500vg/ph. Kim tra bn trc theo thuyt bn th nng bin i hnh dng bit
[ ]
2
12kN/cm =
.

Bi gii: S chu lc ca trc biu din trn hnh 7.12a, trong :

n 3,14 500
52,4rad/s
30 30

= = =
;
3
W
M 0,955 10 Nm 95,5kNcm = = =

Lc cng dy ai xc nh theo iu kin cn bng ca mmen xon:

1 1 1
TD t D t D
M
2 2 2
= =

1
2M 2 95,5
t 2,38kN
D 80

= = =
;
1 1
T 2t 2 2.38 4,76kN = = =
;
1 1
P T t 4,76 2,38 7,14kN = + = + =
ng sut tng ng tnh theo thuyt bn th nng bin i hnh dng:
Hnh 7.12
Chng 7. Thanh chu lc phc tp
72

2 2 2
x y z
td
td 3
x
M M 0,75M
M
W 0,1 d
+ +
= =

Mt ct nguy him ti C v pha CB, ti :

x
Gl
M 75kNcm
4
= =
;
y
Pl
M 178kNcm
4
= =
;
z
M 95,5kNcm =

Cc biu ni lc c biu din trn cc hnh 7.12b, c, d.
Thay s vo ta c:

[ ]
2 2 2
2 2
td
3
75 178 0,75 95,5
9,72kN/ cm 12kN/ cm
0,1 6
+ +
= = < =

Vy trc tho mn iu kin bn.
3. ng sut trn MCN hnh ch nht - iu kin bn
Gi s ti MCN nguy him c cc thnh phn ni lc M
x
, M
y
, M
z
biu
din trn hnh 7.13. i vi
trng hp ang xt, cc im B,
D c ng sut php cc tr:

y
x B
max
x y
M
M
W W
= +


y
x D
min
x y
M
M
W W
=

Mmen xon sinh ra ng
sut tip:

x A
max
p
M
W
=


z C
1 max
p
M
W
= =
;
vi
2
p
W hb =

Chng ta cha bit c trong ba im A, B, C im no l nguy him.
Vy ta phi tnh ng sut tng ng cho c ba phn t ly 3 im ny,
sau so snh im no c
t
l ln nht.
- i vi phn t im B:
y
x B B
td max
x y
M
M
W W
= = +

- i vi phn t im A (va c ng sut php va c
max
):
y
C
B
A
D
z
x
M
x
M
y
M
z
h

b
Hnh 7.13
Chng 7. Thanh chu lc phc tp
73
Thuyt bn ng sut tip ln nht:
2 2
y A 2 2 z
td
y p
M
M
4 4
W W

= + = +




Thuyt bn th nng bin i hnh dng:
2 2
y A 2 2 z
td
y p
M
M
3 3
W W

= + = +




- i vi phn t im C:
Theo thuyt bn th ba, ta c:
2
2
C
x z
td
x p
M M
4 .
W W


= +






Theo thuyt bn th t, ta c:
2
2
C x z
td
x p
M M
3 .
W W


= +