Bu Cong Suat Phan Khang Va Thi Truong Dien Nang Phan Khang

B gio dc v o to
i hc thi nguyn
TRNG i hc k thut cng nghip
DNG ha an
Vn cos, b cng sut phn khng v th

TRNG in nng phn khng
Chuyn ngnh: thit b mng v h thng in
Lun vn thc s khoa hc k thut
Thi nguyn nm 2008
B gio dc v o to
i hc thi nguyn
TRNG i hc k thut cng nghip
DNG ha an
Vn cos , b cng sut phn khng v

th TRNG in nng phn khng
Chuyn ngnh: thit b mng v nh my in
Lun vn thc s khoa hc k thut

Ngi hng dn khoa hc: PGS.TS. Phm Vn Ha
Thi nguyn nm 2008
LI NI U
Cng vi qu trnh pht trin kinh t x hi ca t nc, ngnh in lun phi i
trc mt bc trong cng cuc cng nghip ha v hin i ha. Cc nh my x
nghip, cc khu cng nghip ngy cng pht trin nhanh chng i hi tiu th cn g
sut phn khng cng tng, iu ny lm gim h s cos , gim cht lng in
nng, tng tn tht.V vy cc h tiu th in b p dng bng gi pht i khi c h
s cos
thp.
Ni dung ca lun vn gm hai vn chnh :

-
i nghin cu phng php xc nh dung lng t thit b b, v tr t

b, nhm em li hiu qu ti u c v kinh t v k thut.
Nghin cu th trng in nng phn khng.
ti Vn cos , b cng sut phn khng v th trng in nng phn

khng gm bn phn nh sau :
1. Tng quan .
2. Chng trnh tnh ton b ti u cng sut phn khng, c xt n cht lng
in nng v phn tch kinh t ti chnh.
3. Tnh ton p dng :
4. Th trng in nng phn khng.
5. Kt lun v kin ngh.
Trong sut qu trnh thc hin lun vn, ti nhn c s gip v ch bo
tn tnh ca PGS.TS Phm Vn Ha, ti xin chn thnh cm n nhng ng gp ca
thy gio hng dn, cc thy c gio trng i hc bch khoa H Ni, v cc thy
c gio trng i hc Cng nghip Thi Nguyn. Ti cng xin chn thnh cm n
nhng ng gp qu bu ca cc bn ng nghip, ngi thn v gia nh ng
vin v gip ti trong qu trnh thc hin. Xin gi li chn thnh cm n n cc c
S ha bi Trung tm Hc liu i hc Thi Nguyn
http://www.lrc-tnu.edu.vn
quan x nghip, gip ti kho st tm hiu thc t v ly s liu phc v cho lun
vn.
Mc d bn thn c nhiu c gng, song bn lun vn ny vn cn nhiu hn ch,
ti rt mong c s ch bo, gp ca cc thy c v cc bn ng nghip lun
vn ny c hon thin hn.
Xin chn thnh cm n.
Thi Nguyn ngy thng nm 2008
Mc lc
Li Cam oan.....1
Li ni u:....2
Mc Lc:....4
Chng I: TNG QUAN.......7
1.1Vn b cng sut phn khng trong h thng in:....7
1.2 Ngun cng sut phn khng :... 8
1.3.B kinh t cng sut phn khng:...9
1.4. Phn tch nh hng ca t b n tn tht cng sut tc dng v tn tht
in nng li phn phi :..........10
1.4.1 li phn phi mt ph ti:.10
1.4.2 Li phn phi c ph ti phn b u trn trc chnh.14
1.5 Mt S phng php tnh b cng sut phn khng : .......16
1.5.1 Phng php xc nh dung lng t b theo biu cng sut phn
khng ca ph ti :
1.5.2 B cng sut phn khng nng cao h s cos :....19
1.5.3 M hnh b cng sut phn khng theo iu kin cc tiu tn tht cng
sut:..20
1.5.4 M hnh b cng sut phn khng da trn ch tiu ti a ha cc tit
kim..23
1.5.5 M hnh tnh b theo iu kin chnh in p..24
1.5.6 M hnh b cng sut phn khng da trn ch tiu cc tiu hm chi ph
tnh ton..26
1.5.7 Phng php xt n nhy ca chi tiu n nh in p, lch in
p v tn tht cng sut tc dng i vi s bin i cng sut phn khng
nt.......28
1.5.8 M hnh quy hoch hn hp..... ..31
1.6. Tm hiu cos
v b cos
ti mt s nh my x nghip...32
1.6.1 Cc ph ti tin hnh iu tra ..33

1.6.2.Mt s nhn xt t kt qu thc t.33
1.6.3 Tm tt v kin ngh ........................................................................38
Chng II: -CHNG TRNH TNH TON B TI U CNG SUT PHN
KHNG, C XT N CHT LNG IN NNG V PHN TCH KINH T
TI CHNH................................................................39
2.1. Phng php lun v s khi thut ton..39
2.1.1 M hnh tng qut bi ton b cng sut phn khng trong li phn
phi:.39
2.1.2. Hm mc tiu....40
2.1.3 Cc rng buc...... 42
2.1.4 M hnh bi ton b cng sut phn khng khi c xt n my bin p:
..43
2.1.5 Mt s gi thit khi tnh ton ti u cng sut b:..44
2.2 Phng php gii bi ton b cng sut phn khng.44
2.2.1 Tng quan44
2.2.2. Thut ton gii bi ton b cng sut phn khng bng phng php quy
hoch ng:.45
2.2.3 Xt n rng buc v in p:.48
2.2.4.Hnh thc ho thut ton v s khi.48
2.2.6 Cc s liu cn a vo tnh ton:.50
2.2.7 V d p dng .51
2.3. Chng trnh my tnh v s dng chng trnh ....53
Chng III- T NH TON P DNG :.......58
3.1 S l 677: ..........................................................................................58
3.2 Cc S liu Tnh ton:............................................................................59
3.3 Kt qu tnh ton ng vi ch ph ti cc i:..61
3.4 Phn tch kinh t ti chnh v nh gi hiu qu kinh t b cng sut phn
khng.............................................................................................. .................65
Chng 4: TH TRNG IN NNG PHN KHNG...............................69
4.1Th trng in nng phn khng vit Nam:..........................................69
4.1.1 Phn tch m hnh kinh doanh in nng phn khng hin ti
Vit Nam:................................................................................................69
4.1.2 Phng php xc nh tin mua cng sut phn khng:..................70
4.2 Cc m hnh kinh doanh in nng c th c p dng:......................74
4.3 V d p dng:.............80
Chng V : KT LUN V KIN NGH...............84
5.1 Kt lun : ...............................................................................................84
5.2 Kin ngh:...............................................................................................84
Ti liu tham kho............................................................................................. 86
CHNG I ;
TNG QUAN
1. VN B CNG SUT PHN KHNG TRONG LI IN:
1.1 Vn b cng sut phn khng trong h thng in:
Trong h thng in lun c phn t tiu th v ngun pht cng sut phn
khng. Phn t tiu th l my bin p, ng c khng ng b, trn ng dy in
v mi ni c t trng. Yu cu cng sut phn khng ch c th gim ti thiu ch
khng trit tiu c v n cn thit to ra t trng, yu t trung gian trong qu
trnh chuyn ha in nng. yu cu cng sut phn khng c phn chia nh sau:
- ng c khng ng b tiu th khong 70-80%.
- My bin p tiu th 25-15%.
- ng dy ti in v cc ph ti khc 5%.
Kh nng pht cng sut phn khng ca cc nh my in rt hn ch,
cos = 0,8-0,85. Cc my pht ch m ng mt phn yu cu cng sut phn
khng ca ph ti. Phn cn li trng vo cc ngun cng sut phn khng t thm
tc l ngun cng sut b.
C 2 con ng m bo cn bng cng sut phn khng trong h thng in :
(1) - Cng bc ph ti m ch yu l cc x nghip cng nghip phi m
bo cos
ca h mc cho php. Cch ny nhm gim yu cu cng sut phn
khng.
(2)- t b cng sut phn khng trong h thng in gii quyt phn thiu
cn li.
Tm li trong h thng in phi b cng bc hay b k thut mt lng cng sut
phn khng nht nh m bo cn bng cng sut phn khng trong h thng
in.
H thng in thiu cng sut phn khng th vic b k thut l bt buc, gi l b
cng bc.
Sau khi b cng bc, mt lng cng sut phn khng ng k vn lu thng qua
li phn phi trung p gy ra tn tht cng sut tc dng v tn tht in nng kh
ln.
gim tn tht ny c th thc hin b kinh t.
B kinh t ch c thc hin khi n thc s mang li li ch, ngha l li ch kinh t
m n mang li phi ln hn chi ph vn hnh v lp t trm b.
Trong cc x nghip cng nghip lng cng sut phn khng phi b cng bc
m bo cos cng c phn phi hp l nhm gim ti a tn tht in nng.
1.2 Ngun cng sut phn khng :
V ngun cng sut phn khng thy rng : Kh nng pht cng sut phn
khng ca my pht rt hn ch. V l do kinh t ngi ta khng lm cc my pht
c kh nng pht nhiu cng sut phn khng cho ph ti, c bit l ch
max. Cc my pht ch m ng mt phn yu cu cng sut phn khng ca ph
ti, ch yu lm nhim v iu chnh cng sut phn khng trong h thng in p
ng nhanh chng cc yu cu lun thay i ca ph ti. Phn cn li trng vo cc
ngun cng sut b.
C hai loi ngun cng sut phn khng l my b ng b v t in.
-T in c s dng rng ri b cng sut phn khng trong mng in, n c
th mc trn thanh ci ca cc trm bin p, hoc ti cc im nt ca mng in. T
in c th mc c lp hoc mc thnh tng nhm theo yu s u Y, hoc u
tam gic.
~
QC
S=P+jQ
Hnh 1.1 S mc t b tnh

i vi li in hin nay ch yu s dng t in tnh do cc u im sau:
Chi ph theo 1 Var theo t l r hn so vi my b ng b.
Lm vic m, tin cy do kt cu n gin.
Tui th cao.
Tiu th tn sut tc dng t.
Lp t v vn hnh n gin .
Tuy vy t in cng c nhc im so vi my b ng b :

-
My b ng b c th iu chnh trn cng sut phn khng cn t in iu

chnh theo tng cp.
My b ng b c th pht ra hay tiu th cng sut phn khng cn t in

ch c th pht cng sut phn khng .
Cng sut phn khng do t in pht ra ph thuc vo in p vn hnh, d

h hng ngn mch.
bo v qu in p v kt hp iu chnh t b theo in p, ngi ta thng lp

t cc b iu khin ng ct t theo in p. T cc u im trn ngy nay
thng dng t in tnh b cng sut phn khng.
1.3.B kinh t cng sut phn khng:
1.3.1 Tn tht cng sut v tn tht in nng :
B kinh t l phng php gim tn tht cng sut v tn tht in nng hiu
qu. Tn tht gm hai loi :
+ Tn tht k thut l tn tht sinh ra do tnh cht vt l ca qu trnh ti in, tn
tht ny ph thuc vo tnh cht ca dy dn v vt liu cch in, iu kin mi
trng, dng in v in p.
Tn tht k thut chia lm 2 loi :
- Tn tht ph thuc vo dng in: Sinh ra do s pht nng trn in tr ca my
pht, my bin p v dy dn. Thnh phn ny l tn tht chnh.
-Tn tht ph thuc vo in p gm c: tn tht trong li thp ca my bin p, tn
tht do r in, do vng quang.
Tn tht k thut khng trit tiu c m ch c th hn ch mc cho php.
10
+ Tn tht kinh doanh : L tn tht trong khu kinh doanh in nng do: in nng
tiu dng khng o c, in nng o c nhng khng vo ha n, in nng
vo ha n nhng khng c tr tin hoc tr chm.
1.3.2 Phng thc b kinh t cng sut phn khng trong li phn phi v bi
ton b kinh t :
Li ch khi t b :
- Gim c cng sut tc dng yu cu ch d max ca h thng in do gim
c d tr cng sut tc dng hoc tng tin cy ca h thng.
- Gim c tn tht in nng.
- Ci thin c cht lng in p.
- Gim nh ti cho my bin p trung gian v ng trc trung p gim c yu cu
cng sut phn khng, tng tui th cho thit b.
Chi ph khi t b:
- Vn u t v chi ph vn hnh cho trm b.
- Tn tht in nng trong t b.
Gii bi ton b cng sut phn khng l xc nh : S lng trm b, v tr t ca
chng trn li phn phi, cng sut b v ch lm vic ca t b sao cho t
hiu qu kinh t cao nht.
11
1.4. Phn tch nh hng ca t b n tn tht cng sut tc dng v tn tht

in nng li phn phi :
1.4.1 li phn phi mt ph ti:
Xt li phn phi theo hnh 1.2 a cng sut phn khng yu cu max l Q max
, Cng sut b l Qb th ko di ca cng sut phn khng yu cu l q(t), th
ko di ca cng sut phn khng sau khi b l : qb(t)= q(t)- Qb
-Trn hnh 2.1 b : qb1(t) ng vi Qb=Qmin.
-Trn hnh 2.1 c : qb2(t) ng vi Qb=Qtb.
-Trn hnh 2.1 d : qb1(t) ng vi Qb=Qmax.
T cc th ko di ca cng sut phn khng ta thy : khi t t b th ko di
cng sut phn khng mi c th nm trn, nm di hoc ct trc honh ty thuc
vo ln ca cng sut b. Cng sut phn khng dng c ngha l n i t
ngun n ph ti cn m c ngha l i ngc t ph ti v ngun. D i theo
hng no cng sut phn khng u gy ra tn tht cng sut tc dng nh nhau
nu ln nh nhau.
Trong trng hp Qb=Qmin (hnh 1.2 b) th trong cc ch tr ch min
ph ti phi nhn cng sut t ngun, cn trong ch max ch gim c lng
cng sut phn khng Q=Qmax- Qb=Qmax-Q min.
Trong trng hp Qb=Qmax ( hnh 1.2 d) th trong cc ch tr ch max, cng
sut b tha cho ph ti v i ngc v ngun. Cng sut phn khng yu cu ch
max c trit tiu hon ton, cho li ch ln nht v gim yu cu cng sut
phn khng v tn tht cng sut tc dng.
12
Q max [KVAr]
Qb[KVAr]
a)
Qmax
Q max
qb1(t)
Qb=Qmax
Qb=Qtb
Q tb
+
0
b)
Qminkhng
+ cng sut phn
n ti.
- cng sut phn khng i
0
t
v ngun.
t
b)
T
qb2 (t) -
0
c)
Qmax
qb2(t)
Q b=Qmax
+
Qmin
0
d)
c)
qb3(t)
Hnh 1.2
V mt tn tht in nng hai trng trng hp ny ging nhau hon ton, ta
thy th cng sut phn khng ca chng c dng ging nhau ch ngc du m
thi.
Trong trng hp Qb=Qtb(hnh 1.2 c), trong 1 na thi gian cng sut phn khng i
t ngun n ph ti cn trong na thi gian cn li cng sut phn khng i t t b
i ngc v ngun. Yu cu cng sut phn khng khng gim c nhiu nhng
13
th ny cho tn tht in nng nh nht c ngha l gim tn tht in nng ln

nht. Bi v tn tht in nng ph thuc vo bng phng ca th cng sut
phn khng, th cng bng phng th tn tht in nng cng nh (theo nguyn tc
bnh phng cc tiu).
Tm li nu cho php b khng hn ch th :
-Qb=Qmax cho gim tn tht cng sut tc dng v gim yu cu cng sut
phn khng ch max ln nht.
-Qb=Qtb cho gim tn tht in nng ln nht. Kt lun ny l tng qut ng cho
mi cu trc li phn phi.
Nu xt ng thi cho c hai yu t th cng sut b ti u s phi nm u gia
Qmin v Qtb.
Cc nhn xt trc quan trn y s c lng ha chnh xc di y phc v
gii bi ton b sau ny.
Tn tht cng sut tc dng do cng sut phn khng q(t) gy ra l:
q 2 (t )
R [ KW, MVAr, ,KV] U l in p nh mc ca li in.
U2
Sau khi b:
2
Pb
(q(t ) Qb ) 2
q 2 (t ) 2.q(t )Qb Qb
R
R
U
U2
L ch v tn tht cng sut tc dng sau khi b chnh l gim tn tht cng sut
tc dng do b:
2
DP(t )
Pb
2.q (t ).Qb Qb
R.Qb (2.q(t ) Qb )
R
2
U
U2
(1.1)
Li ch do gim tn tht cng sut tc dng ch c ngha ch max ca h

thng khi m ngun cng sut tc dng b cng thng, lc q(t)=Qmax v:
2
2.Qmax (t ).Qb Qb
DP
R
(1.2)
U2
Ta d thy DP s ln nht khi Qb=Qmax.
Q 2 max
DPmax
R
U2
14
gim tn tht in nng trong thi gian xt T l tch phn ca DP(t) trong
khong thi gian xt T:
T
2
[2.q (t ).Qb Qb ].R.dt

DA
2.TQb .Qb T .Q 2 b
U2
T .R.Qb [2.Qtb Qb ] T .R.Qb (2.K sdq Qmax Qb )

(1.3)
U2
U2
1
q(t )dt Qtb v Ksdq=Qtb/Qmax.
T
Ly o hm ring ca 1.3 theo Qb, t =0 ri gii ta c gi tr ca Q b cho gim
V
tn tht in nng ln nht:

DA
Qb
2.TQtb 2Qb
R
U2
DAmax
Q 2 tb
RT 2
U
0 rt ra Qbopt =Qtb
Khi
Cn lu rng c th gii bi ton b, trc ht phi tin hnh o c th cng

sut phn khng trn li phn phi d nh t b m bo b em li hiu qu
thc s.
1.4.2 Li phn phi c ph ti phn b u trn trc chnh :
Xt li phn phi trn hnh di y :
0
r0 [ /km]
L[km]
q0 [KVAr/km]
Qb
lb
a)
b)
QN
0
A
L
Hnh 1.3
15
Trong trng hp ny c vn l a im t b nn u c hiu qu

b l ln nht. Cn vn gi tr cng sut b c gii quyt phn trn v vn
ng cho trng hp ny.
Gi thit rng ch t b ti 1 im v phi tm im t ti u sao cho vi cng sut
b nh nht t hiu qu ln nht.
Ta xt ch max :
Tn tht cng sut trc khi b l :
2
r0 .q0 .L3 /(3.U 2 )
P1
Ta t b sao cho cng sut phn khng Q N t ngun cp cho on lx (on 0B) cn
t b cung cp cng sut phn khng Qb cho on L-lx (on BA )
QN=lx.q0
Qb=(L-lx).q0
D rng nhn thy rng mun tn tht cng sut tc dng v tn tht in nng sau
khi b l nh nht th trm b phi t chnh gia on c, cng sut phn khng
ca t s chia u v 2 pha c di (L-lx)/2 v cng sut phn khng Qb/2. V tr
b s l:
lb= lx+ (L-lx)/2=(L+lx)/2
Tn tht cng sut tc dng trn on lx l:
(l x .q0 ) 2 .l x .r0
3.U 2
PN
l x .q0 .r0
3.U 2
Tn tht cng sut tc dng trn on L-lx l:

( L l x ).r0
Pb 2.[ L l x ).q0 / 2]2 .
6.U 2
Tn tht cng sut tc dng sau khi b l:
( L l x ) 3 .q0 .r0
12.U 2
2
P2
PN
Pb
q
l x .qo .r0 /(3.U ) r0 ( L l x ) 0 2
12.U
3
r0 q0 [l x
( L l x ) 3 / 4].3.U 2 .
gim tn tht cng sut tc dng do b l:

2
DP
P1
P2
q0 .r0 3
L
3.U 2
q0 .r0 3
[l x ( L l x ) 3 / 4]
2
3.U
(1.4)
16
Ly o hm ca DP theo lx ri t =0 v gii ta c lxop .

2
q0 .r0
2
[3.l x 3( L l x ) 2 / 4] 0
2
3.U
DP
lx
L
3
lbop
T y ta c v tr b ti u
l xop
2L
3
Nh vy mun gim tn tht cng sut tc dng do b ln nht ngun in phi

cung cp cng sut phn khng cho 1/3 di li in, t b cung cp cng sut
phn khng cho 2/3 cn li v t v tr cc u li in 2/3L. T y cng tnh
c cng sut b ti u l 2/3 cng sut phn khng yu cu.
D dng chng minh c rng c gim tn tht in nng ln nht vn
phi t b ti 2/3 L nhng cs b ti u l 2/3 cng sut phn khng trung bnh.
Trong li in phc tp v tr b ti u c th x dch mt cht so vi li in n
gin xt y.
Hai trng hp n gin trn cho thy r v cc khi nim nh :
gim tn tht cng sut tc dng, gim tn tht in nng do b, cng
sut b ti u theo cc iu kin gim tn tht cng sut tc dng, Gim tn
tht in nng, v tr t b cng nh iu kin cn gii bi ton b.
1.5 Mt S phng php tnh b cng sut phn khng :
1.5.1 Phng php xc nh dung lng t b theo biu cng sut phn
khng ca ph ti :
Dung lng t b c nh :
Qbc=Qmin(KVAr)
Dung lng t b ng ct xc nh :
Qb ( ci
ngct )
Qmax
(1.5)
0.7
(1.6)
Hoc tng dung lng (T c nh +t ng ct) l dung lng cn thit nng

in p im nhn n cc i ch 50% ti nh.
*Kim tra iu kin in p:
17
in p t c khng vt qu ch ti cc tiu.
Khi c biu cng sut phn khng ca ph ti c th xc nh d dng dung
lng t b theo phng php ny. y cng l phng php n gin xc nh
dung lng t ng ct trn li nhm m bo cho iu kin v chnh lch in
p ti h dng in. Tuy nhin phng php ny ch cho php xc nh khong thi
gian cm t ng vo hoc ct ra khi li do chnh xc khng cao, n ph
thuc vo vic ly s liu ban u trong yu cu chnh xc l tng i cao.
Hnh di y cho cch xc nh dung lng t b p ng nhu cu cng sut phn
khng .
*u im: n gin, d p dng.

*Nhc im:
18
- Phi c biu cng sut phn khng ca ph ti, y l iu kh khn bi cc

trm phn phi chim ti trng ln trong tng s trm bin p m li cha c cc
ng h in t, cc ng h cm ng khng p ng c cc yu cu s liu,
khng c ngi trc tip ghi thng s theo gi, do cn phi c thi gian di
theo di nm quy lut dn n chnh xc khng cao.
-Ph ti phi c quy lut tng i n nh, cc ph ti trong mng li tng i
ng nht, iu ny kh xy ra trong thc t.
-Cha tnh n kh nng iu p ca cc MBA c iu p di ti nn c th gy
qu p cc gi thp im (non ti).
-Cha xt n hiu qu kinh t ca vic b cng sut phn khng.
1.5.2 B cng sut phn khng nng cao h s cos :
Bng cch t cc thit b b ti cc h dng in cung cp cng sut phn khng
cho chng, ta gim c lng cng sut phn khng phi truyn ti trn ng dy
do nng cao c h s cos
ca mng. Nhng bin php b cng sut phn
khng khng lm gim lng cng sut phn khng tiu th ca cc h ph ti m

ch gim c lng cng sut phn khng truyn ti trn ng dy m thi. V
th ch sau khi thc hin cc bin php nng cao cos t nhin m vn khng t
yu cu th chng ta mi xt n phng b nay.
Dung lng b c xc nh theo cng thc:
Qb= .P.(tg 1- tg 2)
[KVAr]
(1.7)
Trong :
-P l ph ti tnh ton ca h tiu th in KW.
- 1 l gc ng vi h s trung bnh (cos 1) trc khi b.
- 2 l gc ng vi h s cng sut mong mun (cos 2) sau khi b.
- = 0.9 1 l h s xt ti kh nng nng cao cos bng nhng phng php
khng i hi t thit b b.
19
ng v mt tn tht cng sut tc dng ca h dng in th dung lng b c th

xc nh theo quan im ti u.
Do b c th tit kim c mt lng cng sut tc dng:
DP=(Kkt -kb). Qb
[KW]
(1.8)
Trong :
Kkt ng lng kinh t ca cng sut phn khng, KW/KVAr (l lng
cng sut tc dng (KW) tit kim c khi b 1 KVAr.
K kt
DPp
Qb
Qb
QR
(
2
)
Q
U2
(1.9)
DPp lng gim tn tht cng sut tc dng do cng sut phn khng gy ra khi
t mt n v cng sut b.
KW/KVAr.
Q- Cng sut phn khng h tiu th, KVAr.
Nu Qb <<Q c th coi Qb /Q=0 nn kkt =2.Q.R/U2.
(1.10)
Gi tr ca kkt =0,02-0,12 KW/kVAr ph thuc vo cng thc cp in ca h

thng (Bng 1).
Bng 1: Gi tr ca kkt theo phng thc cp in.
STT
Phng thc cp in cho h tiu dng
kkt
T my pht
0,02 0,04
Qua mt cp bin p
0,04 0,06
Qua hai cp bin p
0,05 0,07
Qua 3 cp bin p
0,08 0,12
Kb- Sut tn tht cng sut tc dng trong thit b b, KW/kVAr.

i vi thit b b l t in, kb=0,003 0,005 kW/KVAr.
Nh vy DP=f(Qb), t c th tm c dung lng b ti u ng vi DP cc i
l:
Qbopt
U2
kb
2R
[KVAr]
(1.11)
20
T cng thc 1.9 rt ra thnh phn U 2/(2R) v thay vo cng thc trn ta c:
Qbopt
kb
)
k kt
Q(1
[KVAr]
(1.12)
Qbopt khng nht thit trng vi Qb c tnh theo cng thc 1.7, ng v
pha cc h tiu th th nn b mt lng bng Q bopt l kinh t hn c, song do li
ch chung ca ton h thng in, thng nh nc quy nh h s cng sut tiu
chun m cc h tiu th nht thit phi t c, mc d i vi tng h dng in
c th cos tiu chun cha phi l tt nht.
V vy, trong thc t ngi ta thng tnh dung lng b theo cng thc (1.7)
Phng ny c bit n gin, d p dng nn c s dng rng di, bit cng sut
P, h s cos
ca ph ti, h s cos
yu cu ta c th tnh nhanh c lng cng
sut phn khng cn b. Vn t ra l phn phi dung lng b ra sao cho t

hiu qu kinh t nht, thng cc bi ton ny tin hnh theo nguyn tc m bo
tn tht cng sut tc dng P do cng sut phn khng gy ra l nh nht. Trong
cc x nghip cng nghip, mng in thng l hnh tia hoc phn nhnh v vy
vic phn phi dung lng b theo nguyn tc trn c th thc hin d dng.
* u im: n gin, d p dng, d ly s liu.
* Nhc im : M hnh ny ch thch hp vi li in x nghip cng nghip l
li c ph ti phn khng cao, h s cos thp.
1.5.3 M hnh b cng sut phn khng theo iu kin cc tiu tn tht cng
sut:
Bng vic gii tch mng in, tnh ton phn b cng sut, ng vi mi ch xc
lp, ta tnh c in p ti cc nt v tn tht P, Q ca h thng. Trong tn
tht cng sut ca nhnh i ca mng in c xc nh theo cng thc:
Pi
Pi
Qi
Ui
.Ri .10
[KW]
(1.13)
21
Q1
Pi
Qi
Ui
. X i .10
[KVAr]
(1.14)
Vi Si=P i+jQi l cng sut i vo nt i trn nhnh i, KVA.

Zi=Ri+jXi l tng tr ca nhnh, .
Khi t mt gi tr b Qi vo nt i, cc biu thc(1.13) (1.14) tr thnh
P1
Q1
Pi
Ui
Pi
Qbi ) 2
(Qi
2
Qbi ) 2
(Qi
Ui
.Ri .10
. X i .10
(1.15)
3
(1.16)
Xem P i v Qi l cc hm mc tiu vi bin Qbi bi ton b ti u cng sut phn

khng theo cc tiu tn tht cng sut tc dng nhm mc tiu gim tn tht in
nng c pht biu nh sau:
Tnh chn cc gi tr Qbi ti cc nt i sao cho P (Qbi)
min vi cc rng buc
in p ti cc nt m bo t gi tr ln cn gi tr nh mc v vi cc iu kin
bin Qb min Qb Qb max .
Vi bi ton gii tch mng in c n nt, cc hm F(Q bi)= P(Qbi) tr thnh
hm a bin vi i=1 n.
Bi ton b ti u cng sut phn khng theo iu kin cc tiu tn tht cng
sut tc dng c pht biu nh sau:
Cn xc nh cc gi tr Qb1,Qb2,.Qbn sao cho:
F(Qb1,Qb2,.Qbn)= P(Qb1,Qb2,.Qbn i)
min
Vi cc iu kin bin: Qb min Qb Qb max .
(1.17)
Trong Qbi - Gi tr b ti u ti nt i.
Qb min, Qb max _- Cc gi tr gii hn b min v b max ti nt i.
F(Qbi) tn tht cng sut ng vi gi tr Qbi t ti nt i.
22
F (Qbi )
P1
P(Qi )
(Q1 Qbi ) 2
U1
.R1
(1.18)
Cc rng buc trong bi ton ti u l nh lut Kirchof 1 cho cng sut phn khng
ti cc nt c yu cu b v cng.
m
g j (Q b1 , Q b2 , .Q bn )
Ij
I 1
(1.19)
1
T y thnh lp hm lagrange:
m
L(Q b1 , Q b2 , .Q bn ; 1 ,
2 3
.... n ) F (Q b1 , Q b2 , .Q bn )
g j (Q b1 , Q b2 , .Q bn )
i 1
Trong
vi j=1,2,3,m l nhng hng s khng xc nh Lagrange.
y l mt trng hp ca bi ton quy hoch phi tuyn, trong cc rng buc c

quan h tuyn tnh, hm mc tiu l tng ca cc hm c quan h tuyn tnh v quan
h bc 2. p dng phng php Lagrange gii bi ton trn, tm nghim ca
phng trnh L(Qbi,
j).
Xem xt cc hng s
Lagrange l bin, ly o hm ring phn biu thc
trn ln lt theo cc bin Qbi v
P(Qbi )
Qbi
P(Qbi )
L
Qbi
L
m
i
j 1
m
ta c h phng trnh:
g
Qbi
g
i
j
j 1
j
2
Vi i=1 n; j=1 n.
(1.20)
Q 2 bi
Gii h (m+n) phng trnh trn kt hp vi iu kin bin ta tm c n nghim
Qbi v nghim
j.
Nhn xt phng php:

u im: Bi ton hi t nhanh, li gii vi mng c s nt, nhnh khng ln lm
tm c kh d dng, c th m rng thnh m hnh ph thuc in p nng cao
chnh xc ca kt qu.
23
* Nhc im: Cha nhn xt n iu kin v in p cc nt; vi mng in c

nhiu nt, nhiu nhnh th khi lng tnh ton ln, vic ly o hm dng gii tch
rt kh khn.
1.5.4 M hnh b cng sut phn khng da trn ch tiu ti a ha cc tit
kim:
Theo yu cu l ti u dung lng v v tr lp t ca n t b trn mt xut tuyn
phn phi ba pha hnh tia nhm ti thiu ha tn tht cng sut v tn tht in nng.
C th hn l chng ta tm cc v tr hi (i=1,2,n) v cc kch c Qbi(i=1,2n) ca
cc t b ngang theo hnh 1-5 cc i ha cc tit kim rng bng tin t c
cho chng trnh lp t t.
Pi+jQ i
Pn+jQn
Qb
Q bn
Hnh 1.5 V tr lp t v kch c t in

Cc tit kim rng t c t gim tn tht cng sut v tn tht in nng :
S= Cp DP +C .DA-Kc Qbi
(1.21)
Vi Cp , C , Kc l cc h s kinh t, gi ca mi n v tn tht cng sut, tn tht

in nng v dung lng t b.
DP, DA- gim cng sut nh, gim tn tht in nng do tc dng ca
n t b ngang.
M hnh ny c th gii bng phng php lp cho tng bi ton nh, tm bin
ti u cc b (v tr, kch thc, thi gian ng ct ti u) t xc nh li gii ti
u ton cc.
24
* u im: Tnh c tng i cc li ch do thit b b mang li, c

bit c ngha vi mng li lm vic tng i y ti, do gim c lng cng
sut tc dng gi cao im.
* Nhc im: chnh xc ca m hnh ph thuc rt nhiu vo cc h s
kinh t.
- Vic xc nh cc h s Cp , C , Kc l rt kh khn, ngoi ra trong thc t gi tr t
b l hm khng tuyn tnh i vi dung lng ca n.
-Cha kim tra c iu kin v lch in p.
M hnh kh phc tp nn trong thc t phi ty theo iu kin c th ngi
ta c th a ra cc gi thit lm n gin m hnh. V d: Nu mc ch ca chng
trnh lp t t l gim ti a tn tht cng sut nh th C ,=0, ( cng thc 1.21
), cn nu mc ch l tit kim in nng (gim tn tht in nng), khng
n tn tht cng sut hay tnh kinh t th c h s Cp =0, , Kc=0,
1.5.5 M hnh tnh b theo iu kin chnh in p:
Trc khi b tn tht in p trong mng l:
1
2
100U n
( Pi Ri
Qi X i )
(1.22)
ly cho ton ng dy.

Sau khi tn tht in p gim i mt lng l:
Ub
1
2
100U n
Xi
(1.23)
ly im t b.
Sau khi b: U= U- Ub
Bn cht vn khng thay i nu ta coi tn tht
U ca li vn gi
nguyn nhng a thm vo u ngun mt tng in p Ek:
Ek
Ub
1
Qb
2
100U n
Xi
(1.24)
25
Nu bit Ek ta tnh c Qb, vi ng dy cng tit din:
Qb
10.U n
Ek / X [KVAr]
(1.25)
X- l in khng ca ng dy tnh n im b,
Nu cng sut cn b qu ln th c th chia ra lm nhiu im t b (hnh 1.6). Ta

c phng trnh: Qb1 . X 1
Qb 2 . X 2 .... 10.U n
Ek
(1.26)
Xi
X1
Qb1
Qbi
Qbn
Hnh
mng
in
Hnh 1.6
1.6 Phn
Phnphi
phicng
cngsut
sutttbbtrong
trong
mng
in
Trn c s phn tch, so snh cc phng n ta s la chn c a im t dung
lng b hp l.
*u im: n gin, c th d dng xc nh c dung lng t khi bit dung
lng tng thm in p.
-
Do t b theo iu kin in p nn c th b su c, lm gim ng k

tn tht trong mng.
C th kt hp vi chn nc iu chnh my bin p c dung lng b

l b nht.
*Nhc im: im t b kh phn tn gy kh khn cho vic vn hnh v iu

chnh dung lng.
- Vi lng in bao gm nhiu nt, nhnh, s phng n t b s ln, vic tm ra
li gii v im t b v dung lng ti u tng i phc tp.
26
- Khng xt ti yu t kinh t ca vic lp t t.

1.5.6 M hnh b cng sut phn khng da trn ch tiu cc tiu hm chi ph
tnh ton:
Xt mng in gm n nt (khng k nt ngun cung cp), i vi mi nt i,
k hiu cng sut cc i ca ph ti S ti=P ti+jQti cng sut b Qbi , i vi mi
nhnh i tng tr Zi=Ri+jX i, cng sut truyn ti n cui ng dy: S i=P i+jQi (v
mng c s h nn lun c th k hiu th t nhnh theo s hiu nt ca n).
Tn tht cng sut tc dng trn nhnh th i xc nh theo cng thc:
Pi
3.I .Ri .10
Pi
Qi
Ui
Ri .10
Ai
Bi .Qi
[KW] (1.27)
Vi P i, Qi, Ui u c tnh cui nhnh; Khi tnh gn ng c th ly U i Un (in

p nh mc ti nt i). Tn tht cng sut trong ton mng s l:
n
( Ai
Bi .Qi )
[KW] (1.28)
i 1
Ai,Bi l nhng hng s.

Gi l thi gian tn tht cng sut ln nht, C l gi tr tn tht ly bng gi bn
in trung bnh, ta tnh c chi ph tn tht hng nm:
P. . C [ng/nm]
(1.29)
Vn u t cho thit b b ti nt i:
Vi=koi+KiQbi [ng]
(1.30)
Trong : Ki l sut vn u t tnh cho mt n v cng sut b, /KVAr.

koi l phn vn ph thuc vo dung lng b ng/trm.
Vn u t cho thit b b:
n
Vi
i 1
(k 0i
k i Qbi )
(1.31)
i 1
Dng hm mc tiu l cc tiu chi ph tnh ton ta c :
27
atc .V
[atc (k 0i . y k i .Qbi ) C . ( Ai
Bi .Qi )]
min
(1.32)
i 1
Cn ch koi 0 ch khi Qbi 0, ngc li koi =0. th hin iu ny trong hm mc

tiu c th s dng cc bin nguyn yi vi :
yi
0khiQbi
1khiQbi
(1.33)
atc h s tiu chun thu hi vn u t ban u.

y l trng hp ring ca hm phi tuyn, c cha cc im ri rc ti gc
ta . H rng buc cn thit lp bao gm :
-
Mi nt c phng trnh cn bng cng sut phn khng dng :
Qi
Qb Qti
Qk
(Ck
Dk .Qk )
(1.34)
Vi i=1,2n.
Tng k ly ng vi cc nhnh xc nh theo thng s nhnh :
Pk
Ck
Un
Xk
Dk
Xk
Un
(1.35)
-Gii hn dung lng b ti cc nt c th vit di dng:

Qbi min Qbi Qbi max vi i=1,2..n.
-
(1.36)
Gii hn v tng vn u t cho thit b b :

n
(k 0i
k i Qbi ) V
(1.37)
i 1
-Gii hn v thi gian thu hi vn :V-(C-C0). Tth 0
(1.38)
Trong : C0 chi ph tn tht hnh nm khi cha tnh b.

Trong bi ton c gii theo phng php quy hoch phi tuyn xp x hoc
phng php tuyn tnh ha, sai s ca php xp x c th khng ch c theo yu
cu .
*u im:
28
-Do tnh tng quan ca m hnh nn c th p dng hiu qu xy dng gii bi

ton b kinh t ti u i vi h thng phn phi in.
- Cc rng buc kh ton din, c xt n kh nng u t v mc thu hi vn bt
buc (t hiu qu kinh t cao).
-Phng php cho php u t hiu qu: Vn u t thp nhng c kh nng gim
tn tht vi t l cao.
* Nhc im:
- Khi lng tnh ton ln. S dng rng buc cn bng cng sut phn nt i vi
lng phn phi c nhiu ph ti c tnh cht hn hp l kh thc hin.
- Cha thy r hiu qu ci thin cht lng in (cha c phn kim tra li iu
kin in p cc nt ph ti).
-Rt kh xc nh cc h s kinh t (v chng ph thuc nhiu vo cc yu t kinh t
x hi khc).
-Khi gi thnh lp t thit b b cao c th tnh n vic tnh dung lng b theo
phng php ny khng t hiu qu ti u.
1.5.7 Phng php xt n nhy ca chi tiu n nh in p, lch in p
v tn tht cng sut tc dng i vi s bin i cng sut phn khng nt:
Cc bc tnh:
-
Sp xp cc nt theo th t tin theo nh hng ca s bin i cng sut

phn khng nt n n nh in p, lch in p v tn tht cng
sut tc dng.
Lp ba vct gi c thch hp cho tng nt, cho tng s bin i cho in p,

cng sut phng khng v du phn p.
Lp hm Lagrangev gii nt ny tm ra nt cn b v cng st b ti

thiu.
Khi gii tch li in bng phng php Newton-Raphson ta c h phng trnh:
29
P
P
Q
P
U
Q
U
Nu coi P/ U=0,
Q/
[ Q]= P/ U=0.
[ Q]=[JQ]. [ U]
(1.39)
=0, ta c :
(1.40)
Trong ma trn Jacobi J ch bao gm cc nt ti ;

n nh in p c nh gi theo tiu chun : Hiu ng iu chnh in p
theo cng sut phn khng ca cc nt ti i : Q/ U. Tnh Q/ U cho tng nt ti
sau sp xp nt ti theo tng ca Q/ U . Nu b cc nt c Q/ U thp, v
kh nng n nh in p cc nt ny thp. Q/ U l thnh phn nm trn ng
cho ca ma trn
Jacobi JQ.
Ch tiu lch in p c st theo nh hng ca bin i cng sut phn

khng nt n mun in p nt v cc nt ln cn. Khi c cng sut phn khng
mt nt no bin i th s nh hng n mun in p ca tt c cc nt, nh
hng ny th hin trn ct ca ma trn Jacobi J, do phi lp ra tiu chun
nh gi nh hng ny. Nn b cc nt m s bin i cng sut phn khng
nt nh hng nhiu n mc in p ca h thng, do nt c sp xp theo
iu kin ny .
Tn tht cng sut tc dng ph thuc bin i Q nh sau :
[ P]= [ P/ Q][ Q]
(1.41)
P/ Q cng ln th nh hng ca Q n tn tht cng sut tc dng cng ln,

do cng nn b, nt c sp xp theo iu kin ny. S sp xp trn thc hin
bng cch gn cho mi nt ba h s trng theo ba tiu chun trn. Sau ba h s
ny c t hp li cho mi nt mt h s u tin t b duy nht. Nu c nt
khng th t b do mt iu kin no th h s u tin ca nt bng 0.
Tip theo, la chn s nt b t nht v dung lng b nh nht. Nt b c
chn theo th t u tin lp, u tin chn n 0 nt b, dng tnh ton ch c xt
30
n mi kh nng iu chnh ca cc ngun cng sut phn khng c v va thm

vo, cng vi iu p di ti kim tra xem in p v cc hn ch khc c b
vt khung hay khng, nu khng th dng, nu c th tng s nt b ln n 1=n0+1,
ri tnh li.
Sau khi c c s nt b th dng m hnh tuyn tnh ti u ha dung
lng b cc nt b bng cch gim dn dung lng b la chn ban u. Tnh
cho mi ch ri tng hp li cho kt qu chung.
M hnh tuyn tnh c dng:
F=CIT . UG+ QL+C3T. T
min
(1.42)
Vi cc rng buc :
Theo iu chnh in p ngun in :
UG min
UG
UG max
(1.43)
-Theo iu chnh cng sut phn khng nt ti :

QL min
QL
Q L max
(1.44)
-Theo iu chnh in p di ti :
T min
T max
(1.45)
Ngoi ra cn hn ch QG nt ngun v UL nt ti, cc hn ch ny ph thuc

vo cu trc ca li. Nu gi thit P=0, ta c h phng trnh li in :
UG
. UL
QG
J QG
J QL
J QT
QL
J LG
J LL
J LT
QG
J 'QG
J 'QL
J 'QT
QL
J ' LG
J ' LL
J ' LT
(1.46)
Bin i ta c :
UG
. UL
(1.47)
H phng trnh ny cho php tnh c QG v UL .

C1T , C2T,C3T l cc vc t gi c, T trong ma trn l k hiu chuyn v.
31
*u im :
-Vic xc nh th t u tin cc nt t b kh ton din, ch tiu kinh t k thut
ng thi c quan tm.
*Nhc im :
-i vi mt mng li in gm nhiu nt, nhnh vic xt th t t b cc nt
theo cc ch tiu trn l phc tp.
-M hnh ph hp vi h thng ph ti ln, bin thin cng sut lin tc.
1.5.8 M hnh quy hoch hn hp :
M hnh quy hoch hn hp gm quy hoch phi tuyn v quy hoch tuyn
tnh nguyn. M hnh ca bi ton nh sau:
n
Cc tiu ha hm Z
Vi
i 1
( k 0 i . yi
k i .Qbi )
i 1
Bc 1: Cho b ti mi nt ti, gii m hnh phi tuyn tm c cng sut b mi

nt.
Bc 2: Tuyn tnh ha h phng trnh ti gi tr b tnh bc 1, gii m hnh
tuyn tnh nguyn gim bt n nh nht s nt b. Trong bc ny cng phi
tnh n h s nhy cm ca ch tiu n nh in p, lch in p v tn tht
cng sut tc dng i vi s bin i cng sut phn khng nt nh m hnh trn.
Do m hnh ch quan tm n ttng vn u t nn khi gi t b cao s nh hng
ln n dung lng b, dn n hiu qu b khng cao.
- Trong iu kin thc t hin nay, khi ngi u t quan tm n li ch kinh t th
m hnh tr nn khng cn ph hp.
32
1.6. TM HIU COS V B COS TI MT S NH MY X NGHIP:

1.6.1 Cc ph ti tin hnh iu tra :
tin hnh phn tch v nh gi c im tiu th cng sut phn khng v t l
tn tht in nng mng in ph ti hn hp cn tin hnh iu tra kho st thu
thp cc s liu tp trung vo cc ph ti cng nghip, C th nh sau:
Ti Thi Nguyn:
1. Cng ty vn dm Thi nguyn
2. Cng ty gch p lt Vit
3. Cng ty in phn km sng Cng
4. Cng ty c phn thp Thi nguyn trm s II (Sng Cng)
5. Cng ty c phn thp Thi nguyn trm s I (Sng Cng)
6. Cng ty Diesel sng Cng ( L 675)
7. Cng ty Diesel sng Cng ( L 673)
8. Cng ty ph tng ma s 1 sng Cng
9. Cng ty xi mng Lu x
10. Cng ty thp Hin Sn
Qu trnh kho st c tin hnh o trc tip hay t cng t in t. S liu
thu thp c l in nng hu cng v in nng v cng trong tng thng hay ca
c mt khong thi gian. T tnh ton gi tr h s cng sut Cos theo cng
thc sau:
Cos
AP
AP2
AQ2
(1.48)
Trong : AP- in nng hu cng;

AQ-in nn v cng.
Ti mt s a phng s liu thu c li l cng sut tc dng, in p v dng.
Khi gi tr h s cng sut Cos theo cng thc sau:
P
P
Cos
(1.49)
S U *I
Ti mt s im qua cng t in t ghi c ch s cng sut tc dng v
cng sut phn khng theo gi ( chnh l in nng tiu th trong tng gi).
1.6.2.Mt s nhn xt t kt qu thc t:
1.6.2.1. i vi ph ti cng nghip
- Cc ph ti cng nghip ni chung c gi tr Cos thp v u c lp t t b
khng b pht Cos thp.
33
* Cng ty xi mng Lu x, Thi nguyn c th ph ti ngy nh trn bng 2,

hnh 1.7. Cng ty ny t b 600 kVar, trong c 420 kVar tp trung trm bin
p, cn li t ri rc cc phn xng-c nh dung lng, khng c iu chnh
dung lng b ( ch c ng hay ct ton b)
Bng 2. th ph ti nh my xi mng Lu x Thi nguyn
Gi
1-2
2-3
3-4
4-5
5-6
6-7
7-8
8-9
9-10
10-11
11-12
12-13
13-14
14-15
15-16
16-17
17-18
18-19
19-20
20-21
21-22
22-23
23-24
P;
kW
Q ph ti Q b;
kVar
kVar
1484
1344
1319
1187
1338
1260
1230
1147
1361
1387
1337
1346
1134
1294
1321
1325
1186
1320
1135
1092
1104
1106
1313
1042.00
1086.00
961.00
1018.00
1078.00
958.00
1040.00
1014.00
1055.00
1080.00
1081.00
1010.00
1079.00
1007.00
1054.00
1078.00
1075.00
1248.00
1040.00
907.00
920.00
881.00
1079.00
600
600
600
600
600
600
600
600
600
600
600
600
600
600
600
600
600
600
600
600
600
600
600
Q sau khi Cos

b;
Truoc bu
kVar
442
0.82
486
0.78
361
0.81
418
0.76
478
0.78
358
0.80
440
0.76
414
0.75
455
0.79
480
0.79
481
0.78
410
0.80
479
0.72
407
0.79
454
0.78
478
0.78
475
0.74
648
0.73
440
0.74
307
0.77
320
0.77
281
0.78
479
0.77
Cos
Sau bu
0.96
0.94
0.96
0.94
0.94
0.96
0.94
0.94
0.95
0.95
0.94
0.96
0.92
0.95
0.95
0.94
0.93
0.90
0.93
0.96
0.96
0.97
0.94
34
COS TRUOC VA SAU BU
1.20
1.00
0.80
0.60
0.40
0.20
0.00
1
11
13
15
17
19
21
23
GIO
Hnh 1.7
th Cos Cng ty xi mng Lu x Thi nguyn

- ng bn di : trc khi b
- ng bn trn : Sau khi b
35
* Mt s ph ti khc trong khu cng nghip Thi nguyn, kt qu tnh ton ghi trn
bng 3.
Bng 3. Gi tr Cos
cc ph ti khu cng nghip Thi nguyn

( tnh t thng 1 n ht thng 11 nm 2007)
TT
Ph ti
CT Vn dm TN
in nng hiu in nng v Cos

dng; AP;kWh
cng; AQ;kVarh
32 922 936
15 342 061
0,906
CT Gch p lt Vit
7 912 541
3 565 217
0,912
CT in phn km sng 32 182 884

Cng
14 743 344
0,909
CTCP Thp TN Tram I
3 178 244
1 277 213
0,928
CTCP Thp TN Tram II 3 077 142
1 296 620
0,922
CT Diesel sng Cng
6 622 560
2 801 242
0,921
CT Ph tng my s 1
7 040 412
2 112 536
0,958
CT Thp Hin Sn
5 613
1527
0,978
- Cc t b tnh c dung lng c nh, rt t ng ct mc d tiu th cng sut

phn khng c thay i. Do vy khi ph ti c nhu cu cng sut phn khng nh,
cng sut phn khng t t b s chy ngc v h thng, gy tn tht trong li.
Nh vy t b phn tc dng.
36
Ly v d : Cng ty thp Hin Sn, trm bin p s 1 ti Thi nguyn.

th ph ti ngy ghi trn bng 4, hnh 1.8
Bng 4. th ph ti ngy CT thp Hin Sn
Gi
1-2
2-3
3-4
4-5
5-6
6-7
7-8
8-9
9-10
10-11
11-12
12-13
13-14
14-15
15-16
16-17
17-18
18-19
19-20
20-21
21-22
22-23
23-24
P;kW
452.63
450.00
445.00
447.00
445.00
447.00
460.00
5.50
5.00
4.60
4.60
4.70
4.70
5.50
5.50
5.70
5.70
7.00
550.00
500.00
450.00
457.00
451.00
Q ph ti
125.45
121.00
126.00
127.00
129.00
119.00
125.00
0.30
0.50
0.40
0.40
0.13
0.40
0.30
0.50
0.60
0.50
0.40
145.00
121.00
126.00
128.00
130.00
Cos
0.96
0.97
0.96
0.96
0.96
0.97
0.97
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
0.97
0.97
0.96
0.96
0.96
37
Hnh 1.8. h ph ti ngy Cng ty thp Hin sn TBA s 1

T bng 4, hnh 1.8 thy rng Cng ty thp Hin Sn khng b pht do Cos thp.
Nhng thc t t b ch c cng dng t 20 gi m n 8 gi sng ngy hm sau,
cn t 8 gi sng n 20 gi ti cng sut phn khng t t b li ngc v li, gy
ra tn tht trn li. Nh vy vn pht do thi cng sut phn khng t t b dt
khot phi c cp n.
- Cc cng ty c h s Cos khng qu thp ( t 0,75 n 0,85) ni chung khng c
t t b v s tin pht do Cos thp khng nhiu hoc so vi tng tin in l
khng ng k.
1.6.2.2. Cc c quan hnh chnh s nghip:
Cc c quan hnh chnh s nghip nh cc trng i hc, cc c quan hnh
chnh,.... khng trong din b pht Cos . Thc t trong cc c quan ny ngy dng
cng nhiu cc thit b in c h s cng sut Cos thp nh n Neon
(Cos =0,44), cc my iu ho v cc thit b c c cu ng c (Cos ch vo
khong 0,65 n 0,7),.....Do vy ti cc trm in ny khng c cng t v cng.
Hn na ti y ngi ta t khi ni v tiu th cng sut phn khng v h s Cos .
38
1.6.3 Tm tt v kin ngh :

* Cc ph ti cng nghip nh cng ty thp, cng ty t, cng ty xi mng, cng ty
iesel, bn thn phn ln cc thit b dng in c gi tr Cos khng cao ( khong
t 0,65 n 0,75), nhng u c lp t cc b t b c nh khng b pht
Cos . Nhng vn y l dung lng b t kh cao ( Cos trn 0,95) m cc
t b li l c nh khng th iu chnh dung lng cng sut b phn khng. iu
dn n khi ph ti tiu th cng sut phn khng t vo nhng gi thp im,
dung lng cng sut phn khng b dng khng ht li chy ngc v li, gy tn
tht trn li; Khi bi ton b li b phn tc dng gy nh hng xu. Chnh v
vy khi la chn dung lng cng sut phn khng b cn phi tnh ton thn trng
v tt nht l s dng cc t b c th iu chnh c dung lng b theo thi im
l tu thuc nhu cu tiu th cng sut phn khng ca ph ti. Mt khc nu t b
khng th t iu chnh dung lng b th phi chu pht Cos ti nhng thi im
cng sut phn khng b pht ngc v li.
* Cc cng ty c h s Cos khng qu thp ( t 0,75 n 0,85) ni chung khng
c t t b v s tin pht do Cos thp khng nhiu hoc so vi tng tin in l
khng ng k. Vn y l cn xem xt li quy nh gi tr Cos ti thiu v
kinh doanh (th trng) cng sut phn khng.
* i vi cc ph ti tng hp cp in t cc l ti in lc tnh bao gm cc
cm cng nghip nh, cn li l ph ti thp sng, sinh hot gia nh; trong cc
cm cng nghip u c lp t t b trnh pht Cos nn gi tr Cos ca ton
l l khng thp ( u trn 0,85). Do vy bi ton v b cng sut phn khng nng
cao Cos i vi cc l ny khng thnh vn ln. Vn cn li l nn t t b
pha h th 0,4kV c t ng iu chnh dung lng b cho cm ph ti hay cm
dn c, trm bm l . iu ny khng c g kh khn v t b h th 0,4 kV c t
ng iu chnh dung lng b rt sn trn th trng m gi thnh r.
* c bit lu tm n vn Cos ti cc ph ti l c quan hnh chnh s
nghip : trng hc, bnh vin, c quan hnh chnh, cng s, i vi ph ti loi
ny theo quy nh ca ngnh in l khng b pht Cos . Trong khi gi tr Cos
ca cc ph ti loi ny l rt thp. Do vy vn Cos i vi cc ph ti ny l
c vn cn phi c chnh sch c th v li ch chung ca h thng in ton quc.
39
CHNG II:
CHNG TRNH TNH TON B CNG SUT PHN
KHNG, C XT N CHT LNG IN NNG V
PHN TCH TI CHNH.
2.1. PHNG PHP LUN V S KHI THUT TON
2.1.1 M hnh tng qut bi ton b cng sut phn khng trong li phn
phi:
Xt li in phn phi gm n+1 nt nh s 0,1,2,,n. Cc nt u c ph ti
P i+jQi v c th t b cng sut phn khng Q Bi.
Cc ngun pht ra cng sut phn khng t ti cc nt ph ti l cc t in tnh
khng iu khin v c thang cng sut ri rc. Gi s ti cc nt ca li in c
t t in tnh b cng sut phn khng, cng sut t b cc nt l Q Bi;
i=1..N. Khi y tn tht cng sut trn ton li s l:
2
Pi
Qi
QBj
j Ji
3
i 1
10 U 2
Ri
(2.1)
Ji: theo chiu cng sut tc dng, tp nhng nt j nm sau nt i ang xt.
Biu thc trn chng t rng sau khi t t in tnh b cng sut phn khng
ti cc nt ph ti th tn tht cng sut trn li in gim, chi ph cho tn tht cng
sut gim. Nhng thay vo cn u t cho xy dng trm b, gi tin mua t in
tnh, chi ph cho tn tht cng sut trn t in tnh.
Vn t ra l cn so snh gia hai chi ph: trc khi b v sau khi b tm ra
mt phng n ti u vi tng chi ph l t nht m vn m bo cc yu cu k
thut. tm c li gii ti u th trc ht phi xy dng c hm mc tiu ca
bi ton. Hm mc tiu y l hm tng chi ph tnh ton, s c trnh by trong
40
phn sau. Gii bi ton b kinh t cng sut phn khng tc l i tm li gii hm
tng chi ph tnh ton l cc tiu vi cc rng buc v mt k thut.
Sau y s thnh lp m hnh bi ton b cng sut phn khng trong li in
phn phi gm hm mc tiu v cc rng buc.
2.1.2. Hm mc tiu
Hm mc tiu l hm tng chi ph tnh ton bao gm chi ph do tn tht in
nng trn ng dy, chi ph do tn tht trong t b v chi ph lp t thit b b. C
th:
Z1
Z2
Z3
Min
(2.2)
Trong :
Z Tng chi ph tnh ton quy v mt nm(ng);
Z1 Vn u t quy i mt nm cho thit b b;
Z2 Chi ph tn tht in nng trong thit b b;
Z3 Chi ph tn tht in nng trong ng dy.
- Vn u t quy i mt nm ca thit b b:
N
Z1
vh
tc
K0
K B i .QB i
(2.3)
i 1
Trong : KBi - vn u t cho mt n v cng sut thit b b ti nt i,

(ng/kVAr)
K0 Chi ph c nh lp t thit b b (ng)
QBi- dung lng thit b b ti nt i, kVAr;
vh-
h s chi ph vn hnh hng nm;
tc -
h s khu hao;
- Chi ph tn tht in nng trong thit b b:
Z2
P0 . B . .
QBi
(2.4)
i 1
41
Trong :
p0 tn hao cng sut tc dng cho mt n v dung lng
b,kW/kVAr;
- thi gian tn tht cng sut cc i ca thit b b, gi/nm; (c
th ly bng thi gian lm vic ca thit b b)

- gi thnh in nng, /kWh.
- Chi ph tn tht in nng trn ng dy:
Z3
N
.
2
. Ri .Qnhi
3
2
3.10 .U i 1
(2.5)
Trong :
- thi gian tn tht cng sut cc i ca li, gi/nm;
( cn lu l
Ri - in tr ca dy dn nhnh i,
U - in p nh mc ca li, kV;
Qnhi- cng sut phn khng ti trn nhnh i khi c b cng sut phn
khng ti cc nt.
Cng sut phn khng ti cc nhnh khi xt n c cc cng sut b ti cc nt
c tnh tng t nh tnh dng cc nhnh, c th l :
Q nh
A . Q QB
(2.6)
Trong : Qnh - ma trn ct cng sut phn khng truyn trn nhnh;
A = Z . C - ma trn h s, ma trn vung NxN;
Q - QB - ma trn ct hiu cng sut phn khng ph ti v cng
sut b.
Hay vit di dng i s:
N
Qnhi
Aij . Q j
QBj
(2.7)
j 1
42
Trong :
Qjnh - cng sut phn khng truyn ti trn nhnh j;
Aij - phn t ca ma trn A (Nu nt i khng ni vi nt j th
Aij = 0);
Qj - cng sut phn khng ph ti ti nt j;
QBi - cng sut b ti nt i.
Ghi ch: trong Z3 nu tnh y phi c thnh phn tn tht cng sut do cng
sut tc dng P gy ra, nhng bi ton xt Min hm chi ph tnh ton b phn tn
tht ny i vn khng nh hng g v chng l hng s khng ph thuc vo Q B.
T (2.3), (2.4) v (2.5) ta thy cc tr s Z 1, Z2, Z3 u ph thuc vo tr s QBi.
Nh vy yu cu ca bi ton l xc nh cc gi tr cng sut phn khng thit b b
(QBi) t ti cc nt ca li in sao cho tng chi ph tnh ton Z l nh nht.
2.1.3 Cc rng buc
- Tng cng sut b ti cc nt khng vt qu gi tr b tng ton li:
N
QBi
QB
(2.8)
i 1
- Cng sut b ti mt nt khng vt khi phm vi cho php:
QBiMin QBi QBiMax ; i 1 N
(2.9)
- B sao cho h s cng sut Cos ti cc nt pha cao p nm trong phm vi

cho php:
Cos
Trong :
Cos
Min
Cos
Cos
Max
;i 1 n
Pi
i
Pi
Qi
QBi
(2.10)
(2.11)
Sau y xt mt s phng php gii bi ton b hin c.
43
2.1.4 M hnh bi ton b cng sut phn khng khi c xt n my bin p:

Trong phn trn cp n m hnh bi ton b i vi li phn phi hnh
tia, mt cp in p v cha xt n my bin p. Tuy nhin, tn tht trong my bin
p cng rt ng k. Do , nu b qua my bin p th li gii bi ton s thiu
chnh xc. Sau y s trnh by m hnh bi ton b khi c xt n my bin p.
Xt li in phn phi gm n+1 nt nh s 0,1,2,,N v M nt c my bin
p nh s N+1,N+2,,N = N+M. Cc nt u c ph ti P i+jQi v c th t b
cng sut phn khng QBi.
Nt MBA tng qut c c ph ti pha cao (gp c tn tht khng ti), ph ti
pha h v c hai cp in p u c th t b cng sut phn khng. Ni tm li,
ti nt c my MBA s c xem l hai nt ph ti (c trng cho ph ti pha cao
v h ca MBA), m nhnh ni gia hai nt c tng tr bng (RM BA + jXM BA). Trong
RM BA v XM BA theo th t l in tr v in khng ca my bin p.
PC+jQ C
MBA
QBC
RMBA
+jXMBA
PC+jQ C
QBC
PH+jQ H
PH+jQ H
QBH
QBH
Hnh 2.1- M hnh nt c my bin p
2.1.5 Mt s gi thit khi tnh ton ti u cng sut b:

M hnh bi ton b ti u cng sut phn khng bng t in trn li phn
phi l mt bi ton phc tp c nhiu yu t tc ng v vy n gin ha bi
ton cn mt s gi thit nh sau:
-Gi tr in p li c coi l khng i.
44
-Tnh cht ca ti coi l nh nhau ti cc nt (gi tr = const).

-Gi tr ca thit b b c coi nh l t l thun vi cng sut ca chng v khng
xt n cc nh hng khi c s thay i v gi (khng ph thuc vo cc yu t
kinh t x hi).
-Gi tr cos l gi tr trung bnh khng i.
-Vi li phn phi c nhiu trc chnh, vic thay i cng sut phn khng ti mt
nt bt k trn trc chnh nh hng khng ng k n vic thay i cng sut phn
khng ti cc nt khc trn trc chnh.
2.2 Phng php gii bi ton b cng sut phn khng
2.2.1 Tng quan
Hin nay c rt nhiu cch gii khc nhau gii bi ton b ti u cng sut
phn khng trong li in.
- Phng php tng ng lin tip, cho php gii bi ton b cng sut phn
khng trong li in rt n gin v thun tin m khng cn phi lp h phng
trnh;
- Phng php ma trn, y a vo ma trn in tr nt tnh ton in
nng trong li in. Phng php ny tnh ton b cng sut phn khng trn c s
cc biu thc ma trn tng minh lm gim kh nhiu khi ln g tnh ton. Pht
trin ca phng php ny ngi ta xy dng ma trn Tp, thit lp cc cng thc
tnh nh thc v phn ph i s ca ma trn in tr nt ca li in. S dng cc
phng php phn tch Tp xy dng cng thc tnh ma trn in tr nt. Bng
phng php i s ma trn xy dng cc thut ton gii bi ton b;
- Phng php gii bi ton b ti u cng sut phn khng trong li in kn
da trn phng php quy hoch ton hc, chuyn bi ton phn b ti u cng sut
phn khng v bi ton quy hoch ton phng. Thut ton ny cng ch tin hnh
trong iu kin thang cng sut TT lin tc;
- Phng php quy hoch ng gii bi ton b c tnh n tnh ri rc ca
thang cng sut TT. Trn c s tin hnh qu trnh thun v ngc ca phng
45
php quy hoch ng. Trong qu trnh thun tin hnh hp nht cc nhnh tm
quan h Z
(QB n) v QBn (QB n). Trong Z n, QBn, QB n tng ng l tng chi ph
tnh ton bc hp nht th n, cng sut TT t u cui th n, tng cng sut

TT t u cui cc nhnh trong bc hp nht th n. T quan h Q Bn(QB n) tm
c trong qu trnh thun tin hnh qu trnh ngc ca thut ton tm cc gi tr
cng sut TT t ti cc nt ca li in tng ng vi cc tiu hm tng chi ph
tnh ton;
- Ngoi ra cn rt nhiu phng php khc nh phng php t hp cc qu
trnh gin on, phng php din tch, phng php lp, phng php nh gi cht
lng in p, Cng cp n cch gii bi ton b ti u cng sut phn khng
trong nhng rng buc v hm mc tiu khc nhau.
Nh vy, hin nay c rt nhiu phng php khc nhau nghin cu v bi
ton b cng sut phn khng. iu cho thy b cng sut phn khng l mt vn
cp thit v vn hnh li in. Nhng kt qu nghin cu trong lnh vc ny rt
phong ph v a dng.
Tuy nhin, hng lot nhng kh khn trong gii quyt vn ny khi tnh ton
li in thc t vn cha c gii quyt trit (nh kh khn v khi lng tnh
ton, nh, hnh thc ho,...)
Sau y gii thiu thut ton quy hoch ng gii bi ton b cng sut phn
khng.
2.2.2. Thut ton gii bi ton b cng sut phn khng bng phng php
quy hoch ng:
Gii bi ton xc nh cng sut v ch t TT trn c s thut ton quy hoch
ng bao gm 2 qu trnh thun v ngc.
Trong qu trnh thun thc hin cc bc hp nht cc nhnh bt u t ph ti
v ti ngun cung cp tm gi tr nh nht ca hm mc tiu.
Gi s lng cng sut TT cn t l QB . Chia QB ra lm m mc:
46
0- QB ;
- 2 QB
QB
- QB . Bc chia ny cng nh chnh xc
... m QB
cng cao. Nhng do thang cng sut TT c sn xut theo tiu chun nn ta chn
sao cho mc trn ca mi bc l bi s ca thang cng sut TT.
* i vi li in ng dy chnh (hnh 2-2a) trnh t bt u t ph ti cui
li in (nhnh 1).
Hnh 2.2a
Hnh 2.2b
0
Hnh 2.2c
Hnh 2.2: Cc loi s li phn phi
Bc 1: Tnh gi tr hm f1 (QB1 ) vi tt c cc gi tr c th ca QB1 (nhnh 1 hnh
2.2a). Quan h ny c k hiu l Z 1 (Q B 1 ) ; ngha l:
Z 1 (Q B 1 ) = f1 (QB1 )
(2.12)
Bc 2: thc hin hp nht nhnh 1 vi nhnh 2 (hnh 2.2a). i vi mi mc k ca

QB
cn tm t hp ti u ca QB1 v Q B 2 tho mn iu kin:
min f1 (QB1 )
f 2 (QB 2 ; QB )
(2.13)
Thay f1 (QB1 ) ta c:
(QB
) min Z 1 (QB 1 )
f 2 (QB 2 ; QB
47
Bc i: bc th i, i vi mc k ca QB , tm t hp ti u ca Q Bi v tng
QB
i 1
QB1
QB 2
... QBi 1
Phng trnh trung ton c dng:
Z i (QB i )
min
0 QBi QB
i 1
(QB
QBi )
f i (QBi ; QB i )
(2.14)
Bc n: Sau khi thc hin (n - 1) bc hp nht, tin hnh hp nht nhnh th n.

bc ny tm c hm quan h gia tng chi ph tnh ton ca ton li in vi
tng cng sut TT t ti cc nt trong li. Phng trnh truy ton bc n c
dng:
Z n (QB n )
min
0 QBn QB
n 1
(QB
QBn ) f n (QBn ; QB n )
(2.15)
* i vi li in hnh tia (hnh 2.2b) vi cc nhnh ch c mt u nhnh

chung vi u cc nhnh khc trong li, trc khi thc hin cc bc hp nht phi
tin hnh tnh gi tr ca hm chi ph tnh ton vi tt c cc gi tr c th c ca
cng sut TT t u cui mi nhnh. Sau thc hin qu trnh hp nht
nhnh.
Trng hp ny phng trnh trung ton cho bc hp nht th i c dng:
Z i (QB i )
min
0 QBi QB
i 1
(QB
QBi )
f i (QBi )
(2.16)
* i vi li phn phi h (hnh 2.2c) bao gm m ng dy chnh, dc mi

ng dy chnh c n nt, n nhnh ni tip nhau. Nh vy ng dy chnh c th
coi nh mt li in ng dy chnh. Thut ton gii i vi li in phn phi
(hnh 2.2c) l qu trnh hp nht nhnh bt u t cui mi ng dy chnh thc
hin theo thut ton i vi li in. Sau khi cc nhnh ca mi ng dy chnh
c hp nht thnh mt nhnh tng ng, li in mi c dng hnh tia.
C th thy rng i vi li in phn phi h thut ton gii l tp hp ca hai
thut ton gii i vi li in ng dy chnh v li in hnh tia nh trnh
by.
48
Trong qu trnh ngc s xc nh chnh xc cng sut TT cn t ti cc nt

hm chi ph ti cc li l nh nht. Sau khi thc hin bc hp nht cui cng ta
tm c hm quan h gia tng chi ph tnh ton ca ton li in i vi tng
cng sut TT t ti cc nt trong li in, s xc nh c tng cng sut TT
t ti cc nt trong ton li l bao nhiu l ti u. T cn c vo cc quan h
Z i (QB i ) xy dng trong qu trnh thun xc nh gi tr cng sut TT

cn t ti cc nt trong li.
2.2.3 Xt n rng buc v in p:
Cng vi qu trnh thun ca quy hoch ng s ng thi tnh n tn
tht in p trn cc nhnh ng vi gi tr cng sut chy trn nhnh . Ti mi
bc ca qu trnh quy hoch ng, ng vi tng cng sut b ca cc nt i l Q Bji s
ghi li cng sut b cc nt ng vi hm chi ph nh nht v ghi li tn tht in
p U cc i t nt i ti nt ta kim tra tn tht in p. Ngoi ra cn ghi li cc
phng n khc, tc l cc t hp khc mc d chi ph ln hn nhng tn tht in
p cc i t nt i ti cc nt cn kim tra li nh hn t hp c hm chi ph nh
nht.
Khi hp nht hai nhnh thng i v i th tng tn tht inp l ( Ui+ Ui). Khi hp
nht hai nhnh hnh tia th tn tht in p s l gi tr max ( Ui; Ui).
Sau khi thc hin bc quy hoch cui cng xc nh c quan h Z nopt (QB ; Ui)
s c li gii l hm chi ph thc s nh nht sao cho m bo iu kin v tn
tht in p.
2.2.4. Hnh thc ho thut ton v s khi.
Khi thc hin gii bi ton b cng sut phn khng bng phng php quy
hoch ng thc hin trn my tnh in t c mt s vn t ra l lm th no
hnh thc ho c qu trnh hp nht, cn phi lm th no my hp nht cc
nhnh ng th t.
49
o Nh trnh by, qu trnh thun c thc hin bng cch hp nht cc

nhnh theo trnh t nht nh (t cc nhnh ct n cc nhnh u).
m hnh ha thnh s khi thut ton, trc ht ta nh ngha mt s nhn
sau:
o
Nutcon[A]: l nt ni vi nt A nhng ng sau A tnh theo chiu dng cng

sut tc dng chy trn ng dy.
Nutcha[A]: l nt ni vi nt A nhng ng trc A tnh theo chiu dng

cng sut tc dng chy trn ng dy.
Anhem[A]: l nt c cng Nutcha vi nt A. V d: B = Anhem[A] th

Nutcha[B] = Nutcha[A]. Ni cch khc, B v A c cng Nutcha.
a. S khi thut ton qu trnh thun: (Tnh hm chi ph tnh ton tng
ng vi tt c cc phng n b ti cc nt).
BEGIN
STOP
1
Stop = 0
B = nut[0]
Stop = 1
Stop = 1
0
B = nut[0]
0
Tnh b ti B
B=
Anhem[B]
0
B c nt con
B c anh em
1
0
B = Nutcha[B]
B = Nutcon[B]
Hnh 2.3: S khi thut ton qu trnh thun

50
b. S khi qu trnh ngc: tm cng sut v v tr t b ti u (hm chi

ph tnh ton t cc tiu)
HIN TH KT
QU
Stop = 0
B = nut[0]
1
Stop = 1
0
Stop = 1
0
B = nut[0]
B=
Anhem[B]
B c nt con
B c anh em
1
1
0
B = Nutcon[B]
B = Nutcha[B]
Tm Qb[B]
Hnh 2.4: S khi thut ton qu trnh ngc
2.2.6 Cc s liu cn a vo tnh ton:

Vic gii bi ton b vi khi lng tnh ton ln thc hin nhiu vng lp do
phi thc hin trn my tnh.
tnh ton cn nhp vo cc thng s:
* in p nh mc ca li phn phi (KV).
* M hiu dy ni gia hai nt, chiu di dy dn (km).
* Thng s nt :
- Cng sut max Pmax(KW), Q(KVAr).
-in tr v in khng ca my bin p tng ng.
51
2.2.7 V d p dng :
Xt li in n gin nh hnh sau:
0
0
Hnh 2.5 S li in
Khi thc hin gii bi ton b bng phng php quy hoch ng, qu trnh thun
thc hin hp nht cc nhnh theo th t (t cc nhnh ct cho n nhnh u). Vi
v d ny s hp nht nh sau:
Bc 1 Hp nht nhnh 5 v 6.
Bc 2 hp nht 5-6 v 4.
Bc 3 Hp nht 2 v 3.
Bc 4 Hp nht nhnh 2-3 vi 4.
Bc 5 Hp nht nhnh 4 -2 vo 1.
Dng phng php quy hoch ng xc nh v tr v cng sut t b ti cc nt
ca li in ny, cho cc gi tr:
52
vh=0,1;
tc=0,125;
Un=10KV; Kb0=2.106 ng. Kb=150.103 /kVAr ;
T=4500h ; =3000h ;C =750/kWh ; P b=0.0023kW/kVAr.

S liu ph ti v ng dy cho trong bng sau:
Nt
Ppt(KW)
Q(KVAr)
Qbmax(KVAr)
1000
1000
1000
600
600
600
500
500
500
400
400
400
300
300
300
5
S liu ng dy:
S R0
X0
( /km)
( /km)
0.27
0.391
380
AC-70
1.2
0.46
0.408
265
AC-50
1.5
0.656
0.418
210
AC-95
0.33
0.397
330
AC-50
1.2
0.656
0.418
210
AC-50
0.656
0.418
210
TT
Loi dy
Nt
Nt
Cui
AC-120
L(km)
Icp (A)
Kt qu tnh ton :
Kt qu tnh ch xc lp:
-------------------------------------Tng cng sut yu cu u ngun:
3400.563 +j3423.566 kVA
Tng cng sut ph ti:
3300.000 +j3300.000 kVA
Tng tn tht cng sut :
100.563 +j123.566 kVA
53
in p thanh ci tng:
Udm = 10.00/_0 kV
Nt c in p thp nht:
Umin = 9.555 /_ -0.001(kV)<3 >
Tn tht in p cc i:
deltaUmax = 4.4%
Kt qu tnh ton b: QB = 1630 KVAr. Li nhun thu c 45000000 ng/ nm.
2.3. Chng trnh my tnh v s dng chng trnh

2.3.1.Kin trc chng trnh:
Chng trnh c vit bi ngn ng lp trnh Dephi 7.0 c th chy tt trn mi
trng Window XP. Giao din s dng thn thin vi ngi dng.
54
Menu chnh
D liu
Load Flow
To mi
M
Lu
Lu vi tn khc
Nhp d liu
__ th ph ti
__ Bn a l
__ Xut d liu
__ Nt
__ Nhnh
__ My bin p
__ In n
__ Kt thc
__
__
__
__
Tnh ton
__ Thay i thng s
__ Nt
__ Nhnh
__ Bin p 2 cun dy
__ Bin p 3 cun dy
__ T
__ Khng
B CSPK
Tnh ton
__ Thay i thng s
__ Ccc h s
__ Cc rng buc
TR GIP
Hng dn s dng
__ Gii thiu PSA
Hnh 2.6: Kin trc chng trnh PSA
55
2.3.2 S khi ch-ng trnh:
FILE
To file mi
M file c sn
M PHNG
M phng
li mi
Thay i s cu
trc li
GHI VO
FILE
VO S LIU
Vo s
liu mi
Thay i
s liu c
XUT D LIU
TNH TON
Tnh
Loadflow
Tnh B kinh t
cng sut phn
khng
- S liu bi ton LF
- S liu bi ton b
- th ph ti
- th cos
- Bng
- File
- ha
- My in
Hnh 2.7: S khi tng qut chng trnh PSA
56
2.3.3 Giao din chng trnh:
Cng c m
phng li in
Ca s chnh
ca chng trnh
Ca s m phng,
hin th s li in
Hin th kt
qu Load Flow
Cc modul
Tnh ton
Hnh 3.14: Giao din chnh chng trnh PSA

2.3.4 Vo S liu : Vo s liu thng s ng dy
57
Vo s liu nt:
58
CHNG III. TNH TON P DNG:

kim chng cho phng php b ti u cng sut phn khng a ra
chng III xt mt li in thuc khu vc Huyn ng H tnh Thi Nguyn
tnh ton p dng.
3.1 S l 677:
59
3.2 Cc S liu Tnh ton:

Bng 3.1 S liu My Bin p trn l 677;
Stt
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
Um1/U
m2 (KV)
I0
%
P
%
ng bm 2 180
6/0,4
1.03
ng bm 3 250
6/0,4
Cha hang
320
4
6/0,4
Lng ng
180
6/0,4
ng bm 1 250
6/0,4
Gia By
180
6/0,4
Cha hang
250
5
6/0,4
Tm Lp
400
UB Huyn
180
Tn TBA
Sm
(KVA)
PN
U N
Rn( )
Xn( )
4.47
0.86
5.10
4850
3.53
0.93
2.79
900
4200
3.83
0.49
2.44
850
2825
1.05
4.50
3.68
960
3700
6.5
0.71
5.36
1.03
500
2323
4.47
0.86
5.10
2.5
900
3650
3.8
0.70
3.08
6/0,4
2.3
1080
5500
4.5
0.41
2.30
6/0.4
1.6
620
2603
5.7
0.96
6.52
Nc ng
75
Bm
6/0.4
1.67
300
1161
3.89
2.48
10.51
Bu in
50
6/0.4
2.17
260
1073
4.07
5.15
16.14
250
6/0.4
3.68
960
3700
6.5
0.71
5.36
(W)
(V)
500
2323
3.83
1240
3.83
60
Bng 3.2 S liu ng dy ca l 677:
Nt u
Nt
Cui
Loi
Dy
L(Km)
S l
R( )
X( )
Icp (A)
AC70
0.686
0.46
0.408
265
AC50
0.64
0.65
0.418
210
AC50
0.035
0.65
0.418
210
AC50
0.15
0.65
0.418
210
AC70
0.58
0.46
0.408
265
AC50
0.04
0.65
0.418
210
AC70
0.116
0.46
0.408
265
AC50
0.45
0.65
0.418
210
AC50
0.08
0.65
0.418
210
10
AC50
0.24
0.65
0.418
210
11
AC50
0.025
0.65
0.418
210
12
AC70
0.14
0.46
0.408
265
12
13
AC50
0.055
0.65
0.418
210
12
14
AC70
0.095
0.46
0.408
265
14
15
AC50
0.64
0.65
0.418
210
14
16
AC70
0.408
0.46
0.408
265
16
17
AC50
0.02
0.65
0.418
210
16
18
AC70
0.302
0.46
0.408
265
18
19
AC50
0.64
0.65
0.418
210
18
20
AC70
0.52
0.46
0.408
265
20
21
AC50
0.108
0.65
0.418
210
20
22
AC70
0.24
0.46
0.408
265
61
Bng 3.3 S liu ph ti cc i trn l 677:

Loi nt
TT
Tn nt
Pt(KW)
Qt(KWAr)
677
ng Bm 1
PQ
211
134
ng Bm 2
PQ
146
105
ng Bm3
PQ
218
123
Cha Hang 4
PQ
273
167
Cha Hang 5
PQ
207
139
Tm lp
PQ
326
231
UB Huyn
PQ
139
114
PQ
207
140
10
Bu in
PQ
41
29
11
Gia By
PQ
146
106
12
Lng ng
PQ
151
98
13
Nc ng Bm
PQ
57
49
Qa trnh tnh ton thc hin bng chng trnh:

Vi cc s liu s dng :
vh=0,1;
tc=0,125;
Un=10KV; Kb0=2.106 ng. Kb=150.103 /kVAr ;
T=4500h ; =3000h ;C =750/kWh ; P b=0.0023kW/kVAr.

3.3 Kt qu tnh ton ng vi ch ph ti cc i:
3.3.1 Kt qu trc khi b ti u:
Tng cng sut yu cu u ngun:
2296.910 +j1657.791 kVA
Tng cng sut ph ti:
2119.860 +j1434.000 kVA
177.050 +j223.791 kVA
in p thanh ci tng:
Udm =
6.00/_0 kV
62
Nt c in p thp nht:
Umin = 5.260 /_ -2.663(kV)<28 Dong Bam1>
Tn tht in p cc i:
deltaUmax = 12.3%
Bng 3.4 Tn tht in p trn l 677 khi cha b :

TT
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
Tn nt
1
2
3
Cha Hang 5
4
Bu in
5
7
8
9
x
11
Tm lp
10
Cha Hang 4
12
13
UB huyn
14
16
18
20
21
Lng ng
22
Gia By
19
ng Bm 1
17
bm B
U nt
5.802
5.775
5.774
5.672
5.775
5.653
5.653
5.625
5.563
5.556
5.386
5.553
5.429
5.552
5.452
5.607
5.606
5.443
5.505
5.473
5.452
5.431
5.428
5.314
5.426
5.299
5.428
5.26
5.473
5.351
U(nt)%
3.3
3.7
3.8
5.5
3.7
5.8
5.8
6.3
7.3
7.4
10.2
7.5
9.5
7.5
9.1
6.6
6.6
9.3
8.3
8.8
9.1
9.5
9.5
11.4
9.6
11.7
9.5
12.3
8.8
10.8
Pmax(KW)
0
0
0
207
0
41
0
0
0
0
207
0
326
0
273
0
0
138.6
0
0
0
0
0
151
0
146
0
210
0
57
Q(max)
0
0
0
139
0
29
0
0
0
0
140
0
231
0
167
0
0
114
0
0
0
0
0
98
0
106
0
134
0
48
Cos
0.8302
0.8164
0.8283
0.8159
0.8531
0.7723
0.8388
0.8092
0.843
0.7649
63
31
32
33
34
15
ng Bm 3
6
ng Bm 2
5.482
5.38
5.652
5.531
8.6
10.3
5.8
7.8
0
218
0
146
0
123
0
105
0.8709
0.8119
3.3.2 Kt qu tnh b cng sut phn khng:

Bng 3.5 Gi tr Q b ti cc nt
TT
Tn nt
Qb
Cos( ) trc b
Cos( ) sau b
ng Bm 1
130
0.843
ng Bm3
110
0.871
0.998
Cha Hang 4
150
0.853
0.998
Cha Hang 5
70
0.813
0.949
Tm lp
210
0.816
0.998
UB Huyn
90
0.772
0.985
120
0.828
0.995
Gia By
100
0.809
0.999
Lng ng
90
0.839
0.999
10
Nc ng Bm
40
0.765
0.99
Tng dung lng b l: 1110 KVAr.
64
Bng 3.6 Tn tht in p trc v sau khi b

TT
Tn nt
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
1
2
3
Cha Hang 5
4
Bu in
5
7
8
9
x
11
Tm lp
10
Cha Hang 4
12
13
UB huyn
14
16
18
20
21
Lng ng
22
Gia By
19
ng Bm 1
17
bm B
15
Trc khi b
U(nt)%
U nt
5.802 3.3
5.775 3.7
5.774 3.8
5.672 5.5
5.775 3.7
5.653 5.8
5.653 5.8
5.625 6.3
5.563 7.3
5.556 7.4
5.386 10.2
5.553 7.5
5.429 9.5
5.552 7.5
5.452 9.1
5.607 6.6
5.606 6.6
5.443 9.3
5.505 8.3
5.473 8.8
5.452 9.1
5.431 9.5
5.428 9.5
5.314 11.4
5.426 9.6
5.299 11.7
5.428 9.5
5.26
12.3
5.473 8.8
5.351 10.8
5.482 8.6
Sau Khi B
U nt U(nt)%
5.861 2.32
5.838 2.70
5.837 2.72
5.775 3.75
5.838 2.70
5.717 4.72
5.76 4.00
5.742 4.30
5.698 5.03
5.693 5.12
5.644 5.93
5.691 5.15
5.657 5.72
5.69 5.17
5.658 5.70
5.73 4.50
5.73 4.50
5.676 5.40
5.665 5.58
5.645 5.92
5.631 6.15
5.618 6.37
5.616 6.40
5.58 7.00
5.615 6.42
5.586 6.90
5.615 6.42
5.581 6.98
5.645 5.92
5.6
6.67
5.648 5.87
65
32
33
34
ng Bm 3
6
ng Bm 2
5.38
5.652
5.531
10.3
5.8
7.8
5.604 6.60
5.759 4.02
5.641 5.98
Kt qu tnh ch xc lp sau khi b:

-------------------------------------Tng cng sut yu cu u ngun:
2234.254 +j470.614 kVA
Tng cng sut ph ti:
2119.860 +j325.000 kVA
114.394 +j145.614 kVA
in p thanh ci tng:
Udm =
6.00/_0 kV
Nt c in p thp nht:Umin = 5.580 /_ -3.724(kV)<24 Lang Dong>

Tn tht in p cc i:
deltaUmax = 7.0%
3.3.3 Hiu qu sau khi b:

Kt qu tnh ton thy c :
+ Tn tht in p gim ng k: tn tht in p cc i gim 5%.
+ Tn tht cng sut gim:
Tng tn tht cng sut trc khi b:
tht cng sut sau khi b :
177.050 +j223.791 kVA
Tng tn
114.394 +j145.614 kVA
+Cng huy ng u ngun gim: (ch yu cng sut phn khng)

Tng cng sut yu cu u ngun trc khi b:2296.910 +j1657.791 kVA
Tng cng sut yu cu u ngun sau khi b: 2234.254 +j470.614 kVA
+ Tng li nhun thu c l: 66.366.000 ng/ nm.
3.4 Phn tch kinh t ti chnh v nh gi hiu qu kinh t b cng sut phn
khng.
3.4.1 Cc chi ph v li ch khi t b:
lp t c cu b cn phi c mt lng chi ph vn u t mua sm v
xy dng. Doanh thu ca d n bao gm li ch do gim tn tht, li ch do nng cao
cht lng in.
3.4.1. Dng thu
66
Tng thu trong mt nm ca d n l gi tr sn phm tnh bng tin ca d

n, c xc nh bng tng s tin li nhun trong nm ca d n
Tng doanh thu tng thm nm th t
B t =B t +Bclt
(3.1)
B t - Gim chi ph tn tht nm th t so vi nm gc
( A0
At )
At g m
1 At
(3.2)
A0, At - tn tht in nng tng i trc v sau khi t b;

At - tng in nng truyn ti qua li tnh ton, kWh;
gm- gi mua in nng, /kWh;
Bcl - Hiu qu tng thm do cht lng in tt hn
Bcl =Acl.t .gcl
(3.3)
Acl.t in nng cht lng tng thm do t c cu b:
Acl.t =(pcl.t -pcl0)At
pcl.t , pcl0 xc xut cht lng in nng nm th t v nm trc khi t b;
pcl xc sut cht lng in nng;
gcl- gi thnh in nng cht lng /kWh.
3.4.2. Dng chi ca d n
Dng chi ca d n c tnh bng cc chi ph do mua sm xy dng, vn
hnh v tr li do vay vn
Tng chi ph nm th t:
C t = Kt + CO&M + Ctra lai
(3.4)
Kt - Tng chi ph cho vic mua sm, lp t thit b b nm th t;
CO&Mt - Chi ph bo dng v vn hnh nm th t
CO&Mt =kO&M Kt
(3.5)
kO&M h s vn hnh v bo dng li in;
Ctra lai chi ph tr li vn vay ngn hng
Ctra lai = Vvay llai
Vvay - vn vay ngn hng;
llai li sut ngn hng.
67
3.4.3. Dng tin ca d n

Dng tin ca d n l hiu gia tt c cc khon doanh thu v tt c cc chi
ph cn thit cho mt d n. Thng th dng tin khng th xc nh trc c m
phi d bo, v vy i hi nh u t phi c s phn tch, tnh ton mt cch khoa
hc trn c s cc d liu tin cy ban u. Gi tr dng li nm th t c xc nh
theo biu thc
Lt = B t - C t
(3.6)
Trong :
B t dng thu;
C t dng chi.
Do gi tr tin t c gi tr thay i theo thi gian, c th nh gi chnh
xc gi tr ca dng tin, ngi ta phi qui i cc gi tr ca ng tin cc thi
im v thi im hin ti t0=0 theo h s quy i .
Lt
(1 i) t
Lqd
Lt
(3.7)
Trong :
- tha s quy i
1 i
i - H s chit khu
3.4.2. Cc ch tiu c bn ca d n
1). Gi tr li sut thun quy v hin ti
Nh bit, li sut l hiu gia doanh thu v chi ph. Nhng phng n c
doanh thu ln hn chi ph l nhng phng n mang li hiu qu kinh t. Gi tr tng
li sut trong sut i sng d n quy v thi im hin ti k hiu l NPV (Net
Present Value) s l mt trong nhng ch tiu c bn nh gi cc d n.
n
( Bt
NPV =
Ct )(1 i) t =
t 0
Lt (1 i ) t ;
(3.8)
t 0
2). T s gia doanh thu v chi ph

C th da vo hiu qu ca mt ng vn chi ph cho d n m c biu th bi t
s
68
R=
B
=
C
Bt (1 i )
C t (1 i )
t 0
n
(3.9)
t 0
3) H s hon vn ni ti k hiu l IRR (Internal Rate of Return) l h s chit

khu ng vi gi tr tng li sut hin ti NPV = 0 .
n
Ct )(1 IRR ) t = 0;
( Bt
NPV =
(3.10)
t 0
Phng trnh ny c th gii theo phng php gn ng
NPV1
IRR = i1 + (i2 - i1)
;
NPV1 NPV 2
(3.11)
i1, i2- cc gi tr chit khu gn nhau nht m gi tr NPV bt u i du.

NPV1 , NPV2 - cc gi tr tng li sut ng vi i1 v i1.
4). Thi gian hon vn T
Thi gian hon vn l thi gian m tng doanh thu bng tng chi ph, hay ni
cch khc l thi gian m tng li sut b p c chi ph ca d n.
T
( Bt
NPV =
Ct )(1 i) t = 0 ;
(3.12)
t 0
Phng trnh trn c th gii gn ng.

T = tn+
NPV1
;
NPV1 NPV 2
(3.13)
tn - s nm trn ngay trc khi t c gi tr NPV=0;

NPV1, NPV2 - cc gi tr ng vi thi gian tn v nm sau , tc l nm tn+1.
Kt qu tnh ton phn tch kinh t ti chnh d n b cng sut phn khng i
vi mng in 677. Cc ch tiu hiu qu b cng sut phn khng mng in 677:
NPV=139,112 triu VN;

IRR=20%;T = 3,59 nm; B/C=2,945.
69
CHNG IV:
TH TRNG IN NNG PHN KHNG:
4.1 Th trng in nng phn khng vit nam:
4.1.1 Phn tch m hnh kinh doanh in nng phn khng hin ti Vit Nam:
Hin ti nc ta vic kinh doanh in nng phn khng c thc hin trn
c s pht h s cos thp. Thc hin theo thng t lin tch ca b cng nghip.
Nhm m bo cho s dng in tin cy, hiu qu v an ton.
4.1.1.1
Cch xc nh h s cng sut trung bnh:
a) H s cng sut trung bnh c xc nh nh sau:

Ap
cos( )
Ap
Aq
hoc cos
cos(artg
Aq
)
Ap
(4.1)
Trong : Ap : in nng tc dng trong mt chu k ghi ch s cng t (kWWh).

Aq : in nng phn khng trong mt chu k ghi ch s cng t tng ng (kWArh).
b) Trng hp bn mua in k mt hp ng kinh t cho nhiu cng t ti mt a
im c cp chung cng mt ng dy trung th, cao th th h s cng sut
trung bnh c xc nh bng cch cng sn lng in nng tc dng v in nng
phn khng ca cng t tnh cos trung bnh.
c) Trng hp bn mua in c s dng in ngoi mc ch sn xut, kinh doanh,
dch v th vic xc nh h s cng sut nh sau:
-Khi c cng t o m phn in nng s dng sn xut, kinh doanh, dch v th
ch p dng mua cng sut phn khng i vi phn in nng s dng cho mc
ch ny.
-Khi khng tch ring c phn in nng s dng sn xut, kinh doanh, dch v
m ch c cng t o m in nng chung, nu h s cng sut cos <0.85 th bn
mua in vn phi mua cng sut phn khng cho c phn in nng chung .
70
4.1.2 Phng php xc nh tin mua cng sut phn khng:

Tin mua cng sut phn khng (cha bao gm thu GTGT) c tnh theo
cng thc:
Tq = Ta x k %
(4.2)
Trong : -T q: Tin mua cng sut phn khng (cha c thu GTGT)
-T a: Tin mua in nng tc dng (cha c thu GTGT)
- k: H s b p chi ph do bn mua in s dng qu lng cng sut
phn khng quy nh (%)
H s k c tnh theo bng sau :
Bng 4.1
TT
H s cng sut k (%)
STT
(cos )
H s cng sut k (%)

(cos )
0,85
15
0,71
19,72
0,84
1,19
16
0,70
21,43
0,83
2,41
17
0,69
23,19
0,82
3,66
18
0,68
25,00
0,81
4,94
19
0,67
26,87
0,80
6,25
20
0,66
28,79
0,79
7,59
21
0,65
30,77
0,78
8,97
22
0,64
32,81
0,77
10,39
23
0,63
34,92
10
0,76
11,84
24
0,62
37,10
11
0,75
13,33
25
0,61
39,34
12
0,74
14,86
26
0,60
41,67
13
0,73
16,44
27
Di 0,60
44,07
14
0,72
18,06
71
Mt s nhn xt:
Phng php tnh ton dung lng chi tr cho in nng phn khng cha thc s
hp l do:
-Trn c s no nh ra mc cos ti thiu phi np tin pht cos l 0,85.
- Cn c vo u xc nh mi quan h gia gi tr ca h s b k v h s cos .
Nh vy c th thy l phng php kinh doanh in nng phn khng hin ti cha
da trn c s phn tch kinh t k thut hp l. iu dn ti vic mt cng bng
gia cc nh kinh doanh in v khch hng, v gia cc khch hnh vi nhau.
Phng php kinh doanh ny ch n thun p t khch hng phi mua in nng
phn khng m khng khuyn khch h tham gia vo qu trnh iu tit ci thin ch
lm vic ca h thng in.
4.2 Cc m hnh kinh doanh in nng c th c p dng:
4.2.1 Phng n I: Vn p dng phng php kinh doanh cng sut phn khng
nh hin nay nhng thay i gi tr cc h s cos v t l tin pht cho hp l:
Xc nh h s cos ti thiu:
H s cos
ti thiu c xc nh ph thuc vo ch s dng in ca cc
doanh nghip, c th l ph thuc vo h s in kn th ph ti (Kk) v h s

tham gia vo ph ti cc i ca h thng (KtM). Gi tr ca h s cos ti thiu c
th xc nh theo :
cos
kt =cos(artg kt )
tg
kt
tg cb
(1 k dk ).k tM
(4.3)
kQ
(4.4)
Trong :
tg
cb-
h s cng sut phn khng c bn, trn thanh ci th cp trm bin p trung
gian.
Gi tr h s cng sut phn khng tg trn thanh ci h thng c xc nh trn c
s h s cos ca cc ngun in c xt n in dung ca ng dy.
72
Bng 4.2 H s cng sut phn khng c bn, ph thuc vo s cp in phn phi:
S cp in p 2 cp
1 cp
Trc tip t my
phn phi
110/35/10
110/(10-35)
pht
tg
0,4
0,425
0,55
0,93
0,92
0,88
cos
cb
cb
KtM h s tham gia vo cc i ca doanh nghip, c th tnh gn ng bng biu

thc:
k tM
PtM
PM
(4.5)
PtM - cng sut tiu th trung bnh trong thi gian cao im ca h thng.
PM - cng sut cc i ca doanh nghip.
KQ- h s ng lng tiu chun b cng sut phn khng (kVAr/KW).
GQ- Gi thnh in nng phn khng, ng/kVArh.
H s ng lng kinh t cng sut phn khng c xc nh trn c s phn tch
hiu qu b ti u trn mng in phn phi. Nh bit, gi tr ng lng kinh
t b cng sut phn khng c xc nh theo biu thc:
kQ
1
k dl
(4.6)
Vi kld l t l cng sut tc dng c c do t b tnh trn mt n v cng sut

ca thit b b:
k dl
Qb
QR
(
2
)
2
Q
U
(4.7)
Trong :
Q- Ph ti phn khng, kVAr.
R- in tr tnh t ngun n im t b.
Qb- cng sut ca thit b t b KVAr.
73
U- in p nh mc ca mng in KV.
*Kt qu phn tch, tnh ton ng vi c im ca cc mng in cung cp cho cc
ph ti c trng cho thy c th ly gi tr trung bnh thng ca h s k Q theo bng
sau:
Bng 4.3 Gi tr trung bnh ca h s kQ i vi cc ngnh sn xut:
Ch ph ti
Cng nghip
Nng nghip
Thng mi v thnh phn

khc
KQ
0,55
0,5
0,45
Gi tr h s in kn th ph ti c xc nh trn c s s liu thng k v o

m ti cc x nghip c trng. Nhn chung gi tr h s in kn th ph ti thay
i ph thuc kh nhiu vo nhn t ca, kp lm vic, ma v, iu kin thi tit.
Bng 4.4 Gi tr h s in kn th ph ti v h s tham gia cc i ca cc loi
ph ti c trng:
Loi ph ti c trng
H s in kn ca ph ti
H s tham gia vo cc i
Mt ca
hai ca
ba ca
Mt ca
hai ca
ba ca
Cng nghip
0,35
0,65
0,75
0,65
0,75
0,75
Nng nghip
0,25
0,5
0,65
0,5
0,65
0,65
Thng nghip
0,35
0,55
0,7
0,65
0,85
0,85
74
Bng 4.5 Gi tr h s cng sut ti thiu cos
kt
i vi cc ph ti c trng ph
thuc vo ch lm vic theo ca:

S cp in p phn
phi
hai cp
Mt cp
loi ph ti
Cos
kt
Mt ca
hai ca
ba ca
Cng nghip
0,92
0,9
0,88
Nng nghip
0,91
0,9
0,88
Thng nghip
0,91
0,9
0,87
Cng nghip
0,92
0,89
0,87
Nng nghip
0,9
0,89
0,86
Thng nghip
0,9
0,89
0,86
Phn tch cc kt qu tnh ton, ta nhn thy h s cos ti thiu ca cc loi ph ti

c trng khc so vi gi tr h s cos ti thiu hin ti ang p dng cho vic tnh
ton chi tr in nng phn khng tiu th ca h dng in Vit Nam. Trong i
a s trng hp, gi tr h s cos ti thiu xc nh theo m hnh xut u ln
hn gi tr 0,85 hin hnh.
75
Bng 4.6 Gi tr h s cos ti thiu ph thuc vo h s in kn v h s tham s

cc i:
KtM
Kdk
0.1
0.2
0.3
0,4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0,9
0.1
0,83
0,86
0,89
0,91
0,92
0,93
0,94
0,95
0,95
0,96
0.2
0,83
0,86
0,88
0,9
0,91
0,92
0,93
0,94
0,95
0,95
0.3
0,82
0,85
0,87
0,89
0,90
0,92
0,93
0,93
0,94
0,95
0.4
0,82
0,84
0,86
0,88
0,89
0,91
0,92
0,92
0,93
0,94
0.5
0,82
0,84
0,85
0,87
0,88
0,89
0,90
0,91
0,92
0,93
0.6
0,81
0,83
0,84
0,86
0,87
0,88
0,89
0,90
0,91
0,91
0.7
0,81
0,82
0,83
0,84
0,85
0,86
0,87
0,88
0,89
0,89
0.8
0,8
0,81
0,82
0,83
0,84
0,84
0,85
0,86
0,86
0,87
0.9
0,8
0,8
0,81
0,81
0,82
0,82
0,82
0,83
0,83
0,84
0,79
0,79
0,79
0,79
0,79
0,79
0,79
0,79
0,79
1
0,79
T l pht K:
Lng in nng phn khng cn phi tr l:

Aq=Ap .(tg n-tg
kt )
(4.8)
Chuyn i gi tr tng ng theo in nng tc dng :

Atd=b.
kbAq.(tg n-tg kt ).Ap
(4.9)
Trong :
b- t l gia gi thnh in nng phn khng v gi thnh in nng tc dng
76
cq
(4.10)
cp
Cp ,cq- gi thnh in nng tc dng v in nng phn khng, /KWh v /KVArh

trong trng hp ny c th ly b=0,15-0,25.
kb-
h s khuyn khch t thit b b (
kb=2-3).
KQ- h s ng lng kinh t cng sut phn khng, xc nh ph thuc vo c

im ca ph ti li in.
T l pht c xc nh theo biu thc:
k=b.
kbAq.(tg n-tg kt ).
Bng 4.7 H s b p chi ph do h s cos thp di mc quy nh (0,9).
Cos
Cos
Cos
0.4
0.4
0.65
0.15
0.9
0.45
0.33
0.7
0.12
0.925
-0.02
0.5
0.27
0.75
0.09
0.95
-0.03
0.55
0.23
0.8
0.06
0.975
-0.06
0.6
0.19
0.85
0.03
1
-0.11
Tin mua cng sut phn khng c tnh theo cng thc:
T q=Ap .k.gp
(4.11)
Nhn xt:
Theo phng n 1 vic kinh doanh in nng phn khng s khng b thay i, so
vi phng thc kinh doanh hin ti nc ta.
77
-M hnh ny cho php khuyn khch khch hng tham gia vo qu trnh iu tit
ch lm vic ca mng thng qua s iu chnh ch s dng in ( san bng
th ph ti, gim cng sut cc i) nng cao hiu qu kinh t ca h thng in.
-S minh bch ca cch tnh lng chi tr in nng phn khng ca phng n ny
c th hin qua vic xc nh cc h s kinh t k thut, m bo s cng bng
gia cc nh kinh doanh in nng v c khch hng dng in. Cng nh gia cc
khch hng vi nhau.
-Hn ch ca phng n ny l cha khuyn khch c khch hng lp t thit b
b iu chnh t ng.
4.2.2 Phng n 2 :Kinh doanh in nng phn khng trn c s lng tiu
th thc t:
Lng tin chi tr cho in nng phn khng c xc nh theo biu thc:
Tpk=(AQtt +
kd.AQsx-AQkt ).
kb.gQ
(4.12)
Trong :
AQtt - in nng phn khng tiu th thc t ca doanh nghip trong khong thi
gian xt, kVArh nu khng c ng h o th c th xc nh theo biu thc:
AQtt =tg
tb.Ap .
kd0.
(4.13)
Ap - in nng tc dng tiu th trong khong thi gian xt KWh.

kb-
h s khuyn khch t thit b b (2-3).
kd-
h s khuyn khch t thit b t ng iu chnh dung lng b (
kd0-
tg
h s khuyn khch t thit b o m (
tb-
kd=3).
kd0=1,3).
h s cng sut phn khng trung bnh, ph thuc vo c im ca ti.
78
Loi ph ti
H s cos
tg
Cng nghip nh
0,6
1,33
Ch bin thc phm
0,65
1,17
Sn xut g gia dng
0,6
1,33
Nh my c kh
0,5
1,73
X nghip sa cha t
0,7
1,02
AQ.sx -in nng phn khng sn xut d tha trong thi gian thp im, kVAr.
Qb-Cng sut pht ca thit b b, KVAr.
Qmin-Ph ti phn khng trong thi gian thp im,KVAr.
Tpmin-khong thi gian ph ti cc tiu (gi thp im).h
AQkt - in nng phn khng kinh t (khng phi tr tin), KVArh.
AQkt =Ap .tg
(KVArh).
(4.14)
gQ- gi bn in nng phn khng, /kVArh.

Gi bn in nng phn khng c tnh theo cng thc:
gQ=cq+ckd
(4.15)
Trong :
-ckd- chi ph kinh doanh v chi ph ph tr khc, ly bng 40% gi thnh in nng
phn khng. Nh vy gi bn in nng phn khng l:
gQ=1,4cq
(4.16)
Gi thnh in nng phn khng c th xc nh trn c s chi ph b cng sut phn

khng bng t:
cq
Zb
AQb
(4.17)
Trong :
Zb- Tng chi ph quy dn ca thit b b cng sut phn khng ng/nm.
79
AQb- Tng in nng phn khng sn xut trong nm, kVArh.

2
Zb
pKb
Pb .Qb .tb .g p
Qb
.R. .10 3.g p Cvh
2
U
(4.18)
Trong :
p- h s tnh n t l khu hao v thi gian thu hi vn, c th xc nh theo biu
thc: p=atc+kkh
atc- h s tiu chun s dng vn u t, xc nh theo cng thc:
atc
i.(1 i) Th
(1 i) Th 1
(4.19)
T h- tui th ca thit b (nm).

i-h s trit khu, i vi ngnh in lc gi tr ca i thng ly l 0,1;
kkh- h s khu hao thit b.
Kb- vn u t ca thit b b xc nh theo biu thc :
Kb=KC+Kvb+Kld
Kvb=v0bQb
Kvb- Vn u t thay i ph thuc vo cng sut ca thit b b.
V0b- sut vn u t ca thit b b ( i vi t b tnh gi tr ny ly khong
150000-200000ng/kVAr).
Qb- cng sut ca thit b b, kVAr.
KC- vn u t c nh ca thit b b, ly bng 10% ca vn u t thay i.
Kld- chi ph lp t, ly bng 10% vn u t thay i.
P b- Sut hao tn cng sut trong thit b b, KW/kVAr, ly bng
P b=0,0025
kW/KVAr.
T b- thi gian lm vic ca thit b b trong nm,h.
Gp - gi thnh tn tht in nng tc dng ng/kWh.
80
Nh vy:
Kb=1,2.vob.Qb;
Cvh- chi ph vn hnh, ly bng 5% vn u t ca thit b b.
AQb- in nng phn khng sn xut trong nm kVArh.
AQb=Qb.tb.
U -in p ca li KV.
R- in tr t ch t t n ti.
- Thi gian tn hao cc i, h.
2
Zb
p.1,2.v0b .Qb
( p.1,2.v0b
Pb .Qb . b .c
Pb . b .c
0,05.v0b .Qb
0,05.v0b
Qb
.R. .10 3.g p
2
U
Qb
.R. .10 3.g p ).Qb
2
U
(4.20)
T :
Cq
Zb
AQb
(1,2. p 0,05)vob
tb
Qb
.R. .10 3.g p
2
U .t b
(4.21)
Nhn xt
Phng php kinh doanh in nng phn khng theo phng n 2 m bo c
nhng yu cu cn thit nh i vi phng n 1, thm vo phng n ny cn
cho php khuyn khch khch hng lp t cc thit b o m in nng phn
khng v t ng iu chnh dung lng b, gp phn n nh in p v nng cao
hiu qu lm vic ca h thng in.
4.3 V d p dng:
V d 1: Mt x nghip cng nghip s dng in vi cc s liu:
-in nng tc dng trung bnh hng thng: Ap =140234 kWh; in nng phn khng
AQ=109023 KVAr.
81
- Gi mua in nng tc dng : gp =880/KWh. Gi mua in nng phn khng l gq=

75 /kVAr. T l gia gi thnh in nng phn khng v gi thnh in nng tc
dng l b=0,16.
-X nghip lm vic 3 ca (24h/ngy) vi 30 ngy/thng.
H S cos ca cng ty:
Aq
Ap
tg
109023
0,777 suy ra cos =0,789.
140234
Xc nh h s cng sut phn khng kinh t:

Vi ch lm vic 3 ca cc h s: kdk=0,75, v ktM =0,75
tg
kt
tg cb
(1 k dk ).k tM
kQ
0,425
0,576
(1 0,75).0,75 0,55
Tng ng vi h s cos ti thiu l: cos
kt =0,866.
* Tnh ton lng chi tr cho in nng phn khng theo phng n 1:
H s pht cos theo phng n 1 trong trng hp ny l:
k=b.
kbkq.(tg n-tg kt )=0,16*2,5*0,55*(0,777-0,576)=0.044
Lng chi tr do pht h s cos thp l:

T q=Ap .k.gp =140234* 0.044*880=5,429*106 ng
*Tnh ton lng chi tr cho in nng phn khng theo phng n 2:
Xc nh gi tr in nng phn khng m x nghip khng cn phi tr tin.
AQkt =Ap .tg =140234*0,576=80774,7 (KVArh).
Xc nh gi tr in nng phn khng m x nghip cn phi tr tin.
Apk= AQ- AQkt =109023-80774,7=28248,3 KVAr
Lng chi tr cho in nng phn khng Cpk2 c xc nh theo biu thc:
Tpk2=Apk.
kk.gQ=59459,3*2,5*75=5,296*10
ng.
Sai s gia 2 phng php l:
82
saiso%
T pk1 T pk 2
T pk1
*100
5,429 5,296
*100
5,429
2,45%
Sai s gia hai phng php l khng ng k.

So snh vi phng thc kinh doanh in nng phn khng hin hnh:
Theo phng thc kinh doanh in nng phn khng hin hnh th h s cos
=0,789 th s tin pht bng 9% tng s tin tr cho in nng tc dng:
S tin phi tr cho l:
Tpk hientai=Ap *gp *k=140234*880*9/100=11,106*106 ng.
V d 2 :
Mt x nghip cng nghip s dng in vi cc s liu:
-in nng tc dng trung bnh hng thng: Ap =201500 kWh; in nng phn khng
AQ=1564365 KVAr.
- Gi mua in nng tc dng : gp =880/KWh. Gi mua in nng phn khng l gq=
75 /kVAr. T l gia gi thnh in nng phn khng v gi thnh in nng tc
dng l b=0,16.
-X nghip lm vic 1 ca (24h/ngy) vi 30 ngy/thng.
H S cos ca cng ty:
Aq
Ap
tg
156365
0,7761 suy ra cos =0,79.
201500
Xc nh h s cng sut phn khng kinh t:

Vi ch lm vic 1 ca cc h s: kdk=0,35, v ktM =0,65
tg
kt
tg cb
(1 k dk ).k tM
kQ
0,425
0,437
(1 0,35).0,45 0,55
Tng ng vi h s cos ti thiu l: cos
kt =0,916.
* Tnh ton lng chi tr cho in nng phn khng theo phng n 1:
H s pht cos theo phng n 1 trong trng hp ny l:
83
k=b.
kbkq.(tg n-tg kt )=0,16*2,5*0,55*(0,7761-0,437)=0.0746
Lng chi tr do pht h s cos thp l:

T q=Ap .k.gp =201500* 0.0746*880=13,22*106 ng
*Tnh ton lng chi tr cho in nng phn khng theo phng n 2:
Xc nh gi tr in nng phn khng m x nghip khng cn phi tr tin.
AQkt =Ap .tg =201500*0,437=88055,5 (KVArh).
Xc nh gi tr in nng phn khng m x nghip cn phi tr tin.
Apk= AQ- AQkt =1564365-88055,5 =68308,5 KVAr
Lng chi tr cho in nng phn khng Cpk2 c xc nh theo biu thc:
Tpk2=Apk.
kk.gQ=1564365,5*2,5*75=12,8*10
ng.
Sai s gia 2 phng php l:
saiso%
T pk1 T pk 2
T pk1
*100
13,288 12,8
*100 7,7%
13,288
Sai s gia hai phng php l khng qu ln.

So snh vi phng thc kinh doanh in nng phn khng hin hnh:
Theo phng thc kinh doanh in nng phn khng hin hnh th h s cos =0,79
th s tin pht bng 8% tng s tin tr cho in nng tc dng:
S tin phi tr cho l:
Tpk hientai=Ap *gp *k=201500*880*8/100=14,185*106 ng.
Nhn xt : Nh vy theo cc tnh hin ti x nghip phi tr di ra :
Nguyn nhn l do:

-H s b p chi ph do cos thp so vi gi tr quy nh c ly qu ln.
-Khch hng phi tr tin cho phn in nng phn khng theo t l gi in nng tc
dng, m trong thc t gp hnh chc ln gi thnh in nng phn khng.
84
CHNG V :
KT LUN V KIN NGH
5.1 Kt lun :
-B cng sut phn khng trong h thng in c s dng khng nhng ch
m bo iu kin cn bng cng sut phn khng, m cn l mt trong cc
phng php quan trng nht gim tn tht cng sut v in nng, cng nh iu
chnh in p.
-t thit b b cng sut phn khng l mt trong nhng gii php quan trng
nng cao h s cos v cht lng in. Trong s cc ngun cng sut phn
khng th t in tnh t ra c u th v kinh t v k thut.
-Vic thit k, lp t thit b b c tnh ton vi ph ti cc i, nn trong
qu trnh lm vic thng t khng lm vic ht cng sut, dn n hin tng b
tha, lm nh hng n cht lng in v lm hiu qu kinh t ca mng in. V
vy nng cao hiu qu b cn phi trang b h thng t ng iu chnh dung
lng t b cho ph hp vi ph ti thc t.
- Phng php v chng trnh tnh ton a ra c th p dng thun tin cho
li phn phi ti hn hp nhiu nt nhiu nhnh hay ti n gin.
-Chng trnh p dng theo m hnh tnh ton b ti u cng sut phn khng
theo phng php cc tiu ho chi ph v c gii theo phng php quy hoch
ng xc nh c dung lng cn b ti u, cng nh v tr b hiu qu.
5.2.
Kin ngh:
-i vi cc nh my x nghip cn tuyn truyn ,khuyn khch u t thit b

b t ng.
-i vi li in h th v tr t thit b b cng sut phn khng cng xa
ngun cng c li. B c th tp trung ti trm d thay th v iu khin dung
lng b, cn nu dung lng b c nh nn ri dc theo ng dy h th.
85
- Cn u t cc kh c o c cng ngh cao nh cng t in t cho cc trm

bin p v cc khch hng tng i ln. a cc h thng nh SCADA vo vn
hnh nhm kim sot thng s li in c th a ra cc phng n khc phc
gn vi thc t.
- Cn xy dng mt th trng in cng bng v cnh tranh, cn coi in nng
phn khng l mt th hng ho, Do yu cu nghin cu xc nh mt s ch tiu
kinh t ca cng sut phn khng.
- Tt c cc ch li do b cng sut phn khng mang li cn tuyn truyn, qun
trit vi ngi s dng in v li ch chung ca ton quc gia, song song vi quy
nh phi tr tin khi h s cos ca ph ti thp.
86
TI LIU THAM KHO
1.Trn Bch, li in v h thng in tp 1,2. Nh xut bn khoa hc k thut.

2.Phan ng Khi, Hunh B minh, B cng sut phn khng li cung cp v phn
phi in, Nh xut bn khoa hc v k thut H Ni.
3.Phan ng Khi, xc nh v tr, dung lng, s lng thit b b ti u t trn
xut tuyn li in phn phi,-tp ch khoa hc v cng ngh cc trng i hc k
thut s 34,35/2002.
4. Nguyn Vn m, Phan ng Khi:, Gio trnh mng in, i hc Bch khoa H
Ni.
5.Nguyn Xun Ph, Nguyn Cng Hin, Nguyn Bi Khu, Cung cp in, Nh
xut bn khoa hc v k thut.
6. ng ngc Dinh, Ng Hng Quang, Trn Bch, Trnh Hng Thm, Nguyn Hu
Khi: H thng in I v II, Nh Xut bn i hc.
87
Ph Lc
Thm cc bng thng s trm bin p v thng s ng dy ca
anh hong
-trm bin p B1.
- s bin i tng ng.
- s

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