Bi ging Dao ng c hc

Kha hc LTH mn Vt l Thy ngVit Hng

I CNG V DAO NG IU HA - PHN 1

(TI LIU BI GING)

Gio vin: NG VIT HNG

I. CC KHI NIM C BN V DAO NG
1) Dao ng c hc
Dao ng c hc l s chuyn ng ca mt vt quanh mt v tr xc nh gi l v tr cn bng.
2) Dao ng tun hon
Dao ng tun hon l dao ng m trng thi ca vt c lp li nh c, theo hng c sau nhng khong thi
gian bng nhau xc nh (c gi l chu k dao ng).
3) Dao ng iu ha
Dao ng iu ha l dao ng m li ca vt c biu th bng hm cosin hay sin theo thi gian.
II. PHNG TRNH DAO NG IU HA
1. B sung kin thc

Gi tr lng gic ca mt s gc lng gic c bit
x

/2

sinx

cosx

/4
1

2
1
2

/3
3

2
1
2

/6
1

0
0

3
2

/6
1
2

/4
1
2
1
2

3
2

/3
3
2
1
2

/2
1

o hm ca hm lng gic

sin u = u cos u
Vi hm hp u = u(x)

cos u = u sin u

y = 4sin x
y = 4.

V d:

( x ) cos
(

x=

2
x

) (

cos x

( )

y = 3cos sin x 2
y = 3. sin x 2 sin sin x 2 = 3. x 2 cos(x 2 ).sin sin x 2 = 6x.cos(x 2 ).sin sin x 2

Cch chuyn i qua li gia cc hm lng gic

 chuyn t sin x
cos x th ta p dng sin x = cos x , hay chuyn t sin sang cosin ta bt i /2.
2

 chuyn t cos x
sin x th ta p dng cosx = sin x + , hay chuyn t cosin sang sin ta thm vo /2.
2

 chuyn t cos x
cos x th ta p dng cosx = cos ( x + ) , hay chuyn t cosin sang cosin ta thm vo .

 chuyn t sin x
sin x th ta p dng sin x = sin ( x + ) , hay chuyn t sin sang sin ta thm vo .

V d:

y = 4sin x = 4sin x + = 4sin x +

6
6
6

y = 3sin x = 3cos x = 3cos x

4
4 2
4

y = 2cos x = 2cos x + = 2cos x +

3
3
3

Nghim ca cc phng trnh lng gic c bn

x = + k2
 Phng trnh sin x = sin
x = + k2

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Bi ging Dao ng c hc

Kha hc LTH mn Vt l Thy ngVit Hng

x = + k2
 Phng trnh cos x = cos
x = + k2

V d:

x + 3 = 6 + k2
x = 2 + k2

sin x + = sin x + = sin

3
2
3

6
x + = 7 + k2
x = 5 + k2

6
3 6

2x + = + k2
x = + k

3 4
24
cos 2x + =
cos 2x + = cos

7
3
3
4
2

2x + = + k2
x =
+ k

3
4
24

2) Phng trnh li dao ng

Phng trnh li dao ng c dng x = Acos(t + ).
Cc i lng c trng cho dao ng iu ha :
x : li dao ng hay lch khi v tr cn bng. n v tnh: cm, m..
A : Bin dao ng hay li cc i. n v tnh: cm, m..
: tn s gc ca dao ng, i lng trung gian cho php xc nh chu k v tn s dao ng. n v tnh: rad/s.
: pha ban u ca dao ng (t = 0), gip xc nh trng thi dao ng ca vt thi im ban u. n v tnh rad
(t + ): pha dao ng ti thi im t, gip xc nh trng thi dao ng ca vt thi im bt k t. n v tnh rad
Ch : Bin dao ng A lun l hng s dng.

V d 1: Xc nh bin dao ng A, tn s gc v pha ban u ca cc dao ng c phng trnh sau:

a) x = 3cos 10t + cm.

b) x = 2sin t cm.
3
4

c) x = cos 4t + cm.
6

Hng dn gii:
Bng thao tc chuyn i phng trnh lng gic kt hp vi phng trnh dao ng iu ha ta c

A = 3cm

a) x = 3cos 10t + cm
= 10 rad/s
3

= rad
3

A = 2cm

b) x = 2sin t cm = 2sin t + cm = 2sin t + cm

= rad/s
4
4
4

3
= rad

A = 1cm

c) x = cos 4t cm = cos 4t + cm = cos 4t + cm

= 4 rad/s
6
6
6

5
=
rad
6

V d 2: Mt vt dao ng iu ha vi phng trnh x = 10cos(2t + /6) cm.

a) Xc nh li ca vt khi pha dao ng bng /3.
b) Xc nh li ca vt cc thi im t = 1 (s); t = 0,25 (s).
c) Xc nh cc thi im vt qua li x = 5 cm v x = 10 cm.
Hng dn gii:

a) Khi pha dao ng bng /3 tc ta c 2t + =

x = 10cos = 5cm.
6 3
3
b) Xc nh li ca vt cc thi im t = 1 (s); t = 0,25 (s).

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Bi ging Dao ng c hc

Kha hc LTH mn Vt l Thy ngVit Hng

 Khi t = 1(s)
x = 10cos 2.1 + = 10 cos = 5 3 cm.
6
6

 Khi t = 0, 25(s)
x = 10cos 2.0, 25 + = 10cos
= 5cm.
6
6

c) Xc nh cc thi im vt qua li x = 5 cm v x = 10 cm.

Cc thi im m vt qua li x = xo phi tha mn phng trnh x = x o A cos ( t + ) = x o cos ( t + ) =

xo
A

+ k2
2t + =

1
2

6 3

 x = 5cm x = 10cos 2t + = 5 cos 2t + = = cos

6
6
2
3

2t + = 2 + k2

6
3
1
t = 4 + k ; k = 0;1; 2...

(do t khng th m)
t = 5 + k ; k = 1;2;3..

12

 x = 10cm x = 10cos 2t + = 10 cos 2t + = 1 = cos(k2) 2t + = k2 t = + k ; k = 1;2...

6
6
6
12

3) Phng trnh vn tc

x = A cos ( t + )
v = A sin ( t + ) = A cos t + + .
2

Ta c v = x

x = A sin ( t + )
v = Acos ( t + ) = A sin t + + .
2

Nhn xt :
+ Vn tc nhanh pha hn li gc /2 hay v = x + /2.


+ Vc t vn tc v lun cng chiu vi chiu chuyn ng (vt chuyn ng theo chiu dng th v > 0, theo chiu m
th v < 0).
+ ln ca vn tc c gi l tc , v lun c gi tr dng.
+ Khi vt qua v tr cn bng (tc x = 0) th tc vt t gi tr cc i l vmax = A, cn khi vt qua cc v tr bin
(tc x =A) th vn tc b trit tiu (tc l v = 0) vt chuyn ng chm dn khi ra bin.
V d 1: Mt vt dao ng iu ha vi phng trnh x = 4cos(4t /3) cm.
a) Vit phng trnh vn tc ca vt.
b) Xc nh vn tc ca vt cc thi im t = 0,5 (s) ; t = 1,25 (s).
c) Tnh tc ca vt khi vt qua li x = 2 cm.
Hng dn gii:

a) T phng trnh dao ng x = 4cos 4 t cm

v = x = 16 sin 4t cm/s.
3
3

b) Xc nh vn tc ca vt cc thi im t = 0,5 (s) ; t = 1,25 (s).

 Khi t = 0,5(s)
v = 16 sin 4 .0,5 = 16 sin 2 = 16 sin = 8 3 cm/s.
3
3

 Khi t = 1,125(s)
v = 16 sin 4.1,125 = 16 sin
= 16 cos = 8 cm/s.
3

2 3
3

1
3

c) Khi vt qua li x = 2cm

4cos 4 t = 2 cos 4 t =
sin 4 t = 1 =
3
3 2
3
4
2

Khi , v = 16sin 4t = 16.

= 8 3 cm/s.
3

2
Vy khi vt qua li x = 2 cm th tc ca vt t c l v = 8 3 cm/s.
V d 2: Mt vt dao ng iu ha vi phng trnh x = 10cos(2t /6) cm.
a) Vit phng trnh vn tc ca vt.
b) Tnh tc ca vt khi vt qua li x = 5 cm.
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Bi ging Dao ng c hc

Kha hc LTH mn Vt l Thy ngVit Hng

c) Tm nhng thi im vt qua li 5 cm theo chiu m ca trc ta .

Hng dn gii:

v = x = 20sin 2t cm/s.
a) T phng trnh dao ng x = 10cos 2t cm
6
6

b) Khi vt qua li x = 5 cm th ta c

1
3

10cos 2t cm = 5 cos 2t =
sin 2t = 1 =
6
6 2
6
4
2

Tc ca vt c gi tr l v = 20 sin 2t = 20.
=10 3 cm/s.
6
2

c) Nhng thi im vt qua li x = 5 cm theo chiu m tha mn h thc

1
2

10cos 2t = 5
cos 2t = = cos
2t =
+ k2

6
6
2
3
x = 5
6
3

v < 0
20 sin 2t < 0 sin 2t > 0
sin 2t > 0

6
6
6

2
5
5

2t =
+ k2 2t =
+ k2 t = + k; k 0
6 3
6
12

4) Phng trnh gia tc

Ta c a = v = x

x = A cos ( t + )
v = A sin ( t + )
a = 2 A cos ( t + ) = 2 x.
x = A sin ( t + )
v = Acos ( t + )
a = 2 A sin ( t + ) = 2 x.

Vy trong c hai trng hp thit lp ta u c a = 2x.

Nhn xt:

+ Gia tc nhanh pha hn vn tc gc /2, nhanh pha hn li gc , tc l a = v + = x + .

2


+ Vc t gia tc a lun hng v v tr cn bng.
+ Khi vt qua v tr cn bng (tc x = 0) th gia tc b trit tiu (tc l a = 0), cn khi vt qua cc v tr bin
(tc x =A) th gia tc t ln cc i amax = 2A.
V d 1: Mt vt dao ng iu ha vi phng trnh x = 2cos(t + /6) cm. Ly 2 = 10.
a) Vit phng trnh vn tc, gia tc ca vt.
b) Xc nh vn tc, gia tc ca vt thi im t = 0,5 (s).
c) Tnh tc cc i, gia tc cc i ca vt.
Hng dn gii:

v = x = 2 sin t + cm/s
6

a) T phng trnh dao ng x = 2cos t + cm

.
6

2
2
2
a = x = .2cos t + = 20cos t + cm/s
6
6

b) Thay t = 0,5 (s) vo cc phng trnh vn tc, gia tc ta c:

 v = 2 sin t + = 2 sin + = 2 cos = 3 cm/s.

6
2
6

 a = 20cos t + = 20cos + = 20sin = 10 cm/s 2 .
6
2
6
6

v max = A = 2 (cm/s).
c) T cc biu thc tnh vmax v amax ta c
2
2
2
a max = A = 2 = 20 (cm/s ).
V d 2: Mt vt dao ng iu ha c phng trnh x = 2cos(10t + /4) cm.
a) Vit phng trnh vn tc, phng trnh gia tc ca vt.

b) Tnh li , vn tc, gia tc ca vt cc thi im t = 0 v t = 0,5 (s).

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Bi ging Dao ng c hc

Kha hc LTH mn Vt l Thy ngVit Hng

c) Xc nh cc thi im vt qua li x = 2 cm theo chiu m v x = 1 cm theo chiu dng.

V d 3: Mt vt dao ng iu ha vi phng trnh x = 10cos(4t + /3) cm.

a) Vit biu thc ca vn tc, gia tc ca vt.

b) Tnh vn tc, gia tc ca vt ti thi im t = 0,5 (s) v t = 2 (s).

c) Khi vt c li x = 4 cm th vt c tc l bao nhiu?

d) Tm nhng thi im vt qua li x = 5 3 cm.

Gio vin : ng Vit Hng

Ngun

Hocmai.vn

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