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PHN 4

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Mc ch ca qu trnh chun b kh
ch bin
Kh thin nhin v kh ng hnh sau khi khai thc ngoi
cc cu t chnh cn cha cc tp cht c hc, hi nc,
git du, condensat, kh tr, tp cht ha hc. Nhng
thnh phn ny nh hng xu n cc qu trnh ch
bin kh sau.
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S khi qu trnh lm sch kh
Kh khai thc
Modul loi b cc tp cht c hc
Modul tch nc (lm kh kh)
Modul lm sch kh khi tp cht ha hc
X
l
ti
gin
X
l
ti
nh
my
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LM SCH KH KHI
TP CHT C HC
CHNG 1
4
1.1. Ngun gc v nh hng ca cc tp cht
c hc trong kh

Ngun gc cc tp cht c hc
t, ct b cun vo trong kh trong qu trnh
khai thc.
Vy r st t trong ng ng.
nh hng ca cc tp cht c hc
Gy ra tc ng va p ln cc phn hot ng
trong my nn kh.
Gy kh khn cho cc qu trnh ch bin sau.
Gy tc ng v cc thit b.
Kt qu l ph v ch lm vic bnh thng ca
cc qu trnh

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Trong thc t c rt nhiu phng php v thit b
loi b cc tp cht c hc ra khi kh. Vic la chn
cc phng php cn tnh ti cc c tnh sau:
Tnh ti u ha ca qu trnh.
Yu cu v sch
Loi tp cht c hc c trong hn hp kh
Mc lm sch bi c nh gi theo h s:


100 . 100 .
2 1
o
o
o
G
G G
G
G
= =
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1.2. Phng php lm sch kh khi tp cht
c hc
Lm sch kh Lm sch t
Xyclon
Lng bi
Lc in
Lc m
Ra
To bt
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1.2.1. Phng php lm sch kh
a) XYCLON
Nguyn l hot ng xyclon: cc ht bi c sa lng t hn
hp kh di tc dng ca lc ly tm trong qu trnh quay dng
kh trong thn xyclon. Cc ht bi vng ra theo thnh xyclon v
ri xu ng thng cha.
Khi quay cc ht bi chu tc dng ca lc ly tm c tnh
theo cng thc:





x
o
R g
r
f
.
. . . .
3
4
2 3
e t
=
8
Cu to ca xyclon Tc lng bi c
tnh theo phng
trnh Stockes:
g
d
.
. 18
) .(
2 1
2
q

e

=
Kh sch
ng x
V my
Phn thn
hnh nn
Bi
Dng kh
bi
ng tip
nhn
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b) THIT B LNG BI
Thit b lng bi n gin:
Dng tch nhng ht bi c kch thc ln t
50 500 m.
Nguyn l hot ng: Bi c sa lng di tc
dng ca trng trng do vn tc dng kh b gim
t nght.
Cu to ca thit b kh n gin:
I dng kh bi; II dng kh sch; III bi
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b) THIT B LNG BI
Thit b lng bi qun tnh:
o Dng tch nhng ht bi c kch thc ln
hn 25 30 m.
o Nguyn l hot ng: Bi c sa lng di tc
dng ca lc qun tnh do c s thay i t
ngt hng i ca dng kh.
o Cu to ca thit b kh n gin
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Kh bi
Bi
Bi
Bi
Kh sch bi
Kh bi
Kh bi Kh sch bi
Kh sch
bi
Kh bi
Cu to ca thit b lng bi qun tnh
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c) THIT B LC IN

L thit b lc bi hiu qu n 99%.

Nguyn l hot ng da trn qu trnh ion ha kh, tc l
phn ly cc phn t kh thnh ion m v dng chuyn v
cc in cc tri du. Khi kh c bi, cc ion m lm cho bi
b nhim in v ko chng kt ta ti cc dng.

Thit b lc in ch lm vic vi dng in 1 chiu, hiu
in th cao 40 75 kV.

tng kh nng lng bi tt , ngi ta tin hnh lm m
kh.

Nhc im: gi thnh cao, kh s dng.

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1.2.2. Phng php lm sch t
c s dng trong trng hp chp nhn kh sch tp cht c
hc c lng m cao.
Kh bi s tip xc trc tip vi cht lng hoc l qua h thng
ti phun sng.
Hiu qu ca cc thit b phng php ny ph thuc nhiu vo
kh nng b thm t ca cc tp cht c hc.
Kh nng tch bi
t hiu qu cao 92-95%, thm ch n 99% (i vi thit
b to bt)
Tch c cc ht bi c kch thc nh

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a) THIT B RA KH VN TC
Nguyn l hot ng:
Di tc ng ca dng kh chuyn ng vi vn tc
ln, nhng ht lng s b chia nh, phn tn khp trong
h tng mt tip xc gia cc phn t kh v
lng.
Cc ht bi s c tch ra do s to thnh git lng
c kch thc nh, ch chy ri ca dng kh.
Ph bin ca dng ny l thit b lc kh scrubber
Ventur
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Cu to v hot ng thit b lc kh scrubber
Ventur
I Kh bi
II Kh sch
III Cn
ng tht
(Confuser, taper pipe)
ng khuych tn
(Diffeser)
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Ph thuc vo v tr dn nc vo thit b m
ta c cc dng nh hnh v:
Nc
Nc
Nc
Nc
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b) THIT B BT
C 2 loi: Thit b si bt v thit b to bt.
Trong thit b si bt dng kh cn c lm
sch dng bt kh khi i qua lp cht lng.
Trong thit b to bt dng kh cn c lm
sach i qua mt lp bt.
Thit b bt c s dng nhiu hn trong cng
nghip.

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Cu to v hot ng ca thit b to bt
I Kh bi; II Kh sch; III Cht lng; IV cn
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c) THIT B LC M
L mt trong nhng phng php hin i nht:
Qu trnh lc bi qua vt liu xp.
Nguyn l hot ng: Dng kh i qua mt vt liu
xp c khi lng ring v b dy khc nhau. Tp
cht rn s b gi li.
Trong cng nghip thng dng 2 loi: Thit b lc
bng vi v thit b loc dng ht.
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Thit b lc bng vi
C hai dng ph thuc vo hnh dng b mt
lc bi: dng tay o v dng khung.
Ngi ta dng vi tng hp thc hin qu
trnh.
c im ca vi lc:
o bn nhit
oKhng b thi ra
o do nhit
o thm t khng bng vi t nhin.
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Cu to v hot ng ca thit b lc vi dng tay o
1 V thit b
2 Tay o bc vi lc
3 Van tit lu
4 Bi
5 Ca chn
6 Vt ti
I Kh bi
II Kh sch
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Thit b lc dng ht
C th lm vic nhit cao, trong mi
trng n mn, thay i nhit v p sut t
ngt.
Nhc im: gi thnh rt cao.
SINH VIN T TNG KT V SO SNH CC THIT B
LM SCH KH KHI TP CHT C HC
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LM KH KH
CHNG 2
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Ngun gc v nh hng ca hi
nc trong kh
Ngun gc
Hi nc xut hin khi c s tip xc gia kh v nc
trong cc va, trong qu trnh sn xut (tch, lm sch c
hc bng phng php m).
Thng trong iu kin no kh cha nhiu HC nng
s cha nhiu hi nc hn so vi HC nh.
S c mt CO
2
, H
2
S trong kh: lm tng hm lng m.
N
2
trong kh : lm gim hm lng m
nh hng
nh hng n qu trnh vn chuyn (to hydrat, gim
cng sut ng kh)
Tng tnh n mn khi c mt ca cc kh chua.
nh hng n cc qu trnh ch bin sau (u c xc
tc).
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2.1. Khi nim chung

Hm lng hi nc ca kh ph thuc vo P, T
v thnh phn ha hc ca kh.
Cc loi m:
m bo ha
m tuyt i
m tng i
im sng ca kh:
o Nhit ( p sut nht nh) ti hi
nc trong kh bt u ngng t.
o Kh c lm kh cng tt th im
sng cng thp (thng -20C n -
40C).
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S to thnh hydrat
Nc c trong hn hp kh lun lun to
hydrat vi cc cu t c trong thnh phn hn
hp kh.
Hydrat: la tinh the ton tai ieu kien xac nh
Tren be mat khung co cac phan t kh (nh metan,
etan, propan, isobutan, nit, hydrosulfur, CO
2
, argon).
Hydrat giong nc a hoac tuyet xop mau hi
vang co cong thc:
- oi vi metan va etan:
CH
4.
5,75H
2
O va C
2
H
6.
5,75H
2
O;
- oi vi propan va butan :
C
3
H
8.
6H
2
O va C
4
H
10
.7H
2
O.
Hydrat bao gm 2 dng, da
trn cu trc mng c s
l a din 12 mt 5 cnh, k
hiu l 5
12
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S to thnh hydrat
Cac hydrocarbon phan t ln hn isobutan khong the lot vao khung khong tao thanh
hydrat.
n-Butan khong tao thanh dang hydrat, nhng co the i qua mang li cua khung hydrat va lam
thay oi ap suat can bang tren hydrat.
Mc lap ay khung hydrat cua cac phan t kh va cong thc hydrat do P va T cua he xac
nh.
Neu khuay tron khong c thc hien vi mc can thiet khuyech tan kh qua mang
hydrat ran kho khan va s tang trng cua hydrat ngng lai.
Tang nong o muoi nhiet o bat au tao hydrat giam.
Nhiet o bat au tao hydrat cua metan giam khi trong kh co cha propan va hydrocarbua.
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Trong cong nghiep cac phng phap lam kho kh sau:
Dung chat c che e han che tao thanh hydrat
Hap thu hi nc bang chat long hao nc
Hap phu hi am bang chat lam kho ran hoat hoa
Ngng tu hi am nh nen hoac lam lanh kh
2.2. Cc phng php lm kh kh
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2.2.1. Phng phap c che tao thanh hydrat
e han che tao hydrat:
Giam ap suat kh
Tang T, khuay tron
ng dung phng phap c che - a vao dong kh chat c che lam
giam nhiet o tao thanh hydrat ( metanol, glycol va cac chat khac)
Ban chat: a vao dong kh chat c che hoa tan trong nc t do
lam giam ap suat rieng phan hi nc va nhiet o hydrat
hoa.
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o giam nhiet o tao hydrat do chat c che:

W
W
M
K
t

= A
100
. . 556 , 0
At - o giam nhiet o hydrat hoa ap suat xac nh ,
o
C;
W -ham lng chat c che, % ;
M- phan t lng cua chat c che;
K- hang so ( K= 2335 oi vi metanol, K= 4000 oi vi glycol)
2.2.1. Phng phap c che tao thanh hydrat
(2.1)
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Chi ph chat c che (kg trong
1000 m
3
kh:

q = (2.2)
2 1
2 2 1
) (
C C
C W W

W
1
va W
2
- ham lng hi am trong kh trc va sau khi a chat c che vao, kg/1000m
3

kh;
C
1
, C
2
- nong o khoi lng cua chat c che trc va sau khi s dung.
Methanol- 93-95%k.l.
Glycol- xac nh bang hai yeu to chnh: o nht, tang manh khi giam ap suat va nhiet
o ong bang cua dung dch nc.
CaCl
2
< 30% k.l. ( cao hn khong hieu qua)
2.2.1. Phng phap c che tao thanh hydrat
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Tnh chat cac chat c che:
Metanol :
+ Ap suat hi bao hoa cao kho thu hoi
+ ng dung trong he dong - ong khoan, ong nhanh va he thong ong dan kh chnh
+ S dung zeolit NaA e thu hoi metanol.
Glycol ( etylen glycol , dietylen glycol ...):
+ Gia thanh cao hn metanol.
+ Ap suat hi bao hoa thap hn hoan nguyen bang un soi.
Tang o phan tan, tang va be mat tiep xuc vi hi nc: phun sng S dung voi
phun .
2.2.1. Phng phap c che tao thanh hydrat
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S o cong nghe lam kho kh bang chat c che metanol
1,2,3- Thap phan rieng kh nguyen lieu; 4,5,6,7- thap hap phu; 8,9,- lo nung kh hoan nguyen: 10,11- lo nung kh nguyen lieu; 12,13 - tach bui; 14-
trao oi nhiet; 15- thap tach kh hoan nguyen.
I- kh nguyen lieu; II- kh kho; III- kh lam lanh: IV- kh kho t s o; V- nc metanol.
2.2.1. Phng phap c che tao thanh hydrat
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Hoan nguyen Metanol: thap chng cat
+ 26 mam supap
+ P = 0,1-0,3 MPa,
+ T
nh
= 67-68
o
C,
+ T
ay
=102-105
o
C
+ Thu metanol ham lng 94-97% khoi lng
Che o cong nghe cua phan hap phu:
+ cong suat kh nguyen lieu: 150-165 ngan m
3
/gi
+ P= 3,1-3,4 MPa,
+ T
vao
, h.ph =15
o
C, T
vao
, h.ng = 320-290
o
C,
+ t = 10 : 5 : 5 gi,
thc te hoan nguyen: 7-12 gi.
Sau khi hap phu: [H
2
O] giam t 0,2-0,7 en 0,003-
0,004 g/m
3
, tng ng vi iem sng trong nc la
(-45) - (-62)
o
C.
Thi gian lam viec cua zeolit: 2,5 nam.
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S o cong nghe lam kho kh bang chat c che Glycol
1,3 - Thap tach; 2- trao oi nhiet; 4- thap hoan nguyen; 5- may
bm
I- Nguyen lieu; II- kh kho;
III- hydrocarbon ngng tu;
IV- glycol bao hoa;
V- hi nc;
VI- glycol hoan nguyen;
VII- chat tai nhiet
2.2.1. Phng phap c che tao thanh hydrat
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- Nguyen lieu thap tach 1 kh c tron
vi glycol lam lanh trong trao oi nhiet 2
en T < T
hydrat
hoa.
- T trao oi nhiet 2 hon hp kh, glycol ngam
nc va condensat thap tach 3:
+ T nh thap: kh kho
+ T pha di co 2 dong - glycol ngam nc va
condensat. Di thap co trao oi nhiet dang
ong ruot ga: gi T > T tao thanh nhu tng ben
vng "glycol-hydrocarbon".
- Tach Condensat hydrocarbon
- Glycol ngam nc thap hoan nguyen 4 (
nc bay hi, glycol c lam khan en o am
xac nh va dung lai.
+ Chat hap thu - lam kho:
dung dch nc mono-, di-,
trietylen glycol am ac.
+ ong lc: chenh lech ap
suat hi nc trong kh va
chat hap thu.
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2.2.2. Phng phap hap thu
u iem Nhc iem
DEG
- o hao nc cao,
- o ben cao khi co hp chat lu
huynh, oxy va CO
2
nhiet o cao.
- Dung dch am ac khong ong
bang.
- o chon loc cao.
- Mat mat cao hn so vi TEG.
- Khi hoan nguyen kho nhan
c dung dch vi ham lng
DEG cao hn 95%.
- AT
sng
t hn so vi trng hp s
dung TEG.
- Gia thanh cao.
TEG
- o hao nc cao.
- AT
sng
cao hn (27,8 - 47,3
o
C),
- Ben khi co hon hp lu huynh;
- Hoa tan H/C trong TEG cao hn oxy
va CO
2
ieu kien thng.
- Hoan nguyen de dang nhan c
dung dch 99%.
- Dung dch am ac khong ong
bang.
- o bay hi cua TEG thap hn DEG.
- au t cao.
- Dung dch TEG co kha nang tao
bot cao khi co hydrocarbon nhe.
-Hoa tan hydrocarbon trong TEG cao
hn trong DEG.

Dung dch 10-30% MEA, 60-80% DEG, 5-10% nc
- Hap thu ca nc, CO
2
va H
2
S,
ong thi lam kho va lam sach.
- Tao bot thap.
- Mat mat cao hn so vi TEG.
- Ch ng dung khi ong thi lam
kho va lam sach kh chua.
- An mon kim loai nhiet o
hoan nguyen.
- AT
sng
t.
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2.2.2. Phng phap hap thu
40
iem sng can bang do cac dung dch glycol
tao ra c xac nh theo o th.
Hnh 2.2.2.1 iem sng can bang
cua kh tren dung dch DEG nong o
khac nhau.So tren cac ng la
ham lng DEG trong dung dch , %
k.l.
Hnh 2.2.2.2 iem sng can bang
cua kh tren dung dch TEG nong o
khac nhau.So tren cac ng la
ham lng TEG trong dung dch , %
k.l.
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2.2.2. Phng phap hap thu
- iem sng can bang co c khi kh tiep xuc vi glycol co nong o
theo tnh toan ch tren mot mam pha tren iem sng thc te
cua cao hn gia tr can bang 5-11
o
C
Lam khan kh bang glycol co:
T
sng
> (-25) (-30)
o
C;
- e lam khan sau hn glycol can co nong o cao tang mat mat
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2.2.2. Phng phap hap thu
S o cong nghe qua trnh lam kho kh bang glycol.
Hnh 10. S o cong nghe qua trnh lam
kho kh bang glycol.
1- Thap hap thu; 2,4- Trao oi nhiet; 3-
Thap phong hoa; 5- Thap giai hap; 6-
Noi soi lai; 7- May lanh; 8- Be cha
DEG; 9- May bm
I - Kh nguyen lieu; II - Kh kho; III-kh
phong hoa; IV- hi nc +kh;
V- DEG mi; VI- DEG hoan nguyen.
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2.2.2. Phng phap hap thu
- Thap hap thu 1: Kh am c a vao phan di, glycol am ac vao mam tren
- San pham:
nh : kh kho
ay : glycol gia nhiet trong trao oi nhiet thu hoi 2 thiet b phong hoa 3 gia nhiet
trong trao oi nhiet thu hoi 4 thap giai hap 5.
Thap 5:
nh : hi nc va lng kh con lai thoat ra
T ay thap - glycol hoan nguyen i ra lam lanh trong trao oi nhiet 4, 2 va may
lanh 7 be cha 8 may bm 9 thap 1
Gii han tren cua nhiet o qua trnh: ai lng mat mat glycol cho phep -
khoang 38
o
C;
Gii han di : giam kha nang hap thu hi am cua chat hap thu do tang o nht T
min
=
10
o
C.
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2.2.2. Phng phap hap thu
Anh hng cua lng ti va nong o glycol en AT sng:
Hnh 2.2.2.3 Anh hng cua lng ti va nong o dung dch TEG len lng giam
nhiet o iem sng t cua kh lam kho.
So tren cac ng cong la nong o TEG trong dung dch (%k.l.).
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2.2.2. Phng phap hap thu
- Anh hng cua chi ph rieng chat hap thu len o sau lam kho giam sau khi at ti gia tr nao o.
- Anh hng cua nong o glycol: ln
- Ham lng glycol trong thap hap thu do nhiet o hoan nguyen xac nh.
Hoan nguyen:
- Nhiet o phan huy : DEG : 164,4
o
C
TEG : 206,7
o
C.
- Ap suat kh quyen: ham lng glycol < 97-98% k.l.
e nhan c glycol nong o > 99% k.l.:
+ Hoan nguyen chan khong : 99,5%
+ Kh thoi (kh loai xang): 99,5-99,9%.
+ Kh thoi : giam ap suat rieng phan cua hi nc chuyen nc t pha long sang pha hi.
+ a kh trc tiep vao pha di thap giai hap.
- Cat ang ph: glycol nong o cao
- Chat ang ph co nhiet o soi thap hn nhiet o phan huy chat hap thu. Chat ang ph cho DEG va
TEG la benzen, toluen hoac xylen.
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2.2.2. Phng phap hap thu
46
S o cong nghe qua trnh lam kho hap thu vi qua trnh hoan nguyen glycol trong chan
khong
Hnh 12. S o cong nghe lam kho - hap thu kh vi bo phan hoan nguyen glycol trong chan khong.
1-Thap hap thu; 2-,8 ,11- may bm; 3- be cha TEG; 4- lam lanh glycol; 5, 7- trao oi nhiet; 6- thap phong hoa; 9- thap giai hap; 10-
lam lanh - condensat; 12- be condensat; 13- noi soi lai; 14- bm chan khong.
I- Kh am; II- kh kho; III- glycol hoan nguyen; IV- glycol bao hoa; V- hi nc va kh; VI- hoi lu; VII- kh phong hoa; VIII- kh thai
vao khong kh.
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2.2.2. Phng phap hap thu
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Thap hap thu 1 :
- T = 30
o
C, TEG 99,0-99,5% k.l. iem sng giam t -18
o
C xuong en -25
o
C.
- Kh am vao pha di,
Glycol am ac may bm 2 mam tren cung
- T nh thap: kh kho i ra,
T pha ay thap Glycol bao hoa nc gia nhiet trong trao oi nhiet thu hoi 5 thap
phong hoa 6, Glycol loai kh trao oi nhiet 7 gia cua thap giai hap 9
Thap giai hap 9:
+ P = 10-13 kPa.
+ T buong cat gi trong khoang 190-204
o
C nh a mot lng hi nc vao thap t noi
soi lai 13
+ [TEG] = 99,5%.
Glycol hoan nguyen may bm 8 trao oi nhiet 7 va 5 , may lam lanh
4 bang nc be 3 may bm 2 tren thap 1.
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2.2.2. Phng phap hap thu
48
S o lam kho hai giai oan cua Cong ty Pridchard:
S o cong nghe lam kho - hap
thu kh hai giai oan cua Hang
Prichard.
1 - Thap hap thu; 2- thap phong hoa;
3- be cha pentan; 4- may lanh; 5-
thap giai hap th nhat; 6- thap giai
hap th hai.
I- kh nguyen lieu; II- kh kho; III-
pentan sach; IV - TEG trch ra t kh
kho; V- kh am; VI- kh thoi vi nhiet
o 204
o
C; VII- TEG hoan nguyen hoan
toan (99,95%); VIII- TEG hoan nguyen
mot phan (99%); IX- TEG bao hoa; X-
kh phong hoa; XI- hon hp pentan va
TEG.
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2.2.2. Phng phap hap thu
ac iem cua s o:
+ 2 khoang hap thu: tren va di.
+ Cau tao cua chung giong nhau,
+ Ham lng glycol: di : 99,0 va tren 99,95% k.l.
+ iem sng cua kh : at ti -84,4
o
C.
+ ac iem hoan nguyen glycol: trong hai thiet b
- Thap giai hap 5: [glycol] tang len en 99% k.l.,
- Thap giai hap 6 - en 99,95%k.l. nh kh thoi
+ Hieu qua kinh te cao hn ve nhien lieu va giam chi ph kh thoi .
+ e han che mat mat TEG: ra kh bang pentan.
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2.2.2. Phng phap hap thu

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