Cac PPhap Giai BT Hoa 9

Phng php 1
P DNG NH LUT BO TON KHI LNG

Phng php 2
BO TON MOL NGUYN T
MT S BI TP VN DNG
GII THEO PHNG PHP BO TON MOL NGUYN T
01. Ha tan hon ton hn hp X gm 0,4 mol FeO v 0,1mol Fe
2
O
3
vo dung dch HNO
3
long,
d thu c dung dch A v kh B khng mu, ha nu trong khng kh. Dung dch A cho tc
dng vi dung dch NaOH d thu c kt ta. Ly ton b kt ta nung trong khng kh n
khi lng khng i thu c cht rn c khi lng l
A. 23,0 gam. B. 32,0 gam. C. 16,0 gam. D. 48,0 gam.
02. Cho kh CO i qua ng s cha 16 gam Fe
2
O
3
un nng, sau phn ng thu c hn hp rn
X gm Fe, FeO, Fe
3
O
4
, Fe
2
O
3
. Ha tan hon ton X bng H
2
SO
4
c, nng thu c dung dch Y.
C cn dung dch Y, lng mui khan thu c l
A. 20 gam. B. 32 gam. C. 40 gam. D. 48 gam.
03. Kh hon ton 17,6 gam hn hp X gm Fe, FeO, Fe
2
O
3
cn 2,24 lt CO ( ktc). Khi lng
st thu c l
04. t chy hn hp hirocacbon X thu c 2,24 lt CO
2
(ktc) v 2,7 gam H
2
O. Th tch O
2

tham gia phn ng chy (ktc) l
A. 5,6 lt. B. 2,8 lt. C. 4,48 lt. D. 3,92 lt.
05. Ho tan hon ton a gam hn hp X gm Fe v Fe
2
O
3
trong dung dch HCl thu c 2,24 lt
kh H
2
ktc v dung dch B. Cho dung dch B tc dng dung dch NaOH d, lc ly kt ta,
nung trong khng kh n khi lng khng i thu c 24 gam cht rn. Gi tr ca a l
06. Hn hp X gm Mg v Al
2
O
3
. Cho 3 gam X tc dng vi dung dch HCl d gii phng V lt
kh (ktc). Dung dch thu c cho tc dng vi dung dch NH
3
d, lc v nung kt ta c 4,12
gam bt oxit. gi tr l:
A.1,12 lt. B. 1,344 lt. C. 1,568 lt. D. 2,016 lt.
07. Hn hp A gm Mg, Al, Fe, Zn. Cho 2 gam A tc dng vi dung dch HCl d gii phng 0,1
gam kh. Cho 2 gam A tc dng vi kh clo d thu c 5,763 gam hn hp mui. Phn trm
khi lng ca Fe trong A l
A. 8,4%. B. 16,8%. C. 19,2%. D. 22,4%.
08. (Cu 2 - M 231 - TSC - Khi A 2007)
t chy hon ton mt th tch kh thin nhin gm metan, etan, propan bng oxi khng kh
(trong khng kh Oxi chim 20% th tch), thu c 7,84 lt kh CO
2
(ktc) v 9,9 gam H
2
O. Th
tch khng kh (ktc) nh nht cn dng t chy hon ton lng kh thin nhin trn l
A. 70,0 lt. B. 78,4 lt. C. 84,0 lt. D. 56,0 lt.
09. Ho tan hon ton 5 gam hn hp 2 kim loi X v Y bng dung dch HCl thu c dung dch
A v kh H
2
. C cn dung dch A thu c 5,71 gam mui khan. Hy tnh th tch kh H
2
thu
c ktc.
A. 0,56 lt. B. 0,112 lt. C. 0,224 lt D. 0,448 lt
10. t chy hon ton m gam hn hp Y gm C
2
H
6
, C
3
H
4
v C
4
H
8
th thu c 12,98 gam CO
2
v 5,76 gam H
2
O. Vy m c gi tr l
Phng php 3: BO TON MOL ELECTRON
MT S BI TP VN DNG GIAI THEO PHNG PHP BO TON MOL
ELECTRON
01. Ho tan hon ton m gam Al vo dung dch HNO
3
rt long th thu c hn hp gm 0,015
mol kh N
2
O v 0,01mol kh NO (phn ng khng to NH
4
NO
3
). Gi tr ca m l
02. Cho mt lung CO i qua ng s ng 0,04 mol hn hp A gm FeO v Fe
2
O
3
t nng. Sau
khi kt thc th nghim thu c cht rn B gm 4 cht nng 4,784 gam. Kh i ra khi ng s
hp th vo dung dch Ca(OH)
2
d, th thu c 4,6 gam kt ta. Phn trm khi lng FeO
trong hn hp A l
A. 68,03%. B. 13,03%. C. 31,03%. D. 68,97%.
03. Mt hn hp gm hai bt kim loi Mg v Al c chia thnh hai phn bng nhau:
- Phn 1: cho tc dng vi HCl d thu c 3,36 lt H
2
.
- Phn 2: ho tan ht trong HNO
3
long d thu c V lt mt kh khng mu, ho nu trong
khng kh (cc th tch kh u o ktc). Gi tr ca V l
A. 2,24 lt. B. 3,36 lt. C. 4,48 lt. D. 5,6 lt.
04. Dung dch X gm AgNO
3
v Cu(NO
3
)
2
c cng nng . Ly mt lng hn hp gm 0,03
mol Al; 0,05 mol Fe cho vo 100 ml dung dch X cho ti kh phn ng kt thc thu c cht rn
Y cha 3 kim loi.Cho Y vo HCl d gii phng 0,07 gam kh. Nng ca hai mui l
A. 0,3M. B. 0,4M. C. 0,42M. D. 0,45M.
05. Cho 1,35 gam hn hp Cu, Mg, Al tc dng vi HNO
3
d c 896 ml hn hp gm NO v
NO
2
c . Tnh tng khi lng mui nitrat sinh ra (kh ktc).
06. Ha tan ht 4,43 gam hn hp Al v Mg trong HNO
3
long thu c dung dch A v 1,568 lt
(ktc) hn hp hai kh (u khng mu) c khi lng 2,59 gam trong c mt kh b ha thnh
mu nu trong khng kh. Tnh s mol HNO
3
phn ng.
A. 0,51 mol. B. 0,45 mol. C. 0,55 mol. D. 0,49 mol.
07. Ha tan hon ton m gam hn hp gm ba kim loi bng dung dch HNO
3
thu c 1,12 lt
hn hp kh D (ktc) gm NO
2
v NO. T khi hi ca D so vi hiro bng 18,2. Tnh th tch ti
thiu dung dch HNO
3
37,8% (d = 1,242g/ml) cn dng.
A. 20,18 ml. B. 11,12 ml. C. 21,47 ml. D. 36,7 ml.
08. Ha tan 6,25 gam hn hp Zn v Al vo 275 ml dung dch HNO
3
thu c dung dch A, cht
rn B gm cc kim loi cha tan ht cn nng 2,516 gam v 1,12 lt hn hp kh D ( ktc) gm
NO v NO
2
. T khi ca hn hp D so vi H
2
l 16,75. Tnh nng mol/l ca HNO
3
v tnh khi
lng mui khan thu c khi c cn dung dch sau phn ng.
A. 0,65M v 11,794 gam. B. 0,65M v 12,35 gam.
C. 0,75M v 11,794 gam. D. 0,55M v 12.35 gam.
09. t chy 5,6 gam bt Fe trong bnh ng O
2
thu c 7,36 gam hn hp A gm Fe
2
O
3
, Fe
3
O
4
v Fe. Ha tan hon ton lng hn hp A bng dung dch HNO
3
thu c V lt hn hp kh B
gm NO v NO
2
. T khi ca B so vi H
2
bng 19. Th tch V ktc l
A. 672 ml. B. 336 ml. C. 448 ml. D. 896 ml.
10. Cho a gam hn hp A gm oxit FeO, CuO, Fe
2
O
3
c s mol bng nhau tc dng hon ton
vi lng va l 250 ml dung dch HNO
3
khi un nng nh, thu c dung dch B v 3,136 lt
(ktc) hn hp kh C gm NO
2
v NO c t khi so vi hiro l 20,143. Tnh a.
Phng php 4
S DNG PHNG TRNH ION - ELETRON
V d 1: Hn hp X gm (Fe, Fe
2
O
3
, Fe
3
O
4
, FeO) vi s mol mi cht l 0,1 mol, ha tan ht vo
dung dch Y gm (HCl v H
2
SO
4
long) d thu c dung dch Z. Nh t t dung dch Cu(NO
3
)
2
1M vo dung dch Z cho ti khi ngng thot kh NO. Th tch dung dch Cu(NO
3
)
2
cn dng v
th tch kh thot ra ktc thuc phng n no?
A. 25 ml; 1,12 lt. B. 0,5 lt; 22,4 lt. C. 50 ml; 2,24 lt. D. 50 ml; 1,12 lt.
V d 2: Ha tan 0,1 mol Cu kim loi trong 120 ml dung dch X gm HNO
3
1M v H
2
SO
4
0,5M.
Sau khi phn ng kt thc thu c V lt kh NO duy nht (ktc). Gi tr ca V l
A. 1,344 lt. B. 1,49 lt. C. 0,672 lt. D. 1,12 lt.
V d 3: Dung dch X cha dung dch NaOH 0,2M v dung dch Ca(OH)
2
0,1M. Sc 7,84 lt kh
CO
2
(ktc) vo 1 lt dung dch X th lng kt ta thu c l
V d 4: Ha tan ht hn hp gm mt kim loi kim v mt kim loi kim th trong nc c
dung dch A v c 1,12 lt H
2
bay ra ( ktc). Cho dung dch cha 0,03 mol AlCl
3
vo dung dch
A. khi lng kt ta thu c l
V d 5: Dung dch A cha 0,01 mol Fe(NO
3
)
3
v 0,15 mol HCl c kh nng ha tan ti a bao
nhiu gam Cu kim loi? (Bit NO l sn phm kh duy nht)
V d 7: Trn 100 ml dung dch A (gm KHCO
3
1M v K
2
CO
3
1M) vo 100 ml dung dch B
(gm NaHCO
3
1M v Na
2
CO
3
1M) thu c dung dch C.
Nh t t 100 ml dung dch D (gm H
2
SO
4
1M v HCl 1M) vo dung dch C thu c V lt CO
2
(ktc) v dung dch E. Cho dung dch Ba(OH)
2
ti d vo dung dch E th thu c m gam kt
ta. Gi tr ca m v V ln lt l
A. 82,4 gam v 2,24 lt. B. 4,3 gam v 1,12 lt.
C. 43 gam v 2,24 lt. D. 3,4 gam v 5,6 lt.
V d 8: Ha tan hon ton 7,74 gam mt hn hp gm Mg, Al bng 500 ml dung dch gm
H
2
SO
4
0,28M v HCl 1M thu c 8,736 lt H
2
(ktc) v dung dch X.Thm V lt dung dch cha
ng thi NaOH 1M v Ba(OH)
2
0,5M vo dung dch X thu c lng kt ta ln nht.
a) S gam mui thu c trong dung dch X l
A. 38,93 gam. B. 38,95 gam. C. 38,97 gam. D.
38,91 gam.
b) Th tch V l
A. 0,39 lt. B. 0,4 lt. C. 0,41 lt. D. 0,42 lt.
c) Lng kt ta l
A. 54,02 gam. B. 53,98 gam. C. 53,62 gam. D.
53,94 gam.
V d 9: (Cu 40 - M 182 - TS i Hc - Khi A 2007)
Cho m gam hn hp Mg, Al vo 250 ml dung dch X cha hn hp axit HCl 1M v axit H
2
SO
4
0,5M, thu c 5,32 lt H
2
( ktc) v dung dch Y (coi th tch dung dch khng i). Dung dch
Y c pH l
A. 1. B. 6. C. 7. D. 2.
V d 10: (Cu 40 - M 285 - Khi B - TSH 2007)
Thc hin hai th nghim:
1) Cho 3,84 gam Cu phn ng vi 80 ml dung dch HNO
3
1M thot ra V
1
lt NO.
2) Cho 3,84 gam Cu phn ng vi 80 ml dung dch cha HNO
3
1M v H
2
SO
4
0,5 M thot ra V
2
lt NO.
Bit NO l sn phm kh duy nht, cc th tch kh o cng iu kin. Quan h gia V
1
v V
2
l
A. V
2
= V
1
. B. V
2
= 2V
1
. C. V
2
= 2,5V
1
. D. V
2
= 1,5V
1
.
V d 11: (Cu 33 - M 285 - Khi B - TSH 2007)
Trn 100 ml dung dch (gm Ba(OH)
2
0,1M v NaOH 0,1M) vi 400 ml dung dch (gm H
2
SO
4
0,0375M v HCl 0,0125M), thu c dung dch X. Gi tr pH ca dung dch X l
A. 7. B. 2. C. 1. D. 6.
V d 12: (Cu 18 - M 231 - TS Cao ng - Khi A 2007)
Cho mt mu hp kim Na-Ba tc dng vi nc (d), thu c dung dch X v 3,36 lt H
2
(
ktc). Th tch dung dch axit H
2
SO
4
2M cn dng trung ho dung dch X l
A. 150 ml. B. 75 ml. C. 60 ml. D. 30 ml.
V d 13: Ha tan hn hp X gm hai kim loi A v B trong dung dch HNO
3
long. Kt thc
phn ng thu c hn hp kh Y (gm 0,1 mol NO, 0,15 mol NO
2
v 0,05 mol N
2
O). Bit rng
khng c phn ng to mui NH
4
NO
3
. S mol HNO
3
phn ng l:
A. 0,75 mol. B. 0,9 mol. C. 1,05 mol. D. 1,2 mol.
V d 14: Cho 12,9 gam hn hp Al v Mg phn ng vi dung dch hn hp hai axit HNO
3
v
H
2
SO
4
(c nng) thu c 0,1 mol mi kh SO
2
, NO, NO
2
. C cn dung dch sau phn ng khi
lng mui khan thu c l:
V d 15: Ha tan 10,71 gam hn hp gm Al, Zn, Fe trong 4 lt dung dch HNO
3
aM va thu
c dung dch A v 1,792 lt hn hp kh gm N
2
v N
2
O c t l mol 1:1. C cn dung dch A
thu c m (gam.) mui khan. gi tr ca m, a l:
A. 55,35 gam. v 2,2M B. 55,35 gam. v 0,22M
C. 53,55 gam. v 2,2M D. 53,55 gam. v 0,22M
V d 16: Ha tan 5,95 gam hn hp Zn, Al c t l mol l 1:2 bng dung dch HNO
3
long d
thu c 0,896 lt mt sn sn phm kh X duy nht cha nit. X l:
A. N
2
O B. N
2
C. NO D. NH
4
+
V d 17: Cho hn hp gm 0,15 mol CuFeS
2
v 0,09 mol Cu
2
FeS
2
tc dng vi dung dch
HNO
3
d thu c dung dch X v hn hp kh Y gm NO v NO
2
. Thm BaCl
2
d vo dung
dch X thu c m gam kt ta. Mt khc, nu thm Ba(OH)
2
d vo dung dch X, ly kt ta
nung trong khng kh n khi lng khng i thu c a gam cht rn. Gi tr ca m v a l:
A. 111,84g v 157,44g B. 111,84g v 167,44g
C. 112,84g v 157,44g A. 112,84g v 167,44g
V d 18: Ha tan 4,76 gam hn hp Zn, Al c t l mol 1:2 trong 400ml dung dch HNO
3
1M
va , dc dung dch X cha m gam mui khan v thy khng c kh thot ra. Gi tr ca m l:
A. 25.8 gam. B. 26,9 gam. C. 27,8 gam. D. 28,8 gam.
Phng php 5
S DNG CC GI TR TRUNG BNH
MT S BI TP VN DNG GII THEP PHNG PHP TRUNG BNH
01. t chy hon ton 0,1 mol hn hp hai axit cacboxylic l ng ng k tip thu c 3,36 lt
CO
2
(ktc) v 2,7 gam H
2
O. S mol ca mi axit ln lt l
A. 0,05 mol v 0,05 mol. B. 0,045 mol v 0,055 mol.
C. 0,04 mol v 0,06 mol. D. 0,06 mol v 0,04 mol.
02. C 3 ancol bn khng phi l ng phn ca nhau. t chy mi cht u c s mol CO
2
bng 0,75 ln s mol H
2
O. 3 ancol l
A. C
2
H
6
O; C
3
H
8
O; C
4
H
10
O. B. C
3
H
8
O; C
3
H
6
O
2
; C
4
H
10
O.
C. C
3
H
8
O; C
3
H
8
O2; C
3
H
8
O
3
. D. C
3
H
8
O; C
3
H
6
O; C
3
H
8
O
2
.
03. Cho axit oxalic HOOCCOOH tc dng vi hn hp hai ancol no, n chc, ng ng lin
tip thu c 5,28 gam hn hp 3 este trung tnh. Thy phn lng este trn bng dung dch
NaOH thu c 5,36 gam mui. Hai ru c cng thc
A. CH
3
OH v C
2
H
5
OH. B. C
2
H
5
OH v C
3
H
7
OH.
C. C
3
H
7
OH v C
4
H
9
OH. D. C
4
H
9
OH v C
5
H
11
OH.
04. Nitro ha benzen c 14,1 gam hn hp hai cht nitro c khi lng phn t hn km nhau
45 vC. t chy hon ton hn hp hai cht nitro ny c 0,07 mol N
2
. Hai cht nitro l
A. C
6
H
5
NO
2
v C
6
H
4
(NO
2
)
2
.
B. C
6
H
4
(NO
2
)
2
v C
6
H
3
(NO
2
)
3.
C. C
6
H
3
(NO
2
)
3
v C
6
H
2
(NO
2
)
4
.
D. C
6
H
2
(NO
2
)
4
v C
6
H(NO
2
)
5
.
05. Mt hn hp X gm 2 ancol thuc cng dy ng ng c khi lng 30,4 gam. Chia X
thnh hai phn bng nhau.
- Phn 1: cho tc dng vi Na d, kt thc phn ng thu c 3,36 lt H
2
(ktc).
- Phn 2: tch nc hon ton 180
o
C, xc tc H
2
SO
4
c thu c mt anken cho hp
th vo bnh ng dung dch Brom d thy c 32 gam Br
2
b mt mu. CTPT hai ancol trn l
A. CH
3
OH v C
2
H
5
OH. B. C
2
H
5
OH v C
3
H
7
OH.
C. CH
3
OH v C
3
H
7
OH. D. C
2
H
5
OH v C
4
H
9
OH.
06. Chia hn hp gm 2 anehit no n chc lm hai phn bng nhau:
- Phn 1: em t chy hon ton thu c 1,08 gam nc.
- Phn 2: tc dng vi H
2
d (Ni, t
o
) th thu c hn hp A. em A t chy hon ton
th th tch kh CO
2
(ktc) thu c l
A. 1,434 lt. B. 1,443 lt. C. 1,344 lt. D. 1,444 lt.
07. Tch nc hon ton t hn hp Y gm hai ru A, B ta c hn hp X gm cc olefin.
Nu t chy hon ton Y th thu c 0,66 gam CO
2
. Vy khi t chy hon ton X th tng
khi lng H
2
O v CO
2
to ra l
08. Cho 9,85 gam hn hp 2 amin n chc no bc 1 tc dng va vi dung dch HCl th thu
c 18,975 gam mui. Vy khi lng HCl phi dng l
A. 9,521 gam. B. 9,125 gam. C. 9,215 gam. D.
0,704 gam.
09. Cho 4,2 gam hn hp gm ru etylic, phenol, axit fomic tc dng va vi Na thy thot
ra 0,672 lt kh (ktc) v mt dung dch. C cn dung dch thu c hn hp X. Khi lng ca
X l
10. Hn hp X gm 2 este A, B ng phn vi nhau v u c to thnh t axit n chc v
ru n chc. Cho 2,2 gam hn hp X bay hi 136,5
o
C v 1 atm th thu c 840 ml hi este.
Mt khc em thu phn hon ton 26,4 gam hn hp X bng 100 ml dung dch NaOH 20% (d =
1,2 g/ml) ri em c cn th thu c 33,8 gam cht rn khan. Vy cng thc phn t ca este l
A. C
2
H
4
O
2
. B. C
3
H
6
O
2
. C. C
4
H
8
O
2
. D. C
5
H
10
O
2
.
Phng php 6
TNG GIM KHI LNG
MT S BI TP VN DNG GII THEO PHNG PHP TNG GIM
KHI LNG
01. Cho 115 gam hn hp gm ACO
3
, B
2
CO
3
, R
2
CO
3
tc dng ht vi dung dch HCl thy thot
ra 22,4 lt CO
2
(ktc). Khi lng mui clorua to ra trong ddch l
02. Ngm mt l st trong dung dch CuSO
4
. Nu bit khi lng ng bm trn l st l 9,6 gam
th khi lng l st sau ngm tng thm bao nhiu gam so vi ban u?
04. Cho V lt dung dch A cha ng thi FeCl
3
1M v Fe
2
(SO
4
)
3
0,5M tc dng vi dung dch
Na
2
CO
3
c d, phn ng kt thc thy khi lng dung dch sau phn ng gim 69,2 gam so vi
tng khi lng ca cc dung dch ban u. Gi tr ca V l:
A. 0,2 lt. B. 0,24 lt. C. 0,237 lt. D.0,336 lt.
05. Cho lung kh CO i qua 16 gam oxit st nguyn cht c nung nng trong mt ci ng. Khi
phn ng thc hin hon ton v kt thc, thy khi lng ng gim 4,8 gam.Xc nh cng thc
v tn oxit st em dng.
06. Dng CO kh 40 gam oxit Fe
2
O
3
thu c 33,92 gam cht rn B gm Fe
2
O
3
, FeO v Fe.
Cho tc dng vi H
2
SO
4
long d, thu c 2,24 lt kh H
2
(ktc). Xc nh thnh phn theo s
mol cht rn B, th tch kh CO (ktc) ti thiu c c kt qu ny.
Phng php 7
QUI I HN HP NHIU CHT V S LNG CHT T HN
V d 1: Nung 8,4 gam Fe trong khng kh, sau phn ng thu c m gam cht rn X gm Fe,
Fe
2
O
3
, Fe
3
O
4
, FeO. Ha tan m gam hn hp X vo dung dch HNO
3
d thu c 2,24 lt kh NO
2
(ktc) l sn phm kh duy nht. Gi tr ca m l
V d 2: Ha tan ht m gam hn hp X gm FeO, Fe
2
O
3
, Fe
3
O
4
bng HNO
3
c nng thu c
4,48 lt kh NO
2
(ktc). C cn dung dch sau phn ng thu c 145,2 gam mui khan gi tr ca
m l
V d 3: Ha tan hon ton 49,6 gam hn hp X gm Fe, FeO, Fe
2
O
3
, Fe
3
O
4
bng H
2
SO
4
c
nng thu c dung dch Y v 8,96 lt kh SO
2
(ktc).
a) Tnh phn trm khi lng oxi trong hn hp X.
A. 40,24%. B. 30,7%. C. 20,97%. D. 37,5%.
b) Tnh khi lng mui trong dung dch Y.
A. 160 gam. B.140 gam. C. 120 gam. D. 100 gam.
V d 4: kh hon ton 3,04 gam hn hp X gm FeO, Fe
2
O
3
, Fe
3
O
4
th cn 0,05 mol H
2
. Mt
khc ha tan hon ton 3,04 gam hn hp X trong dung dch H
2
SO
4
c nng th thu c th
tch kh SO
2
(sn phm kh duy nht ktc) l.
A. 224 ml. B. 448 ml. C. 336 ml. D. 112 ml.
V d 5: Nung m gam bt st trong oxi, thu c 3 gam hn hp cht rn X. Ha tan ht hn hp
X trong dung dch HNO
3
(d) thot ra 0,56 lt NO ( ktc) (l sn phm kh duy nht). Gi tr
ca m l
V d 6: Hn hp X gm (Fe, Fe
2
O
3
, Fe
3
O
4
, FeO) vi s mol mi cht l 0,1 mol, ha tan ht vo
dung dch Y gm (HCl v H
2
SO
4
long) d thu c dung dch Z. Nh t t dung dch Cu(NO
3
)
2
1M vo dung dch Z cho ti khi ngng thot kh NO. Th tch dung dch Cu(NO
3
)
2
cn dng v
th tch kh thot ra ktc thuc phng n no?
A. 25 ml; 1,12 lt. B. 0,5 lt; 22,4 lt. C. 50 ml; 2,24 lt. D. 50 ml; 1,12 lt.
V d 7: Nung 8,96 gam Fe trong khng kh c hn hp A gm FeO, Fe
3
O
4
, Fe
2
O
3
. A ha tan
va vn trong dung dch cha 0,5 mol HNO
3
, bay ra kh NO l sn phm kh duy nht. S mol
NO bay ra l.
A. 0,01. B. 0,04. C. 0,03. D. 0,02.
Phng php 8
S NG CHO
Phng php 9
CC I LNG DNG KHI QUT
V d 1: (Cu 11 - M 182 - Khi A - TSH 2007)
Cho t t dung dch cha a mol HCl vo dung dch cha b mol Na
2
CO
3
ng thi khuy u, thu
c V lt kh ( ktc) v dung dch X. Khi cho d nc vi trong vo dung dch X thy c xut
hin kt ta. Biu thc lin h gia V vi a, b l
A. V = 22,4(a b). B. V = 11,2(a b). C. V = 11,2(a + b). D. V = 22,4(a + b).
V d 2: (Cu 13 - M 182 - Khi A - TSH 2007)
Clo ho PVC thu c mt polime cha 63,96% clo v khi lng, trung bnh 1 phn t clo phn
ng vi k mt xch trong mch PVC. Gi tr ca k l
A. 3. B. 6. C. 4. D. 5.
V d 3: (Cu 21 - M 182 - Khi A - TSH 2007)
Trn dung dch cha a mol AlCl
3
vi dung dch cha b mol NaOH. thu c kt ta th cn
c t l
A. a : b = 1 : 4. B. a : b < 1 : 4. C. a : b = 1 : 5. D. a : b > 1 : 4.
V d 4: (Cu 37 - M 182 - Khi A - TSH 2007)
t chy hon ton a mol axit hu c Y c 2a mol CO
2
. Mt khc, trung ha a mol Y cn
va 2a mol NaOH. Cng thc cu to thu gn ca Y l
A. HOOCCH
2
CH
2
COOH. B. C
2
H
5
COOH.
C. CH
3
COOH. D. HOOCCOOH.
V d 5: (Cu 39 - M 182 - Khi A - TSH 2007)
Dung dch HCl v dung dch CH
3
COOH c cng nng mol/l, pH ca hai dung dch tng ng
l x v y. Quan h gia x v y l (gi thit, c 100 phn t CH
3
COOH th c 1 phn t in li)
A. y = 100x. B. y = 2x. C. y = x 2. D. y = x + 2.
V d 7: (Cu 32 - M 285 - Khi B - TSH 2007)
in phn dung dch cha a mol CuSO
4
v b mol NaCl (vi in cc tr, c mng ngn xp).
dung dch sau in phn lm phenolphtalein chuyn sang mu hng th iu kin ca a v b l
(bit ion SO
4
2
khng b in phn trong dung dch)

A. b > 2a. B. b = 2a. C. b < 2a. D. 2b = a.
V d 8: t chy hon ton a mol mt anehit X (mch h) to ra b mol CO
2
v c mol H
2
O (bit
b = a + c). Trong phn ng trng gng, mt phn t X ch cho 2 electron. X thuc dy ng
ng anehit
A. no, n chc. B. khng no c hai ni i, n chc.
C. khng no c mt ni i, n chc. D. no, hai chc.
V d 12: Mt dung dch hn hp cha a mol NaAlO
2
v a mol NaOH tc dng vi mt dung
dch cha b mol HCl. iu kin thu c kt ta sau phn ng l
A. a = b. B. a = 2b. C. b = 5a. D. a < b < 5a.
V d 14: Hn hp X gm Na v Al.
- Th nghim 1: Nu cho m gam X tc dng vi H
2
O d th thu c V
1
lt H
2
.
- Th nghim 2: nu cho m gam X tc dng vi dung dch NaOH d th thu c V
2
lt H
2
.
Cc kh o cng iu kin. Quan h gia V
1
v V
2
l
A. V
1
= V
2
. B. V
1
> V
2
. C. V
1
< V
2
. D. V
1
V
2
.
V d 15: Mt bnh kn cha V lt NH
3
v V lt O
2
cng iu kin. Nung nng bnh c xc tc
NH
3
chuyn ht thnh NO, sau NO chuyn ht thnh NO
2
. NO
2
v lng O
2
cn li trong bnh
hp th va vn ht trong nc thnh dung dch HNO
3
. T s l
A. 1. B. 2. C. 3. D. 4.
V d 17: Hn hp X c mt s ankan. t chy 0,05 mol hn hp X thu c a mol CO
2
v b
mol H
2
O. Kt lun no sau y l ng?
A. a = b. B. a = b 0,02.
C. a = b 0,05. D. a = b 0,07.
Phng php 10
T CHN LNG CHT
Cch 1: CHN 1 MOL CHT HOC HN HP CHT PHN NG
V d 1: Ho tan mt mui cacbonat kim loi M ha tr n bng mt lng va dung dch
H
2
SO
4
9,8% ta thu c dung dch mui sunfat 14,18%. M l kim loi g?
A. Cu. B. Fe. C. Al. D. Zn.
V d 2: Cho dung dch axit axetic c nng x% tc dng va vi dung dch NaOH 10% th
thu c dung dch mui c nng 10,25%. Vy x c gi tr no sau y?
A. 20%. B. 16%. C. 15%. D.13%.
V d 3: (Cu 1 - M 231 - Khi A - TSC 2007)
Khi ha tan hiroxit kim loi M(OH)
2
bng mt lng va dung dch H
2
SO
4
20% thu c
dung dch mui trung ho c nng 27,21%. Kim loi M l
A. Cu. B. Zn. C. Fe. D. Mg.
V d 4: Hn hp X gm N
2
v c H
2
c t khi hi so vi H
2
bng 3,6. Sau khi tin hnh phn
ng tng hp c hn hp Y c t khi hi so vi H
2
bng 4. Hiu sut phn ng tng hp l
A. 10%. B. 15%. C. 20%. D. 25%.
V d 5: Hn hp A gm mt Anken v hiro c t khi so vi H
2
bng 6,4. Cho A i qua niken
nung nng c hn hp B c t khi so vi H
2
bng 8 (gi thit hiu sut phn ng xy ra l
100%). Cng thc phn t ca anken l
A. C
2
H
4
. B. C
3
H
6
. C. C
4
H
8
. D. C
5
H
10
Cch 2: CHN NG T L LNG CHT TRONG U BI CHO
Cch 3: CHN GI TR CHO THNG S
V d 14: X l hp kim gm (Fe, C, Fe
3
C), trong hm lng tng cng ca Fe l 96%, hm
lng C n cht l 3,1%, hm lng Fe
3
C l a%. Gi tr a l
A. 10,5. B. 13,5. C. 14,5. D. 16.
V d 15: Nung m gam X cha 80% khi lng gam CaCO
3
(phn cn li l tp cht tr) mt
thi gian thu c cht rn Y cha 45,65 % CaO. Tnh hiu sut phn hy CaCO
3
.
A. 50%. B. 75%. C. 80%. D. 70%.
Bi tp n tp cho hc sinh thi hc sinh gii tnh 2009 2010
Bi tp v horocacbon
1) t chy hon ton a mol mt hirocacbon A ri cho sn phm chy hp th ht vo nc vi trong d
, to ra 4 gam cht kt ta . Lc tch kt ta , cn li bnh ng nc vi trong d th thy khi lng
gim 1,376 gam .
a) Xc nh CTPT ca A
b) Cho clo ho ht a mol A bng cch chiu sng , sau phn ng thu c mt hn hp B gm 4 ng
phn cha clo . Bit d
B/H2
< 93 v hiu sut phn ng t 100% , t s kh nng phn ng ca nguyn t H
cac bon bc I : II : III = 1: 3,3 : 4,4 . Tnh s mol cc ng phn trong hn hp B
2) Hon thnh s phn ng sau :
CH
3
C(C
6
H
5
) = CH- CH
3
CH
3
(C
6
H
5
)CH-CH
2
CH
3
CH
3
CH
2
CH(CH
3
)C
6
H
5
+ Br
2

CH
3
CH(C
6
H
5
)CH
2
CH
3
+ Br
2

CH
3
CH(C
6
H
5
)=CH-CH
3
+ HBr
3) 5 cht hu c A, B , C , D , E u c phn t khi < 160 vC ,v c % C = 92,3% .
a) Nu hiro ho hon ton A ta c A c %C = 80% . Tm CTCT ca A, A
b) iu kin thch hp A to thnh B . Nu cho B tc dungj vi H
2
d , xc tc Ni c B c %C =
85,714%. Mt khc B , B u khng lm mt mu dung dch Br
2
. Xc nh CTCT ca B . B
c) C tc dng vi H
2
theo t l mol 1: 4 nhit hn 200
o
C thu c cht C . C cng dy ng ng
vi B . Xc nh CTCT ca C, C . Bit C lm mt mu dung dch Br
2
iu kin thng , phn ng
theo t l mol 1: 1
d) D l cht hu c c mch h , c phn t khi nh hn B . Xc nh CTCT ca D
e) E lm mt mu dung dch Br
2
iu kin thng v cho 1 sn phm cha 26,67% C v khi lng .
Xc nh CTCT ca E . Oxi ho E bng dung dch thuc tm trong mi trng H
2
SO
4
thu c mt sn
phm hu c F duy nht cha 57,83% C .Xc nh CTCT ca E , F
4) t chy hon ton 1 mol hp cht A ( kh ) bng O
2
trong mt bnh kn . Nu gi nguyn nng ca
A v tng nng ca O
2
ln gp i th tc phn ng chy tng gp 32 ln
a) Tm CTPT c th c ca A
b) Xc nh CTCT ng ca A , bit khi ngi ta cho 2,24 lt (ktc) kh qua lng d AgNO
3
trong NH
3
th sau mt thi gian kt ta vut qu 16 gam
5) Gii thch s bin i sau y
- Nhit nng chy gim theo th t sau : n- butan ; iso butan ; neo pentan
- Trans anken c nhit nng chy cao hn ng phn cis ca n , nhng li c nhit j si thp hn
- Toluen c nhit nng chy thp hn bezen , nhng c nhit si cao hn.
6) Cho mt hn hp kh A gm H
2
v mt olefin 82
o
C , 1atm ; c t l mol 1:1 . Cho A qua ng s cha
Ni nung nng thu c hn hp kh B c t khi hi so vi H
2
bng 23,2 . Hiu sut phn ng l h . Tm
cng thc ca olefin v tnh hiu sut h.
7) Mt hirocacbon mch h th kh iu kin thng , nng hn khng kh v khng lm mt mu
dung dch Br
2
a) Xc nh CTPT ca A , bit rng A ch cho mt sn phm th monoclo
b) Trn 6 gam A vi 14,2 gam Cl
2
c chiu sng thu c 2 sn phm th mono v diclo , hai sn phm
th ny th lng ktc . Cho hn hp kh cn li i qua dung dch NaOH d th cn li mt cht kh
duy nht thot ra khi bnh c V= 2,24 lt (ktc) . Dung dch trong NaOH c kh nng oxi ho 200 ml
dung dch FeSO
4
0,5M . Xc nh khi lng mi sn phm th
8) ) Hirocacbon A c cng thc tng qut C
n
H
n+1
. Mt mol A phn ng va
4 mol H
2
hay
1 mol Br
2
trong dung dch nc brom. Oxi ho A thu c hn hp sn phm trong
c axit axetic. Xc nh cng thc cu to ca A. Vit phng trnh phn ng ca A
vi dung dch Brom; vi HBr; vi Br
2
(xc tc FeBr
3
).
9) Cho s phn ng: + C
3
H
7
OH, H
+
A B + C
+HBr
+H
2
O, t
0
si
D E + F
Hp cht A c oxi v cha 41,38% cacbon; 3,45% hidro. Hp cht B c oxi v cha
60% cacbon, 8% hidro. Hp cht E c oxi v cha 35,82% cacbon, 4,48% hidro. Bit
rng 2,68 gam E phn ng va vi 10 gam dung dch NaOH 16 %. Xc nh
cng thc cu to ca A,B, D, E. Bit rng nu tch 1 phn t nc th s thu c A.
10) Vit cc phng trnh phn ng: ( sn phm chnh, t l mol 1:1)
a) CH
3
-CH=CH-CH
2
-CH
3
+ HCl
b) S-cis butaien-1,3 + etilen ( 200
0
C)
c) Benzen + Propen ( xc tc H
+
)
d) Tluen + KMnO
4
( mi trng H
+
)
e) FCH
2
-CH=CH
2
+ HBr
11 Cho n-butan phn ng vi Clo ( t l mol 1:1), chiu sng c hn hp 2 sn
phm hu c A v B cng kh C.
a) Vit phng trnh phn ng.
b) Kh C c ho tan trong nc, trung ho dung dch cn 800 ml dung
dch NaOH 0,75M . Tnh khi lng sn phm A, B , bit nguyn t Hidro Cc
bon bc II c kh nng phn ng cao hn 3 ln so vi nguyn t Hidro Cc bon bc
I.
12) Hirocacbon A (C
x
H
y
). Trong phn ng t chy hon ton A (th hi) trong
bnh kn, nu tng nng O
2
ln 2 ln cng nhit th tc phn ng
chy tng ln 1024 ln.
- Xc nh cng thc phn t c th c ca A.
-Bit trong phn ng t chy A th tich CO
2
bng 2 ln th tch hi nc to
thnh. Khi trn 0,5 lt hi A v 2 lt H
2
cng iu kin dn qua xc tc Ni nung
nng thu c hirocacbon B duy nht. 1,04 gam A va lm mt mu dung
dch cha 1,6 gam brom. Tm cng thc cu to ca A,B.
13) X, Y ,Z l 3 hirocacbon kh kt
- t chy mi kh vi s mol nh nhau s c lng nc nh nhau
-Trn X vi oxi ( lng d gp i lng cn thit t chy ht X) c hn hp A
O
0
C , p sut p . t chy ht X , tng th tch kh thu c sau phn ng 273
0
C ,
p sut 1,5p gp 1,4 ln th tch ca hn hp A
- Y khng lm mt mu nc Br
2
a) Xc nh CTPT , CTCT c th c ( mch h ) ca X, Y , Z
b) Cho hn hp B gm 3 hirocacbon trn
- Cho 12,9 gam hn hp b tc dng vi AgNO
3
/NH
3
d th thu c 8,05 gam kt ta
- Nu cho 1,568 lt ( ktc) B tc dng vi nc Br
2
d th thy c 6,4 gam Br
2
phn
ng. Tnh t khi ca B i vi H
2
.
phng gio dc th xun thi hc sinh gii lp 9-THCS
d thi cp huyn
Mn thi : Ho hc lp 9
Thi gian lm bi :150pht, khng
k thi gian pht
( ny c 01
trang)
CuI (2im)
1. Kh 3,84g mt oxt ca kim loi M cn dng 1,344 lt kh H
2
(ktc). Ton b lng kim loi M thu c cho tc dng vi dung dch HCl
d thu c 1,008 lt H
2
(ktc). M c cng thc phn t l:
A- CuO B- Al
2
O
3
C- Fe
2
O
3
D- FeO
2. Qua phn ng ca Cl
2
v S vi Fe ta c th rt ra kt lun g v
tnh cht phi kim ca Cl
2
v S? Kt lun ny c ph hp vi v tr ca
nguyn t Cl
2
v S trong bng h thng tun hon khng? Nu cho Cl
2
tc dng vi H
2
S th c xy ra phn ng khng?
Cu II (3im)
1. Vit PTP ca cc phn ng iu ch:
a, Cu t Cu(OH)
2
v CO.
b, CaOCl
2
t CaCO
3
, NaCl v H
2
O.
2. Xc nh cc cht v hon thnh cc phn ng sau:
B + A C + H
2
C + Cl
2
D
B + NaOH E + F

0
t
E Fe
2
O
3
+ H
2
O
3. Bng phng php ho hc hy phn bit 3 dung dch mui sau:
Fe
2
(SO
4
)
3
, FeSO
4
, FeCl
3
.
Cu III (2im) Cho 4g Fe v mt kim loi ho tr II vo dung
dch H
2
SO
4
long ly d thu c 2,24 lt kh H
2
(ktc). Nu cho 1,2g kim
loi ho tr II ni trn phn ng vi 0,7 lt kh O
2
(ktc) th lng Oxi cn
d sau phn ng.
a, Xc nh kim loi ha tr II.
b, Tnh % khi lng tng kim loi trong hn hp.
Cu IV (3im) Cho hn hp A gm C
2
H
4
v C
2
H
2
. Ly 2,96g hn
hp A em t chy hon ton thu c m
1
g CO
2
v m
2
g H
2
O. Ly 0,616
lt A(ktc) cho phn ng vi lng d nc Brm thy c 6,8g Br
2
tham gia
phn ng( phn ng xy ra hon ton).
a, Vit PTP.
b, Tnh % theo khi lng v theo th tch ca mi hirocacbon
trong A.
c, Tnh m
1
v m
2
.
---------Ht---------
phng gio dc th xun p n thi hc sinh gii lp 9
d thi cp huyn
Mn thi :ho hc lp 9
( p n ny c 05 trang)
Cu I (2 im)
1. D ng
(1 im)

0
t
PTP: M
x
O
Y
+ yH
2
xM + yH
2
O
nH
2
=
mol 06 , 0 =
4 , 22
344 , 1
m
M
trong 3,48 g M
x
O
y
= 3,48- ( 0,06.16) = 2,52 (g)
2M + 2n HCl 2MCl
n
+ nH
2
2Mg n mol
2,52g
mol 045 , 0 =
4 , 22
008 , 1
M = 28n
n 1 2 3
m 28 56 84
Chn n =2, M =56 Cng thc ca oxt kim loi l FeO
2.(1 im)
PTP: 2Fe + 3Cl
2
2FeCl
3
(0,25 im)
Fe + S FeS
(0,25 im)
- Cl
2
c tnh phi kim mnh hn S nn phn ng d dng vi st v
oxi ha Fe ln ho tr cao nht ca Fe. Kt lun ny ph hp vi v tr
ca nguyn t S v Cl trong bng HTTH v t S Cl tnh phi kim tng
dn. (0,25 im)
- Mt phi kim mnh tc dng vi hir mnh hn nn Cl tc dng
c vi H
2
S.
Cl
2
+ H
2
S HCl + S
(0,25 im)
Cu 2.(3 im)
1 (1 im). a, PTP iu ch Cu t Cu(OH)
2
v CO

0
t
Cu(OH)
2
CuO + H
2
O

0
t
CuO + CO CuO + CO
2
(0,25 im)
b, iu ch CaOCl
2
t CaCO
3
, NaCl v H
2
O.
CaCO
3
CaO + CO
2
2NaCl + 2 H
2
O 2 NaOH + Cl
2
+ H
2

CaO + H
2
O Ca(OH)
2

Ca(OH)
2
+ Cl
2
CaOCl
2
+ H
2
O
(0,75 im)
2. (1 im)
E : Fe(OH)
3
D: FeCl
3
A: HCl
F: NaCl C: FeCl
2
B: Fe
PTP: Fe + 2HCl FeCl
2
+ H
2
(0,25 im)
2FeCl
2
+ Cl
2
2FeCl
3
(0,25 im)
FeCl
3
+ 3NaOH Fe(OH)
3
+ 3NaCl
(0,25 im)

t0
2Fe(OH)
3
Fe
2
O
3
+ 3H
2
O
(0,25 im)
3. (1 im). Trch cc mu thuc th:
Cho dung dch BaCl
2
vo 3 mu mui. Nu mu no cho kt ta
trng th mu l Fe
2
(SO
4
)
3
, FeSO
4
. Mu khng c hin tng g l
FeCl
3
. (0,25 im)
Fe
2
(SO
4
)
3
+ 3 BaCl
2
3BaSO
4
+ 2 FeCl
3
FeSO
4
+ BaCl
2
FeCl
2
+ BaSO
4
(0,25 im)
Cn 2 l Fe
2
(SO
4
)
3
v FeSO
4
cho dung dch NaOH vo l no cho
kt ta trng xanh l FeSO
4
, l no cho kt ta nu l Fe
2
(SO
4
)
3
.
(0,25 im)
Fe
2
(SO
4
)
3
+ 3NaOH 2Fe(OH)
3
+ 3Na
2
SO
4

nu
FeSO
4
+ 2NaOH Fe(OH)
2
+ Na
2
SO
4
(0,25 im)
trng xanh
Cu III (2 im)
a, (1,5 im) PTP:
Fe + H
2
SO
4
FeSO
4
+ H
2
(0,25 im)
xmol xmol xmol
A + H
2
SO
4
ASO
4
+ H
2
(0,25 im)
ymol ymol ymol
n
2
H =
mol 1 , 0 =
4 , 22
24 , 2
Theo bi ra ta c h phng trnh:
{
1 , 0 = y + x
4 = Ay + x 56
(a)
Ay - 56y = - 1,6
1, 6
56-
y
A
0 <
1, 6
0,1 40
56-
A
A
< <
(1)
(0,25 im)
2A + O
2
2AO (*)
(0,25 im)
n
mol 03125 , 0 =
4 , 22
7 , 0
= O
2
Theo PTP (*) :
1
03125 , 0
<
A 2
2 , 1
(do oxi d)
2A > 38,4 A > 19,2 (2)
(0,25 im)
(1) v (2) 19,2 < A < 40.
Do A l kim loi c ho tr II nn A l Mg.
(0,25 im)
b. (0,5 im) Thay A vo h PT (a)
{ {
05 , 0 = y
05 , 0 = x
1 , 0 = y + x
4 = y 24 + x 56

m
Fe
= 0,05. 56= 2,8g
m
Mg
= 1,2g
(0,25 im)
% Fe =
% 70 = % 100 .
4
8 , 2
% Mg = 100% - 70% = 30%
(0,25 im)
Cu IV (3 im)
a) (1 im) C
2
H
4
+ O
2
2CO
2
+ 2H
2
O (1)
(0,25 im)
C
2
H
2
+
2
5
O
2
2CO
2
+ H
2
O (2)
(0,25 im)
C
2
H
4
+ Br
2
C
2
H
4
Br
2
(3)
(0,25 im)
C
2
H
2
+ 2Br
2
C
2
H
2
Br
4
(4)
(0,25 im)
b) (1 im)
mol 0275 , 0 =
4 , 22
616 , 0
= n
A hp hn

mol 0425 , 0 =
160
8 , 6
= n
2 Br
Gi s mol C
2
H
4
l a mol
C
2
H
2
l b mol
Theo PT (3) v (4) ta c h PT:
{ {
mol 015 , 0 = b
mol 0125 , 0 = a
0425 , 0 = b 2 + a
0275 , 0 = b + a

(0,25 im)
m
4 2
H C
trong 0,0275 mol hn hp : 0,0125.28 = 0,35 g.
m
2 2
H C trong 0,0275 mol hn hp : 0,015.26 = 0,39g.
Tng khi lng = 0,35 + 0,39 = 0,74 g
T l 2,96g : 0,616 lt = 2,96 : 0,74 = 4:1
(0,25 im)
S mol C
2
H
4
v C
2
H
2
trong 2,96 g hn hp l :
n
mol 05 , 0 = 4 . 0125 , 0 = H C
4 2
n
mol 06 , 0 = 4 . 015 , 0 = H C
2 2
% C
2
H
4
theo V bng:
% 45 , 45 = % 100 .
11 , 0
05 , 0
% C
2
H
2
theo V bng 100%- 45,45% = 54,55%
(0,25 im)
% C
2
H
4
theo m bng
% 3 , 47 = % 100 .
96 , 2
28 . 05 , 0
% C
2
H
2
theo m bng 100%- 47,3%= 52,7%
(0,25 im)
c, (1 im) Tnh m
1
, m
2
Theo PT (1) v (2) :
n
2
CO
= 2n
4 2
H C
+ 2n
2 2
H C
= 0,1 + 0,12 = 0,22( mol)
m
1
= 0,22.44= 9,68(g)
(0,5 im)
n
O H
2
= 2n
4 2
H C
+ 2n
2 2
H C
= 2.0,05 + 0,06 = 0,16 (mol)
m
2
= 0,16.18 = 2,88(g)
(0,5 im)

Ghi ch: Nu HS lm cch khc m ng th vn cho
im ti a.
Chng I: Cc halogen
A. Tm tt l thuyt:
Nhm halogen gm flo (F), clo (Cl), brom (Br) v iot (I). c im chung ca nhm
l v tr nhm VIIA trong bng tun hon, c cu hnh electron lp ngoi cng l ns
2
np
5
.
Cc halogen thiu mt electron na l bo ha lp electron ngoi cng, do chng c xu
hng nhn electron, th hin tnh oxi ha mnh. Tr flo, cc nguyn t halogen khc u
c cc obitan d trng, iu ny gip gii thch cc s oxi ha +1, +3, + 5, +7 ca cc
halogen. Nguyn t in hnh, c nhiu ng dng nht ca nhm VIIA l clo.
I- Clo
a. Tnh cht vt l L cht kh mu vng lc, t tan trong nc.
b. Tnh cht ho hc: Clo l mt cht oxi ho mnh th hin cc phn ng sau:
1- Tc dng vi kim loi Kim loi mnh: 2Na + Cl
2
2NaCl
Kim loi trung bnh: 2Fe + 3Cl
2
2FeCl
3
Kim loi yu: Cu + Cl
2
CuCl
2
2- Tc dng vi phi kim Cl
2
+ H
2

as
2HCl
3- Tc dng vi nc Cl
2
+ H
2
O HCl + HClO
Nu dung dch nc clo ngoi nh sng, HClO khng bn phn hu theo phng trnh:
HClO HCl + O
S to thnh oxi nguyn t lm cho nc clo c tnh ty mu v dit trng.
4- Tc dng vi dung dch kim: Cl
2
+ 2KOH
0
t th ng
KCl + KClO + H
2
O
3Cl
2
+ 6KOH
0
75 C >
5KCl + KClO
3
+ 3H
2
O
2Cl
2
+ 2Ca(OH)
2 long
CaCl
2
+ Ca(OCl)
2
+ 2H
2
O Cl
2
+ Ca(OH)
2 huyn ph
CaOCl
2
+ H
2
O
5- Tc dng vi dung dch mui ca halogen ng sau:
Cl
2
+ 2NaBr 2NaCl + Br
2
Cl
2
+ 2NaI 2NaCl + I
2
6- Tc dng vi hp cht: 2FeCl
2
+ Cl
2
2FeCl
3
6FeSO
4
+ 3Cl
2
2Fe
2
(SO
4
)
3
+ 2FeCl
3
SO
2
+ Cl
2
+ 2H
2
O H
2
SO
4
+ 2HCl H
2
S + 4Cl
2
+ 4H
2
O H
2
SO
4
+ 8HCl
c. iu ch Nguyn tc: Oxi ho 2Cl
-
Cl
2
bng cc cht oxi ho mnh, chng hn
nh:
MnO
2
+ 4HCl
c

0
t
MnCl
2
+ Cl
2
+ 2H
2
O
2KMnO
4
+ 16HCl 2KCl + 2MnCl
2
+ 5Cl
2
+ 8H
2
O
2NaCl + 2H
2
O
pdd
mnx
2NaOH + Cl
2
+ H
2
II- Axit HCl

1- Tc dng vi kim loi (ng trc H): 2Al + 6HCl 2AlCl
3
+3 H
2 Fe + 2HCl FeCl
2
+ H
2
2- Tc dng vi baz: HCl + NaOH NaCl + H
2
O 2HCl + Mg(OH)
2
MgCl
2
+ H
2
O
3- Tc dng vi oxit baz Al
2
O
3
+ 6HCl 2AlCl
3
+ 3H
2
O CuO + 2HCl CuCl
2
+ H
2
O
4- Tc dng vi mui (to kt ta hoc cht bay hi) CaCO
3
+ 2HCl CaCl
2
+ CO
2 +
H
2
O
FeS + 2HCl FeCl
2
+ H
2
S Na
2
SO
3
+ 2HCl 2NaCl + SO
2 + H
2
O
AgNO
3
+ HCl AgCl

+ HNO
3
5- iu ch H
2
+ Cl
2

as
2HCl NaCl
tinh th
+ H
2
SO
4 c

0
t
NaHSO
4
+ HCl
(hoc 2NaCl
tinh th
+ H
2
SO
4 c

0
t
2Na
2
SO
4
+ HCl
)
III. Nc Giaven Cl
2
+ 2KOH KCl + KClO + H
2
O Cl
2
+ 2NaOH NaCl
+ NaClO + H
2
O (Dung dch KCl + KClO + H
2
O hoc NaCl + NaClO+ H
2
O
c gi l nc Giaven)
IV. Clorua vI - iu ch: Cl
2
+ Ca(OH)
2 sa vi
CaOCl
2
+ 2H
2
O
(Hp cht CaOCl
2
c gi l clorua vi)
B. Bi tp c li gii:
bi
1. Gy n hn hp gm ba kh trong bnh kn. Mt kh c iu ch bng cch cho axit
clohiric c d tc dng vi 21,45g Zn. Kh th hai thu c khi phn hu 25,5g natri nitrat,
phng trnh phn ng:
2NaNO
3

0
t
2NaNO
2
+ O
2
Kh th ba thu c do axit clohiric c, c d tc dng vi 2,61g mangan ioxit.
Tnh nng phn trm (%) ca cht trong dung dch thu c sau khi gy ra n.
2. Khi cho 20m
3
khng kh c cha kh clo i qua mt ng ng mui KBr, khi lng ca
mui gim bt 178 mg. Xc nh hm lng ca kh clo (mg/m
3
) trong khng kh.
3. Hn hp A gm hai kim loi Mg v Zn. Dung dch B l dung dch HCl nng a mol/lt.
Th nghim 1: Cho 8,9g hn hp A vo 2 lt dung dch B, kt thc phn ng thu c
4,48lt H
2
(ktc).
Th nghim 2: Cho 8,9g hn hp A vo 3 lt dung dch B, kt thc phn ng cng thu c
4,48lt H
2
(ktc).
Tnh a v phn trm khi lng mi kim loi trong A? Cho: Mg = 24, Zn = 65, H = 1, Cl =
35,5.
4. Hn hp A gm KClO
3
, Ca(ClO
3
)
2
, Ca(ClO)
2
, CaCl
2
v KCl nng 83,68 gam. Nhit phn
hon ton A ta thu c cht rn B gm CaCl
2
, KCl v mt th tch O
2
va oxi ho SO
2
thnh SO
3
iu ch 191,1 gam dung dch H
2
SO
4
80%. Cho cht rn B tc dng vi 360
ml dung dch K
2
CO
3
0,5M (va ) thu c kt ta C v dung dch D. Lng KCl trong dung
dch D nhiu gp 22/3 ln lng KCl c trong A.
Tnh khi lng kt ta A. Tnh % khi lng ca KClO
3
trong A.
5. Ho tan 1,74g MnO
2
trong 200ml axit clohiric 2M. Tnh nng (mol/l) ca HCl v
MnCl
2
trong dung dch sau khi phn ng kt thc. Gi thit kh clo thot hon ton khi
dung dch v th tch ca dung dch khng bin i.
6. Khi un nng mui kali clorat, khng c xc tc, th mui ny b phn hu ng thi
theo hai phng trnh ha hc sau: 2 KClO
3
2 KCl + 3 O
2
(a) 4 KClO
3
3 KClO
4
+ KCl (b)
Hy tnh:
Phn trm khi lng KClO
3
b phn hu theo (a)? Phn trm khi lng KClO
3
b phn
hu theo (b)?
Bit rng khi phn hu hon ton 73,5g kali clorat th thu c 33,5g kali clorua.
7. Hon thnh s bin ho sau :
F A KClO L C v M L O H G
C G A
F E D C SO H MnO A
B A KClO
3
t
2
pnc
4 2 2
t
3
0
0
+ + + + +
+
+ + + + +
+
8. Cho axit clohiric, thu c khi ch ha 200g mui n cng nghip (cn cha mt lng
ng k tp cht), tc dng vi d MnO
2
c mt lng kh clo phn ng vi 22,4g st
kim loi.
Xc nh hm lng % ca NaCl trong mui n cng nghip.
9. Cn bao nhiu gam KMnO
4
v bao nhiu ml dung dch axit clohiric 1M c kh
clo tc dng vi st to nn 16,25g FeCl
3

?
10. Nung m
A
gam hn hp A gm KMnO
4
v KClO
3
ta thu c cht rn A
1
v kh O
2
. Bit
KClO
3
b phn hu hon ton theo phn ng : 2KClO
3
2KCl + 3O
2

(1)
cn KMnO
4
b phn hu mt phn theo phn ng : 2KMnO
4
K
2
MnO
4
+ MnO
2
+ O
2

(2)
Trong A
1
c 0,894 gam KCl chim 8,132% khi lng. Trn lng O
2
thu c trn vi khng
kh theo t l th tch V
2
o
: V
kk
= 1:3 trong mt bnh kn ta c hn hp kh A
2
.
Cho vo bnh 0,528 gam cacbon ri t chy ht cacbon thu c hn hp kh A
3
gm ba
kh, trong CO
2
chim 22,92% th tch. a. Tnh khi lng m
A
. b. Tnh % khi lng
ca cc cht trong hn hp A.
Cho bit: Khng kh cha 80% N
2
v 20% O
2
v th tch.
11. in phn nng chy a gam mui A to bi kim loi M v halogen X ta thu c 0,96g
kim loi M catt v 0,896 lt kh (ktc) ant. Mt khc ho tan a gam mui A vo nc,
sau cho tc dng vi AgNO
3
d th thu c 11,48 gam kt ta.
1. Hi X l halogen no ?
2. Trn 0,96 gam kim loi M vi 2,242 gam kim loi M c cng ho tr duy nht, ri t
ht hn hp bng oxi th thu c 4,162 gam hn hp hai oxit. ho tan hon ton hn hp
oxit ny cn 500ml dung dch H
2
SO
4
nng C (mol/l).
a. Tnh % s mol ca cc oxit trong hn hp ca chng.
b. Tnh t l khi lng nguyn t ca M v M.
c. Tnh C (nng dung dch H
2
SO
4
). Cho: F = 19; Cl = 35,5 ; Br = 80 ; I = 127 ; Ag
= 108 ; O = 16.
12. A, B l cc dung dch HCl c nng khc nhau. Ly V lt dung dch A cho tc dng
vi AgNO
3
d th to thnh 35,875 gam kt ta. trung ho V lt dung dch B cn dng
500 ml dung dch NaOH 0,3 M.
1. Trn V lt dung dch A vi V lt dung dch B ta c 2 lt dung dch C (cho V + V =
2 lt). Tnh nng mol/l ca dung dch C.
2. Ly 100 ml dung dch A v 100 ml dung dch B cho tc dng ht vi Fe th lng H
2
thot ra t hai dung dch chnh lch nhau 0,448 lt (ktc). Tnh nng mol/l ca cc
dung dch A, B.
Cho: Cl = 35,5 ; Ag = 108.
13. Cho kh HI vo mt bnh kn ri un nng n nhit xc nh xy ra phn
ng sau: 2 HI (k) H
2
(k) + I
2
(k) H = - 52 kJ.
1. Tnh nng lng lin kt H - I, bit rng nng lng lin kt H - H v I - I tng ng bng
435,9 kJ/mol v 151 kJ/mol.
2. Tnh phn trm s mol HI b phn ly thnh H
2
v I
2
khi phn ng t ti trng thi
cn bng, bit rng tc phn ng thun (vt) v nghch (vn) c tnh theo cng thc:
v
t
= k
t
[HI]
2
v v
n
= k
n
[H
2
][I
2
] v k
n
= 64 k
t
.
3. Nu lng HI cho vo ban u l 0,5 mol v dung tch bnh phn ng l 5 lt th
khi trng thi cn bng nng mol/l ca cc cht trong phn ng l bao nhiu?
4. Nhit , p sut v cht xc tc c nh hng nh th no n s chuyn dch
cn bng ca phn ng trn ? Da vo nguyn l Lsatlie hy gii thch ?
14. un 8,601 gam hn hp A ca natri clorua, kali clorua v amoni clorua n khi lng
khng i. Cht rn cn li nng 7,561 gam, c ho tan trong nc thnh mt lt dung
dch. Ngi ta thy 2 ml dung dch phn ng va vi 15,11 ml dung dch bc nitrat 0,2
M. Tnh % khi lng ca Na, K, N, H v Cl trong hn hp.
15. 1. Ngi ta c th iu ch Cl
2
bng cch cho HCl c, d tc dng vi m
1
gam MnO
2
,
m
2
gam KMnO
4
, m
3
gam KClO
3
, m
4
gam K
2
Cr
2
O
7
.
a. Vit phng trnh phn ng xy ra.
b. lng Cl
2
thu c cc trng hp u bng nhau th t l: m
1
: m
2
: m
3
: m
4
s
phi nh th no ?.
c. Nu m
1
= m
2
= m
3
= m
4
th trng hp no thu c nhiu Cl
2
nht, trng hp no thu
c Cl
2
t nht (khng cn tnh ton, s dung kt qu cu b).
2. Nn dng amoniac hay nc vi trong loi kh c Cl
2
trong phng th nghim, ti
sao ?
Hng dn gii
1. Zn + 2 HCl ZnCl
2
+ H
2
65g 1 mol
21,45g x = 0,33mol
2 NaNO
3

0
t
2 NaNO
2
+ O
2

2.85g 1mol
25,5g y = 0,15mol
MnO
2
+ 4 HCl MnCl
2
+ Cl
2
+ 2 H
2
O
87g 1mol
2,61g 0,03mol
Phn ng xy ra gia cc kh theo phng trnh phn ng :
2H
2
+ O
2
2H
2
O
0,3mol 0,15mol 0,3mol
H
2
+ Cl
2
2HCl
0,03mol 0,03mol 0,06mol
Nh vy, cc kh tc dng vi nhau va , phn ng to thnh 0,3mol nc hay 0,3 . 18 = 5,4
(g) nc ; 0,06mol hiro clorua, hay 0,06 . 36,5 = 2,19 (g) HCl. Kh HCl tan trong nc to
thnh axit clohiric
% 85 , 28 % 100 .
19 , 2 4 , 5
19 , 2
% C
HCl

+
2. Cl
2
+ 2KBr 2KCl + Br
2
Sau khi phn ng, mui KBr gim khi lng l v clo thay th brom. Mt mol Br
2
c
khi lng ln hn mt mol Cl
2
l: 160g 71g = 89g. S mol Cl
2
phn ng l:
(mol) 002 , 0
89
178 , 0
Lng kh clo c trong 20m

3
khng kh l : 71g 0,002 = 0,0142g hay 14,2 mg
Hm lng ca kh clo trong khng kh l :
3
m / mg 1 , 7
20
mg 2 , 14
3. T d kin ca bi ton nhn thy lng HCl dng trong th nghim 1 l va

ho tan ht hn hp kim loi.
Nn s mol HCl c trong 2 lt dung dch B l:
4,48
.2 0,4
22,4

(mol) nng HCl trong dung
dch B l: a = 0,2 (mol/l).
Gi s mol Mg, Zn trong 8,9 gam hn hp ln lt l x v y. Ta c h phng trnh ton hc:
24x 65y 8,9
x y 0,2
+
'
+
(0,2 l tng s mol H

2
thot ra)
Gii ra ta c x = 0,1 v y = 0,1. Vy %m
Mg
=
0,1.24
.100% 26,97%
8,9

v %m
Zn
= 100% -
26,97% = 73,03%.
4. Theo nh lut bo ton khi lng, tng s mol KCl trong B = x + y =
52 , 0
5 , 74
111 . 18 , 0 32 . 78 , 0 68 , 83
(trong 32 v 111 l KLPT ca O

2
v ca CaCl
2
).
Mt khc :
y
3
22
2 . 18 , 0 y x + +
Gii h phng trnh, ta c: x = 0,4
% 55 , 58
68 , 83
100 . 5 , 122 . 4 , 0
KClO % Vy
3

5. MnO
2
+ 4HCl MnCl
2
+ Cl
2
+ 2H
2
O
1 mol 4 mol 1 mol
0,02mol 0,08 mol 0,03mol
S mol MnO
2
c ha tan trong axit clohiric l :
) mol ( 02 , 0
87
74 , 1
) mol ( 4 , 0
1000
200 2
: l dch dung trong c HCl mol S
Nhn vo phng trnh phn ng, ta thy 1 mol MnO

2
tc dng vi 4 mol HCl to nn 1 mol
MnCl
2
. Vy 0,02 mol MnO
2
tc dng vi 0,08 mol HCl to nn 0,02 mol MnCl
2
.
S mol HCl cn li trong dung dch l : 0,4 mol 0,08mol = 0,32 mol
Nng ca HCl cn li trong dung dch l :
) l / mol ( 6 , 1
200
1000 32 , 0
Nng ca MnCl
2
trong dung dch l :
(mol/l) 1 , 0
200
1000 02 , 0
6. Gi x l s mol KClO
3
, b phn hu thnh O
2
y l s mol KClO
3
, b phn hu
thnh KClO
4
2KClO
3
2KCl + 3O
2
(a)
x x
4KClO
3
3KClO
4
+ KCl (b)
y y/ 4
Theo bi ra :
2 , 0 y
4 , 0 x
45 , 0
5 , 74
5 , 33
4
y
x
6 , 0
5 , 122
5 , 73
y x
+
+
Mui b phn hy theo a) :
% 66 , 66 % 100 .
6 , 0
4 , 0
Mui b phn hy theo b) :

% 33 , 33 % 100 .
6 , 0
2 , 0
7. Cc phng trnh ha hc: 2KClO

3
2KCl + 3O
2
2KCl + MnO
2
+ 2H
2
SO
4
Cl
2
+ K
2
SO
4
+ MnSO
4
+ 2H
2
O 2KCl
pnc
2 K + Cl
2
2K + 2H
2
O 2KOH + H
2
3Cl
2
+ 6 KOH
0
t
5KCl + KClO
3
+ 3H
2
O
8. Cc phn ng cn thit bin ha NaCl thnh FeCl
3
l : NaCl + H
2
SO
4

NaHSO
4
+ HCl (1)
4HCl + MnO
2
MnCl
2
+ Cl
2
+ 2H
2
O (2) 3Cl
2
+ 2Fe 2FeCl
3
(3)
S mol Fe cn tc dng vi clo l:
(mol) 4 , 0
56
4 , 22
T ba phng trnh phn ng (1), (2), (3) trn ta thy 2 mol Fe phn ng vi 3 mol Cl
2

; 1
mol Cl
2
c to nn t 4 mol HCl v 1 mol HCl c to nn t 1 mol NaCl. Vy 0,4 mol Fe
phn ng vi 0,6 mol Cl
2
; 0,6 mol Cl
2
c to nn t 2,4 mol HCl v 2,4 mol HCl c to nn
t 2,4 mol NaCl.
Khi lng NaCl c trong mui n cng nghip l : 58,5g 2,4 = 140,4g
Hm lng phn trm ca NaCl trong mui n cng nghip l :
9.
2KMnO
4
+ 16HCl 2MnCl
2
+ 2KCl + 5Cl
2
+ 8H
2
O (1) 3Cl
2
+ 2 Fe 2FeCl
3

(2)
S mol FeCl
3
c to nn l:
(mol) 1 , 0
5 , 162
25 , 16

Nhn vo phng trnh phn ng (2) ta thy 3 mol Cl
2
to nn 2 mol FeCl
3
. Vy s mol Cl
2
phn ng vi Fe l:
) mol ( 15 , 0
2
1 , 0 3
% 2 , 70
200
100 4 , 140
Nhn vo phng trnh phn ng (1) ta thy 2 mol KMnO

4
tc dng vi 16 mol HCl to nn 5
mol Cl
2
. Vy s mol KMnO
4
cn dng l :
) mol ( 06 , 0
5
15 , 0 2
V s mol HCl phn ng l:

) mol ( 48 , 0
5
15 , 0 16
Khi lng KMnO

4
cn dng l: 158g 0,06 = 9,48g Th tch dung dch HCl 1 M cn
dng l:
0,48.1
0,48
1
(lt) hay 480 ml.
10.a. 2KClO
3
2KCl + 3O
2
(1)
2KMnO
4
K
2
MnO
4
+ MnO
2
+ O
2
(2)
Gi n l tng s mol O
2

thot ra t (1) v (2). Sau khi trn n mol O
2
vi 3n mol khng kh
(trong c
3n
0,6n
5
mol O
2
v
4
.3n 2,4n
5
mol N
2
) ta thy tng s mol O
2
bng (1 +
0,6) n = 1,6n. V s mol cacbon =
0,528
0,044
12
, v v theo iu kin bi ton, sau khi
t chy thu c hn hp 3 kh, nn ta c 2 trng hp:
Trng hp 1: Nu oxi d, tc 1,6n > 0,044, th cacbon ch chy theo phn ng
C + O
2
CO
2
(3)
192 , 0
92 , 22
100 . 044 , 0
bng ng n ph sau kh mol s tng ny lc
Cc kh gm:
oxi d + nit + CO
2
(1,6 n 0,044) + 2,4n + 0,044 = 0,192
Khi lng m
A
= khi lng cht rn cn li + khi lng oxi thot ra.
) g ( 53 , 12 048 , 0 . 32
132 , 8
100 . 894 , 0
m
A
+
Trng hp 2: Nu oxi thiu, tc 1,6 < 0,044, th cacbon chy theo 2 cch:
C + O
2
CO
2
(3)
2C + O
2
2CO (4)
Cc kh trong hn hp c N
2
(2,4n), CO
2
(n') v CO (0,044 n'). Nh vy tng s mol kh =
2,4n + 0,044. Theo cc phn ng (3,4) th s mol O
2
bng:
2
) ' n 044 , 0 (
' n n 6 , 1

+
) 044 , 0 n 4 , 2 (
100
92 , 22
044 , 0 n 2 , 3 ' n +
Gii ra c n = 0,0204
) g ( 647 , 11 32 . 0204 , 0
132 , 8
100 . 894 , 0
' m Vy
A
+
b. Tnh % khi lng cc cht trong A.
) g ( 47 , 1 012 , 0 . 5 , 122 n : (1) ng n ph Theo
3
KClO

i vi trng hp a) :
% 3 , 88 7 , 11 100 KMnO %
% 7 , 11
53 , 12
100 . 47 , 1
KClO %
4
3

i vi trng hp b)
% 4 , 87 6 , 12 100 KMnO %
% 6 , 12
647 , 11
100 . 47 , 1
KClO %
4

11. 1.Phng trnh phn ng:
2 MX
n

pnc
2 M + n X
2
(1) (n l ho tr ca kim loi M)
MX
n
+ n AgNO
3
n AgX + M(NO
3
)
n
(2)
S mol X
2
=
0,896
0,04
22,4

, do s mol X = 0,08.
Theo (2)
11,48
0,08
108 X

+
. Suy ra X = 35,5. Vy X l clo.
2. n gin, k hiu cng thc phn t ca cc oxit l M
2
O
n
v M
2
O
n
:
2 M +
n
2
O
2
M
2
O
n
(3) 2 M +
n
2
O
2
M
2
O
n
(4)
V clo ho tr I, cn oxiho tr II, do 0,96 gam kim loi M ho hp vi 0,08 mol Cl hoc
0,04 mol O, tc l 0,04 . 16 = 0,64 (g) oxi.
Vy khi lng oxi trong M
2
O
n
= 4,1620,96 2,242 0,64= 0,32(g), tc l 0,02 mol O.
Gi x, y l s mol ca M
2
O
n
v M
2
O
n
ta c:
nx 0,04
ny 0,02

;

x = 2y, tc M
2
O
n
chim 66,7% v M
2
O
n
chim 33,3%.
3. Theo khi lng cc kim loi c:
2x.M 0,96
2y.M' 2,242

'
v v x = 2y nn:
M'
4,66
M
.
4. Cc phn ng:
M
2
O
n
+ n H
2
SO
4
M
2
(SO
4
)
n
+ n H
2
O (5)
M
2
O
n
+ n H
2
SO
4
M
2
(SO
4
)
n
+ n H
2
O (6)
Thy oxi ho tr II v gc SO
4
2-
cng c ha tr II.
Do s mol SO
4
2-
= s mol O = s mol H
2
SO
4
= 0,04 + 0,02 = 0,06.
Vy nng H2SO4 = 0,06 : 0,5 = 0,12 (mol/l).
12. 1. Gi n, P v m, Q l ho tr v KLNT ca kim loi X v Y. Cc phng trnh ha
hc:
2X + n Cu(NO
3
)
2
2X(NO
3
)
n
+ n Cu (1)
2Y + m Pb(NO
3
)
2
2Y(NO
3
)
m
+ m Pb (2)
2X + 2n HCl XCl
n
+ n H
2
(3)
Y
2
O
m
+ 2m HCl 2YCl
m
+ m H
2
O (4)
Gi a l khi lng ban u ca mi thanh kim loi v x l s mol ca mi kim loi tham
gia phn ng (1) v (2).
i vi thanh kim loi X, c: (P -
n
.64
2
).x =
1.a
100
(5)
i vi thanh kim loi Y, c: (
m 152.a
.207 Q).x
2 100
(6)
T (5) v (6) c: 152.(2P 64n) = 207m 2Q (7)
Theo phn ng (3), c t l:
2 n
3,9 1,344
P 22,4
2P = 65n (8)
Theo phn ng (4), c t l:
2
HCl H
1 2m 2m 2m
4,25
n 2n 2.0,06
2Q 16m

+
Suy ra 2Q = 55m. (9)
T cc phng trnh (7), (8), (9) ta c n = m, ngha l X v Y cng ho tr.
2. V n = m v v s mol 2 kimloi X, Y tham gia phn ng nh nhau, nn s mol
Cu(NO
3
)
2
v Pb(NO
3
)
2
gim nhng lng nh nhau.
13. 1. Phn ng: 2 HI (k) H
2
(k) + I
2
(k) H = - 52 kJ
Nng lng ph v lin kt cht tham gia phn ng l 2E
(H I )
. Nng lng to ra khi to
thnh lin kt trong H
2
v trong I
2
l: 435,9 + 151 = 586,9 (kJ).
Phn ng trn to nhit, ngha l: 586,9 2E
(H I )
= 52, suy ra E
(H I )
= 267,45 (kJ/mol).
2. Phn ng: 2 HI (k) H
2
(k) + I
2
(k)
Ban u: a mol/l 0 0
Khi CB: (a 2x) x x
Nn: v
t
= k
t
(a - 2x)
2
v v
n
= k
n
x
2
. Khi trng thi cn bng, c v
t
= v
n
:
k
t
(a - 2x)
2
= k
n
x
2

2
t
2
n
k x 1
(a 2x) k 64

v vy:
x 1 a
x
(a 2x) 8 10

2x = 20%.a
Vy trang thi cn bng 20% HI b phn hy.
3. C a =
0,5
0,1(mol / l)
5
x = 0,01 (mol/l)
trng thi cn bng, c: [HI] = 0,1 0,02 = 0,08 (mol/l)
[H
2
] = [I
2
] = 0,01 (mol/l).
4. L phn ng to nhit, nn khi tng nhit , cn bng s chuyn dch sang pha
thu nhit (sang pha to ra HI), v ngc li.
- p sut khng nh hng n s chuyn dch cn bng v phn ng ny s mol
cc phn t kh khng thay i.
- Cht xc tc nh hng nh nhau n tc phn ng thun v nghch m khng
lm chuyn dch cn bng,
14. Phng trnh phn ng: NH
4
Cl
0
t
NH
3
+ HCl Ag
+
+ Cl
-
AgCl
Lng amoni clorua l: 8,601 7,561 = 1,04 (g)

t lng NaCl l x, th lng KCl l 7,561 x.
C s mol clorua trong 1 lt dung dch l:
0,2.15,11
25
= 0,1208 0,121 (mol)
C phng trnh:
x 7,561 x
0,121
58,5 74,5

Gii ra c: x = 5,32 (g) = m
NaCl
Lng KCl = 7,561 5,32 = 2,24 (g)
T cc lng mui bit, da vo hm lng ca tng nguyn t theo cc cng thc phn t
s tnh c khi lng ca tng nguyn t trong hn hp.
15. 1. a. Cc phn ng:
MnO
2
+ 4 HCl MnCl
2
+ Cl
2
+ 2 H
2
O (1)
2 KMnO
4
+ 16 HCl 2 KCl + 2 MnCl
2
+ 5 Cl
2
+ 8 H
2
O (2)
KClO
3
+ 6 HCl KCl + 3 Cl
2
+ 3 H
2
O (3)
K
2
Cr
2
O
7
+ 14 HCl 2 KCl + 2 CrCl
3
+ 3 Cl
2
+ 7 H
2
O (4)
b. Tnh khi lng phn t:
2
MnO
M
= M
1
= 87 ; M
4
KMnO
M
= M
2
= 158
M
3
KClO
M
= M
3
= 122,5 ; M
2 2 7
K Cr O
M
= M
4
= 294
Gi s trong cc trng hp u c 1 mol Cl
2
thot ra, ta c t l:
m
1
: m
2
: m
3
: m
4
= M
1
:
2
5
M
2
:
1
3
M
3
:
1
3
M
4
= 87 :
2
5
.158 :
1
3
.122,5 :
1
3
.294 = 87 : 63,2 : 40,83 : 97,67.
c. Nu m
1
= m
2
= m
3
= m
4
th trng hp KClO
3
cho nhiu Cl
2
nht v K
2
Cr
2
O
7
cho t Cl
2
nht.
2. Mc d Cl
2
tc dng c vi dung dch Ca(OH)
2
theo phn ng:
2 Cl
2
+ 2 Ca(OH)
2
CaCl
2
+ Ca(ClO)
2
+ 2 H
2
O
Nhng phn ng xy ra gia cht kh v cht lng s khng th trit bng phn ng
gia hai cht kh vi nhau. Hn na, kh amoniac phn ng vi kh clo sinh ra sn phm
khng c: N
2
v NH
4
Cl.
Phn ng l: 3 Cl
2
+ 2 NH
3
N
2
+ 6 HCl v HCl + NH
3
NH
4
Cl
C. Bi tp t gii:
16. a. Ho tan ht 12 gam hn hp A gm Fe v kim loi R (ha tr 2 khng i) vo
200ml dung dch HCl 3,5M thu c 6,72 lt kh ( ktc) v dung dch B.
Mt khc nu cho 3,6 gam kim loi R tan ht vo 400 ml dung dch H
2
SO
4
1M th
H
2
SO
4
cn d.
Xc nh : Kim loi R v thnh phn phn trm theo khi lng ca Fe, R trong hn hp
A.
b. Cho ton b dung dch B trn tc dng vi 300ml dung dch NaOH 4M th thu c
kt ta C v dung dch D. Nung kt ta C ngoi khng kh n khi lng khng i c
cht rn E.
Tnh : Khi lng cht rn E, nng mol/l ca cc cht trong dung dch D.
Bit : Cc phn ng xy ra hon ton, th tch dung dch thu c sau phn ng bng
tng th tch hai dung dch ban u, th tch cht rn khng ng k.Cho: Be = 9 ; Ca
= 40 ; Fe = 56 ; Mg = 24 ; Na = 23.
p s: a. R l Mg ; %m
Fe
= 70% ; %m
Mg
= 30%
b. Cht rn E gm Fe
2
O
3
v MgO c khi lng l m
E
= 18 gam ;
C
M
(NaCl) = 1,4 M ; C
M
(NaOH) = 1 M
17. Mt hn hp A gm ba mui BaCl
2
, KCl, MgCl
2
. Cho 54,7 gam hn hp A tc dng vi
600ml dung dch AgNO
3
2M sau khi phn ng kt thc thu c dung dch D v kt ta B.
Lc ly kt ta B, cho 22,4 gam bt st vo dung dch D, sau khi phn ng kt thc thu
c cht rn F v dung dch E. Cho F vo dung dch HCl d thu c 4,48 lt kh H
2
. Cho
NaOH d vo dung dch E thu c kt ta, nung kt ta trong khng kh nhit cao
thu c 24 gam cht rn.a. Tnh thnh phn % khi lng cc cht trong hn hp A ?
b. Vit phng trnh phn ng, tnh lng kt ta B, cht rn F. ( Fe + AgNO
3
to ra
Fe(NO
3
)
2
)
p s: a. Sau khi cho st vo dung dch D thu c cht rn F, nn dung dch
D cn d Ag+.
%m
BaCl2
= 38,03% ; %m
KCl
= 27,24% ; %m
MgCl2
= 34,73%
b. m
B
= 14,8 gam ; m
F
= 54,4 gam
18. Cho 1,52 gam hn hp gm st v mt kim loi A thuc nhm IIA ha tan hon ton
trong dung dch HCl d thy to ra 0,672 lt kh (o ktc). Mt khc 0,95 gam kim loi A
ni trn khng kh ht 2 gam CuO nhit cao.
a. Hy xc nh kim loi A.
b. Tnh thnh phn phn trm khi lng mi kim loi trong hn hp.
Cho Mg = 24 ; Ca = 40 ; Zn = 65 ; Sr = 88 ; Ba = 137.
p s: a. A l canxi b. %m
Fe
= 73,68% ; %m
Ca
= 26,32%
19. kh hon ton 8 gam oxit ca mt kim loi cn dng ht 3,36 lt hiro. Ha tan ht
lng kim loi thu c vo dung dch axit clohiric thy thot ra 2,24 lt kh hiro (cc kh
u o ktc).
Hy xc nh cng thc phn t ca oxit kim loi ni trn.
p s: Gi cng thc ca oxit cn tm l M
x
O
y
, kim loi c ho tr k khi tc dng vi
axit HCl. Da vo cc d
kin ca bi ton tm c khi lng mol nguyn t ca M bng 56 M l Fe cng thc
ca oxit l Fe
2
O
3
20. Cho 45 gam CaCO
3
tc dng vi dung dch HCl d. Ton b lng kh sinh ra c hp th
trong mt cc c cha 500ml dung dch NaOH 1,5M to thnh dung dch X.
a. Tnh khi lng tng mui c trong dung dch X ?
b. Tnh th tch dung dch H
2
SO
4
1M cn thit tc dng vi cc cht c trong
dung dch X to ra cc mui trung ho.
p s: a. Trong dung dch X c 31,8 gam Na
2
CO
3
v 12,6 gam NaHCO
3
.
b. Th tch dung dch axit cn dng l 375 ml.
21. Ho tan hon ton 4,82 gam hn hp ba mui NaF, NaCl, NaBr trong nc c dung dch
A. Sc kh clo d vo dung dch A ri c cn dung dch sau phn ng thu c 3,93 gam
mui khan. Ly mt na lng mui khan ny ho tan vo nc ri cho phn ng vi dung dch
AgNO
3
d th thu c 4,305 gam kt ta. Vit cc phng trnh phn ng xy ra v tnh
thnh phn phn trm khi lng mi mui trong hn hp ban u.
p s: %m
NaF
= 8,71% ; %m
NaCl
= 48,55% ; %m
NaBr
= 42,74%
22. Cho 31,84 gam hn hp NaX, NaY (X, Y l hai halogen hai chu k lin tip) vo dung
dch AgNO
3
d, thu c 57,34 gam kt ta. Tm cng thc ca NaX, NaY v tnh khi lng
ca mi mui.
p s: Hai mui l NaBr v NaI ; %m
NaBr
= 90,58% ; %m
NaI
= 9,42%
23. Ho tan 3,28 gam hn hp X gm Al v Fe trong 500 ml dung dch HCl 1M c dung
dch Y. Thm 200 gam dung dch NaOH 12% vo dung dch Y, phn ng xong em thu
ly kt ta, lm kh ri em nung ngoi khng kh n khi lng khng i th c 1,6
gam cht rn (cc phn ng u xy ra hon ton). Hy tnh thnh phn phn trm theo
khi lng mi kim loi c trong 3,28 gam hn hp X.p s: %m
Al
= 65,85% ; %m
Fe
= 34,15%
24. A v B l hai kim loi thuc nhm IIA. Ho tan hon ton 15,05 gam hn hp X gm 2 mui
clorua ca A v B vo nc thu c 100gam dung dch Y. kt ta ht ion Cl
-
c trong 40 gam
dung dch Y phi dng va 77,22 gam dung dch AgNO
3
, thu c 17,22 gam kt ta v
dung dch Z.
a. C cn dung dch Z th thu c bao nhiu gam mui khan?
b. Xc nh tn hai kim loi A v B. Bit t s khi lng nguyn t ca A v B l 5/3 v trong
hn hp X s mol mui clorua ca B gp i s mol mui clorua ca A.
c. Tnh nng % cc mui trong dung dch Y v dung dch Z.
p s: a. m
Z
= 9,2 gam b. A l Canxi ; B l Magie.
c. Trong dung dch Y: C% (CaCl
2
) = 5,55% ; C% (MgCl
2
) = 9,5%
Trong dung dch Z: C% (Ca(NO
3
)
2
) = 3,28% ; C% (Mg(NO
3
)
2
) = 5,92%
25. Nu cho 18 gam hn hp A gm Mg, Al v Al
2
O
3
tc dng vi dung dch NaOH d th sinh
ra 3,36 lt kh H
2
( ktc). Nu cng cho cng lng hn hp nh trn tc dng vi dung dch
HCl d th sinh ra 13,44 lt kh H
2
( ktc).
a. Vit cc phng trnh phn ng xy ra.
b. Tnh thnh phn phn trm khi lng ca tng cht trong hn hp ban u. Mg =
24 ; Al = 27 ; O = 16.
p s: a. Lu : Mg khng phn ng vi dd NaOH
b. %m
Al
= 15% ; %m
Mg
= 60% ; %m
Al2O3
= 25%
26. Cho 500ml dung dch A (gm BaCl
2
v MgCl
2
trong nc) phn ng vi 120ml dung dch
Na
2
SO
4
0,5M (d), th thu c 11,65 gam kt ta. em phn dung dch c cn th thu c
16,77 gam hn hp mui khan. Xc nh nng mol/lt ca cc cht trong dung dch A.
p s: C
M
(BaCl
2
) = 0,1M v C
M
(MgCl
2
) = 0,2M
27. Ha tan hon ton 4,24 gam Na
2
CO
3
vo nc thu c dung dch A. Cho t t tng git n
ht 20 gam dung dch HCl nng 9,125% vo A v khuy mnh. Tip theo cho thm vo
dung dch cha 0,02 mol Ca(OH)
2
.
1. Hy cho bit nhng cht g c hnh thnh v lng cc cht .
2. Nu cho t t tng git dung dich A vo 20,00 gam dung dch HCl nng 9,125% v
khuy mnh, sau cho thm dung dch cha 0,02 mol Ca(OH)
2
vo dung dch trn. Hy gii
thch hin tng xy ra v tnh khi lng cc cht to thnh sau phn ng. Gi thit cc phn
ng xy ra hon ton. Cho Ca = 40 ; O = 16 ; H = 1 ; Cl = 35,5 ; Na = 23 ; C = 12.
p s: 1. Thiu H
+
nn ban u to ra HCO
3
-
; 0,02mol CaCO
3
, trong dung dch c:
0,01mol NaOH, 0,01mol NaCl v 0,01mol Na
2
CO
3
.
2. D H
+
nn kh CO
2
thot ra ngay t u; 0,015mol CaCO
3
, trong dung dch c:
0,03mol NaOH, 0,05mol NaCl v 0,005mol Ca(OH)
2
.
28. 4,875 gam km tc dng va vi 75 gam dung dch HCl thu c dung dch A v kh
H
2
. Tnh nng phn trm ca dung dch HCl v dung dch A. p s: C% (dd HCl) =
7,3% ; C% (dd A) 12,82%
29. Cho 33,55g hn hp AClO
x
v AClO
y
vo bnh kn c th tch 5,6 lt. Nung bnh
cho phn ng xy ra hon ton thu c cht rn B (ch c mui ACl) v mt kh duy nht,
sau khi a v 0
0
C th P = 3 atm.
Ho tan ht B vo nc c dung dch C. Cho dung dch C tc dng vi dung dch AgNO
3
d
to c 43,05g kt ta.
Xc nh kim loi A . p s: Kim loi A l Na
30. Hn hp A gm NaI, NaCl t vo ng s ri t nng. Cho mt lung hi brom i
qua ng mt thi gian c hn hp mui B, trong khi lng mui clorua nng gp 3,9
ln khi lng mui ioua. Cho tip mt lung kh clo d qua ng n phn ng hon ton
c cht rn C. Nu thay Cl
2
bng F
2
d c cht rn D, khi lng D gim 2 ln so vi khi l-
ng C gim (i chiu vi hn hp B). Vit cc phng trnh phn ng v tnh phn trm
khi lng hn hp A. p s: %m
NaI
= 67,57% ; %m
NaCl
= 32,43%
31. Mt hn hp X gm ba mui halogenua ca natri, trong xc nh c hai mui
l NaBr, NaI. Ha tan hon ton 6,23g trong nc c dung dch A. Sc kh clo d vo dung
dch A ri c cn hon ton dung dch sau phn ng c 3,0525g mui khan B. Ly mt
na lng mui ny ha tan vo nc ri cho phn ng vi dung dch AgNO
3
d th thu c
3,22875g kt ta. Tm cng thc ca mui cn li v tnh % theo khi lng mi mui trong
X.
p s: Tng s mol Cl
-
c trong B = 2. 0,0225 = 0,045 khi lng mui NaCl c
trong B l 2,6325 gam trong B c 0,42 gam NaF (y cng l lng c trong
X). Kt hp vi cc d kin khc ca bi ton %m
NaF
= 6,74% ; %m
NaBr
=
33,07% ; %m
NaI
= 60,19%.
32. Hn hp A gm : Al, Mg, Fe . Nu cho 18,2 gam A tc dng ht vi dung dch NaOH d
th thu c 6,72l H
2
( ktc). Nu cho 18,2 gam A tc dung ht vi 4,6 l dung dch HCl
th thu c dung dch B v 15,68 lt H
2
(ktc). Phn ng xy ra hon ton.
1. Tnh khi lng mi kim loi trong hn hp A.
2. Chia dung dch B thnh hai phn bng nhau.
a. Phn 1 cho tc dng vi dung dch AgNO
3
d thu c 115,5175 gam kt ta. Tnh
nng mol/ l ca dung dch HCl.
b. Phn 2 cho tc dng vi dung dch NaOH d , lc ly kt ta sy kh v nung trong
khng kh n khi lng khng i thu c cht rn D, ho tan D trong 1 lt dung dch
HCl trn th cn li bao nhiu gam D khng tan?
p s: 1. m
Al
= 5,7 gam; m
Mg
= 7,2 gam; m
Fe
= 5,6 gam.
2. a. C
M
(HCl) = 0,35M b. m
D
cn li = 13 gam.
33. Ho tan hon ton 6,3425 gam hn hp mui NaCl, KCl vo nc ri thm vo 100ml
dung dch AgNO
3
1,2 M.
Sau phn ng lc tch kt ta A v dung dch B. Cho 2 gam Mg vo dung dch B, sau
phn ng kt thc, lc tch ring kt ta C v dung dch D. Cho kt ta C vo dung dch
HCl long d . Sau phn ng thy khi lng ca C b gim. Thm NaOH d vo dung dch D,
lc ly kt ta , nung n khi lng khng i c 0,3 gam cht rn E. a. Vit
cc phng trnh phn ng xy ra. b. Tnh khi lng cc kt ta A , C.
c. Tnh % khi lng cc mui trong hn hp ban u. Mg = 24 ; Na = 23 ; K = 39 ;
Cl = 35,5 ; Ag = 108.
p s:b. Trong dung dch B c Ag
+
. Trong kt ta C c Mg lng Ag
+
ca dung dch B
phn ng ht. Cht rn E l MgO n
Mg
phn ng vi dung dch B l 0,0075
mol n
Ag+
trong dung dch B l 2. 0,0075 = 0,015 mol n
Ag+
phn ng vi hn
hp mui l 0,1 . 1,2 0,015 = 0,105 (mol) kt ta A l AgCl c khi lng
0,105.143,5 = 15,0675(gam). Kt ta C gm Ag v Mg d vi khi lng = 0,015.108
+ (2 0,0075. 24) = 3,44(gam).
c. % mNaCl = 85,32% ; %mKCl = 14,68%
34. Th mt vin bi st nng 5,6 gam vo 200ml dung dch HCl cha bit nng . Sau
khi ng knh vin bi ch cn li
2
1
th thy kh ngng thot ra. a. Tnh nng
mol/l ca dung dch axit.
b. Cn thm tip bao nhiu ml dung dch axit ni trn cho ng knh ca vin bi
cn li
4
1
.
Cho rng vin bi b n mn v mi hng l u nhau. p s: a. C
M
(HCl) = 0,875M. b.
V
dd HCl
cn thm = 40ml.
35. 1. Th mt vin bi bng st kim loi nng 7 gam vo 250 ml dung dch HCl (dung
dch B). Sau khi kt thc phn ng, thy cn li m gam st khng tan.
a. Nu cho m gam st trn vo dung dch H
2
SO
4
c khi lng l 122,5 gam nng 20%,
sau mt lc khi dung dch H
2
SO
4
cn nng l 15,2% th ly ming st ra, lau kh cn
nng 1,4 gam. Tm nng mol/lt ca dung dch B ?
b. Nu m gam st trn trong khng kh m th sau mt lc cn li thy khi lng ca
n tng thm 0,024 gam.
Tnh phn trm khi lng st cn li khng b oxi ha thnh oxit ?
2. Th mt vin bi bng st nng 5,6 gam vo 164,3 ml dung dch HCl 1M. Hi sau
khi kh ngng thot ra, th bn knh vin bi cn li bng bao nhiu phn trm bn knh vin
bi lc u.
Gi s vin bi b mn u mi pha. Cho: Fe = 56 ; O = 16.
p s: 1. a. C
M
(HCl) = 0,32M
b. Khi lng st khng tan sau khi cho phn ng vi dung dch HCl l m =
4,76 gam. Khi lng m tng thm 0,024 gam chnh l khi lng oxi trong oxit st t
c to thnh m
Fe
b oxi ho =
0,024 3
. .56 0,063
16 4
(gam) %m
Fe
khng b
oxi ho =
4,76 0,063
.100% 98,68%
4,76
.
2. Gi s khi lng ring ca st l d. Vin bi dng cu v ng u mi
im V =
3
4
. .r
3
. Da vo d kin ca bi ton
0
r
.100% 56,30%
r

(r
0
l bn knh
vin bi ban u, r l bn knh vin bi cn li).
36. Cho vo nc d 3 gam oxit ca mt kim loi ha tr 1, ta c dung dch kim, chia dung
dch ny thnh 2 phn bng nhau :
- Phn I cho tc dng vi 90 ml dung dch HCl 1M, sau phn ng dung dch lm qu tm
xanh.
- Phn II cho tc dng vi V(ml) dung dch HCl 1M sau phn ng dung dch khng lm i
mu giy qu.
a. Tm cng thc phn t oxt ? b. Tnh th tch V ? p s: a. Li
2
O
b. V = 100ml
37. 3,28g hn hp 3 kim loi X, Y, Z c t s nguyn t X : Y : Z l 4 : 3 : 2, t s nguyn t
lng l 3 : 5 :7. Ho tan hon ton hn hp trong axit clohiric th thu c 2,0161t kh
ktc v dung dch (A).
a. Xc nh 3 kim loi , bit rng khi chng tc dng vi axit u cho mui kim loi ha
tr 2.
b. Cho dung dch xt d vo dd(A), un nng trong khng kh cho phn ng xy ra hon
ton. Tnh lng kt ta thu c, bit rng ch 50% mui ca kim loi Y kt ta vi xt.
p s: a. X l Mg; Y l Ca v Z l Fe
b. m = 0,04 mol Mg(OH)
2
+ 0,015mol Ca(OH)
2
+ 0,02mol Fe(OH)
3
=
5,57 gam.
38. Hn hp A gm KClO
3
, Ca(ClO
3
)
2
, Ca(ClO)
2
, CaCl
2
, KCl nng 83,68g. Nhit phn hon
ton A ta thu c cht rn B gm CaCl
2
, KCl v mt th tch oxi va oxi ha SO
2
thnh
SO
3
iu ch 191,1g dung dch H
2
SO
4
80%. Cho cht rn B tc dng vi 360ml dung
dch K
2
CO
3
0,5M (va ) thu c kt ta C v dung dch D. Lng KCl trong dung dch D
nhiu gp 22/3 ln lng KCl c trong A.
a. Tnh lng kt ta C. b. Tnh % khi lng ca KClO
3
trong A. C = 12 ; O = 16 ; Cl =
35,5 ; K = 39 ; Ca = 40
p s: a. mC = 0,36 x 0,5 x 100 = 18 gam b. %m (KClO
3
trong A) = 58,56%
39. Trn V
1
(lt) dung dch HCl (A) cha 9,125g v V
2
(lt) dung dch HCl (B) cha 5,475g
c dung dch HCl (C) 0,2M. a. Tnh nng C
M
ca dung dch A v dung dch B ?
Bit rng hiu s ca hai nng l 0,4 mol/lt.
b. Ly 1/10 dung dch C cho tc dng vi AgNO
3
(d) tnh lng kt ta thu c ?
p s: a. C
M
(A) = 0,5M ; C
M
(B) = 0,1M b. Khi lng kt ta = 5,74 gam
40. Ha tan 43,71g hn hp mui cacbonat, hirocacbonat v clorua ca kim loi kim vi
mt th tch dung dch HCl 10,52% (d = 1.05) ly d, thu c dung dch A v 8,96 lt kh
B (ktc). Chia A thnh hai phn bng nhau :
Phn 1 : Tc dng vi dung dch AgNO3 (d) c 68,88g kt ta.
Phn 2 : Dng 125ml dung dch KOH 0,8M trung ha va .
Sau phn ng, c cn thu c 29,68g hn hp mui khan.
a. Xc nh cng thc cc mui trong hn hp. b. Tnh thnh phn % hn hp.
c. Xc nh th tch dung dch HCl dng. p s: a. Na
2
CO
3
; NaHCO
3
; NaCl
b. %mNa
2
CO
3
= 72,7% ; %mNaHCO
3
= 19,2% ; %mNaCl = 8,1% c. V
ddHCl
=
297,4 ml
Chng II: Oxi Lu hunh
A. Tm Tt l thuyt:
Nhm VIA gm oxi (O), lu hunh (S), selen (Se) v telu (Te). Cu hnh electron lp ngoi
cng l ns
2
np
4
, thiu hai electron na l bo ha. Oxi v lu hunh u th hin tnh oxi
ha mnh, tnh oxi ha gim dn t oxi n telu. Trong nhm VIA hai nguyn t oxi v lu
hunh c nhiu ng dng nht trong cng nghip v i sng con ngi.
I- Oxi ozon:
1- Tc dng vi kim loi
oxit
2Mg + O
2
2MgO
3Fe + 2O
2

khng kh

Fe
3
O
4
2Cu + O
2
2CuO
2- Tc dng vi phi kim
oxit
- Tc dng vi hidro:
2H
2
+ O
2
2H
2
O
- Tc dng vi cacbon:
C + O
2
CO
2
2C + O
2
2CO
- Tc dng vi lu hunh:
S + O
2
SO
2
3- Tc dng vi hp cht:
2H
2
S + 3O
2
2SO
2
+ 2H
2
O
2CO + O
2
2CO
2
4- iu ch oxi trong PTN:
Nhit phn cc hp cht giu oxi v km bn nhit.
Th d: 2KClO
3

2
0
MnO
t
2KCl + 3O
2
5. Ozon: Tnh oxiho mnh
- Tc dng vi dung dch KI:
O
3
+ 2KI + H
2
O O
2
+ 2KOH + I
2
I
2
to thnh lm xanh h tinh bt, phn ng trn dng nhn bit O
3
.
II- Lu hunh v hp cht:
1- Tc dng vi kim loi mui sunfua
V
2
O
5

t
o
V
2
O
5,

t
o

-2 0 +4
+6
Fe + S
0
t
FeS
Zn + S
0
t
ZnS
i vi ring thy ngn, phn ng c th xy ra ngay nhit phng: Hg + S HgS.
V vy, ngi ta c th dng bt lu hunh x l thy ngn ri vi.
2- Tc dng vi phi kim:
- Tc dng vi hiro: H
2
+ S
0
t
H
2
S
- Tc dng vi oxi: S + O
2

0
t
SO
2
Vi cc phi kim khc, phn ng xy ra kh khn hn.
III. Hirosunfua:
1- Tnh axit yu:
- Tc dng vi dung dch kim:
H
2
S + 2NaOH Na
2
S + 2H
2
O
H
2
S + NaOH NaHS + H
2
O
- Tc dng vi dung dch mui (phn ng nhn bit kh H
2
S)
H
2
S + Pb(NO
3
)
2
PbS en
+ 2HNO
3
H
2
S + Cu(NO
3
)
2
CuS en
+ 2HNO
3
2- Tnh kh mnh
- Tc dng vi oxi: 2 H
2
S + 3 O
2

0
t
2 SO
2
+ 2 H
2
O
2 H
2
S + O
2 oxi ho chm

0
t
2 S + 2 H
2
O
- Tc dng dung dch nc Cl
2
:
H
2
S + 4Cl
2
+ 4H
2
O H
2
SO
4
+ 8HCl
3- iu ch
FeS + 2HCl FeCl
2
+ H
2
S
ZnS + H
2
SO
4 long
ZnSO
4
+ H
2
S
IV- Lu hunh ioxit (kh sunfur)
1- Tnh oxit axit
- Tc dng vi nc
axit sunfur:
SO
2
+ H
2
O H
2
SO
3

- Tc dng vi dung dch baz
Mui + H
2
O:
SO
2
+ 2NaOH Na
2
SO
3
+ H
2
O
SO
2
+ NaOH NaHSO
3

- Nu
2
n
n
2
SO
NaOH
: To mui Na
2
SO
3
- Nu
2
n
n
1
2
SO
NaOH
< <
: To 2 mui NaHSO
3
+ Na
2
SO
3
SO
2
+ Ca(OH)
2
CaSO
3
+ H
2
O (SO
2
lm vn c nc vi trong)
- Tc dng vi oxit baz tan
mui sunfit
V
2
O
5

t
o
-2 0 +4
+6
V
2
O
5,

t
o

-2 0 +4
+6
Na
2
O + SO
2
Na
2
SO
3
CaO + SO
2
CaSO
3
2- Tnh kh
- Tc dng vi oxi: 2SO
2
+ O
2
2SO
3
- Tc dng vi dung dch nc clo, brom:
SO
2
+ Cl
2
+ 2H
2
O H
2
SO
4
+ 2HCl
SO
2
+ Br
2
+ 2H
2
O H
2
SO
4
+ 2HBr (phn ng lm mt mu dung dch brom)
3- Tnh oxi ha
- Tc dng vi H
2
S: SO
2
+ 2H
2
S 3S + 2H
2
O
4- iu ch:
- t qung sunfua:
2FeS
2
+ 11O
2
2Fe
2
O
3
+ 8SO
2
2ZnS + 3O
2
2ZnO + 3SO
2
- Cho mui sunfit, hidrosunfit tc dng vi dung dch axit mnh:
Na
2
SO
3
+ H
2
SO
4
Na
2
SO
4
+ SO
2 + H
2
O
- t chy lu hunh: S + O
2

0
t
SO
2
- Cho kim loi tc dng vi dung dch H
2
SO
4
c, nng:
Cu + 2H
2
SO
4 c
0
t
CuSO
4
+ SO
2
+ 2H
2
O
V. Lu hunh trioxit:
1- Tnh oxit axit:
- Tc dng vi nc
axit sunfuric:
SO
2
+ H
2
O H
2
SO
4

- Tc dng vi dung dch baz
Mui + H
2
O:
SO
3
+ 2NaOH Na
2
SO
4
+ H
2
O
SO
3
+ NaOH NaHSO
4

- Tc dng vi oxit baz tan
mui sunfat
Na
2
O + SO
3
Na
2
SO
4
BaO + SO
3
BaSO
4
2- iu ch:
SO
2
+ O
2
2SO
3
VI. Axit Sunfuric:
a- Dung dch H
2
SO
4
long (th hin tnh axit mnh)
1- Tc dng vi kim loi (ng trc H)
Mui + H
2
:
Fe + H
2
SO
4
FeSO
4
+ H
2
2Al + 3H
2
SO
4
Al
2
(SO
4
)
3
+ 3H
2
2- Tc dng vi baz (tan v khng tan)
Mui + H
2
O
H
2
SO
4
+ 2NaOH Na
2
SO
4
+ 2H
2
O
H
2
SO
4
+ Mg(OH)
2
MgSO
4
+ 2H
2
O
V
2
O
5

t
o
-2 0 +4
+6
V
2
O
5,

t
o

-2 0 +4
+6
3- Tc dng vi oxit baz
Mui + H
2
O
Al
2
O
3
+ 3H
2
SO
4
Al
2
(SO
4
)
3
+ 3H
2
O
CuO + H
2
SO
4
CuSO
4
+ H
2
O
4- Tc dng vi mui (to kt ta hoc cht bay hi)
MgCO
3
+ H
2
SO
4
MgSO
4
+ CO
2 + H
2
O
Na
2
CO
3
+ H
2
SO
4
Na
2
SO
4
+ CO
2 + H
2
O
FeS + H
2
SO
4
FeSO
4
+ H
2
S
K
2
SO
3
+ H
2
SO
4
K
2
SO
4
+ SO
2 + H
2
O
BaCl
2
+ H
2
SO
4
BaSO
4
+ 2HCl
b- Dung dch H
2
SO
4
c:
1- Tnh axit mnh
- Tc dng vi hidroxit (tan v khng tan)
Mui + H
2
O
H
2
SO
4 c
+ NaOH Na
2
SO
4
+ H
2
O
H
2
SO
4 c
+ Mg(OH)
2
MgSO
4
+ H
2
O
- Tc dng vi oxit baz
Mui + H
2
O
Al
2
O
3
+ 3H
2
SO
4 c
Al
2
(SO
4
)
3
+ 3H
2
O
CuO + H
2
SO
4 c
CuSO
4
+ H
2
O
- y cc axit d bay hi ra khi mui
H
2
SO
4 c
+ NaCl
tinh th
NaHSO
4
+ HCl
H
2
SO
4 c
+ CaF
2 tinh th
CaSO
4
+ 2HF
H
2
SO
4 c
+ NaNO
3 tinh th
NaHSO
4
+ HNO
3
2- Tnh oxi ho mnh
- Tc dng vi nhiu kim loi, k c mt s kim loi ng sau H nh Cu, Ag:
2Fe + 6H
2
SO
4 c
0
t
Fe
2
(SO
4
)
3
+ 3SO
2
+ 6H
2
O
Cu + 2H
2
SO
4 c
0
t
CuSO
4
+ SO
2
+ H
2
O
2Ag + 2H
2
SO
4 c
0
t
Ag
2
SO
4
+ SO
2
+ 2H
2
O
Mt s kim loi mnh nh Mg, Zn c th kh H
2
SO
4
c n S hoc H
2
S:
3Zn + 4H
2
SO
4 c
0
t
3ZnSO
4
+ S + 4H
2
O
4Zn + 5H
2
SO
4 c
0
t
4ZnSO
4
+ H
2
S + 4H
2
O
Cc kim loi Al, Fe khng tan trong dung dch H
2
SO
4
c ngui!
- Tc dng vi phi kim:
C + 2H
2
SO
4 c
CO
2
+ 2SO
2
+ 2H
2
O
S + 2H
2
SO
4 c
0
t
3SO
2
+ 2H
2
O
-2 0 +4
+6
- Tc dng vi hp cht c tnh kh ( trng thi oxi ho thp)
2FeO + 4H
2
SO
4

c
Fe
2
(SO
4
)
3
+ SO
2
+ 4H
2
O
2FeCO
3
+ 4H
2
SO
4

c
Fe
2
(SO
4
)
3
+ SO
2
+ 2CO
2
+ 4H
2
O
2Fe
3
O
4
+ 10H
2
SO
4

c
3Fe
2
(SO
4
)
3
+ SO
2
+ 10H
2
O
2FeSO
4
+ 2H
2
SO
4

c
Fe
2
(SO
4
)
3
+ SO
2
+ 2H
2
O
c- iu ch H
2
SO
4
S iu ch:
Qung prit st FeS
2
hoc S
SO
2

SO
3

H
2
SO
4
.
d. Nhn bit: Gc SO
4
2-
c nhn bit bng ion Ba
2+
, v to kt ta trng BaSO
4
khng
tan trong cc axit HNO
3
, HCl.
B. Bi tp c li gii:
bi
41. T 800 tn qung pirit st (FeS
2
) cha 25% tp cht khng chy, c th sn xut c
bao nhiu m
3
dung dch H
2
SO
4
93% (d = 1,83) ? Gi thit t l hao ht l 5%.
42. Oleum l g ? C hin tng g xy ra khi pha long oleum ? Cng thc ca oleum l
H
2
SO
4
.nSO
3
. Hy vit cng thc ca axit c trong oleum ng vi gi tr n = 1.
43. Lm th no nhn bit tng kh H
2
, H
2
S, CO
2
, CO trong hn hp ca chng bng
phng php ho hc.
44. Tnh lng FeS
2
cn dng iu ch mt lng SO
3
tan vo 100g H
2
SO
4
91%
thnh oleum cha 12,5% SO
3
. Gi thit cc phn ng c thc hin hon ton.
45. Cho ba kh A', B', C'. t chy 1V kh A' to ra 1V kh B' v 2V kh C'. Phn t A' khng
cha oxi. Kh C' l sn phm khi un nng lu hunh vi H
2
SO
4
c. Kh B' l oxit trong
khi lng oxi gp 2,67 ln khi lng ca nguyn t to oxit.
Vit cc phng trnh phn ng khi :
t chy hn hp ba kh trn trong khng kh.
t chy hon ton A' v cho sn phm qua dung dch NaOH, H
2
SO
4
c nng, HNO
3
c nng.
Cho B', C' tng kh qua dung dch Na
2
CO
3
(bit rng axit tng ng ca SO
2
mnh hn
axit tng ng ca CO
2
).
46. Hai bnh kn A, B u c dung tch khng i 9,96 lt cha khng kh (21% oxi v
79% nit v th tch) 27,3
0
C v 752,4 mmHg. Cho vo c 2 bnh nhng lng nh nhau
hn hp ZnS v FeS
2
. Trong bnh B cn thm mt t bt lu hunh (khng d). Sau khi nung
bnh t chy ht hn hp sunfua v lu hunh, a nhit bnh v 136,5
0
C, lc
trong bnh A p sut l p
A
v oxi chim 3,68% th tch, trong bnh B p sut l p
B
v nit
chim 83,16% th tch.
1. Tnh % th tch cc kh trong bnh A.
2. Nu lng lu hunh trong bnh B thay i th % th tch cc kh trong bnh B thay
i nh th no ?
3. p sut p
A
v p
B
.
4. Tnh khi lng hn hp ZnS v FeS
2
cho vo trong mi bnh.Cho: O = 16, S = 32,
Zn = 65, Fe = 56.
47. Trn m gam bt st vi p gam bt lu hunh ri nung nhit cao (khng c mt
oxi) thu c hn hp A. Ho tan hn hp A bng dung dch HCl d ta thu c 0,8 gam cht
rn B, dung dch C v kh D. Cho kh D (c t khi so vi H
2
bng 9) sc rt t t qua dung
dch CuCl
2
(d) thy to thnh 9,6 gam kt ta en.
1. Tnh khi lng m, p.
2. Cho dung dch C tc dng vi NaOH d trong khng kh ri ly kt ta nung nhit
cao ti khi lng khng i th thu c bao nhiu gam cht rn ?
3. Nu ly hn hp A cho vo bnh kn dung tch khng i, cha O
2
d t
0
C v
nung bnh nhit cao cho ti khi cht rn trong bnh l mt oxit st duy nht, sau
lm ngui bnh ti t
0
C ban u th thy p sut trong bnh ch bng 95% p sut
ban u. Bit rng th tch ca cht rn l khng ng k. Tnh s mol oxi ban u
trong bnh.
48. Nung m gam hn hp A gm FeS v FeS
2
trong mt bnh kn cha khng kh (gm
20% th tch oxi v 80% th tch nit) n khi phn ng xy ra hon ton, thu c cht
rn B v hn hp kh C c thnh phn th tch N
2
= 84,77%; SO
2
= 10,6% cn li l oxi.
Ho tan cht rn B bng dung dch H
2
SO
4
va , dung dch thu c cho tc dng vi
Ba(OH)
2
d. Lc ly kt ta, lm kh, nung nhit cao n khi lng khng i, thu -
c 12,885 gam cht rn.
1. Tnh % khi lng cc cht trong A.
2. Tnh m.
3. Gi s dung tch ca bnh l 1,232 lt nhit v p sut ban u l 27,3
0
C
v 1 atm, sau khi nung cht A t
0
cao, a bnh v nhit ban u, p sut trong
bnh l p.
Tnh p sut gy ra trong bnh bi mi kh c trong hn hp C.
49. Axit H
2
SO
4
100% hp th SO
3
to ra oleum theo phng trnh:H
2
SO
4
+ nSO
3

H
2
SO
4
.nSO
3

Ho tan 6,76 gam oleum vo nc thnh 200 ml dung dch H
2
SO
4
; 10 ml dung dch ny
trung ho va ht 16 ml dung dch NaOH 0,5 M. 1. Tnh n. 2. Tnh hm lng % ca
SO
3
c trong olum trn.
3. Cn bao nhiu gam olum c hm lng SO
3
nh trn pha vo 100 ml H
2
SO
4
40%
(d= 1,31 g/ml) to ra olum c hm lng SO
3
l 10%.
50. Hn hp A gm KClO
3
, Ca(ClO
3
)
2
, Ca(ClO)
2
, CaCl
2
v KCl nng 83,68 gam. Nhit phn
hon ton A ta thu c cht rn B gm CaCl
2
, KCl v mt th tch oxi va oxiho SO
2
thnh SO
3
iu ch 191,1 gam dung dch H
2
SO
4
80%. Cho cht rn B tc dng vi 360
ml dung dch K
2
CO
3
0,5M (va ) thu c kt ta C v dung dch D. Lng KCl trong dung
dch D nhiu gp
22
3
ln lng KCl c trong A.
a. Tnh khi lng kt ta C. b. Tnh % khi lng ca KClO
3
trong
A.
Hng dn gii
41. Phn ng t chy pirit st: 4 Fe + 11 O
2
2 Fe
2
O
3
+ 8 SO
2
4 mol (4.120g) 8 mol
Cc phn ng chuyn SO
2
thnh H
2
SO
4
: 2 SO
2
+ O
2

2 SO
3
SO
3
+ H
2
O H
2
SO
4
Lng FeS c trong 800 tn qung: 800 (800 0,25) = 600 (tn)
S kilomol FeS
2
=
600.000
5.000
120
(kmol)
S kilomol FeS
2
thc t chuyn thnh SO
2
: 5000 (5000 0,05) = 4750 (kmol)
S kilomol SO
2
v l s kilomol H
2
SO
4
c to thnh: 4750 2 = 9500 (kmol)
Lng H
2
SO
4
c to thnh : 98 9500 = 931.000 (kg)
Th tch dung dch H
2
SO
4
93% l:
931000
547
1,83.0,93
(m
3
)
42.a) Oleum l sn phm ca phn ng khi cho SO
3
tan trong H
2
SO
4
100%:
H
2
SO
4

+ nSO
3
H
2
SO
4

. nSO
3
.
Khi ho tan oleum trong nc c hin tng pht nhit mnh.
b) H
2
SO
4
. nSO
3
khi n = 1 c axit H
2
S
2
O
7
.
43.Cho hn hp kh sc t t qua dung dch Pb(NO
3
)
2
hoc Cu(NO
3
)
2
d: H
2
S + Pb(NO
3
)
2

PbS + HNO
3
hn hp kh cn li cho qua nc vi trong d: CO
2
+ Ca(OH)
2
CaCO
3
+ H
2
O
Kh cn li (gm H
2
, CO v c ln hi H
2
O) cho qua H
2
SO
4
c (hoc P
2
O
5
) loi ht hi
H
2
O. t chy hn hp kh H
2
v CO, lm lnh hi nc ngng t v li cho CO
2
to thnh
qua nc vi trong.
2CO + O
2
2CO
2
2H
2
+ O
2
2H
2
O
44.Cc phn ng trong qu trnh iu ch H
2
SO
4
t FeS
2
:
4FeS
2
+ 11O
2

0
t
2Fe
2
O
3
+ 8SO
2
(1)
4 mol (4.120g) 8 mol
2SO
2
+ O
2

0
t
2SO
3
(2)
2 mol 2 mol
SO
3
+ H
2
O H
2
SO
4
(3)
1 mol (80g) 1 mol (18g) 1 mol (98g)
Trong 100g H
2
SO
4
91% c 91g H
2
SO
4
v (100 - 91)g H
2
O, tc l 0,5 mol H
2
O. chuyn
100g H
2
SO
4
91% thnh H
2
SO
4
100% cn dng 0,5 mol SO
3
, tc l 80 0,5 = 40g SO
3
v lng
H
2
SO
4
100% c to thnh l 100 + 40 = 140g
Oleum l dung dch SO
3
trong axit sunfuric khan (100%). Trong oleum 12,5% c 12,5% SO
3
v 87,5% H
2
SO
4
. Vy lng SO
3
cn dng ho tan vo 140g H
2
SO
4
thnh oleum 12,5% l:
g 20
5 , 87
140 5 , 12
Lng SO
3
cn dng ho tan vo 100g H
2
SO
4
91% thnh oleum 12,5%:
mol 75 , 0
80
60
hay 60g 20 40 +
Nhn vo cc phn ng (1) v (2), ta thy 1 mol FeS
2
s to nn 2 mol SO
3
. Vy lng FeS
2
cn dng to nn 60g SO
3
l:
(g) 45
2
75 , 0 120
245. S + 2H
2
SO
4

0
t
3SO
2
+ 2H
2
O (C l SO
2
)
t B' l oxit c dng X
2
O
m
trong 16m = 2,67 . 2x x = 3m . X
2
O
m
l cht kh nn
n l oxit phi kim.
Ta c: 16m = 2,67 . 2x x = 3m
Khi m = 1,2 ....8 th x = 3,6...24, trong ch c gi tr m = 4, x = 12 l ph hp vi khi
lng nguyn t ca C. Vy B' l CO
2
.
Khi t chy A' :
2SO2 CO2 O2 A
0
t
+ +
1V 1V 2V
Vy A' l CS
2
.
a) Khi t chy hn hp:
2 2
t
2 2
2SO CO 3O CS
0
+ +
CO
2
+ O
2
khng phn ng SO
2
+ O
2

khng phn ng
b) Sn phm t chy A' l CO
2
v SO
2
.
Vi NaOH: CO
2
+ NaOH NaHCO
3
CO
2
+ 2NaOH Na
2
CO
3
+
H
2
O
SO
2
+ NaOH NaHSO
3
SO
2
+ 2NaOH Na
2
SO
3
+
H
2
O
Vi H
2
SO
4
c nng: CO
2
+ H
2
SO
4
khng phn ng. SO
2
+ H
2
SO
4
khng phn
ng.
Vi HNO
3
c nng: CO
2
+ HNO
3
khng phn ng. SO
2
+ 2HNO
3

0
t

H
2
SO
4
+ 2NO
2
c) Khi cho CO
2
, SO
2
qua dung dch Na
2
CO
3
: CO
2
+ H
2
O + Na
2
CO
3
2NaHCO
3
. SO
2
+
Na
2
CO
3
Na
2
CO
3
+ CO
2
46.
Cc phn ng: 2ZnS + 3 O
2

0
t
2ZnO + 2SO
2
(1)
4FeS
2
+ 11 O
2

0
t
2Fe
2
O
3
+ 8SO
2
(2) S + O
2

0
t
SO
2

(3)
1. Theo (3) c 1mol O
2
(k) mt i li sinh ra 1mol SO
2
(k), ngha l tng s mol kh trong
hai bnh nh nhau, do %V ca N
2
trong 2 bnh nh nhau = 83,16% v % SO
2
= 100% -
83,16% - 3,68% = 13,16%.
2. Do tng s mol kh khng i, nn % N
2
lun bng 83,16%, cn tu thuc vo lng S
m %O
2
hoc bng trong bnh A (nu khng c S) hoc ht (nu nhiu S), tc 0%
%O
2
3,68%, cn % SO
2
th hoc bng trong bnh A (nu khng c S) hoc thm SO
2
do
t S; tc l: 13,16% % SO
2
13,16 + 3,68 = 16,84%.
3. Th tch v nhit nh nhau, tng s mol bng nhau, nn P
A
= P
B
.
Gi tng s mol khng kh ban u l n
0
, c:
0
760.n .22,4 752,4.9,96
273 273 27,3
+
n
0
= 0,4
trong c: 0,4 . 21% = 0,084 (mol) O
2
v 0,4 . 79% = 0,316 (mol) N
2
. V %V t l vi s
mol kh nn ta c:
2
2
s mol SO x 13,16
s mol N 0,316 83,16

x = 0,05
2
2
s mol O y 3,68
s mol N 0,316 83,16

y = 0,014
Tng s mol kh trong A = 0,316 + 0,014 + 0,05 = 0,38 Vy:
A
P .9,96 1.0,38.22,4
273 273 136,5
+

P
A
= 1,282 (atm) = P
B
4. S mol O
2
tham gia phn ng (1) v (2) = 0,084 0,014 = 0,07.
Gi s mol ZnS v FeS
2
ln lt l: a v b, ta c:
S mol SO
2
= a + 2b = 0,05 v s mol O
2
phn ng =
3 11
.a .b 0,07
2 4
+ .
Gii ra c: a = 0,01 v b = 0,02 Vy khi lng hn hp = 97 . 0,01 + 120 . 0,02 = 3,37
(g).
47.
1. Cc phn ng: Fe + S
0
t
FeS (1) FeS + 2HCl FeCl

2
+ H
2
S
(2)
Fe + 2HCl FeCl
2
+ H
2
(3) S + HCl khng phn ng
H
2
S + CuCl
2
CuS + 2HCl (4) FeCl
2
+ 2 NaOH Fe(OH)
2
+
2NaCl (5)
4Fe(OH)
2
+ O
2
+ 2H
2
O 4Fe(OH)
3
(6) 2Fe(OH)
3

0
t
Fe
2
O
3
+ 3H
2
O
(7)
Theo (1), (2) v (4) n
FeS
=
2
H S
n
= n
CuS
=
9,6
0,1
96
(mol)
i vi kh D: gi x l %V ca H
2
S, ta c:
D
M = 9 . 2 = 18 = 34x + 2(1-x) x = 0,5 = 50%. Do
2
H
n
=
2
H S
n
= 0,1 = n
Fe
cn li.
Vy tng khi lng Fe ban u l m = (0,1 + 0,1) . 56 = 11,2 (g) v khi lng S ban u p
= 0,8 + 0,1 . 32 = 4 (g).
2. Theo cc phn ng t (1) n (7) ta c:
2 3
Fe O
1
n
2
n
Fe ban u
=
0,2
2
= 0,1.
Khi lng Fe
2
O
3
= 0,1 . 160 = 16 (g).
3. Theo bi ra c cc phn ng: S + O
2

0
t
SO
2
(8) 2 Fe +
3
2
O
2

0
t
Fe
2
O
3

(9)
2 FeS +
7
2
O
2

0
t
Fe
2
O
3
+ 2 SO
2
(10)
Tng s mol O
2
tham gia phn ng (8), (9), (10) l:
2
O S Fe
3 4 3 1,1
n n .n .0,2
4 32 4 4
+ +
S mol SO
2
to ra: n
S
+ n
FeS
= 0,025 + 0,1 = 0,125 (mol)
Gi s mol oxi cn li l n
2
O
, c t l s mol trc v sau phn ng:
2
2
O
O
1,1
n'
100
4
n' 95
+
n
2
O
= 2,725.
Vy s mol O
2
ban u = 2,725 + 0,275 = 3 (mol).
48. t x, y ln lt l s mol ca FeS v FeS
2
trong A. t a l s mol ca kh trong bnh
trc khi nung.
Khi nung, cc phn ng: 2FeS +
2
7
O
2

0
t
Fe
2
O
3
+ 2SO
2
4FeS
2
+ 11 O
2

0
t
2Fe
2
O
3
+ 8SO
2
Trc khi nung, s mol kh l: N

2
= 0,8a v O
2
= 0,2a
Sau khi nung, s mol kh l: N
2
= 0,8a v SO
2
= (x + 2y)
Vy s mol O
2
d l: 0,2a 1,75x 2,75y tng s mol kh = a 0,75.(x+y).
C: %
2
N
0,8a 84,77
V
a 0,75.(x y) 100

+
a = 13,33. (x+y)
%
2
SO
x 2y 10,6
V
a 0,75.(x y) 100
+

+
a = 10,184x + 19,618y
T hai gi tr trn ca a suy ra:
x 2
y 1
1. T l v khi lng:
V t l v s mol
x 2
y 1
, nn t l v khi lng s l:
%FeS =
2.88
.100 59,46%
(2.88 1.120)

+
%FeS
2
= 100% - 59,46% = 40,54%
2. Cht rn B l Fe
2
O
3
cha 0,5.(x + y) mol.
Cc phn ng xy ra: Fe
2
O
3
+ 3 H
2
SO
4
Fe
2
(SO
4
)
3
+ 3 H
2
O
Fe
2
(SO
4
)
3
+ 3 Ba(OH)
2
2 Fe(OH)
3
+ 3 BaSO
4
Khi nung kt ta:

BaSO
4

0
t
khng thay i
2 Fe(OH)
3

0
t
Fe
2
O
3
+ 3 H
2
O
T cc phn ng trn c phng trnh: 233 . 1,5 .(x + y) + 160 .0,5 .(x + y) = 12,885
Hay: x + y = 0,03
Mt khc c:
x 2
y 1
, nn x = 0,02 v y = 0,01
Vy m = 88 . 0,02 + 120 . 0,01 = 2,96 (g).
3. S mol kh trc phn ng (a mol):
0
V .1 1,232.1
273 27,3 273
+
V
0
= 1,12 (lt) a =
1,12
22,4
= 0,05 (mol)
Th tch hn hp C tnh theo iu kin tiu chun = 22,4 .[0,05 0,75 .(x + y)] = 0,616
(V x + y = 0,03)
p sut gy ra bi hn hp C:
1,232.p 0,616.1
273 27,3 273
+
p = 0,55 (atm).
V t l th tch ca cc kh trong hn hp cng chnh bng t l v p sut ca chng,
nn:
p
N2
= 84,77% . 0,55 = 0,466 (atm)
p
SO2
= 10,6% . 0,55 = 0,058 (atm)
p
O2
= 4,63% . 0,55 = 0,025 (atm)
49. Khi ho tan oleum vo nc, c phn ng: H
2
SO
4
.nSO
3
+ n H
2
O (n + 1) H
2
SO
4
s mol H
2
SO
4
to thnh l: x =
6,76.(n 1)
98 80n
+
+
(1)
T phn ng trung ho: H
2
SO
4
+ 2 NaOH Na
2
SO
4
+ 2H
2
O
suy ra s mol axit H
2
SO
4
c trong 10 ml dung dch l:
0,5.0,016
0,004
2
(mol), vy s mol
H
2
SO
4
c to ra t oleum l: x =
0,004.200
0,08
10
(mol) (2)
T (1) v (2) suy ra n = 3 cng thc ca oleum: H
2
SO
4
.3SO
3
2. Hm lng SO
3
t do trong oleum l:
%SO
3
=
240.100
71%
338

3. t y l s gam H
2
SO
4
.3H
2
O cn ho tan: Trong 131 g H
2
SO
4
40% c 52,4 g H
2
SO
4
v
78,6 g H
2
O.
Vy khi ho tan: SO
3
+ H
2
O H
2
SO
4
y
1
78,6 y
2
y
1
=
78,6.80
349,3
18
(g) SO
3
y
2
=
78,6.98
427,9
18
(g) H
2
SO
4
V trong oleum c 10% l SO
3
, nn:
3
2 4
Khi l ng SO 10
Khi l ng H SO 90
khi lng SO
3
d =
240y
349,3 (0,71y 349,3)
338
(g)
V khi lng H
2
SO
4
= 427,9 + 52,4 +
98y
(480,3 0,29y)
338
+ (g)
Da vo t l v khi lng gia SO
3
v H
2
SO
4
trn suy ra y = 594,1 (gam).
50.
Cc phn ng: 2KClO
3

0
t
2KCl + 3 O
2
(1) Ca(ClO
3
)
2

0
t
CaCl
2
+ 3O
2
(2)
Ca(ClO)
2

0
t
CaCl
2
+ O
2
(3) (CaCl
2
v KCl khng b nhit phn
iu kin ny)
2SO
2
+ O
2
2SO
3
(4) SO
3
+ H
2
O H
2
SO
4
(5) CaCl
2
+ K
2
CO
3
CaCO
3
+ 2KCl
(6)
Vy s mol cc cht l:
3 2 4
SO H SO
191,1.80
n n 1,56
100.98
(mol)
2
O
1
n .1,56 0,78
2
(mol)
2 2 3 3
CaCl K CO CaCO
n n n 0,36.0,5 0,18
(mol)
a. Khi lng kt ta C l: 0,18 . 100 = 18 (g)
b. t x v y ln lt l s mol ca KClO
3
v KCl c trong A, theo nh lut bo ton khi l-
ng, c:
Tng s mol KCl trong B = x + y =
83,68 0,78.32 0,18.111
0,52
74,5

.
Mt khc: x + y + 0,18 . 2 =
22
.y
3
Gii h phng trnh c x = 0,4.
Vy %KClO
3
=
0,4.122,5.100
58,55%
83,68

C. Bi tp t gii :
51. Nung m
A
gam hn hp KClO
3
v KMnO
4
thu c cht B v kh O
2
(lc KClO
3
b phn
hy hon ton cn KMnO
4
b phn hu khng hon ton). Trong B c 0,894g KCl chim
8,312% v khi lng. Trn lng oxi thu c trn vi khng kh (ch cha O
2
v N
2
) theo t
l th tch 1: 3 trong mt bnh kn thu c hn hp kh C. Cho vo bnh 0,528g cacbon
ri t chy ht cacbon thu c hn hp kh D gm 3 kh, trong CO
2
chim 22,92% v
th tch. a. Tnh m
A
?
b. Tnh % khi lng mi cht trong hn hp A ?
Cho bit: - Khng kh cha 80% nit v 20% oxi v th tch.
p s: a. Trng hp 1: Nu d oxi: Ba kh l O
2
, N
2
v CO
2
m
A
= 12,53 gam.
Trng hp 2: Nu thiu oxi: Ba kh l N
2
, CO
2
v CO m
A
= 11,647 gam.
b. %m (KClO
3
) = 12,6%; %m (KMnO
4
) = 87,4%
52. Hy xc nh nng % ca dung dch H
2
SO
4
. Bit rng khi ly mt lng dung dch
cho tc dng vi natri d th lng kh hiro thot ra bng 5% khi lng dung dch
H
2
SO
4
.p s: C% (H
2
SO
4
) 67,38%
53. Ha tan hon ton hn hp A gm Mg, Cu vo mt lng va dung dch H
2
SO
4
70%
(c, nng), thu c 1,12 lt kh SO
2
(o iu kin tiu chun) v dung dch B. Cho
dung dch B tc dng vi NaOH d, c kt ta C; nung C n khi lng khng i, c hn
hp cht rn E. Cho E tc dng vi lng d H
2
(nung nng) thu c 2,72g hn hp cht rn F.
a. Tnh s gam Mg, Cu c trong hn hp A.
b. Cho thm 6,8g nc vo dung dch B c dung dch B'. Tnh nng % cc cht
trong B' (xem nh lng nc bay hi khng ng k). Cho: Cu = 64, Mg = 24, H = 1, O = 16,
p s: a. m
Mg
= 0,48 gam; m
Cu
= 1,92 gam.
b. Dung dch B c: 6 + 6,8 = 12,8 (gam) H
2
O, m(MgSO
4
) = 0,02 x 120 = 2,4
(gam), m(CuSO
4
) = 0,03 x 160 = 4,8 (gam) C% (MgSO
4
) = 12% v C%
(CuSO
4
) = 24%.
54. Na
2
SO
4
c dng trong sn xut giy, thu tinh, cht ty ra. Trong cng nghip n c
sn xut bng cch un H
2
SO
4
vi NaCl. Ngi ta dng mt lng H
2
SO
4
khng d nng 75%
un vi NaCl. Sau phn ng thu c hn hp rn cha 91,48% Na
2
SO
4
; 4,79% NaHSO
4
;
1,98% NaCl ; 1,35% H
2
O v 0,40% HCl.
1. Vit phn ng ha hc xy ra.
2. Tnh t l % NaCl chuyn ha thnh Na
2
SO
4
.
3. Tnh khi lng hn hp rn thu c nu dng mt tn NaCl.
4. Khi lng kh v hi thot ra khi sn xut c 1 tn hn hp rn.
p s: 2. %m ca NaCl chuyn ho thnh Na
2
SO
4
= 94,58%.
3. m hn hp rn = 1,343 tn.
4. m
HCl
= 0,2457 tn; m
H2O
= 0,2098 tn.
55. Chia 59,2 gam hn hp gm kim loi M, oxit v mui sunfat ca cng kim loi M (c ha
tr 2 khng i) thnh hai phn bng nhau :
- Phn 1 ha tan ht trong dung dch H
2
SO
4
long thu c dung dch A v kh B. Lng
kh B ny tc dng va vi 32 gam CuO. Cho tip dung dch KOH (d) vo dung dch A,
khi phn ng kt thc lc ly kt ta, nung n khi lng khng i c 28 gam cht rn.
- Phn 2 cho tc dng vi 500ml dung dch CuSO
4
1,2M, sau khi phn ng kt thc lc
b cht rn, em phn dung dch c cn, lm kh thu c 92 gam cht rn.
a. Vit cc phng trnh phn ng xy ra, xc nh M ?
b. Tnh thnh phn phn trm theo khi lng ca cc cht trong hn hp ban u ?
Bit cc phn ng xy ra hon ton.
p s: a. M
M
= 24 M l Mg.
b. %mMg = 32,43% ; %mMgO = 27,03% ; %mMgSO
4
= 40,54%
56. t chy trong oxi 8,4 gam hn hp A gm FeS
2
v Cu
2
S thu c kh X v cht rn B
gm Fe
2
O
3
v Cu
2
O. Lng kh X ny lm mt mu va ht dung dch cha 14,4gam brom.
Cho cht rn B tc dng vi 600ml dung dch H
2
SO
4
0,15M n khi phn ng kt thc thu
c m gam cht rn v dung dch C. Pha long dung dch C bng nc c 3 lt dung
dch D.
Bit rng khi ha tan Cu
2
O vo H
2
SO
4
long thu c CuSO
4
, Cu v H
2
O.
1. Tnh thnh phn % khi lng mi cht trong hn hp A ? 2. Tnh m ? 3. Tnh pH
ca dung dch D ?
p s: 1. %mFeS
2
= 42,86% ; %mCu
2
S = 57,14%
2. Trong B c 0,015mol Fe
2
O
3
v 0,03mol Cu
2
O lng axit H
2
SO
4
d sau khi
phn ng vi B = 0,09 (0,045 + 0,03) = 0,015 (mol). Cht rn C l Cu vi m
= 1,92 gam.
3. Dung dch D c pH = 2.
57. Cho 3,0 gam hn hp A (gm Al v Mg) ha tan hon ton bng H
2
SO
4
long, gii phng
3,36 lt kh H
2
ktc v dung dch B. Cho B vo NaOH d, ly kt ta sch nung ti khi l-
ng khng i c m gam cht rn. Cho 1,5 gam A tc dng vi dung dch CuSO
4
d, cui
cng thu cht rn to thnh cho tc dng vi HNO
3
c gii phng V lt kh mu nu
ktc. 1. Vit cc phng trnh phn ng xy ra.
2. Tnh m v V. Tnh thnh phn % (theo khi lng) mi cht trong A.
p s: 2. m = 2 gam; V = 3,36 lt ; %m
Al
= 60% v %m
Mg
= 40%
58. Cho 1,68 gam hp kim Ag-Cu tc dng vi dung dch H
2
SO
4
c, nng. Kh thu c tc
dng vi nc clo d, phn ng xy ra theo phng trnh; SO
2
+ Cl
2
+ 2 H
2
O
= 2 HCl + H
2
SO
4
Dung dch thu c sau khi phn ng vi clo cho tc dng ht vi dung dch BaCl
2
0,15M thu c 2,796 gam kt ta. a. Tnh th tch dung dch BaCl
2
cn dng. b.
Tnh thnh phn %m ca hp kim.
p s: a. V
dd
(BaCl
2
) = 0,8 lt
b. %m
Ag
= 77% ; %m
Cu
= 23%
59. X l hn hp hai kim loi Mg v Zn. Y l dung dch H
2
SO
4
long cha r nng .
Th nghim 1 : Cho 24,3 gam X vo 2 lt Y, sinh ra 8,96 lt kh H
2
.
Th nghim 2 : Cho 24,3 gam X vo 3 lt Y, sinh ra 11,2 lt kh H
2
.
Bit rng: trong th nghim 1, X cha tan ht ; trong th nghim 2, X tan ht.
Tnh nng mol/l ca dung dch Y v khi lng mi kim loi trong X.(Th tch kh c
o ktc)
p s: C
M
(dd Y) = 0,1M ; m
Mg
= 0,2 x 24 = 4,8(gam) v m
Zn
= 0,3 x 65 = 19,5(gam)
60. T khi ca hn hp X gm CO
2
v SO
2
so vi kh nit bng 2. Cho 0,112 lit ( iu
kin tiu chun) ca X li chm qua 500ml dung dch Ba(OH)
2
. Sau th nghim phi dng
25,00ml HCl 0,200 M trung ho lng Ba(OH)
2
tha. a. Tnh % s mol ca mi kh
trong hn hp X.
b. Tnh nng dung dch Ba(OH)
2
trc th nghim.
c. Hy tm cch nhn bit mi kh c trong hn hp X, vit cc phng trnh phn ng.
p s: a. %nCO2 = 40% ; %nSO2 = 60%
b. C
M
dd Ba(OH)
2
= 0,015M.
c. Sc hn hp kh qua nc Brom d, SO
2
s lm mt mu Brom. Kh cn li sc
qua nc vi trong, CO
2
lm vn c.
61. Ho tan 88,2 gam hn hp A gm Cu, Al, FeCO
3
trong 250 ml dung dch H
2
SO
4
98% (d =
1,84 g/ml) khi un nng c dung dch B v hn hp kh. Cho hn hp kh ny i qua
dung dch brom (d) sau phn ng c dung dch C. Kh thot ra khi bnh nc brom cho
hp th hon ton vo bnh ng dung dch Ba(OH)
2
c 39,4 gam kt ta ; lc tch kt
ta ri thm dung dch NaOH d vo li thu c 19,7 gam kt ta. Cho dung dch BaCl
2
d
vo dung dch C c 349,5 gam kt ta.
1. Tnh khi lng tng cht c trong hn hp A.
2. Tnh th tch dung dch NaOH 2M cn cho vo dung dch B tch ring ion Al
3+
ra khi cc ion kim loi khc.
p s: 1. m
Cu
= 25,6 gam ; m
Al
= 16,2 gam ; m
FeCO3
= 46,4 gam.
2. V
ddNaOH
= 2,05 lt
62. Mt nguyn t phi kim R to vi oxi hai loi oxit R
a
O
x
v R
b
O
y
vi a 1 v b 2. T s
phn t khi ca hai oxit l 1,25 v t s %m ca oxi trong hai oxt l 1,2. Gi s x > y.
a. Xc nh nguyn t R.
b. Ha tan mt lng oxt R
a
O
x
vo H
2
O, c dung dch D. Cho D tc dng va vi
1,76g oxt M
2
O
z
ca kim loi M, thu c 1 lt dung dch E c nng mol/l ca cht tan l
0,011M. Xc nh nguyn t M ?
p s: a. M
R
= 32 A l S b. M
M
= 56 M l Fe
63. Trong bnh kn dung tch khng i cha 35,2x(g) oxi v 160x(g) kh SO
2
, 136,5C
c xc tc V
2
O
5
. un nng bnh mt thi gian, a v nhit ban u, p sut bnh l
P'. Bit p sut bnh ban u l 4,5 atm v hiu sut phn ng l H%.
a. Lp biu thc tnh p sut sau phn ng P' v t khi hi d ca hn hp kh sau
phn ng so vi khng kh theo H (coi
M
kk
= 28,8).
b. Tm khong xc nh P', d ?
c. Tnh dung tch bnh trong trng hp x = 0,25 ?
p s: a. Bnh kn, nhit khng i, nn
0 0
P' n' 3,6x 1,1x.H%
P n 3,6x

Khi P
0
= 4,5
atm, th P = 4,5 1,375. H% (atm). T khi d
hh sau P/kk
=
195,2
(3,6 1,1.H%).28,8
.
b. Khong xc nh: 3,125 P 4,5 ; 1,88 d 2,71.
c. T d kin ca P
0

V
26,88
x
khi x = 0,25 th V = 6,72 lt.
64. Cho hn hp A gm Al, Zn v S di dng bt mn. Sau khi nung 33,02 gam hn hp A
(khng c khng kh) mt thi gian nhn c hn hp B. Nu thm 8,296 gam bt Zn vo B
th hm lng n cht Zn trong hn hp ny bng
2
1
hm lng Zn trong A.
- Ly
2
1
lng hn hp B ha tan trong dung dch H
2
SO
4
long d, sau khi phn ng kt
thc, thu c 0,48 gam cht rn nguyn cht.
- Ly
2
1
lng hn hp B, thm mt th tch khng kh thch hp. Sau khi t chy
hon ton c hn hp kh C. Trong hn hp kh C, nit chim 85,5% th tch v cht rn
D. Cho hn hp kh C qua dung dch NaOH m c, dng d th th tch gim i 5,04
lt ( iu kin tiu chun).
1. Vit cc phng trnh phn ng.
2. Tnh th tch khng kh dng.
3. Tnh thnh phn % theo khi lng cc cht trong hn hp B.
65. A l dung dch H
2
SO
4
, B l dung dch NaOH. Trn 0,3 lt B vi 0,2 lt A ta c 0,5 lt
dung dch C. Ly 20 ml dung dch C, thm mt t qu tm vo thy c mu xanh. Sau
thm t t dung dch HCl 0,05M ti khi qu tm i thnh mu tm thy ht 40ml
axit.
Trn 0,2 lt B vi 0,3 lt A ta c 0,5 lt D. Ly 20 ml dung dch D, thm 1 t qu tm
vo thy c mu . Sau thm t t dung dch NaOH 0,1M ti khi qu tm i thnh
mu tm thy ht 80ml xt.
1. Tnh nng mol ca cc dung dch A v B.
2. Trn V
B
lt NaOH vo V
A
lt H
2
SO
4
trn ta thu c dung dch E. Ly V mol dung
dch cho tc dng vi 100ml dung dch BaCl
2
0,15M c kt ta F. Mt khc, ly V ml dung
dch E cho tc dng vi 100ml dung dch AlCl
3
1M c kt ta G. Nung E hoc G nhit
cao n khi lng khng i th u thu c 3,262 gam cht rn. Tnh t l V
B
: V
A
.
-3 0 +1 +2 +4
+5
NH
4
NO
3
N
2
N
2
O NO NO
2

HNO
3

Chng III: Nit - Photpho
A. Tm Tt l thuyt:
Nit v photpho thuc nhm VA ca bng tun hon. Cu hnh electron lp
ngoi cng ca chng l ns
2
np
3
. Mc d nit c tnh cht phi kim mnh hn
photpho, tuy nhin, n cht photpho hot ng ha hc vi oxi mnh hn nit.
Tnh cht km hot ng ha hc ca nit c l gii bi lin kt ba bn vng
gia hai nguyn t nit: N N . Nit chim khong 78% th tch khng kh,
khng c, nhng khng duy tr s sng. Nguyn t N c vai tr rt quan trng
trong cuc sng, l thnh phn ha hc khng th thiu c ca cc cht protit.
I- Nit:1- Tc dng vi hidro:
N
2
+ 3H
2
2NH
3
2- Tc dng vi oxi:
N
2
+ O
2
2NO
3- iu ch: - Trong phng th nghim: NH
4
NO
2

0
t
N
2
+ 2H
2
O
- Trong cng nghip: Chng ct phn on khng kh lng thu c N
2
v O
2
.
II- Amoniac: a- Kh amoniac
1- Tnh baz: NH
3
+ HCl NH
4
Cl 2 NH
3
+ H
2
SO
4
(NH
4
)
2
SO
4
2- Tnh kh: - Tc dng vi oxi: 4NH
3
+ 3O
2

0
t
2N
2
+ 6H
2
O 4NH
3
+ 5O
2

0
850 C
Pt

4NO + 6H
2
O
- Tc dng vi clo: 2NH
3
+ 3Cl
2
N
2
+ 6HCl
- Kh mt s oxit kim loi: 3CuO + 2NH
3
3Cu + N
2
+ 3H
2
O
b- Dung dch amoniac
1- Tc dng ca NH
3
vi H
2
O: NH
3
+ H
2
O NH
4
+
+ OH
-
2- Tnh cht ca dung dch NH
3
: - Tnh baz: tc dng vi axit to ra mui amoni NH
3
+
H
+
NH
4
+
- Lm i mu ch th: qu tm
xanh ; phenolphtalein
hng.
- Tc dng vi dung dch mui
hiroxit kt ta, th d: AlCl

3
+ 3NH
3
+ 3H
2
O Al(OH)
3
+ 3NH
4
Cl
Hay: Al
3+
+ 3NH
3
+ 3H
2
O Al(OH)
3
+ 3NH
4
+
Phn ng cng xy ra tng t vi cc dung dch mui FeCl
3
; FeSO
4
- Kh nng to phc (Th hin tnh baz theo Liuyt): Amoniac c kh nng to phc vi
nhiu cation kim loi, c bit cation ca cc nguyn t nhm ph. Chng hn:
Cu(OH)
2
+ 4 NH
3
(dd) [Cu(NH
3
)
4
]
2+
(dd) + 2OH
-
(dd)
Hoc: AgCl + 2 NH
3
(dd) [Ag(NH
3
)
2
]
+
(dd) + Cl
-
(dd)
c- iu ch amoniac: * Trong phng th nghim: NH
4
+
+ OH
-

Kim(rn)
NH
3
+H
2
O
Hay 2NH
4
Cl (r) + CaO
0
t
2NH
3
+ CaCl
2
* Trong cng nghip: - Nguyn liu: N
2
c iu ch bng phng php chng ct phn
on khng kh lng.
H
2
c iu ch bng cch nhit phn metan khng c khng kh: CH
4

0
t
C + 2H
2

- Phn ng tng hp: N
2
+ 3H
2

0
450 500( C)
300 1000(atm),Fe
2NH
3
(Xc tc Fe c hot ho bi hn hp oxit Al
2
O
3
v K
2
O)
III- Mui amoni: 1- Phn ng trao i ion:
xt, t
o
-3 0 +1 +2 +4
+5
NH
4
NO
3
N
2
N
2
O NO NO
2

HNO
3

3000
o
C
NH
4
Cl + NaOH NaCl + NH
3
+ H
2
O (phn ng nhn bit mui amoni)
Hay: NH
4
+
+ OH
-
NH
3
+ H
2
O
2- Phn ng phn hu (th hin tnh km bn nhit):
Phn ng tng qut: (NH
4
)
n
X NH
3
+ H
n
X (trong X l gc axit c ho tr n)
Th d: NH
4
Cl
0
t
NH
3
+ HCl NH
4
HCO
3

0
t
NH
3
+ CO
2
+ H
2
O
Nhng vi mui to bi axit c tnh oxi ho th: Do NH
3
th hin tnh kh mnh, nn sn
phm ca phn ng s khng dng li giai on trn.
Th d: NH
4
NO
2

0
t
N
2
+ 2 H
2
O Hoc: NH
4
NO
3

0
t
N
2
O + 2 H
2
O
IV- Axit nitric: 1- Tnh axit mnh - Tc dng vi hidroxit (tan v khng tan)
Mui + H
2
O
HNO
3
+ NaOH NaNO
3
+ H
2
O 2HNO
3
+ Mg(OH)
2
Mg(NO
3
)
2
+ 2H
2
O
- Tc dng vi oxit baz
Mui + H
2
O Fe
2
O
3
+ 6 HNO
3
2 Fe(NO
3
)
3
+ 3 H
2
O
CuO + 2 HNO
3
Cu(NO
3
)
2
+ H
2
O
2- Tnh oxi ho mnh:
- Tc dng vi hu ht kim loi, k c mt s kim loi ng sau H nh Cu, Ag:
Fe + 6HNO
3 c
0
t
Fe(NO
3
)
3
+ 3NO
2
+ 3H
2
O Fe + 4HNO
3 long
Fe(NO
3
)
3
+ NO
+
2H
2
O
Cu + 4HNO
3
Cu(NO
3
)
2
+ 2NO
2
+ 2H
2
O Ag + 2HNO
3
AgNO
3
+ NO
2
+
H
2
O
Lu : + Sn phm ca phn ng th thuc vo:
Bn cht kim loi; Nng axit: axit c, ch yu
NO
2
; axit long, ch yu
NO;
Nhit phn ng.
+ Mt kim loi tc dng vi dung dch HNO
3
to ra nhiu sn phm kh, mi sn phm
vit 1 phng trnh phn ng, th d: 10Al + 36HNO
3
10Al(NO
3
)
3
+ 3N
2
+
18H
2
O
8Al + 30HNO
3
8Al(NO
3
)
3
+ 3N
2
O
+ 15H
2
O
+ Cc kim loi mnh c th kh HNO
3
thnh NH
3
v sau NH
3
+ HNO
3
NH
4
NO
3
, c
ngha l trong dung dch tn ti NH
4
+
v NO
3
-
. Chng hn nh: 4Mg + 10HNO
3
4Mg(NO
3
)
2
+ NH
4
NO
3
+ 3H
2
O
+ Cc kim loi Al, Fe b th ng trong dung dch HNO
3
c ngui!
+ Dung dch cha mui nitrat (KNO
3
) trong mi trng axit cng c tnh cht tng t
nh dung dch HNO
3
, v trong dung dch tn ti H
+
v NO
3
-
. Cch gii:
Vit cc phng trnh in li ca mui nitrat v axit. Vit phng trnh dng ion: M + H
+
+ NO
3
-

sn phm
Th d: Cho Cu vo dung dch cha KNO
3
v H
2
SO
4
long:
Phng trnh in li: KNO
3
K
+
+ NO
3
-
v H
2
SO
4
2H
+
+ SO
4
2-
Phng trnh phn ng: 3Cu + 2NO
3
-
+ 8H
+
3Cu
2+
+ 2NO + 4H
2
O
- Tc dng vi phi kim: C + 4HNO
3
CO
2
+ 4NO
2
+ 2H
2
O S + 6HNO
3

H
2
SO
4
+ 6NO
2
+ 2H
2
O
- Tc dng vi hp cht c tnh kh ( trng thi oxi ho thp): 3FeO + 10HNO
3

3Fe(NO
3
)
3
+ NO + 5H
2
O
Fe
3
O
4
+ 10HNO
3
3Fe(NO
3
)
3
+ NO
2
+ 5H
2
O FeCO
3
+ 4HNO
3
Fe(NO
3
)
3
+ NO
2
+
CO
2
+ 2H
2
O
-3 0 +1 +2 +4
+5
NH
4
NO
3
N
2
N
2
O NO NO
2

HNO
3

3Fe
2+
+ NO
3
-
+ 4H
+

3Fe
3+
+ NO + 2H
2
O FeS
2
+ 18HNO
3
Fe(NO
3
)
3
+
2H
2
SO
4
+ 15NO
2
+ 7H
2
O
3- iu ch - Trong PTN: NaNO
3

tinh th
+ H
2
SO
4 c
NaHSO
4
+ HNO
3
- Trong cng nghip: S iu ch: Khng kh
N
2

NH
3

NO
NO
2

HNO
3
.
4NH
3
+ 5O
2

0
850 C
Pt
4 NO + 6H
2
O 2NO + O
2
2NO
2
4NO
2
+ O
2
+ 2H
2
O
4HNO
3
V- Mui nitrat 1- Tnh tan: Tt c cc mui nitrat u tan trong nc.
2- Phn ng nhit phn (th hin tnh km bn nhit):
- Mui nitrat ca kim loi hot ng mnh (thng l cc kim loi t Mg tr v trc trong dy
hot ng ho hc) b phn hu bi nhit tao ra mui nitrit v oxi: Th d:2KNO
3

0
t

2KNO
2
+ O
2
- Mui nitrat ca cc kim loi hot ng trung bnh (sau Mg n Cu) b phn hu bi
nhit to ra oxit, nit ioxit v oxi: Th d: 2Pb(NO
3
)
2

0
t
2PbO + 4NO
2
+ O
2
2Cu(NO
3
)
2

0
t
2CuO + 4NO
2
+ O
2
- Mui nitrat ca cc kim loi km hot ng (sau Cu) b phn hu bi nhit to ra kim loi,
nit ioxit v oxi.
Th d: 2AgNO
3

0
t
2Ag + 2NO
2
+ O
2
B. Bi tp c li gii:
bi
66. Cho 1,5 lt NH
3
(o ktc) i qua ng ng 16g CuO nung nng, thu c mt cht
rn X.
1. Vit phng trnh phn ng gia NH
3
v CuO, bit rng trong phn ng oxi ho ca
nit tng ln bng 0.
2. Tnh khi lng CuO b kh. 3. Tnh th tch dung dch HCl 2M tc
dng vi X.
67. Dn 1,344 lt NH
3
vo bnh c cha 0,672 lt Cl
2
(th tch cc kh c o ktc)
1. Tnh thnh phn % theo th tch ca hn hp kh sau phn ng.
2. Tnh khi lng ca mui NH
4
Cl c to ra.
68. Hn hp A gm ba kh NH
3
, N
2
v H
2
. Dn A vo bnh c nhit cao. Sau phn ng
phn hu NH
3
(coi nh hon ton) thu c hn hp B c th tch tng 25% so vi A. Dn B
i qua ng ng CuO nung nng sau loi nc th ch cn li mt cht kh c th tch
gim 75% so vi B.
Tnh thnh phn % theo th tch ca cc kh trong hn hp A.
69. Bit rng c 9,03.10
22
phn t H
2
tham gia phn ng vi 3,01.10
22
phn t N
2
(s
Avogaro bng 6,02.10
23
). Lng amoniac to thnh c ho tan vo mt lng nc va 0,4
lt dung dch (khi lng ring c coi bng d = 1g/ml) 1. Tnh s mol, s gam v s
phn t NH
3
to thnh.
2. Tnh nng % v nng mol/l ca dung dch amoniac.
70. Cho dung dch NH
3
n d vo 20ml dung dch Al
2
(SO
4
)
3
. Lc ly cht kt ta v cho
vo 10 ml dung dch NaOH 2M th kt ta va tan ht.
1. Vit phng trnh phn t v phng trnh ion rt gn ca cc phn ng xy ra.
2. Tnh nng mol/l ca dung dch Al
2
(SO
4
)
3
.
71. Cho dung dch Ba(OH)
2
n d vo 50 ml dung dch A c cha cc ion NH
4
+
, SO
4
2-
v
NO
3
-
. C 11,65g mt cht kt ta c to ra v un nng th c 4,48 lt (o ktc) mt
cht kh bay ra.
1. Vit phng trnh phn t v phng trnh ion ca cc phn ng xy ra.
2. Tnh nng mol/l ca mi mui trong dung dch A.
72. un nng hn hp gm 200g NH
4
Cl v 200g CaO. T lng kh NH
3
to ra, iu ch c
224 ml dung dch NH
3
30% (khi lng ring d = 0,892 g/ml). Tnh hiu sut ca phn ng.
73. Trong bnh phn ng c 100 mol N
2
v H
2
theo t l 1 : 3. p sut ca hn hp kh lc
u l 300 atm v ca hn hp kh sau phn ng l 285 atm. Nhit trong bnh c
gi khng i.
1. Tnh s mol cc kh trong hn hp sau phn ng. 2. Tnh hiu sut ca phn
ng tng hp.
74. Trong bnh phn ng c 40 mol N
2
v 160 mol H
2
. p sut ca hn hp kh lc u l
400 atm, nhit trong bnh c gi khng i. Bit rng khi phn ng t ti trng
thi cn bng th t l N
2
phn ng l 25% (hiu sut ca phn ng tng hp).
1. Tnh s mol cc kh trong hn hp sau phn ng.
2. Tnh p sut ca hn hp kh sau phn ng.
75. Mt hn hp N
2
v H
2
c ly vo bnh phn ng c nhit c gi khng i. Sau
thi gian phn ng, p sut ca cc kh trong bnh gim 5% so vi p sut lc u. Bit
rng t l s mol N
2
phn ng l 10%.
Tnh thnh phn % s mol N
2
v H
2
trong hn hp u.
76. Cho bit A l mt hp cht v c :
1. Hon thnh s bin ha sau, vit cc phng trnh phn ng :
2. Cho CO
2
tc dng vi dung dch A thu c hn hp gm 2 mui X v Y. un nng hn hp
X, Y phn hu ht mui, thu c hn hp kh v hi H
2
O, trong CO
2
chim 30%
th tch. Tnh t l s mol ca X v Y trong hn hp.
77. Khi nung hn hp mui nitrat ca ch v bc, thu c 12,32 lt (iu kin tiu chun)
hn hp hai kh. Hn hp kh khi c lm lnh bng hn hp nc v mui n cn li 3,36
lt (iu kin tiu chun).
Xc nh thnh phn phn trm v khi lng ca hn hp mui.
78. Dung dch A cha hai axit HCl v HNO
3
c nng tng ng l a mol/l v b mol/l.
1. trung ho 20 ml dung dch A cn dng 300 ml dung dch NaOH 0,1M. Mt khc ly
20 ml dung dch A cho tc dng vi AgNO
3
d thy to thnh 2,87 gam kt ta. Tnh cc gi
tr ca a v b.
2. Thm t t Mg kim loi vo 100 ml dung dch A cho ti khi kh ngng thot ra, thu c
dung dch B (th tch vn 100 ml) ch cha cc mui ca Mg v 0,963 lt hn hp D gm
ba kh khng mu cn nng 0,772 gam. Trn kh D vi 1 lt O
2
, sau khi phn ng hon
ton, cho kh cn li i t t qua dung dch NaOH d th th tch hn hp kh cn li 1,291
lt.
a. Hi hn hp kh D gm cc kh g ? Bit rng trong kh D c hai kh chim % th tch
nh nhau, cc th tch kh o ktc.
b. Vit phng trnh phn ng ha tan Mg di dng ion.
c. Tnh nng cc ion trong dung dch B v tnh khi lng Mg b tan.
79. t chy a gam photpho ta c cht A, cho a tc dng vi dung dch cha b gam NaOH.
Hi thu c nhng cht g ? Bao nhiu mol ?
80. Ho tan 20g hn hp gm bari sunfat, canxi photphat, natri photphat v canxi cacbonat
vo nc. Phn khng tan c khi lng bng 18g c lc ring v cho vo dung dch HCl ly
d th tan c 15g v c 2,24 lt (o ktc) mt cht kh bay ra. Tnh khi lng ca mi
mui trong hn hp.
81. t chy hon ton 6,8 g mt hp cht ca photpho thu c 14,2g P
2
O
5
v 5,4g nc. Cho
cc sn phm vo 50g dung dch NaOH 32%
1. Xc nh cng thc ho hc ca hp cht. 2. Tnh nng % ca dung dch mui thu
c.
82. Cn ly bao nhiu tn qung photphorit loi c cha 65% Ca
3
(PO
4
)
2
iu ch c
150 kg photpho, bit rng lng photpho hao ht trong qu trnh sn xut l 3%.
83. Ho tan 22 gam hn hp A (Fe, FeCO
3
, Fe
3
O
4
) vo 0,896 lt dung dch HNO
3
1 M thu c
dung dch B v hn hp kh C (gm CO
2
v NO). Lng HNO
3
d trong B phn ng va vi
5,516 gam BaCO
3
. C mt bnh kn dung tch 8,96 lt cha khng kh (ch gm N
2
v O
2
theo t l th tch l 4:1) c p sut 0,375 atm, nhit 0
0
C. Np hn hp kh C vo
bnh gi nhit 0
0
C th trong bnh khng cn O
2
v p sut trong bnh cui cng l
0,6 atm.
1. Tnh % khi lng cc cht trong hn hp A. 2.Tnh %V hn hp kh C
84. Ho tan hon ton 0,368 gam hn hp Al v Zn cn va 25 lt dung dch HNO
3
c
pH=3. Sau phn ng thu c dung dch A cha 3 mui (khng c kh thot ra).
1. Vit phng trnh phn ng xy ra. 2. Tnh khi lng ca mi kim loi trong
hn hp.
3. Thm vo dung dch A mt lng d dung dch NH
3
. Tnh khi lng kt ta thu c.
85. Cho x mol Fe tc dng vi dung dch cha y mol HNO
3
thu c kh NO duy nht v
dung dch B. Dung dch B tn ti nhng ion no? Bao nhiu mol? Bin lun quan h gia x
v y trong dd B tn ti cc ion .
Hng dn gii
66. 1. 3 CuO + 2 NH
3
N
2
+ 3 Cu

(l) 1,5 x(g)
(l) 2.22,4 (g) 3.80
2. Khi lng CuO b kh:
) g ( 8
4 , 22 . 2
80 . 3 . 5 , 1
x
Khi lng CuO cn tha:
) g ( 8 8 16 m
CuO

3. X gm c CuO v Cu. Ch CuO c tc dng vi dung dch HCl. Phng trnh phn ng:
CuO + 2 HCl CuCl
2
+ H
2
O
Th tch dung dch HCl cn ly: V
dd HCl
= 0,2 : 2 = 0,1 (lt)
67.
) mol ( 03 , 0 4 , 22 : 672 , 0 n
) mol ( 06 , 0 4 , 22 : 344 , 1 n
2
3
Cl
NH

Phng trnh phn ng: 2 NH
3
+ 3 Cl
2
6 HCl + N
2
) mol ( 04 , 0 02 , 0 06 , 0 n d: cn NH
3
NH 3

Do : NH
3
+ HCl NH
4
Cl
) mol ( 02 , 0 04 , 0 06 , 0 n : li cn HCl Kh
HCl

1. Hn hp kh sau phn ng gm 0,01 mol N
2
v 0,02 mol HCl. Thnh phn % theo th
tch ca hai kh bng thnh phn % theo s mol v bng.
(%) 7 , 66 100 .
03 , 0
02 , 0
HCl %
(%) 3 , 33 100 .
03 , 0
01 , 0
N %
2

2. Khi lng ca NH
4
Cl bng:
) g ( 14 , 2 5 , 53 . 04 , 0 m
Cl NH
4

68. Gi x, y v z l thnh phn % theo th tch ca ba kh NH
3
, H
2
v N
2
trong hn hp A.
Ta c:
x + y + z = 1 (1)
Phng trnh phn ng phn hu NH
3
: 2 NH
3
N
2
+ 3 H
2
x
x
2

3x
2

Sau phn ng hn hp B gm (y + 1,5x) hiro v (z + 0,5x) nit. B c th tch tng 25% so
vi A tc l bng 125/ 100, do :
( ) ( ) (2) 25 , 1
100
125
z y x 2 x 5 , 0 z x 5 , 1 y + + + + +
T (1) v (2), rt ra : x = 0,25
Khi hn hp B i qua ng ng CuO nung nng th H
2
b oxi ho : CuO + H
2
Cu +
H
2
O
Loi nc th cht kh cn li l N
2
. Th tch gim 75% so vi B tc l cn bng 25% ca B,
do :
3125 , 0
16
5
100
125
.
100
25
x 5 , 0 z +
Rt ra: z = 0,3125 - (0,5 . 0,25) = 0,1875
Thay cc gi tr ca x v z vo (1), ta c: 0,25 + y + 0,1875 = 1, rt ra y = 0,5625
Thnh phn % theo th tch ca cc kh trong hn hp A:
% 75 , 18 N %
% 25 , 56 H %
% 25 NH %
2
2
3
69.1.
) mol ( 15 , 0 ) 10 . 02 , 6 ( : ) 10 . 03 , 9 ( n
23 22
H
2

) mol ( 05 , 0 ) 10 . 02 , 6 ( : ) 10 . 01 , 3 ( n
23 22
N
2

N
2
+ 3 H
2
2 NH
3

0,05mol 0,15mol 0,1mol
) g ( 7 , 1 17 . 1 , 0 m ), mol ( 1 , 0 n
3 3
NH NH

22 23
3
10 . 02 , 6 10 . 02 , 6 . 1 , 0 NH t n a ph S
2. Nng % ca dung dch NH

3
:
(%) 42 , 0
7 , 1 400
100 . 7 , 1
% C
) ddNH (
3

+
Nng mol/l ca dung dch NH

3
:
) M ( 25 , 0 4 , 0 : 1 , 0 C
) ddNH ( M
3

70. 1. Phng trnh phn ng:
6 NH
3
+ 6 H
2
O + Al
2
(SO
4
)
3
2 Al(OH)
3
+ 3 (NH
4
)
2
SO
4
3 NH
3
+ 3 H
2
O + Al
3+
Al(OH)
3
+ 3 NH
4
+
xmol x mol
Al(OH)
3
+ NaOH NaAlO
2
+ 2 H
2
O
Al(OH)
3
+ OH
-
AlO
2
-
+ 2 H
2
O
xmol x mol
2. Trong 10ml dung dch NaOH 2M c: n
NaOH
= 0,01.2 = 0,02 (mol), do :
) mol ( 02 , 0 n
OH

) mol ( 02 , 0 n x : bng Al mol S

OH
3

+
S mol Al
2
(SO
4
)
3
bng:
) mol ( 01 , 0 02 , 0 . 5 , 0 n
2
1
n
3
3 4 2 Al
) SO ( Al

+
Nng mol/l ca dung dch Al
2
(SO
4
)
3
:
) M ( 5 , 0 02 , 0 : 01 , 0 C
3 4 2
) SO ( Al M

Ch thch: Al(OH)
3
khng tan trong dung dch NH
3
d v y l dung dch baz yu.
71. 1. Ba
2+
+ SO
4
2-
BaSO
4
mol x mol x
NH
4
+
+ OH
-
NH
3
+ H
2
O
mol y mol y
2. S mol SO
4
2-
c trong dung dch:
(mol) 0,05 233 : 11,65 x
S mol NH
4
+
c trong dung dch: y = 4,48 : 22,4 = 0,2 (mol). S mol mui (NH
4
)
2
SO
4
bng s mol : SO
4
2-
= 0,05 mol
Do :
) M ( 1 05 , 0 : 05 , 0 C
4 2 4
SO ) NH ( M

S mol NH
4
+
ca mui nitrat: 0,2 - (0,05 . 2) = 0,1 (mol)
Do :
mol 1 , 0 n
3 4
NO NH

) M ( 2 05 , 0 : 1 , 0 C : v
) NO NH ( M
3 4

72.
Phng trnh phn ng:
2 NH
4
Cl + CaO 2 NH
3
+ CaCl
2
+ H
2
O
Theo phn ng: 2. 53,5g 56g 2. 17g
Theo bi ra: 200g 200g xg
Lng CaO c d v NH
4
Cl c th phn ng ht, nu hiu sut 100% th s thu c:
) g ( 55 , 63
5 , 53 . 2
17 . 2 . 200
x m
3
NH

Khi lng NH
3
thc t thu c:
(%) 59,94 0,3 . 0,892 . 224
Hiu sut ca phn ng:
(%) 3 , 94 100 .
55 , 63
94 , 59
73. 1. Tng s mol cc kh trong hn hp sau phn ng:

) mol ( 95
300
100 . 285
n .
p
p
n
1
1
2
2

2.
2 2
N H
n 100: 4 25(mol);n 100 25 75(mol)
V cc kh ly theo ng t l trong phn ng nn theo phng trnh phn ng:
N
2
+ 3H
2
2NH
3

mol 2x mol 3x mol x
mol ) x 25 ( n : li cn N mol S
2
N 2

mol ) x 3 75 ( n : li cn H mol S
2
H 2

) mol ( x 2 n : thnh to NH mol S
3
NH 3

Tng s mol cc kh: (25 x) + (75 3x) + 2x =
95 (mol)
Gii ra c: x = 2,5 mol Hiu sut ca phn ng tng hp:
(%) 10 100 .
25
5 , 2
74. T l mol lc u:
4 : 1 160 : 40 n : n
2 2
H N

H
2
ly c d, do theo phng trnh phn ng:
N
2
+ 3H
2
2NH
3
mol y mol x mol 40.0,25
mol 2 mol 3 mol 1
1. S mol N
2
cn li l: 40 - (40.0,25) = 30 (mol) S mol H
2
phn ng: x = 3. 40.
0,25 = 30 (mol)
) mol ( 130 30 160 n : li cn H mol S
2
H 2

S mol NH
3
to thnh: y = 2. 40. 0,25 = 20
(mol)
Tng s mol cc kh trong hn hp sau phn ng.
) mol ( 180 20 130 30 n
2
+ +
2. Khi nhit khng i th p sut ca cc kh trong bnh kn t l thun vi s mol
cht kh:
2
1
2
1
n
n
p
p
p sut ca hn hp kh sau phn ng bng: p2 =

2
1
1
n 180.400
.p 360
n 40 160

+
(atm)
75. Gi x l s mol N
2
v y l s mol H
2
c lc u. S mol N
2
phn ng l
0,1x. Theo phng trnh phn ng: 0,1x mol N
2
tc dng vi 0,3x mol H
2
to ra 0,2x
mol NH
3
.
Sau phn ng cn li: (1 0,1x) mol N
2
, (y 0,3x) mol H
2
Tng s mol cc kh trong hn hp sau phn ng:
x 8 , 0 y x 2 , 0 ) x 3 , 0 y ( x 9 , 0 + + +
p sut ca cc kh trong bnh gim 5% so vi p sut lc u, tc l bng 95% lc u,
do ta c:
95 , 0
100
95
y x
x 8 , 0 y
P
P
1
2

+
+
hay l: y + 0,8x = 0,95(x + y), rt ra x : y = 1 : 3 Thnh phn % s mol trong hn hp

u:
(%) 75 100 .
4
3
H % ; (%) 25 100 .
4
1
N %
2 2

76. 1. Hon thnh s : A ch c th l NH
3
, do vy:
NH
3

+ HCl NH
4
Cl (1) NH
4
Cl + NaOH NH
3
+ NaCl + H
2
O
(2)
NH
3

+ HNO
3

NH
4
NO
3
(3) NH
4
NO
3

0
t
N
2
O + 2 H
2
O (4)
2. CO
2
+ NH
3
+ H
2
O NH
4
HCO
3
(5) CO
2
+ 2NH
3

+ H
2
O (NH
4
)
2
CO
3

(6)
NH
4
HCO
3

0
t
CO
2
+ H
2
O + NH
3
(7) (NH
4
)
2
CO
3

0
t
CO
2
+ H
2
O + 2 NH
3
(8)
Gi x v y l s mol NH
4
HCO
3
v (NH
4
)
2
CO
3
, theo (7), (8) ta c:
n
CO2
= x + y = 0,3 n
hh
= 3x + 4y = 1 T rt ra : x = 2y
77. Mui Pb(NO
3
)
2
v mui AgNO
3
b nhit phn theo cc phn ng:
2Pb(NO
3
)
2

0
t
2PbO + 4NO
2
+ O
2
(1)
2mol (2.232g) 4mol (4.22,4l) 1mol (22,4l)
2AgNO
3

0
t
2Ag + 2NO
2
+ O
2
(2)
2mol (2.170g) 2mol (2.22,4l) 1mol (22,4l)
Hn hp kh thu c l NO
2
v O
2
, khi c lm lnh NO
2
ho lng cn li O
2
.
(mol) 55 , 0
4 , 22
32 , 12
kh hp hn mol S

(mol) 15 , 0
4 , 22
36 , 3
li cn O mol S
2

Gi x l s mol Pb(NO
3
)
2
v y l s mol AgNO
3
c trong hn hp mui.
Theo phn ng (1), x mol Pb(NO
3
)
2
phn hu to nn 2x mol NO
2
v 0,5x mol O
2
.
Theo phn ng (2), y mol AgNO
3
phn hu to nn y mol NO
2
v 0,5y mol O
2
. Ta c cc ph-
ng trnh:
2,5x + 1,5y = 0,55 0,5x + 0,5y = 0,15
Gii h phng trnh, tm c x = 0,1 v y = 0,2.
Thnh phn ca hn hp mui nung:
332 0,1 = 33,2g Pb(NO
3
)
2
v 170 0,2 = 34g AgNO
3
Thnh phn phn trm ca hn hp mui:
; % 5 , 49 100
34 2 , 33
2 , 33

+
% 5 , 50 100
34 2 , 33
34

+
78. 1. Cc phn ng: HCl + NaOH NaCl + H
2
O (1) HNO
3
+ NaOH NaNO
3
+
H
2
O (2)
HCl + AgNO
3
AgCl + HNO
3
(3)
02 , 0
5 , 143
87 , 2
02 , 0 . a n n : (3) Theo
3
AgNO HCl

a = 1
Theo (1) v (2) n
HCl
+ n
HNO3
= n
NaOH
= 0,02. (1 + b) = 0,3 . 0,1 b = 0,5
2. a. Khi ha tan Mg vo A c th cho cc kh khng mu l : H
2
, NO, N
2
O, N
2
.
mol 043 , 0
4 , 22
963 , 0
n : c Ta
D

95 , 17
043 , 0
772 , 0
M i V
D

Do mt kh phi l H
2
. Khi trn kh D vi O
2
, th tch kh b ht do c cc phn ng:
2NO + O
2
2NO
2
(4)
v 2NO
2
+ 2NaOH NaNO
2
+ NaNO
3
+ H
2
O (5)
Vy kh th hai l NO.
Th tch kh b ht = 0,963 + 1 1,291 = 0,672 lt
02 , 0
4 , 22
672 , 0
.
3
2
n
3
2
n : (4) theo vy Nh
kh ht NO

Gi M l KLPT ca kh th 3 Xt 3 trng hp:
Th1. H
2
v NO c th tch nh nhau: 2 . 0,02 + 30 . 0,02 + M(0,043 0,04) = 0,772
M = 44 l kh N
2
O
Th2. NO v kh th 3 c th tch nh nhau : 30 . 0,02 + M . 0,02 + 2 . 0,003 = 0,772
M = 8,3 : loi
Th3. H
2
v kh th 3 c th tch nh nhau:
772 , 0
2
02 , 0 043 , 0
. M
2
02 , 0 043 , 0
. 2 0,02 . 30
+
= 12,95: loi
b. Mg + 2H
+
Mg
2+
+ H
2
(6)
3Mg + 8H
+
+ 2NO
3
3Mg
2+
+ 2NO + 4H
2
O (7)
4Mg + 10H
+
+ 2NO
3
-
4Mg
2+
+ N
2
O + 5H
2
O (8)
c. Ion Cl
-
khng tham gia phn ng nn [Cl
-
] = 1 mol/l
Theo (7), (8) [NO
3
-
] cn li =
0,5.0,1 0,02 0,003.2
0,24(mol / l)
0,1

V dung dch trung ha in nn:

[Mg
2+
] =
3
Cl NO
1 0,24
0,62(mol / l)
2 2

1 1 +
+
] ]

Khi lng Mg tan vo dung dch: 0,62 . 0,1.24 = 1,488 (g)
(c th tnh s mol Mg
2+
(x) theo s bo ton electron: 2x = 0,02 . 3 + 0,02 . 2 + 0,003 .
8 x = 0,062)
79. Cc phn ng: 2 P +
2
5
O
2
P
2
O
5
(1)
P
2
O
5
+ 3 H
2
O 2 H
3
PO
4
(2) H
3
PO
4
+ NaOH NaH
2
PO
4
+ H
2
O (3)
NaH
2
PO
4
+ NaOH Na
2
HPO
4
+ H
2
O (4) Na
2
HPO
4
+ NaOH Na
3
PO
4
+ H
2
O (5)

Theo (1, 2)
mol ' b
40
b
n
mol ' a mol
31
a
n n
NaOH
p PO H
4 3

Ta xt cc trng hp:
b' < a' : phn ng (3) cha ht, ta c b' mol NaH
2
PO
4
v cn (a' b') mol H
3
PO
4
b' = a' : va ht phn ng (3) Ta c: a' = b' mol NaH
2
PO
4
a' < b' < 2a' : phn ng (3) kt
thc v c mt phn phn ng (4) Ta c: (2a' b) mol NaH
2
PO
4
v (b'- a') mol Na
2
HPO
4
b'
= 2a' : va ht phn ng (3) v (4) Ta c: a' mol Na
2
HPO
4
2a' < b' < 3a' : phn ng (3,
4) kt thc v mt phn phn ng (5) Ta c:
(3a' b) mol Na
2
HPO
4
v (b'-2a') mol Na
3
PO
4
b' = 3a': va kt thc c 3 phn ng (3, 4, 5)
Ta c : a' mol Na
3
PO
4

b' > 3a' : sau phn ng (5) cn d NaOH Ta c: a' mol Na
3
PO
4
v (b' 3a') mol NaOH.
80. Ch c Na
3
PO
4
tan trong nc, khi lng ca Na
3
PO
4
= 20 18 = 2 (g). Bari sunfat khng
tan trong dung dch HCl, c khi lng bng 18 15 = 3 (g). Cc mui Ca
3
(PO
4
)
2
v CaCO
3
tan
trong dung dch HCl, phng trnh phn ng: Ca
3
(PO
4
)
2
+ 6 HCl 3 CaCl
2
+ 2 H
3
PO
4

(1) CaCO
3
+ 2 HCl CaCl
2
+ CO
2
+ H
2
O (2)
Theo phn ng (2), khi lng CaCO
3
= n
CaCO3
. 100 = n
CO2
. 100 = 10 (g) Khi lng Ca
3
(PO
4
)
2
= 15 10 = 5 (g)
81. 1. Tng khi lng ca P v H: 6,2 + 0,6 = 6,8 (g) bng khi lng ca cht b t
chy, hp cht khng c O.
Cng thc c dng P
x
H
y
, ta c t l:
3 : 1 6 , 0 : 2 , 0
1
6 , 0
:
31
2 , 6
y : x
Ly t l n gin nht ta c cng thc ho hc ca hp cht: PH
3
2. S mol P
2
O
5
thu c:
) mol ( 1 , 0 142 : 2 , 14 n
5 2
O P

S mol NaOH c trong dung dch:
) mol ( 4 , 0
40 . 100
32 . 50
n
NaOH

Cc phn ng c th xy ra gia P
2
O
5
v NaOH: P
2
O
5
+ 2 NaOH + H
2
O 2
NaH
2
PO
4
(1)
P
2
O
5
+ 4 NaOH 2 Na
2
HPO
4
+ H
2
O (2) P
2
O
5
+ 6 NaOH 2 Na
3
PO
4
+ 3 H
2
O
(3)
Theo (2), t 1 mol P
2
O
5
v 4 mol NaOH to ra 2 mol Na
2
HPO
4
.
Vy: t 0,1 mol P
2
O
5
v 0,4 mol NaOH to ra 0,2 mol Na
2
HPO
4
.
Khi lng ca Na
2
HPO
4
:
) g ( 4 , 28 142 . 2 , 0 m
4 2
HPO Na

Khi lng ca dung dch:
) g ( 6 , 69 4 , 5 2 , 14 50 m
dd
+ +
Nng % ca dung dch:
(%) 41
6 . 69
100 . 4 , 28
) HPO Na ( % C
4 2

82. Theo s hp thc:
P 2 ) PO ( Ca
2 4 3

kg 150 kg 750 x
g 31 . 2 g 310
Khi lng Ca
3
(PO
4
)
2
thc t cn c:
) kg ( 773
65
100 . 750
Khi lng qung photphorit:

) tn ( 189 , 1 ) kg ( 1189
65
100 . 773

83.1. Gi s mol Fe, FeCO
3
, Fe
3
O
4
trong hn hp A l x, y, z mol. Ta c cc phng trnh
phn ng:
Fe + 4 HNO
3
Fe(NO
3
)
3
+ NO + 2 H
2
O (1) 3 FeCO
3
+ 10 HNO
3
3 Fe(NO
3
)
3
+ NO + 5
H
2
O + 3 CO
2
(2)
3 Fe
3
O
4
+ 28 HNO
3
9 HNO
3
+ NO + 14 H
2
O (3) BaCO
3
+ 2 HNO
3
Ba(NO
3
)
2
+ H
2
O
(4)
Theo cc phng trnh phn ng (1), (2), (3) ta c: S mol NO: a = x + y/3 + z/3 mol
S mol CO
2
: y mol Theo cc phng trnh phn ng (1), (2), (3), (4) ta c:
S mol HNO
3
: 4x + 10y/3 + 28z/3 + 5,516/197 = 0,896.1 = 0,896 (mol) 12x + 10y
+ 28z = 2,52 (I)
Khi lng hn hp rn ban u: 56x + 116y + 232z = 22 gam (II)
S mol kh c sn trong bnh: n = PV/RT = 0,15 (mol)
Trong N
2
c 0,12 mol, O
2
c 0,03 mol. Khi np NO v CO
2
vo c phn ng: 2 NO +
O
2
2 NO
2
(5)
Theo bi ra ta thy ht O
2
nn NO c th d, v theo phng trnh phn ng (5) th s mol
NO
2
bng hai ln s mol O
2
, mt khc tng s mol NO v NO
2
vn bng s mol NO ban
u. Do :

mol 0,24
RT
PV
0,12
3
z

3
4y
x 0,12 y a n n n n
2 2
N CO NO hh
+ + + + + + +
4x + 4y + z = 0,36 mol (III)
Gii h phng trnh: (I), (II), (III) thu c: x = 0,02 mol; y = 0,06 mol; z = 0,06 mol;

63,273%
31,636%
5,091%

22
% 100 . 06 , 0 . 232
22
% 100 . z 232
m %
22
% 100 . 06 , 0 . 116
22
% 100 . y 116
m %
22
% 100 . 02 , 0 . 56
22
% 100 . x 56
m %
4 3
3
O Fe
FeCO
Fe

2. S mol NO sinh ra: a = x +
y
3
+
z
3
= 0,06 mol
S mol NO
2
sinh ra: b = 2.n
O2
= 0,06 mol Trong hn hp cui cng khng cn NO, ch
cn: NO
2
0,06 mol, N
2
0,12 mol, CO
2
0,06 mol. Tng s mol hn hp: 0,24 mol. % s mol
bng % th tch hn hp:
25%
50%
5%

24 , 0
% 100 . 06 , 0
%
24 , 0
% 100 . 12 , 0
%
2
24 , 0
% 100 . 06 , 0
%
2
2
2
CO
N
NO
V
V
V
84. 1. Al, Zn tc dng dung dch HNO
3
khng c kh thot ra, dung dch cha ba mui
sn phm c NH
4
NO
3
.
Phng trnh phn ng: 8 Al + 30 HNO
3
8 Al(NO
3
)
3
+ 3 NH
4
NO
3
+ 9 H
2
O (1)
4 Zn + 10 HNO
3
4 Zn(NO
3
)
2
+ NH
4
NO
3
+ 3 H
2
O (2)
2. Dung dch HNO
3
: nng
M 10 10 ] [H HNO
-3 -pH
3

+
s mol HNO
3
= C
M
.V = 25.10
3
= 0,025 (mol)
Gi s mol Al, Zn trong 0,368 gam hn hp ln lt l x, y mol.
Theo cc phng trnh phn ng (1) v (2) ta c: 27x + 65y = 0,368 v 30x/8 +
10y/4 = 0,025
gam 0,260 65y m gam, 0,108 27x m
mol 4.10 y mol, 4.10 x
Zn Al
3 3

3. Dung dch A cha Al(NO
3
)
3
; Zn(NO
3
)
2
cho tc dng vi dung dch NH
3
d:
Al(NO
3
)
3
+ 3 NH
3
+ 3 H
2
O Al(OH)
3
+ 3 NH
4
NO
3
(3)
Zn(NO
3
)
2
+ 2 NH
3
+ 2 H
2
O Zn(OH)
2
+ 2 NH
4
NO
3
(4)
Zn(OH)
2
+ 4 NH
3
Zn(NH
3
)
4
2+
+ 2 OH
-
(5)
Khi lng kt ta thu c m = 78x = 0,312 (gam)
85. Phng trnh phn ng: Fe + 4 HNO
3
Fe(NO
3
)
3
+ NO + 2 H
2
O
(1)
Nu d Fe s xy ra phn ng: Fe + Fe(NO
3
)
3
Fe(NO
3
)
2
(2)
Gi s mol Fe l x, s mol axit HNO
3
l y. Trong dung dch c th c cc ion: H
+
, NO
3
-
, Fe
2+
,
Fe
3+
, c th nh sau:
Trng hp 1: Nu d hoc va HNO
3
, tc l: y 4x phn ng (1) xy ra ht Fe nn
khng c phn ng (2).
Dung dch cha HNO
3
(y 4x) mol v Fe(NO
3
)
3
x mol: H
+
(y 4x) mol; Fe
3+
x mol; NO
3
(y
x) mol
Trng hp 2: thiu HNO
3
, tc l:
y < 4x phn ng (1) xy ra ht HNO
3
, d Fe nn c phn
ng 2 xy ra. S mol Fe(NO
3
)
3
sinh ra t phn ng (1) l y/4 mol lng Fe cn li sau phn
ng (1) l (x y/4).
Nu: (x y/4) y/8 th phn ng (2) xy ra cn d Fe(NO
3
)
3
th dung dch cha:
Fe(NO
3
)
3
: y/4 2(x y/4) = (3y/4 2x) mol v Fe(NO
3
)
2
: 3(x y/4) mol;
Fe
3+
: (3y/4 2x) mol; Fe
2+
: (3x 3y/4) mol; NO
3
: 3y/4 molNu: (x
y
4
) >
y
8
phn ng (2) xy ra ht Fe(NO
3
)
3
v Fe d. Dung dch cha:
Fe(NO
3
)
2
c (
y
4
+
y
8
) =
3y
8
mol. Dung dch cha Fe
2+
:
3y
8
mol, NO
3
:
3y
4
mol.
C. Bi tp t gii:
86. a. C hai kh A v B:- Nu trn cng s mol A, B th thu c hn hp X c dX/He = 7,5
- Nu trn cng khi lng A, B th thu c hn hp Y c dY/O
2
= 11/15 Tm khi lng mol ca A
v B.
b. Mt hn hp kh gm N
2
v H
2
c t khi i vi H
2
bng 3,6. Sau khi nung nng mt thi gian
t h cn bng th t khi ca hn hp sau phn ng i vi H
2
bng 4,5.
Xc nh % theo th tch ca cc hn hp trc v sau phn ng. Tnh hiu sut phn ng.
p s: a. M
A
= 44 ; M
B
= 16 b. %V
N2
= 12,5% ; %V
H2
= 62,5% ; %V
NH3
= 25% ; Hiu
sut = 50%
87. a. Vit cc phng trnh phn ng iu ch NH
3
trong phng th nghim v trong
cng nghip.
b. Vit cc phng trnh phn ng iu ch axit nitric t amoniac.
c. Cho 3 mnh kim loi Al, Fe, Cu vo ba cc ng dung dch axit nitric c nng
khc nhau v thy:
- Cc c Al: Khng c kh thot ra, nhng nu ly dung dch sau phn ng tc dng vi
dung dch NaOH thy kh c mi khai bay ra.
- Cc c Fe: C kh khng mu bay ra v ho nu trong khng kh.
- Cc c Cu: C kh mu nu bay ra.
Hy vit cc phng trnh phn ng xy ra.
p s: a. NH
4
+
+ OH
-

0
t
NH
3
+ H
2
O
hoc dng NaOH rn ht nc ca dung dch NH
3
m c thu kh NH
3
.
b. SGK
c. Cc c Al: to ra mui amoni. Cc c Fe: to ra kh NO. Cc c Cu: to ra kh
NO
2
.
88. a. Baz Bronstet l g ? Nhng baz no c gi l kim ?
b. Hy gii thch ti sao amoniac v anilin u c tnh baz ?
c. Dung dch NH
3
1M c = 0,43 %. Tnh hng s K
B
v pH ca dung dch .
d. Nu nhn xt khi qut v s phn li ca baz trong dung dch nc.
p s: a. SGK
b. C hai u l baz v u c kh nng nhn H
+
(do trn nguyn t nit
u cn i electron cha tham gia lin kt). c. K
b
= 1, 86 .10
-5
; pH =
11,633
89.a. Nhm v magie tc dng vi HNO
3
long, nng u sinh ra NO, N
2
O v NH
4
NO
3
.
Vit phng trnh ion thu gn ca cc phn ng xy ra.
b. Khi ha tan hon ton 1,575 gam hn hp A gm bt nhm v magie trong HNO
3
th
c 60% A phn ng to ra 0,728 lt kh NO (ktc).
Tnh phn trm khi lng ca Mg v Al trong hn hp.
p s: a. Vit 3 PTP cho mi cp.
b. %m
Mg
= 71,43% ; %m
Al
= 28,57%.
90. a. Hy vit cc phng trnh phn ng ho hc thc hin dy bin ho sau:
A
1

0
t
N
2

2
O
A
2

2
O
A
3

O H
2
A
4

Cu
A
5

0
t
A
3

b. Ch dng qu tm, hy phn bit cc dung dch ng trong cc l mt nhn sau:
t
0
BaCl
2
; NH
4
Cl ; (NH
4
)
2
SO
4
; NaOH ; Na
2
CO
3
.
p s: a. A
1
l NH
4
NO
2
; A
2
l NO ; A
3
l NO
2
; A
4
l HNO
3
; A
5
l Cu(NO
3
)
2
.
b. Lu NH
4
+
l mt axit yu lm i mu qu tm thnh hng.
91. Vit cc phn ng nhit phn mui amoni sau y:
NH
4
Cl, NH
4
HCO
3
, (NH
4
)
2
CO
3
, NH
4
NO
2
, NH
4
NO
3
, (NH
4
)
3
PO
4
, (NH
4
)
2
SO
4
, (NH
4
)
2
Cr
2
O
7
p s: a. NH
4
Cl
0
t
NH
3
+ HCl NH
4
HCO
3

0
t
NH
3
+ CO
2
+ H
2
O
(NH
4
)
2
CO
3

0
t
2 NH
3
+ CO
2
+ H
2
O NH
4
NO
2

0
t
N
2
+ 2 H
2
O
NH
4
NO
3

0
t
N
2
O + 2 H
2
O (NH
4
)
3
PO
4
0
t
3 NH
3
+ H
3
PO
4
(NH
4
)
2
SO
4

0
t
2 NH
3
+H
2
SO
4
(nu tip tc nung nng th cui cng s thu c N
2
+ SO
2
+ H
2
O)
(NH
4
)
2
Cr
2
O
7

0
t
N
2
+ Cr
2
O
3
+ 4 H
2
O
92. a. Cc cht: NO, NO
2
, SO
2
, H
2
O
2
va c tnh oxi ha va c tnh kh. Vit cc phn ng
chng minh mi tnh cht cho mi cht nu trn m khng c cho cc cht tc
dng ln nhau (tt c 8 phn ng).
b. T qung photphorit v cc cht khc, vit cc phn ng iu ch photpho,
supephotphat n, supephotphat kp.
(Lu : iu ch pht pho: 2 Ca
3
(PO
4
)
2
+ 6 SiO
2

0
t
6 CaSiO
3
+ P
4
O
10
P
4
O
10
+ 10 C
0
t
P
4
+ 10 CO)
93. Hp cht MX
2
kh ph bin trong t nhin. Ha tan MX
2
bng dung dch HNO
3
c
nng, d ta thu c dung dch A. Cho A tc dng vi BaCl
2
thy to thnh kt ta trng, cn
khi cho A tc dng vi NH
3
d thy to thnh kt ta nu . a. Hi MX
2
l cht g ? Gi
tn n. Vit cc phng trnh phn ng xy ra.
b. Vit cu hnh electron ca M v ca cc ion thng gp ca kim loi M.
p s: a. MX
2
l FeS
2
(Qung pirit st) b. Fe: 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
6
3d
6
4s
2
; Fe
2+
:
1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
6
3d
6
;
Fe
3+
: 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
6
3d
5
94. a. Vit cc phng trnh phn ng xy ra trong quy trnh iu ch axit nitric t kh
NH
3
v oxi khng kh.
b. Tnh th tch dung dch axit nitric 50% (c d = 1,31 g/ml) to thnh khi dng ht 1m
3
kh NH
3
( iu kin tiu chun). Bit rng ch c 98,56% NH
3
chuyn thnh axit nitric.
p s: b. V = 4,232 lt dung dch HNO
3
95. Cho bt Zn vo dung dch hn hp NaNO
3
v NaOH, kt thc phn ng thu c 8,96 lt
(ktc) hn hp kh NH
3
v H
2
. Cho hn hp ny vo mt bnh kn nung nng nhit
phn NH
3
, sau phn ng thu c V lt hn hp kh trong N
2
chim
12
1
th tch V, H
2
chim
12
8
th tch V, cn li l NH
3
.
a. Tnh th tch V ktc.
b. Tnh t khi ca hn hp trc v sau phn ng so vi H
2
, gii thch s thay i ca t
khi ny.
c. Sc hn hp kh A vo dung dch HCl va . Sau phn ng cho thm nc ct vo thnh
1 lt dung dch. Tnh pH ca dung dch mui to thnh, bit
3
NH
pK
= 4,75.
p s: a. V = 10,752 lt
b. d
hh trcP/H2
= 4,75 v d
hh sau P/H2
=
95
24
3,96 ; Do khi lng hn hp kh khng
i, nhng tng s mol kh sau phn ng tng.
c. pH = 5,09
96. Bnh kn c V = 0,5 lt cha 0,5 mol H
2
v 0,5 mol N
2
( t
o
C) khi t n trng thi
cn bng c 0,2 mol NH
3
to thnh.
a. Tnh hng s cn bng K
c
( t
o
C)
b. Tnh hiu sut to thnh NH
3
. Mun hiu sut t 90% cn phi thm vo bnh bao
nhiu mol N
2
?
c. Nu thm vo bnh 1 mol H
2
v 2 mol NH
3
th cn bng s chuyn dch v pha no ?
Ti sao ?
d. Nu thm vo bnh 1 mol heli, cn bng s chuyn dch v pha no ? Ti sao ?
p s: a. K
c
= 3,125
b. Hiu sut = 60% ; t hiu sut 90% th cn thm vo bnh 57,25 mol
N
2
.
c. Cn bng s chuyn dch theo chiu nghch (Da vo gi tr ca Kc trn
xt)
d. Theo chiu thun, phn ng lm gim s mol kh, tc l lm gim p sut
chung ca h (do phn ng thc hin trong bnh kn). V vy, khi thm kh
He s lm cho p sut chung ca h tng, nn cn bng b dch chuyn theo
chiu thun (nguyn l Lsatlie).
97. Mt hn hp X gm 2 kim loi Al v Cu. Cho 18,20 gam X vo 100ml dung dch Y cha
H
2
SO
4
12M v HNO
3
2M, un nng cho ra dung dch Z v 8,96 lt (ktc) hn hp kh J gm
NO v kh D khng mu. Bit hn hp kh J c t khi i vi H
2
= 23,5.
a. Tnh s mol kh D v kh NO trong hn hp kh J.
b. Tnh khi lng mi kim loi trong hn hp u. Tnh khi lng mi mui trong dung dch
Z.
c. Tnh th tch dung dch NaOH 2M thm vo dung dch Z bt u c kt ta, kt
ta cc i, kt ta cc tiu. Tnh khi lng kt ta cc i, cc tiu.
p s: a. Kh D l SO
2
c s mol l 0,2 ; s mol kh NO l 0,2.
b. m
Al
= 5,4 gam ; m
Cu
= 12,8 gam ; Dung dch Z gm: Al
2
(SO
4
)
3
c m = 34,2
gam v CuSO
4
c m = 32 gam.
c. Bt u kt ta, V
ddNaOH
= 0,5 lt ; c lng kt ta cc i, cn thm
0,9 lt dung dch NaOH ;
c lng kt ta cc tiu, cn thm 1 lt dung dch NaOH ; Khi lng kt ta cc i l
35,2 gam ; Khi lng kt ta c tiu l 19,6 gam.
98. Cho 200ml dung dch A cha HNO
3
1M v H
2
SO
4
0,2M trung ha vi dung dch B cha
NaOH 2M v Ba(OH)
2
1M. 1. Tm th tch dung dch B cn dng ?
2. Dng 200ml dung dch A tc dng va vi 11,28(g) hn hp kim loi Cu, Ag. Sau phn
ng thu c dung dch C v kh D, khng mu, ha nu trong khng kh.
a. Tm th tch kh D 27,3C; 1atm.
b. Tm nng mol/l ca cc ion c trong C ? (Gi s cc cht in li hon ton).
p s: 1. Th tch dung dch B cn dng l 0,07 lt.
2. a. Kh D l NO c th tch l 1,7248 lt.
b.
Ag
C 0,3M
+

; 2
Cu
C 0,375M
+

;
3
NO
C 0,65M

; 2
4
SO
C 0,2M

99. Ha tan a g hn hp kim loi Cu, Fe (trong Fe chim 30% v khi lng) bng 50ml
dung dch HNO
3
63% (d = 1,38g/ml) khuy u hn hp cho n khi cc phn ng xy ra
hon ton, thu c cht rn A cn nng 0,75 a gam, dung dch B v 7,3248 lt hn hp
kh NO
2
v NO 54,6C, 1atm. Hi c cn dung dch B th thu c bao nhiu gam mui
khan ?
p s: Do khi lng hn hp kim loi d vt qu khi lng Cu c trong hn hp ban u
(= 0,7a gam), nn khng c mui ng trong dung dch B. Dung dch B ch
cha mui st(II) nitrat, sau khi c cn thu c 37,575 gam mui khan.
100. Ha tan 48,8 gam hn hp gm Cu v mt oxit st trong lng d dung dch HNO
3
thu
c dung dch A v 6,72 lt kh NO ( iu kin tiu chun). C cn dung dch A thu c
147,8 gam cht rn khan.
a. Hy xc nh cng thc ca oxit st.
b. Cho cng lng hn hp trn phn ng vi 400ml dung dch HCl 2M cho n khi phn ng
xy ra hon ton, thu c dung dch B v cht rn D. Cho dung dch B phn ng vi lng d
dung dch AgNO
3
to thnh kt ta. Hy tnh lng kt ta thu c.
c. Cho D phn ng vi dung dch HNO
3
. Hy tnh th tch kh NO thu c ti 27,3
O
C v 1,1
atm.
p s: a. Cng thc oxit st cn tm l Fe
3
O
4
b. Cht rn D ch cn Cu, nn m
AgCl
= 0,8 . 143,5 = 114,8 (gam)
c. S mol Cu trong D = 0,4. V
NO
5,97 lt.
101. Cho 2,16 gam hn hp gm Al v Mg tan ht trong dung dch axit HNO
3
long, un
nng nh to ra dung dch A v 448 ml ( o 354,9 K v 988 mmHg) hn hp kh B kh
gm hai kh khng mu, khng i mu trong khng kh. T khi ca B so vi oxi bng
0,716 ln t khi ca CO
2
so vi nit. Lm khan A mt cch cn thn thu c cht rn D,
nung D n khi lng khng i thu c 3,84 gam cht rn E. Vit phng trnh ha hc,
tnh lng cht D v % lng mi kim loi trong hn hp ban u.
Cc phng trnh ha hc : Kh B theo gi thit cha N
2
v N
2
O.
5 Mg + 12 H
+
+ 2 NO
3
5 Mg
2+
+ N
2
+ 6 H
2
O (1)
4 Mg + 10 H
+
+ 2 NO
3
4 Mg
2+
+ N
2
O + 5 H
2
O (2)
10 Al + 36 H
+
+ 6 NO
3
10 Al
3+
+ 3 N
2
+ 18 H
2
O (3)
8 Al + 30 H
+
+ 6 NO
3
8 Al
3+
+ 3 N
2
O + 15 H
2
O (4)
4Al(NO
3
)
3
2Al
2
O
3
+ 12 NO
2
+ 3O
2
(5)
2Mg(NO
3
)
2
2MgO + 4 NO
2
+ O
2
(6)
4Mg + 10 H
+
+ NO
3
4 Mg
2+
+ NH
4
+
+ 3 H
2
O (7)
8 Al + 30 H
+
+3 NO
3
8 Al
3+
+ 3 NH
4
+
+ 9 H
2
O (8)
2NH
4
NO
3
N
2
+ O
2
+ 4 H
2
O (9)
p s: cht D gm : Al(NO
3
)
3
(8,52 gam) ; Mg(NO
3
)
2
(6,66 gam) ; NH
4
NO
3
(2,4 gam) c l-
ng = 17,58 gam. Hn hp ban u c 50% lng mi kim loi.
102. Dung dch B cha hai cht tan l H
2
SO
4
v Cu(NO
3
)
2
, 50ml dung dch B phn ng va
vi 31,25 ml dung dch NaOH 16%, d = 1,12 g/ml. Lc ly kt ta sau phn ng, em
nung nhit cao n khi lng khng i, c 1,6 gam cht rn.
a. Tm nng mol/l ca dung dch B.
b. Cho 2,4g ng vo 50ml dung dch B (ch c kh NO bay ra). Hy tnh th tch NO thu
c ktc (cc phn ng xy ra hon ton).
p s: a. C
M
(dung dch H
2
SO
4
) = 1 mol/l ; C
M
(dung dch Cu(NO
3
)
2
) = 0,4 mol/l. b. V
NO
= 0,56 lt
103. Kim loi M trong dy Beketop c ha tr bin i x v y (vi y > x). Kim loi to ra hai
mui clorua v hai oxit. Hm lng % clo trong cc mui clorua t l vi nhau l 1 : 1,172.
Hm lng % oxi trong cc oxit t l vi nhau l 1 : 1,35.
a. Xc nh tn kim loi M.
b. Cho kim loi M tc dng vi 100ml dung dch A gm AgNO
3
1M v Hg(NO
3
)
2
1,5M thu
c hn hp kim loi X v dung dch B ch cha mt mui duy nht. Ha tan hn hp kim
loi X trong axit HNO
3
m c, nng thy thot ra 15,68 lt kh (ktc). Tnh khi lng
hn hp kim loi X.
Bit: Hg = 200 , Ag = 108.
p s: a. St (Fe = 56)
b. Khi lng hn hp kim loi X = 46,4 (g) (gm: 0,1 mol bc, 0,15 mol thy
ngn, 0,1 mol st)
104. Lc m gam bt st vi dung dch A gm AgNO
3
v Cu(NO
3
)
2
, n khi phn ng kt
thc, thu c x gam cht rn B. Tch cht rn B, thu c nc lc C.
Cho nc lc C tc dng vi dung dch NaOH d, thu c a gam kt ta ca hai hiroxit kim
loi. Nung kt ta trong khng kh n khi lng khng i c b gam cht rn.
Cho cht rn B tc dng ht vi dung dch HNO
3
long thu c V lt kh NO (ktc).
1. Lp biu thc tnh m theo a v b.
2. Cho a = 36,8 ; b = 32 ; x = 34,4.
a. Tnh gi tr ca m.
b. Tnh s mol ca mi mui trong dung dch A ban u.
c. Tnh th tch V ca kh NO. Cho: Cu = 64, Ag = 108, Fe = 56.
p s: 1. m = 8,575b 7a
2. a. m = 16,8 gam
b. Dung dch A ban u cha: 0,2 mol AgNO
3
v 0,3 mol Cu(NO
3
)
2
.
c. Th tch V ca kh NO = 4,48 lt.
105. Mt ming Mg b oxi ha mt phn thnh oxit, chia ming lm hai phn bng
nhau.
- Phn I cho ha tan ht trong dung dch HCl th c 3,136 lt kh. C cn thu c 14,25g
cht rn A.
- Phn II, cho ha tan ht trong dung dch HNO
3
th thu c 0,448 lt kh X nguyn cht,
phn dung dch c cn c 23g cht rn B.
a. Tnh hm lng Mg nguyn cht trong mu s dng.
b. Xc nh cng thc phn t kh X (cc th tch kh o ktc).
Cho: Mg = 24 ; H = 1 ; Cl = 35,5 ; N = 14 ; O = 16.
p s: a. %m
Mg
(nguyn cht) = 89,36%, %m
MgO
= 100% - 89,36% = 10,36%.
b. Kh X l N
2
(gii theo phng php bo ton electron, c mt phn sinh ra
mui amoni)
106. Mt oxit (A) ca nit c cha 30,43% N v khi lng. T khi (hi) ca A so vi khng
kh l 1,59.
1. Tm cng thc ca A.
2. iu ch 1 lt kh A (134
0
C v 1 atm) cn t nht l bao nhiu gam dung
dch HNO
3
40% tc dng vi Cu (vi gi thit ch c kh A thot ra duy nht).
3. Bit rng 2 phn t A c th kt hp vi nhau thnh mt phn t oxit B. 25
0
C,
1atm, hn hp kh (A+B) c t khi so vi khng kh l 1,752.
Tnh % th tch ca A, B trong hn hp.
4. Khi un nng 5 lt hn hp (A + B) 25
0
C, 1 atm n 134
0
C, tt c B chuyn
ht thnh A. Cho A tan vo nc to thnh 5 lt dung dch D. Hy tnh nng ca dung
dch D.
(Hiu sut cc phn ng l 100%).
p s: 1. Oxit A ca nit l NO
2
2. Khi lng dung dch HNO
3
40% cn ly l 9,45 gam
3. %V
A
= 89,13% v %V
B
= 10,87%
4. Nng HNO
3
trong dung dch D l 0,03M
107. t chy 5,6 gam bt Fe nung trong bnh oxy thu c 7,36g hn hp A gm
Fe
2
O
3
, Fe
3
O
4
v mt phn Fe cn li. Ha tan hon ton hn hp A bng dung dch HNO
3
thu c V (lt) hn hp kh B gm NO
2
v NO c t khi so vi H
2
bng 19.
1. Tnh th tch V ( kc).
2. Cho mt bnh kn dung tch 4 lt khng i cha 640ml H
2
O, phn cn li cha
khng kh ktc (c t l th tch gia N
2
: O
2
= 4 : 1). Bm tt c kh B vo bnh v
lc k c dung dch X trong bnh.
Gi s p sut hi H
2
O trong bnh khng ng k. Tnh nng % ca dung dch X.
p s: 1. V(ktc) 963 ml
2. Lng oxi trong khng kh d thc hin cc phn ng vi NO v NO
2
, v vy
lng NO
2
v NO c chuyn ho hon ton thnh axit HNO
3
, nn nng ca
dung dch X (chnh l dung dch HNO
3
) 0,067M.
108. Nung 37,6 gam mui nitrat ca kim loi M n khi lung khng i thu c 16 gam
cht rn l oxit duy nht v hn hp kh c t khi hi so vi H
2
bng 21,6.
a. Xc nh mui nitrat .
b. Ly 12,8 g kim loi M tc dng vi 100ml hn hp HNO
3
1M , HCl 2M, H
2
SO
4
1M th
thu c bao nhiu lt NO (ktc).
p s: a. Mui nitrat cn tm l Cu(NO
3
)
2
.
b. y ch c phn ng ca Cu vi NO
3
-
trong mi trng axit sinh ra kh NO.
Lng Cu cho l d so vi lng HNO3, v vy s mol NO = s mol ca NO
3
-
(do
mi trng cn d nhiu H
+
, nn NO
3
-
b kh hon ton) = 0,1.1 = 0,1 (mol)
V
NO
(ktc) = 2,24 lt.
109. Hn hp X gm Fe, Cu c khi lng 6 gam. T l khi lng gia Fe v Cu l 7: 8. Cho l-
ng X trn vo mt lng dung dch HNO
3
1M , khuy u cho phn ng xy ra hon ton
th thu c 1 phn rn A nng 4,32 gam, dung dch B v kh NO duy nht.
a. Tnh th tch kh NO to thnh (o ktc)
b. Tnh th tch dung dch HNO
3
dng.
c.Tnh lng mui to thnh trong dung dch B .
Cho Fe = 56 , Cu = 64 , N = 14 , O = 16.
p s: a. Khi lng cht rn d ln hn khi lng Cu c trong hn hp u, nn st cn
d v coi nh ch c 6 4,32 = 1,68 (gam) (= 0,03 mol) st tham gia phn ng
vi dung dch HNO
3
to ra Fe
2+
v kh NO. Tnh theo bo ton electron n
NO
= 0,02 mol V
NO
= 448 ml.
b. n
HNO3
dng = 0,02 . 4 = 0,08 (mol) V
dd
= 80 ml
c. Dung dch B cha mui duy nht l Fe(NO
3
)
2
c khi lng m = 0,03.180 =
5,4 (gam)
110. 34,8g mt oxit kim loi tc dng va vi 1,2 lt dung dch HCl 1M. Cng vi lng
oxit ny ho tan trong axit HNO
3
m c, d th lng HNO
3
phn ng va l
1,5mol. Hi cng thc ca oxit l g? ( Bit kim loi c th c ha tr II v III).
p s: Bin lun s thy trong oxit c c kim loi trng thi ho tr (II) v (III). Gi
phn c ho tr (II) l x mol, phn c ho tr (III) l y mol. T cc d kin ca
bi ton s tnh c x = y = 0,15 (mol) v khi lng kim loi trong oxit l 25,2
gam M
kim loi
= 56 oxit cn tm l FeO.Fe
2
O
3
hay Fe
3
O
4
.
Chng IV: Cacbon v silic
A. Tm tt l thuyt:
Cacbon - silic thuc nhm IVA ca bng h thng tun hon. Trong nhm c cc
nguyn t cacbon C, silic Si, gemani Ge, thic Sn v ch Pb. Nguyn t ca cc nguyn t
ny c 4 electron lp ngoi cng, c cu hnh ns
2
np
2
. Theo chiu tng ca in tch ht
nhn, tnh cht ca cc nguyn t bin i nh sau: cacbon C v silic Si l cc phi kim r
rt, thic Sn v ch Pb l cc kim loi, gemani Ge l nguyn t trung gian.
Ta ch tm hiu hai nguyn t c nhiu ng dng nht l cacbon C, silic Si.
I. n cht cacbon:
1. Tnh cht vt l:
Cacbon l cht rn, tn ti nhiu dng th hnh:
- Kim cng: tinh th trong sut, l vt liu cng nht trong t nhin, dn nhit km, khng
dn in.
- Than ch: mu xm, c nh kim, mm, dn in tt thng c dng lm in cc.
- Than v nh hnh: than , than g, m hng.
2. Tnh cht ha hc:
iu kin thng, cacbon l phi kim hot ng ho hc km. Nhng khi un nng, n
cht cacbon kh hot ng.
a. Th hin tnh kh i vi cc cht oxi ho, chng hn:
- Chy vi oxi: nhit cao (trn 900
0
C) th sn phm to thnh ch yu l CO. nhit
thp hn (di 500
0
C) th sn phm to thnh ch yu l CO
2
:
C + O
2
CO
2
2C + O
2
2 CO
Ngoi ra th cn c phn ng: C + CO
2
2 CO
- Phn ng vi cht oxi ho khc:
3 C + 2KClO
3

0
t
2KCl + 3CO
2
C + 2CuO
0
t
2Cu + CO
2
C + ZnO
0
t
Zn + CO
b. Th hin tnh oxi ha vi cc cht kh khc, chng hn:
Phn ng vi kim loi mnh nhit cao to thnh cacbua kim loi:
Ca + 2 C
0
t
CaC
2
4 Al + 3 C
0
t
Al
4
C
3
Cc cacbua kim loi ny tc dng vi nc hoc axit to ra hirocacbon v hiroxit kim loi,
chng hn: Al
4
C
3
+ 12H
2
O 4Al(OH)
3
+ 3CH
4
.
II. Hp cht:
1. Cacbon oxit (CO): l kh c, th hin tnh kh mnh.
- Chy vi oxi: 2 CO + O
2

0
t
2 CO
2
- Kt hp vi clo (500
0
C v trong bng ti), to thnh photgen:
CO + Cl
2

0
t
COCl
2
Nu c chiu sng, phn ng c th xy ra nhit thng.
(Photgen l cht rt c, trong chin tranh th gii th nht c dng lm bom hi
ngt. Ngy nay, ngi ta dng n trong cc phn ng tng hp hu c).
- Kh oxit kim loi nhit cao:
3CO + Fe
2
O
3

0
t
3 CO
2
+ 2 Fe
- Trong dung dch, CO cng c th kh c mt s mui ca kim loi qu, nh vng, platin,
paladi n kim loi t do:
PdCl
2
+ H
2
O + CO Pd + 2 HCl + CO
2
- Phn ng vi kim (un nng): to thnh fomiat.
CO + NaOH HCOONa
2. Cacbon ioxit (CO
2
): kh khng mu, khng duy tr s chy.
- Tan trong nc to thnh axit cacbonic, l mt axit yu hai ln axit.
CO
2
+ 2H
2
O
H
3
O
+
+ HCO
3
-
- L mt oxit axit, nn tc dng c vi baz v oxit baz:
Nu d kim: CO
2
+ 2 NaOH Na
2
CO
3
+ H
2
O
Nu thiu kim: Na
2
CO
3
+ CO
2
+ H
2
O NaHCO
3
- iu ch: CO
2
c iu ch bng cch t than hoc i t mui cacbonat:
CaCO
3

0
1000 C
CaO + CO
2
Trong phng th nghim: CaCO
3
+ 2 HCl CaCl
2
+ CO
2
+ H
2
O
3. Mui cacbonat: Axit cacbonic to ra hai mui l cacbonat v hirocacbonat.
- Mui cacbonat: ch c cc mui ca kim loi kim v amoni l tan tt trong nc (ring
Li
2
CO
3
tan va phi trong nc ngui v tan t hn trong nc nng). Dung dch ca cc mui
ny trong nc c xy ra qu trnh thy phn, nn mi trng c tnh kim (i vi mui
amoni cacbonat cng vy).
CO
3
2-
+ H
2
O
HCO
3
-
+ OH
-
- Mui hirocacbonat: a s cc mui ny tan c kh nhiu trong nc, nhng km bn, c
th b phn hy ngay c khi un nng dung dch:
2 NaHCO
3

0
t
Na
2
CO
3
+ CO
2
+ H
2
O
Ca(HCO
3
)
2

CaCO
3
+ CO
2
+ H
2
O
III. Trng thi thin nhin:
Cacbon tn ti c dng n cht v hp cht trong t nhin.
n cht nh: than , kim cng, than ch.
Hp cht nh: CaCO
3
( vi, phn, hoa), MgCO
3
(manhzit), CaCO
3
.MgCO
3
(lmit),
FeCO
3
(xirit), CuCO
3
.Cu(OH)
2
(malakit).
Ngoi ra cacbon cn tn ti mt lng ln trong cc hp cht hu c (du m, kh t, ...)
IV. Silic v cng nghip silicat
1. Silic l mt trong nhng nguyn t ph bin nht trong v Tri t (ng hng th hai
sau nguyn t oxi)
Silic c hai dng th hnh, dng v nh hnh v dng tinh th. Dng tinh th c cu
trc tng t kim cng, gin v cng, c nh kim dn in v dn nhit km.
Silic l nguyn t t hot ng ho hc.
Si + F
2
SiF
4
Si + O
2

o
t
SiO
2
Si + 2NaOH + H
2
O
o
t
Na
2
SiO
3
+ 2H
2
iu ch Si trong phng th nghim:
2Mg + SiO
2

o
t
Si + 2MgO
iu ch Si trong cng nghip:
2C + SiO
2

o
t
Si + 2CO
2. Hp cht ca silic
a. Silic ioxit (SiO
2
)
SiO
2
l cht rn khng tan trong nc, kh nng chy (1610
0
), c tn gi l thch anh. Ct
trng l nhng ht thch anh nh.
SiO
2
l oxit axit. nhit cao, SiO
2
tc dng vi oxit baz, kim, cacbonat kim loi
kim to ra silicat:
SiO
2
+ CaO
o
t
CaSiO
3
(canxi silicat)
SiO
2
+ 2NaOH
o
t
Na
2
SiO
3
+ H
2
O
SiO
2
+ K
2
CO
3

o
t
K
2
SiO
3
+ CO
2
SiO
2
c tnh cht ho hc c trng l tan c trong dung dch axit flohiric HF:
SiO
2
+ 4HF SiF
4
+ H
2
O
V vy ngi ta dng axit flohiric khc hnh trn thu tinh.
SiO
2
c dng rng ri trong xy dng, sn xut thu tinh, mi...
b. Axit silicic v mui silicat
Axit silicic c cng thc ho hc l H
2
SiO
3
, l axit yu, t tan trong nc.
iu ch axit silicic bng cch cho axit clohiric tc dng vi dung dch silicat, c dung
dch H
2
SiO
3
di dng keo:
2HCl + Na
2
SiO
3
H
2
SiO
3
+ 2NaCl
Mui ca axit silicic c tn l silicat. Natri v kali silicat trng b ngoi ging thu tinh, nh-
ng tan c trong nc, v vy chng c tn l thu tinh tan. Dung dch ca chng tan trong
nc gi l thu tinh lng.
Thu tinh tan dng ch to xi mng v btng chu axit, dng lm lp bo v g khng
chy, sn xut silicagen. Silicagen l mt polime v c c cng thc (SiO
2
)
n
l mt cht
chng m rt tt, dng trong bo qun phim nh, bng a hnh, thc phm cao cp ...
3. Cng nghip silicat
a. Sn xut thy tinh: knh, chai l, cc, chn
b. Sn xut gm: gch, ngi, chum, vi, bt a...
c. Sn xut xi mng
B. Bi tp c li gii:
bi
111. C 1 lt dung dch hn hp Na
2
CO
3
0,1 M v (NH
4
)
2
CO
3
0,25 M. Cho 43 g hn hp BaCl
2
v CaCl
2
vo dung dch . Sau khi cc phn ng kt thc thu c 39,7 g kt ta A v
dung dch B.
1. Tnh % khi lng cc cht c trong A.
2. Chia dung dch B thnh 2 phn bng nhau:
a. Cho axit HCl vo mt phn, c cn dung dch v nung cht rn cn li ti khi l ng
khng i c cht rn X. Tnh % khi lng cc cht trong X.
b. un nng phn th hai ri thm t t 270 ml dung dchBa(OH)
2
0,2 M vo. Hi
tng khi lng ca 2 dung dch gim ti a bao nhiu gam ? Gi s nc bay hi khng
ng k.
Cho C = 12; O = 16; Cl = 35,5 ; Ca = 40; Ba = 137.
112. 1. Cho a mol CO
2
tc dng vi b mol Ba(OH)
2
.
a. Hy gii thch s ph thuc gia a v b theo cc iu kin sau:
b a 2b ; 2b a v b > a.
b. Khi thay Ba(OH)
2
bng NaOH th cc bt ng thc trn cn ng hay khng?
c. p dng a = 0,15 mol, b = 0,18 mol ng vi cc iu kin no trong cc iu
kin trn.
2. Ho tan 22,95 g BaO vo nc c dung dch A. Cho 18,4 g hn hp CaCO
3
v MgCO
3
ho tan ht trong dung dch HCl thu c kh B. Nu cho dung dch A hp th ht kh B
th c kt ta to thnh hay khng ?
3. Nu 14,2 g hn hp hai mui trn trong c a% MgCO
3
tc dng vi dung dch A th
a c gi tr bng bao nhiu cho lng kt ta c trong dung dch l cao nht, thp
nht ?
113. Cho rt t t dung dch A cha x mol HCl vo dung dch B cha y mol Na
2
CO
3
. Sau
khi cho ht A vo B ta c dung dch C. Hi trong dung dch C c nhng cht g, bao
nhiu mol (tnh theo x v y).
Nu x = 2y th pH ca dung dch C l bao nhiu sau khi un nh ui ht kh.
114. Ho tan hon ton 11,2 g CaO vo nc ta c dung dch A.
1. Nu cho kh CO
2
sc qua dung dch A v sau khi kt thc th nghim thy c
2,5g kt ta th c bao nhiu lt CO
2
tham gia phn ng ?
2. Nu ho tan hon ton 28,1 g hn hp MgCO
3
v BaCO
3
c thnh phn khng i
trong cha a% MgCO
3
bng dung dch HCl v cho tt c kh thot ra hp th ht vo
dung dch A th thu c kt ta D. Hi khi a c gi tr bao nhiu th lng kt ta D nhiu
nht v t nht.
Cho: C = 12 ; O = 16 ; Mg = 24 ; Ca = 40 ; Ba = 137.
115. Mt loi vi cha 80% CaCO
3
, 10,2% Al
2
O
3
v 9,8% Fe
2
O
3
. Nung nhit
cao (1200
0
C) ta thu c cht rn c khi lng bng 78% khi lng trc khi nung.
a. Tnh hiu sut phn ng phn hu CaCO
3
v % khi lng CaO trong sau khi
nung.
b. ho tan 10 g hn hp sau khi nung cn tiu tn bao nhiu ml dung dch HCl
0,5M, gi s cc phn ng xy ra hon ton.
c. Ho tan 26 g hn hp sau khi nung bng dung dch HCl d v cho tt c kh thot
ra hp th vo 400ml dung dch NaOH nng a% (d = 1,18 g/ml) sau thm lng d
BaCl
2
thy to thnh 18,715 g kt ta. Tnh a.
Cho: H = 1; C = 12 ; O = 16 ; Al = 27 ; Ca = 40 ; Fe = 56 ; Ba = 137.
116. Ho tan 55 gam hn hp Na
2
CO
3
v Na
2
SO
3
bng 500ml dung dch H
2
SO
4
1M (lng axit
va ) ta thu c hn hp kh A v dung dch cha mt mui trung ho duy nht.
a. Cho hn hp kh A vo bnh kn dung tch 5 lt c mt t bt xc tc V
2
O
5
(th
tch khng ng k). Tnh p sut trong bnh, bit nhit bnh l 27,3
0
C.
b. Bm tip oxi vo bnh ta thu c hn hp kh B c t khi so vi hiro l 21,27.
Tnh s mol oxi bm vo bnh.
c. Nung nng bnh mt thi gian ta thu c hn hp kh C, c t khi so vi hiro l
22,35. Tnh % th tch ca cc kh trong hn hp C.
Cho: H = 1, O = 16, C = 12, Na = 23, S = 32.
117. Nung 58 gam hn hp A gm A1 (FeCO
3
+ tp cht tr) v A2 (FeS
2
+ tp cht tr) vi
lng khng kh (gm 20% oxi v 80% nit theo th tch) va trong bnh kn dung
tch 10 lt. Sau khi cc phn ng xy ra hon ton, thu c hn hp cht rn A3 v hn hp
kh B. Trong A3 ch cha mt st oxit duy nht v lng tp cht tr ban u. Hn hp B c
t khi so vi khng kh c thnh phn cho trn l 1,181.
a. Tnh khi lng ca A1 v A2 ban u, bit rng % khi lng tp cht trong A1 v
A2 bng nhau.
b. Tnh p sut ca kh trong bnh sau khi nung a v nhit 136,5
0
C, gi s
dung tch ca bnh khng i.
c. Nu cho B phn ng vi oxi d (c xc tc V
2
O
5
), sau khi phn ng hon ton, ho
tan kh vo 600 gam H
2
O c dung dch axit c khi lng ring l 1,02 gam/ml.
Tnh nng mol/l ca axit trong dung dch.
Cho: Fe = 56, S = 32, C = 12, O = 16, N = 14.
118. Cho lung hi nc qua than nng , sau khi loi ht hi nc thu c hn hp kh X
gm CO, H
2
v CO
2
. Trn hn hp kh X vi oxi d vo bnh kn dung tch khng i c
hn hp kh A nhit 0
0
C v p sut p1. t chy hon ton hn hp kh A ri a v
nhit 00C th p sut ca kh trong bnh (hn hp B) l p
2
= 0,5 p
1
.
Nu cho NaOH rn vo bnh hp th ht kh CO
2
, cn li mt kh duy nht,
nhit trong bnh l 0
0
C th p sut o c l p
3
= 0,3 p
1
.
a. Tnh % th tch cc kh trong A.
b. Cn bao nhiu kg than c cha 4% tp cht tr thu c 1000 m
3
hn hp X o
136,5
0
C v 2,24 atm. Bit rng c 9% cacbon b t chy.
Cho: H = 1, C = 12, O = 16.
119. C 600ml dung dch hn hp Na
2
CO
3
v NaHCO
3
. Thm 5,64 gam hn hp K
2
CO
3
v
KHCO
3
vo dung dch trn, th c dung dch A (gi s th tch dung dch A vn l
600ml). Chia dung dch A thnh 3 phn bng nhau:
- Cho rt t t 100ml dung dch HCl vo phn th nht, thu c dung dch B v
448ml kh (o ktc) bay ra. Thm nc vi trong (d) vo dung dch B thy to thnh 2,5
gam kt ta.
- Phn th hai tc dng va vi 150ml dung dch NaOH 0,1M.
- Cho kh HBr (d) i qua phn th ba, sau c cn th thu c 8,125 gam mui
khan.
a. Vit phng trnh phn ng di dng ion.
b. Tnh nng mol ca cc mui trong dch A v ca dung dch HCl dng.
Cho: H = 1, C = 12, O = 16, Na = 23, K = 39, Br = 80, Ca = 40.
120. Ho tan 2,84 gam hn hp hai mui cacbonat ca hai kim loi A v B k tip nhau
trong phn nhm IIA bng 120ml dung dch HCl 0,5M thu c 0,896 lt kh CO
2
(o
54,6
0
C v 0,9 atm) v dung dch X.
1. a. Tnh khi lng mol nguyn t ca A v B.
b. Tnh khi lng mui to thnh trong dung dch X.
2. Tnh % khi lng ca mi mui trong hn hp ban u.
3. Nu cho ton b kh CO
2
hp th bi 200ml dung dch Ba(OH)
2
th nng ca
Ba(OH)
2
l bao nhiu thu c 3,94 gam kt ta ?
4. Pha long dung dch X thnh 200ml, sau cho thm 200ml dung dch Na2SO4
0,1M. Bit rng khi lng kt ta BSO
4
khngtng thm na th tch s nng ca cc ion
B
2+
v SO
4
2-
trong dung dch bng: [B
2+
][SO
4
2-
] = 2,5.10
-5
. Hy tnh lng kt ta thc t c
to ra.
Cho: Be = 9, Mg = 24, Ca = 40, Sr = 88, Ba = 137.
Hng dn gii
111.
1. Na
2
CO
3
2Na
+
+ CO
2
3
(NH
4
)
2
CO
3
2 NH
+
4
+ CO
2
3
BaCl
2
Ba
2+
+ 2Cl
-
CaCl
2
Ca
2+
+ 2Cl
-
Cc phn ng: Ba
2+
+ CO
2
3
BaCO
3

Ca
2+
+ CO
2
3
CaCO
3

C 1 mol BaCl
2
hoc CaCl
2
bin thnh BaCO
3
hoc CaCO
3
, khi lng gim 71 - 60 = 11 (g).
Vy tng s mol BaCO
3
+ CaCO
3
bng
43 39,7
0,3
11
. Vy tng s mol CO
3
2-
= 0,1 + 0,25
= 0,35. iu chng t d CO
2
3
.
Gi x, y l s mol BaCO
3
v CaCO
3
trong A ta c :
+
+
7 , 39 100 197
3 , 0
y x
y x

Thnh phn ca A:
% BaCO
3
=
62 , 49 100 .
7 , 39
197 1 , 0
%
% CaCO
3
= 100 - 49,62 = 50,38%
2. a) Trong
2
1
dung dch b c: Na
+
, Cl
-
, NH
+
4
, CO
2
3
Khi cho HCl vo phn ng: CO
2
3
+ 2H
+
H
2
O + CO
2

Nh vy khi c cn ta thu c 2 mui Nacl v NH
4
Cl. Khi nung hn hp mui ny ch c
NH
4
Cl b phn hu:
NH
4
Cl
0
t
NH
3
+ HCl
Vy cht rn X cha 100% NaCl.
b) Trong
2
1
dung dch B c: Na
+
, Cl
-
, CO
2
3
, NH
+
4
. Ta c:
S mol CO
2
3
=
2
1
(0,35 - 0,30) = 0,025
S mol NH
+
4
= 25 , 0 2 . 25 , 0 .
2
1
S mol Ba(OH)
2
= 0,27 . 0,2 = 0,054 v v:
Ba(OH)
2
Ba
2+
+ 2 OH
-
x = 0,1 mol
y = 0,2 mol
nn s mol Ba
2+
= 0,054 v s mol OH
-
= 2 . 0,054 = 0,108 (mol)
Khi cho Ba(OH)
2
vo, c cc phn ng:
Ba
2+
+ CO
2
3
BaCO
3
NH
+
4
+ OH
-
= NH
3
+ H
2
O
- V s mol CO
2
3
(0,025) < s mol Ba
2+
(0,054) nn s mol BaCO
3
=
0,025 tc 0,025 . 197 = 4,925 (g).
- V s mol OH
-
(0,108) < s mol NH
+
4
(0,25) nn s mol NH
3
bay ra l 0,108 tc
0,108 . 17 = 1,836g. Vy tng khi lng hai dung dch gim ti a 4,925 + 1,836 = 6,761
(g).
112. 1. a. C ptp: 2 CO
2
+ Ba(OH)
2
Ba(HCO
3
)
2
(1)
CO
2
+ Ba(OH)
2
BaCO
3
+ H
2
O (2)
C hai trng hp:
- Nu b a 2b th c c hai mui.
- Nu 2b a v a b th xt hai trng hp sau:
* a 2b: to thnh Ba(HCO
3
)
2
* a b: to thnh BaCO
3
b. Khi thay Ba(OH)
2
bng NaOH th cng xt vi 2 ptp to thnh NaHCO
3
, Na
2
CO
3
. T-
ng t trn:
+ b a 2b th to ra c 2 mui.
+ 2b a v b a th:
* a b th to ra Na
2
CO
3
* a b th c NaHCO
3
c. Vi a = 0,15 mol; b = 0,18 mol th 1
b
a
nn to ra BaCO
3
l 0,15 mol.
2. S mol BaO l 15 , 10
153
95 , 22
nn to ra 0,15 mol Ba(OH)
2
Kh CO
2
c to thnh khi dd HCl tc dng vi CaCO
3
, MgCO
3
. Gi thit ch c CaCO
3
th n
CO2
(min) = 0,184 mol
Hoc gi thit ch c MgCO
3
th n
CO2
(max) = 0,219 mol
Biu din trn trc s:
nCO
2
1,0 1,46 2,0
nBa(OH)
2
BaCO
3
Ba(HCO
3
)
2
Khong c kt ta Khong khng c kt ta
Trng hp ch c CaCO
3

n
CO
0,184
2
1,266
n 0,15
Ba(OH)
2

Trng hp ch c MgCO
3
2
2
CO
Ba(OH)
n
0,219
1,46
n 0,15

Quan st trn trc s ta thy r cc trng hp trn:
3. Gi thit a = 100% th n
CO2
(max) = 169 , 0
84
2 , 14
2
2
CO
Ba(OH)
n
0,169
1,127
n 0,150

Gi thit a = 0% th ch c CaCO
3
n
CO2
(min) = 0,142
2
2
CO
Ba(OH)
n
0,142
0,946
n 0,15

Dng trc s nh trn. Ta thy:
2
2
CO
Ba(OH)
n
1,127
n

ng vi a = 100% ch c MgCO
3
th lng kt ta BaCO
3
l nh nht.
c kt ta ln nht ch cn
2
2
CO
Ba(OH)
n
=1
n
S mol CO
2
bng s mol Ba(OH)
2
v
bng 0,15 mol.
x + y = 0,15
100x + 84y = 14,2
Gii h c x = 0,1; y = 0,05 nn lng MgCO
3
l 4,2 g
Vy 29,48% a 100%
113.
Cc phn ng: HCl + Na
2
CO
3
NaHCO
3
+ NaCl (1)
NaHCO
3
+ HCl NaCl + H
2
O + CO
2
(2)
- Khi x = y, ch xy ra phn ng (1), trong dung dch c x mol NaHCO
3
v x mol NaCl.
- Khi x < y, phn ng (1) cha kt thc, trong dung dch c: x mol NaHCO
3
, x mol NaCl v
cn (y x) mol Na
2
CO
3
.
- Khi x > y: phn ng (1) kt thc v xy ra c phn ng (2), lc lng HCl d sau phn
ng (1) l (x y) v y mol NaHCO
3
, nn:
+ Khi x y = y, tc l x = 2y, phn ng (2) va ht, nn trong dung dch c x mol
NaCl.
+ Khi x y < y, trong dung dch c x mol NaCl v y (x y) = 2y x mol NaHCO
3
.
+ Khi x y > y, trong dung dch c 2y mol NaCl v (x y) y = (x 2y) mol HCl.
Khi x = 2y, trong dung dch ch c NaCl nn pH = 7.
114,
1. Phn ng ho tan:
CaO + H
2
O Ca(OH)
2
(1)
CO
2
+ Ca(OH)
2
CaCO
3
+ H
2
O (2)
CaCO
3
+ H
2
O + CO
2
Ca(HCO
3
)
2
(3)
Theo (1) n
CaO
= n
Ca(OH)2
=
11,2
0,2
56
v n
CaCO3
=
2,5
0,025
100
, c hai trng hp xy ra:
a. CO
2
thiu: n
CO2
= n
CaCO3
V
CO2
= 0,025 . 22,4 = 0,56 (lt).
b. CO
2
d: kt ta cc i khi CO
2
va , tc n
CO2
= n
Ca(OH)2
= n
CaCO3
= 0,2. Do
lng kt ta tan = lng CO
2
d = 0,2 0,025 = 0,175.
Vy tng khi lng CO2 = 0,2 + 0,175 = 0,375 (mol), tc l: V = 0,375 . 22,4 = 8,4 (lt).
2. MgCO
3
+ 2 HCl MgCl
2
+ H
2
O + CO
2
(4)
BaCO
3
+ 2 HCl BaCl
2
+ H
2
O + CO
2
(5)
Lng kt ta cc i khi n
CO2
= 0,2 ; nn ta c:
n
CO2
= n
MgCO3
= n
BaCO3
=
28,1.a 28,1.(100 a)
0,2
100.84 100.197
+
Gii ra c a = 29,89%.
Theo (4), (5), lng CO
2
ln nht khi a = 100%, tc l n
CO2
=
28,1
0,33
84
v b nht khi a =
0%, tc l n
CO2
=
28,1
0,14
197
.
Tm li: 0,14 n
CO2
0,33.
- Nu n
CO2
= 0,14 < n
Ca(OH)2
, tc l khng c phn ng (3) v n
CaCO3
= n
CO2
= 0,14.
- Nu n
CO2
= 0,33 > n
Ca(OH)2
, tc l xy ra phn ng (2) v (3) nn lng kt ta bng:
n
CaCO3
= 0,2 - (0,33 0,2) = 0,07 (mol).
Vy khi a = 100% th lng kt ta b nht.
115.
1. Phn ng xy ra khi nung:
CaCO
3
CaO + CO
2
(1)
Gi s nung 100g trong c 80g CaCO
3
. Nh vy khi lng ht khi nung chnh
l khi lng CO
2
= 100 - 78 = 22 (g) hay 5 , 0
44
22
mol, tc c 0,5 mol hay: 0,5.100 = 50 (g)
CaCO
3
b phn hu, do hiu sut:
h 5 , 62
80
100 . 50
% v %CaO 9 , 35
78
100 . 56 . 50
%
2. Cc phn ng ho tan:
CaCO
3
+ 2HCl CaCl
2
+ H
2
O + CO
2
(2)
CaO + 2HCl CaCl
2
+ H
2
O (3)
Al
2
O
3
+ 6 HCl 2 AlCl
3
+ 3 H
2
O (4)
Fe
2
O
3
+ 6 HCl 2 FeCl
3
+ 3 H
2
O (5)
n gin, trc ht gi s ho tan tt c sau khi nung.
Theo (2, 3) s mol HCl = 2 s mol (CaCO
3
+ CaO) = 2 s mol CaCO
3
ban u
6 , 1
100
80
. 2 (mol).
Theo (4, 5) s mol HCl = 6 (s mol Al
2
O
3
+ s mol Fe
2
O
3
)
9675 , 0
160
8 , 9
102
2 , 10
6
,
_
+
Vy s mol HCl cn ho tan 10 gam cht rn sau khi nung:
n
( )
329 , 0
78
10 . 9675 , 0 6 , 1
+
(mol)
do th tch axit HCl:
V
658
5 , 0
1000 . 329 , 0

(ml)
3. Ngoi cc phn ng phn 2, cn:
CO
2
+ 2NaOH Na
2
CO
3
+ H
2
O (6)
c th CO
2
+ NaOH NaHCO
3
(7)
Na
2
CO
3
+ BaCl
2
BaCO
3
+ 2 NaCl (8)
C 78g sau khi nung c:
( )
3 , 0
100
5 , 62 100
.
100
80
(mol) CO
2
Nn s mol CO
2
thot ra theo (2) 1 , 0
78
26 . 3 , 0
(mol). Theo (6, 7) s mol Na
2
CO
3
=
S mol BaCO
3
095 , 0
197
715 , 18
(mol). Nh vy ngoi phn ng (6), CO
2
cn tham gia phn
ng (7), v s mol CO
2
= 0,1 - 0,095 = 0,005 (mol).
Vy tng s mol NaOH c 2 phn ng (6, 7)
= 2 . 0,095 + 0,005 = 0,195
Theo cng thc tnh nng ta c:
195 , 0
40 . 100
. 18 , 1 . 400
a
a = 1,65%
116.
a. Cc phn ng:
Na
2
CO
3
+ H
2
SO
4
Na
2
SO
4
+ H
2
O + CO
2
(1)
Na
2
SO
3
+ H
2
SO
4
Na
2
SO
4
+ H
2
O + SO
2
(2)
Theo cc phn ng trn v bi ra, c: s mol ca A = s mol H
2
SO
4
= 0,5 . 1 = 0,5 mol.
p sut P trong bnh l:
0 0
0
P V PV 1.0,5.22,4 P.5
hay
T T 273 273 27,3

+
Suy ra: P = 2,464 atm.
b. Gi n l s mol ca Na
2
CO
3
v cng l s mol ca CO
2
, m l s mol ca Na
2
SO
3
v cng l
s mol ca SO
2
, ta c:
n m 0,5
106n 126m 55
+
;
+

n = 0,4 v m = 0,1
Gi s mol O
2
bm vo bnh l a, ta c:
M
D
= 21,71 . 2 =
0,4.44 0,1.64 a.32
0,5 a
+ +
+
suy ra a = 0,2 (mol).
c. Phn ng xy ra khi nung nng bnh:
2 SO
2
+ O
2

2 5
0
V O
t
2 SO
3
(3)
Gi x l s mol O
2
cn li sau phn ng (3), vy s mol oxi phn ng = 0,2 x; s mol
SO
2
cn li = 0,1 2. (0,2 x) v s mol SO
3
to thnh = 2. (0,2 x) ; s mol CO
2
khng
i = 0,4 nn tng s mol kh sau phn ng (3) l:
0,1 2. (0,2 x) + x + 2. (0,2 x) + 0,4 = 0,5 + x
Vy:
M
C
=
2 2 2
khi l ng (SO CO O ) khi l ng khC 0,1.64 0,4.44 0,2.32
s mol khC 0,5 x 0,5 x
+ + + +

+ +
M
C
= 22,35 . 2 = 44,7
T cc d kin trn suy ra x = 0,18 (mol)
Tng s mol kh trong C = 0,5 + x = 0,5 + 0,18 = 0,68.
%V
O2
=
0,18.100
26,5%
0,68

%V
CO2
=
0,4.100
58,8%
0,68

S mol SO
3
= 2. (0,2 x) = 0,04 suy ra %V
SO3
=
0,04.100
5,89%
0,68

%V
SO2
= 100% 26,5% - 58,8% - 5,89% = 8,81%.
117.
Cc phn ng:
4FeS
2
+ 11 O
2

0
t
2 Fe
2
O
3
+ 8 SO
2
(1)
FeCO
3

0
t
FeO + CO
2
(2)
2FeO +
1
2
O
2

0
t
Fe
2
O
3
(3)
t s mol ca FeS
2
v FeCO
3
ln lt l x v y, ta c:
S mol O
2
phn ng = s mol O
2
ban u.
T (1), (3) c: s mol O
2
=
11x y
4
+
S mol N
2
=
11x y
4 (11x y)
4
+ _
+

,
Vy:
Trong cht rn A
3
c: Fe
2
O
3
= 0,5. (x+y) mol.
Hn hp B c: N
2
= (11x + y) mol
SO
2
= 2x mol
CO
2
= y mol
kk
M = 32 . 20% + 28 . 80% = 28,8
d =
B
kk
M 28(11x y) 64.2x 44y
1,181
28,8(11x y 2x y) M
+ + +

+ + +
y = 1,5x (4)
Khi nung A
3
vi CO d c phn ng:
Fe
2
O
3
+ 3CO
0
t
2Fe + 3CO
2
Khi lng Fe c trong ng =
14.96
0,24
100.56
(mol).
V hiu sut l 80%, nn: x + y =
0,24.100
0,3
80
(5)
T (4) v (5) c: x = 0,12 ; y = 0,18
a. Tng khi lng FeS
2
+ FeCO
3
= 0,12 . 120 + 0,18 + 116 = 35,28 (g)
Do % tp cht nh nhau, nn % nguyn cht cng bng nhau, v vy s c t l:
0,12.120 35,28
a 58
a = 23,68 (g) v b = 58 23,68 = 34,32 (g).
b. S mol kh B = 13 . 0,12 + 2 . 0,18 = 1,92 (mol)
v
10.p (22,4 1,92).1
273 136,5 273
+
+
p = 6,45 atm
c. Kh B gm: N
2
, SO
2
, CO
2
2 SO
2
+ O
2

2 5
0
V O
t
2 SO
3
SO
3
+ H
2
O H
2
SO
4
CO
2
+ H
2
O
(H )
+
(khng phn ng)

Th tch dung dch axit H
2
SO
4
l:
80.0,24 600
607
1,02
+
(ml)
Nng dung dch H
2
SO
4
l:
0,24
0,39
0,607
(mol/l)
118.
a. Cc phn ng:
C + H
2
O CO + H
2
(1)
C + 2 H
2
O CO
2
+ 2H
2
(2)
2CO + O
2
2CO
2
(3)
2 H
2
+ O
2
2 H
2
O (4)
CO
2
+ 2 NaOH Na
2
CO
3
+ H
2
O (5)
Gi s tng s mol trong hn hp A l 1 mol, gi s mol CO l x, y l s mol ca CO
2
v (x +
2y) l s mol ca H
2
. V p
2
= 0,5 p
1
, iu ny c ngha l s mol kh gim
1
2
, tc l 0,5
mol do cc phn ng (3), (4) gy ra, ta c:
x 3
(x 2y) 0,5
2 2
+ + hay 2x + 3y = 0,5
Mt khc s mol CO
2
b hp th = 0,5 0,3 (s mol O
2
d, c tnh t p
3
= 0,3p
1
) = 0,2 = x
+ y.
T cc phng trnh ton hc trn rt ra x = 0,1 v y = 0,1
Vy %V
CO
= %V
CO2
= 0,1.100% = 10 % ; %V
H2
= 10% + 2. 10% = 30% v %V
O2
l: 100% -
10% - 10% -30% = 50%.
b. Gi n l s mol kh c trong 1000 m
3
X 136,5
0
C v 2,24 atm, ta c:
+
3 3
1.n.22,4 22,4.10.10
273 273 136,5
n =
5
2
.10
3
(mol)
Trong c: nCO + nCO
2
=
5 4
2 20 4
2. .10. 2. .10
3 100 3
(mol).
Vy lng than cn =
4 3
4 100 100
2. .10 .12. . 370.10
3 90 100 4
(g) hay 370 kg.

119.
a. Trong dung dch A c:
x mol K
2
CO
3
2 K
+
+ CO
3
2-
y mol KHCO
3
K
+
+ HCO
3
-
z mol Na
2
CO
3
2 Na
+
+ CO
3
2-
t mol NaHCO
3
Na
+
+ HCO
3
-
Phn th nht:
HCl H
+
+ Cl
-
Ca(OH)
2
Ca
2+
+ 2 OH
-
CO
3
2-
+ H
+
HCO
3
-
(1)
HCO
3
-
+ H
+
H
2
O + CO
2
(2)
HCO
3
-
+ OH
-
+ Ca
2+
CaCO
3
+ H
2
O (3)
Phn th hai:
NaOH Na
+
+ OH
-
OH
-
+ HCO
3
-
CO
3
2-
+ H
2
O (4)
Phn th ba:
HBr H
+
+ Br
-
CO
3
2-
+ 2 H
+
H
2
O + CO
2
(5)
HCO
3
-
+ H
+
H
2
O + CO
2
(6)
b. Theo cc phn ng (1, 2, 3) tt c cc CO
3
2-
v HCO
3
-
u chuyn thnh CO
2
(
0,448
0,02
22,4
mol) hoc CaCO
3
(
2,5
0,25
100
mol), do ta c:
x + y + z + t = 0,02 + 0,025 = 0,045 (a)
Theo (4), y + t = 0,015 (= s mol NaOH) (b)
Theo (5, 6), tt c cc mui cacbonat v hirocacbonat ca kali v natri u chuyn
thnh mui bromua, nn ta c: (2x + y). 119 + (2z + t). 103 = 8,125 (c)
Li c: 138x + 100y =
5,64
1,88
3
(d)
Gii h phng trnh (a, b, c, d) thu c:
x = 0,01 C
K2CO3
=
0,01
0,05
0,2

M
y = 0,005 C
KHCO3
=
0,005
0,025
0,2

M
z = 0,02 C
Na2CO3
=
0,02
0,1
0,2

M
t = 0,01 C
NaHCO3
= 0,005 M
Tnh nng HCl: V H
+
tham gia phn ng (1) v phn ng (2), nn tng s mol H
+
l:
n = x + z + nCO2 = 0,01 + 0,02 + 0,02 = 0,05
Vy C
HCl
=
0,05
0,5
0,1

M.
120.
t x v y ln lt l s mol ca ACO
3
v BCO
3
.
S mol CO
2
l:
0 0
v .1 v 0,896.0,9
0,03
273.1,2 273 22,4
(mol).
Cc phn ng: ACO
3
+ 2 HCl ACl
2
+ CO
2
+ H
2
O
BCO
3
+ 2 HCl BCl
2
+ CO
2
+ H
2
O
a. Khi lng nguyn t trung bnh ca A v B:
M
=
2,84
60 34,66
0,03

. Vy A l Mg (24 vc) v B l Ca (40 vc).
Ta c: 2,84 + 36,5 . 0,03 . 2 = m + 44 . 0,03 + 18. 0,03
Khi lng mui = m = 3,17 (gam).
b. Gii h:
84x 100y 2,84
x y 0,03
+
;
+

x = 0,01 v y = 0,02.
m
MgCO3
= 84 . 0,01 = 0,84 (g) %m = 29,58%
m
CaCO3
= 100 . 0,02 = 2 (g) %m = 70,42%
c. Khi Ba(OH)
2
hp th CO
2
xy ra cc phn ng:
CO
2
+ Ba(OH)
2
BaCO
3
+ H
2
O
Mol: a a a
BaCO
3
+ H
2
O + CO
2
Ba(HCO
3
)
2
Hoc vit: 2CO
2
+ Ba(OH)
2
Ba(HCO
3
)
2
Mol: b 0,5b 0,5b
Ta c: a + b = 0,03
V a =
3,94
0,02
197
nn b = 0,01
S mol Ba(OH)
2
= a + 0,5b = 0,025 (mol)
Nng Ba(OH)
2
trong dung dch l:
0,025
0,125
0,2

(mol/l)
d. S mol HCl phn ng: 2. (x + y) = 0,06 (mol), do trong X ch c: MgCl
2
(0,01 mol)
v CaCl
2
(0,02 mol). Sau khi pha long X v thm Na
2
SO
4
th:
Nng ca ion Ca
2+
=
0,02
0,05
0,4

(mol/l)
Nng ca ion SO
4
2-
=
0,1.0,2
0,05
0,4

(mol/l)
Ta c phn ng: Ca
2+
+ SO
4
2-
CaSO
4
Trc phn ng: (mol): 0,05 0,05

Kt ta: x x
Sau kt ta: (0,05 x) (0,05 x) x
(0,05 x) . (0,05 x) = 2,5 . 10
-5
x = 0,045 (mol/l)
Vy s mol CaSO
4
kt ta l:
0,045.400
0,018
1000
(mol), hay 0,018 . 136 = 2,448 (g).
C. Bi tp t gii:
121. 1. t hai cc A, B c khi lng bng nhau ln hai a cn: cn thng bng. Cho
10,6 g Na
2
CO
3
vo cc A v 11,82 g BaCO
3
vo cc B sau thm 12 g dung dch H
2
SO
4
98% vo cc A, cn mt thng bng. Nu thm t t dung dch HCl 14,6% vo cc B cho
ti khi cn tr li thng bng th tn ht bao nhiu gam dung dch HCl ? (Gi s H
2
O v
axit bay hi khng ng k)
2. Sau khi cn thng bng, ly
2
1
lng cc cht trong cc B vo cc A: cn mt thng
bng:
a. Hi phi thm bao nhiu gam nc vo cc B cho cn tr li thng bng ?
b. Nu khng dng nc m dng dung dch HCl 14,6% th phi thm bao nhiu gam
dung dch axit ?
Cho: H = 1 ;C = 12 ; O = 16 ; Na = 23 ; S = 32 ; Cl = 35,5 ; Ba = 137.
p s: 1. Khi lng dung dch HCl 14,6% cn thm l 6,996 gam.
2. a. Lng nc thm vo cc B l: 17,32 gam.
b. Khi lng dung dch HCl 14,6% cn thm l 18,332 gam.
122. Cho hi nc qua than nung thu c 2,24 lt hn hp kh A (ktc) gm CO, H2,
CO
2
. cho hn hp A kh 40,14 g PbO d nung nng (hiu sut 100%) thu c hn hp kh B
v hn hp cht rn C.
Ho tan hon ton hn hp C trong HNO
3
2M thu c 1,344 lt kh NO (ktc) v dung dch
D.
Kh B c hp th bi dung dch nc vi trong, thu c 1,4 g kt ta E; Lc kt ta, un
nng dung dch nc lc li to ra m gam kt ta E.
Cho dung dch D tc dng vi lng d K
2
SO
4
v Na
2
SO
4
to ra kt ta trng G.
1. Tnh % theo th tch cc kh trong A.
2. Tnh th tch dung dch HNO
3
ti thiu ho tan hon ton hn hp C.
3. Tnh khi lng m.
4. Tnh khi lng kt ta G. Gi thit cc phn ng to thnh kt ta E v G xy ra
hon ton.
Cho: Pb = 207 ;Ca = 40 ; C = 12 ; O = 16 ; S = 32.
p s: 1. %V
CO
= 35%; %V
CO2
= 10%; %V
H2
= 55%
2. V
ddHNO3
= 0,21 lt
3. m = 1,55 gam
4. m
G
(PbSO
4
) = 54,54 gam
123. Cho 8,8 gam hn hp A gm FeCO
3
v CaCO
3
vo bnh kn dung tch l 1,2 lt cha
khng kh (c t l V
O2
: V
N2
= 1 : 4) 19,5
0
C v 1 atm. Nung bnh n nhit cao
phn ng xy ra hon ton, c hn hp cht rn B v hn hp kh C, sau a bnh v
nhit 682,5 K, p sut trong bnh l p. Lng hn hp B phn ng va vi HNO
3
c
trong 200 g dung dch HNO
3
6,72% thu c dung dch D v kh NO.
a. Tnh % v khi lng cc cht trong A.
b. Tnh p.
c. Tnh lng mui to thnh trong dung dch D v th tch kh NO (ktc).
Cho: Fe = 56 ; Ca = 40 ; O = 16 ; C = 12 ; N = 14 ; H = 1.
p s: a. %m
FeCO3
= 65,9% ; %m
CaCO3
= 34,1%
b. p = 5,6 atm
c. Lng mui to thnh trong dung dch D = 17,02 gam; V
NO
(ktc) =
0,0746 lt.
124. Cho 7,2 g hn hp A gm hai mui cacbonat ca 2 kim ,loi k tip nhau trong nhm
kim loi kim th. Cho A ho tan ht trong dung dch H
2
SO
4
long, thu c kh B. Cho ton
b B hp th ht bi 450 ml dung dch Ba(OH)
2
0,2 M thu c 15,76 g kt ta.
a. Xc nh hai mui cacbonat v tnh % theo khi lng ca chng trong A.
b. Mt khc, cho 7,2 g A v 11,6 g Fe
2
O
3
vo bnh kn dung tch 10 lt (gi s th
tch cht rn khng ng k v dung tch bnh khng i). Bm khng kh (cha 20%
O
2
v 80% N
2
theo th tch) vo bnh 27,3
0
C n khi p sut trong bnh l p
1
= 1,232
atm. Nung bnh nhit cao cc phn ng xy ra hon ton, ri a v nhit
ban u, p sut kh trong bnh l p
2
.
Tnh p sut p
2
.
c. Tnh th tch dung dch HCl 4 M t nht phi dng hon tan ht hn hp rn
sau khi nung.
Cho: Be = 9 ; Ca = 40 ; Mg = 24 ; Sr = 88 ; ba = 137.
p s: a. Trng hp 1: MgCO
3
58,33% v CaCO
3
41,67%.
Trng hp 2: BeCO
3
76,67% v MgCO
3
23,33%.
b. Trng hp 1: MgCO
3
v CaCO
3
th p2 = 1,614 atm.
Trng hp 2: BeCO
3
v MgCO
3
th p2 = 1,663 atm.
c. Trng hp 1: MgCO
3
v CaCO
3
th VddHCl = 115 ml.
Trng hp 2: BeCO
3
v MgCO
3
th p2 = 125 ml.
125. t chy hon ton 3,0 g mt mu than ch c cha tp cht lu hunh, kh thu c
cho hp th hon ton bi 0,5 lt dung dch NaOH 1,5M c dung dch A cha hai mui.
Cho kh clo tc dng vi A, sau khi phn ng xong thu c dung dch B. Cho dung dch B
tc dng vi BaCl
2
d thu c a gam kt ta gm BaCO
3
v BaSO
4
, nu ho tan lng kt ta
ny trong HCl d cn li 3,495 g cht khng tan.
a. Tnh thnh phn % khi lng ca C v S trong mu than v gi tr ca a.
b. Tnh nng ccion trong dung dch A.
c. Tnh th tch kh Cl
2
(ktc) phn ng.
d. Tnh lng nhit to ra (kJ) khi t chy 30 gam loi than trn (cho nhit to thnh
ca CO
2
bng 448,7 kJ/mol, ca SO
2
bng 289,9 kJ/mol).
Cho: Ba = 137 ; S = 32 ; O = 16 ; C = 12.
p s: a. %C = 84%; %S = 16%
b. [OH
-
] = 0,6M; [CO
3
2-
] = 0,42M; [SO
3
2-
] = 0,03M; [Na
+
] = 1,5M
c. VCl
2
= 3,36 lt
d. Q = 1.069,7 kJ.
Chung V bi tp tng hp
A. bi c li gii
bi
126. trung ho 3,38g mt oleum cn dng 25,60ml dung dch KOH 14% ( d = 1,25g/ml)
a, Xc nh cng thc oleum. b, Tnh C% SO
3
trong oleum.
c, Tnh m
Oleum
trn cn ly pha vo 500ml dung dch H
2
SO
4
49% ( d = 1,25ml) c th
iu ch c oleum 15%.
127. Kh 3,48g mt oxit ca kim loi M cn dng 1,344 lt kh H
2
(ktc). Ton b lng kim
loi M thu c cho tc dng vi dung dch HCl d cho 1,088 lt H
2
( ktc). Tm kim loi M v
oxit ca M.
128. Trn 0,54 g bt nhm vi bt Fe
2
O
3
v CuO ri tin hnh phn ng nhit nhm thu c
hn hp A. Ho tan hon ton A trong dung dch HNO
3
c hn hp kh gm NO v NO
2
c
t l s mol tng ng l 1 : 3. Th tch (ktc) kh NO v NO
2
l bao nhiu lt?
129. Trn CuO vi mt oxit kim loi ch c ho tr II theo t l mol 1 : 2 c hn hp A. Cho
mt lung H
2
d i qua 2,4g A nung nng thu c hn hp B. ho tan B ht cn 40 ml
dung dch HNO
3
2,5M v thu c Vlit NO duy nht ( ktc). Xc nh kim loi ho tr II trn
v tnh V?
130. Nhng hai tm km, mi tm c khi lng 10,00 gam vo hai dung dch mui kim loi
ho tr hai. Sau mt thi gian xc nh, ly hai tm km ra khi dung dch, ra sch, lm
kh ri cn li. Kt qu cho thy mt tm c khi lng 9,5235 gam, tm kia c khi lng
17,091 gam. Cho bit: Mt trong hai dung dch mui kim loi ho tr hai l mui st (II); l-
ng km tham gia phn ng hai dung dch l nh nhau, khi lng mol trung bnh ca km,
Zn = 65,38 gam.
1. Gii thch hin tng xy ra mi dung dch.
2. Cho bit kim loi no tham gia vo thnh phn dung dch mui th hai.
131. Cho 19,2 g Cu tc dng ht vi dung dch HNO
3
. Tt c lng kh NO sinh ra em oxi
ho thnh NO
2
ri sc vo nc cng vi dng kh oxi chuyn ht thnh HNO
3
. Tnh th
tch oxi (ktc) tham gia vo qu trnh trn.
132. Cho ag hn hp A gm FeO, CuO, Fe
3
O
4
(c s mol bng nhau) tc dng va vi
250ml dung dch HNO
3
thu c dung dch B v 3,136l hn hp NO
2
v NO c t khi so vi
hiro l 20,143. Tnh a v C
M
ca HNO
3
.
133. m g phoi bo st (A) ngoi khng kh sau mt thi gian bin thnh hn hp (B) c
khi lng 30g gm Fe v cc oxit FeO, Fe
3
O
4
, Fe
2
O
3
. Cho B tc dng hon ton vi axit nitric
thy gii phng ra 5,6 lit kh NO duy nht (ktc).Tnh m?
134. Ho tan ht 4,431g hn hp Al v Mg trong HNO
3
long thu c dung dch A v 1,568lit
(ktc) hn hp hai kh (u khng mu) c khi lng 2,59g, trong mt kh b ho nu
trong khng kh.
1. Tnh thnh phn % v th tch mi kh trong hn hp.
2. Tnh s mol HNO
3
tham gia phn ng.
3. C cn dung dch A thu c bao nhiu gam mui khan?
135. in phn dung dch cha 0,2 mol FeSO
4
v 0,06mol HCl vi dng in 1,34 A trong
2 gi (in cc tr, c mng ngn). Tnh khi lng kim loi thot ra katot v th tch kh
thot ra anot(ktc). B qua s ho tan ca clo trong nc v hiu sut in phn l
100%.
137. in phn 200ml dung dch hn hp Cu(NO
3
)
2
v AgNO
3
trong 4 gi vi dng in
0.402A th kim loi trong dung dch thot ra ht (khng c kh hiro bay ra) . Xc inh
C
M
ca mi mui, bit khi lng kim loi thu c l 3,44g.
138. Dung dch X cha HCl, CuSO
4
, Fe
2
(SO
4
)
3
. Ly 400ml dung dch X em in phn
bng in cc tr, cng dng in 7,72A, n khi katot thu c 5,12g Cu th
dng li. Khi anot c 2,24 lit mt cht kh bay ra (ktc). Dung dch sau in phn
tc dng va vi 1,25 lit dung dch Ba(OH)
2
0,2M v un nng dung dch trong khng
kh cho cc phn ng xy ra hon ton th thu c 56,76g kt ta.
1. Tnh thi gian in phn. Tnh C
M
ca cc cht trong dung dch ban u.
139. Mc ti a cho php ca H
2
S trong khng kh l 0,01 mg /l. nh gi s nhim
bn ca khng kh mt nh my ngi ta lm nh sau :
in phn dung dch KI trong 2 pht , I = 2mA. Sau cho 2 lt khng kh li t t
qua dung dch in phn trn cho n khi iot hon ton mt mu . Thm h tinh bt vo
bnh v tip tc in phn 35 giy na vi dng in trn th dung dch bt u
xut hin mu xanh. Gii thch th nghim v cho bit s nhim bn khng kh nh
my vt qu mc cho php cha ?
140. in phn dung dch hn hp HCl 0,01M + CuCl
2
0,1M + NaCl 0,1M (in cc tr c
mng ngn).
V th biu din s bin thin pH ca dung dch theo qu trnh in phn
Hng dn gii
126. Gii
a) n
KOH
=
25, 6 1, 25 14
100 56

= 0,08 (mol)
H
2
SO
4
.nSO
3
+ ( 2n + 2) KOH (n +1) K
2
SO
4
+ (n + 2) H
2
O
1 mol (2n +2) mol

n 80 98
38 , 3
+
0,08 n = 3 H
2
SO
4
. 3SO
3
b) C%
SO3
=
3 80
100%
98 (80 3)
+
= 71%
c) Khi lng mol ca H
2
SO
4
.3SO
3
= 338 (g) Gi x l s gam H
2
SO
4
.3SO
3
cn tm.
Trong 338g H
2
SO
4
.3SO
3
c 98g H
2
SO
4
v 240g 3SO
3

xg H
2
SO
4
.3SO
3
c
98x
338
g H
2
SO
4
v
240x
338
g 3SO
3
m
dd
= 500. 1,25 = 625g trong 625g H
2
SO
4
49% c 306,25g H
2
SO
4
v 318,75g 3SO
3
Khi ho tan: SO
3
+ H
2
O H
2
SO
4
80g 18g 98g
y
1
318,75g y
2
rt ra: y
1
= 1416,67g SO
3
; y
2
= 1735,42g
H
2
SO
4
V oleum c 15% SO
3
nn:
4 2
3
SO H
SO
m
m
=
15
85
=
3
7
Ta c:
240x
1416, 67
338
98x
306, 25 1735, 42
338
+ +
=
3
17
Gii ra ta c x = 2696,8 hay 2,7 kg
127. GiI M
x
O
y
+ yH
2

0
t
xM + yH
2
O (1)
n
O trong oxit
= n
H
2
=
1, 344
22, 4
= 0,06. m
kim loi
= 3,48- (16. 0,06) = 2,52g
2M + 2nHCl 2MCl
n
+ nH
2

2M(g) n(mol)
2,52(g)
1, 088
22, 4
= 0,045(mol) M = 28n n = 2 M = 56 Fe
Fe
x
O
y
+ yH
2
xFe + yH
2
O
y x mol
0,06 mol
2, 52
56
= 0,045
x
y
=
3
4
Fe
3
O
4
128. GiI p dng phng php bo ton electron, ta c:
Tng s mol electron cho =
0, 54
27
3 = 0,06 (mol) = Tng s mol electron nhn
t x l s mol NO th s mol NO
2
l 3x.
T N
+5
xung N
+2
nhn 3electron, cn t N
+5
xung N
+4
nhn 1electron, do
tng s mol electron nhn = 3x + 3x = 0,06 (mol) hay x = 0,01
Th tch ca hai oxit ktc l (0,01 + 0,03)22,4 = 0,896 (lt)
129. GiI Gi s mol CuO l x th s MO s l 2x. C hai trng hp:
a) M ng sau Al trong dy in ho, c hai oxit u tc dng vi hiro.
CuO + H
2

0
t
Cu + H
2
O (1)
x mol x mol
MO + H
2

0
t
M + H
2
O (2)
2x 2x
3Cu + 8HNO
3

3 Cu(NO
3
)
2
+ 2NO + 4H
2
O (3)
x
3
8x

3M + 8HNO
3

3M(NO
3
)
2
+ 2NO + 4H
2
O (4)
2x
3
16x
Ta c: 80x + (M + 16). 2x = 2,4 gii ra x = 0, 0125

3
8x
+
3
16x
= 0,04. 2,5 = 0,1 M = 40 Ca ( loi)
b) M ng trc Al trong dy in ho.
CuO + H
2

0
t
Cu + H
2
O
x mol x mol
3Cu + 8HNO
3

3 Cu(NO
3
)
2
+ 2NO + 4H
2
O
x
3
8x

3
2x
3MO + 2HNO
3

M(NO
3
)
2
+ NO + 4H
2
O
2x 4x
80x + (M + 16). 2x = 2,4 gii ra x = 0, 015

8x
3
+ 4x = 0,04. 2,5 = 0,1 M = 24 Mg V
NO
=
2 0, 015
3
.22,4 =
0,224 lt
130. Gii
1. Khi nhng tm km vo dung dch mui Fe(II): Zn + Fe
2

Zn
2+
+ Fe
(1)
V: M
Fe
< M
Zn
nn khi lng tm km gim i.
Khi nhng tm km vo dung dch mui th hai X
2+
Zn + X
2+

Zn
2+
+ X
(2)
V: M
Zn
< M
X
nn khi lng tm km tng ln.
2. Gi x l s mol Zn phn ng, theo (1) ta c: (10,00 65,38 x) + 55,85 x = 9,5235
x = 0,05 (mol)
V lng Zn tham gia phn ng hai trng hp l nh nhau, theo (2) ta c:
(10,00 65,38 0,05) + M
X
0,05 = 17,091 M
X
= 207,2.
Vy X
2+
l Pb
2+
, X l Pb Zn + Pb
2+

Zn
2+
+ Pb
131. Cch gii 1: Tnh theo phng trnh
3Cu + 8HNO
3
3Cu(NO
3
)
2
+ 2NO + 4H
2
O (1)
0,3mol 0,2mol
2NO + O
2
2 NO
2
(2)
0,2mol 0,1mol
4NO
2
+ 2H
2
O + O
2
4HNO
3
(3)
0,2 mol 0,05mol
V
O2
= 22,4(0,1 + 0,05) = 3,36lit
Cch gii 2: Phng php bo ton e
Cu 2e Cu
+2
4x = 0,6
0,3 0,6 x = 0,15 V
O2
= 0,15 x 22,4 = 3,36 lit
O
2
+ 4e = 2O
- 2
x 4x
132. Cch gii 1 : Tnh theo phng trnh
t s mol NO
2
v NO l x v y. Ta c x + y = 3,136: 22,4 = 0,14 (I)
M trung bnh ca hn hp = (46x + 30y): (x + y) = 20,143 x 2= 40,286(II)
Gii h ta c x = 0,09 y = 0,05 x : y = 9 : 5 ta s dng t s ny vit ph-
ng trnh tng cng to ra NO v NO
2
CuO + 2HNO
3
Cu(NO
3
)
2
+ H
2
O (1)
24FeO + 86 HNO
3
24Fe(NO
3
)
3
+ 9 NO
2
+ 5NO +43H
2
O (2)
9N
+5
+ 9e 9 N
+4
5N
+5
+ 15e 5 N
+2
24e x 1
Fe
+2
-1e Fe
+3
x 24
Tng t ta c:
24Fe
3
O
4
+ 230HNO
3
= 72 Fe(NO
3
)
3
+ 9NO
2
+ 5 NO + 115H
2
O (3)
Theo (2) v (3) th c 24 mol FeO (hoc Fe
3
O
4
) to ra 14 mol hn hp kh
(FeO, CuO, Fe
3
O
4
)
z z z Vy 2z 0,14mol
z = 0,12 a = 80 x 0,12 + 72 x 0,12 + 232 x 0,12 = 46,08g
S mol HNO
3
= 0,24 + (0,12 x 86): 24 + (0,12 x 230): 24 = 1,82 mol
Vy C
M
HNO
3
l 1,82 : 0,25 = 7,28M.
Cch gii 2: Phng php bo ton e
S mol e cho = s mol e nhn = 0,09 + (0,05 x3) = 0,24 mol
S mol Fe
+2
= 0,24 mt khc s mol FeO = s mol Fe
3
O
4
= 0,12
A = 0,12(80 + 72 + 232) = 46,08
S mol HNO
3
= n NO +n NO
2
+3nFe + 2nCu ) = 0,14 + 3(0,12x4) + 2x0,12=1,82 (mol)
Vy C
M
HNO
3
l 1,82 : 0,25 = 7,28M.
133. Cch gii 1 : Phng php i s
Cc phng trnh ho hc:
Fe + 1/2O
2
FeO (1) 3Fe + 2O
2
Fe
3
O
4
(2)
2Fe + 3/2O
2
Fe
2
O
3
(3) Fe + 4HNO
3
Fe(NO
3
)
3
+ NO + H
2
O (4)
3FeO +10HNO
3
3Fe(NO
3
)
3
+ NO + 5H
2
O (5) 3Fe
3
O
4
+28HNO
3
9Fe(NO
3
)
3
+ NO
+ 14H
2
O (6)
Fe
2
O
3
+6HNO
3
2Fe(NO
3
)
3
+ 3H
2
O (7)
C th coi Fe
3
O
4
l FeO.Fe
2
O
3
nn khi c th coi lng B (30g) ch gm
Fe, FeO, Fe
2
O
3
vi s mol tng ng l x, y, z > 0.Ta c : 56x + 72y + 160z = 30 (I)
S mol NO = x +
y
3
= 0,25 hay 3x + y = 0,75 (II)
S mol ca Fe ban u l x + y + 2z , ta lm xut hin biu thc bng cch nhn (II) vi 8
ri cng vi (I) ta c 80(x + y + 2z) = 36 Vy s mol Fe = 36: 80 = 0,45 m
A
=
0,45 x56 = 25,2g.
Cch gii 2 : Phng php bo ton e
7 phng trnh ha hc trn c biu din bng cc qu trnh oxi ho kh tng qut sau:
Fe 3e = Fe
+3
O + 2e = O
-2
N
+5
+ 3e = N
+2
Do s mol NO = 0,25 (theo gi thit), s mol Fe l x v s mol
nguyn t oxi l y, theo qui tc bo ton e ta c: 3x = 2y + 0,75(I) Mt khc B ch
gm Fe v O nn ta cn c 56x + 16y = 30 (II) gii h ta c
x = 0,45 v m = 0,45 x 56 = 25,2g.
134. 1. Tnh % v th tch ca hn hp kh theo phng php ng cho:
Hai kh u khng mu l cc oxit ca nit, trong kh b ho nu trong khng kh
chnh l NO (30) , M trung bnh ca hn hp kh l 2,59 : 0,07= 37 Vy kh th hai c M >
37 l N
2
O c M = 44.
Ta thit lp ng cho N
2
O M = 44 7
NO M = 30 7
VN
2
O : V NO = 1:1 %N
2
O = 50% % NO = 50%
2. Tnh s mol HNO
3
phn ng theo phng php bo ton electron:
Cc qu trnh oxi ho kh: Mg 2e = Mg
+2
Al - 3e = Al
+3
2N
+5
+ 8e =
2N
+1
N
+5
+ 3e = N
+2
Theo nh lut bo ton e ta c s mol e nhng = s mol e nhn. Nu gi n
1
n
2
l s mol
Mg v Al ta c 2 n
1
+ 3 n
2
= (8 x 0,035 ) + (3 x 0,035) = 11 x 0,035 (mol)
Biu thc 2n
1
+ 3n
2
cng chnh l s mol HNO
3
to thnh mui, ngoi ra, s mol HNO
3
chuyn thnh N
2
O v NO l 3 x 0,035. Vy tng s mol HNO
3
l 14 x 0,035 =
0,49mol
3. Tnh khi lng mui theo phng php bo ton khi lng
m
mui
= m
kim loi
+ m
NO3-
trao i = 4,431 + (11 x 0,035x 62) =28,301g
135. Cch gii 1 : Phng php thng thng
Cc phng trnh phn ng in phn: 2HCl H
2
+ Cl
2
(1) FeSO
4
+ H
2
O Fe
+
1
2
O
2
+ H
2
SO
4
(2)
m
H2
= 0,06g = (1,34 .t
1
) : 26,8 t
1
= 1,2 gi t
2
= 2,0 1,2 = 0,8 gi
m
Fe
= (56 : 2)x(1,34x0,8) : 26,8 = 1,12g S mol Clo = 0,03, s mol oxi = 1/2 n
Fe
= 0,01
V kh anot = 0,04 x22,4 = 0,896 lit.
Cch gii 2 : Phng php bo ton electron - in lng Q = It = 1,34 x 2 = 2,68A.h
- n
e
= It/F = 2,68 : 26,8 = 0,1 mol Th t in phn katot
H
+
+ 1e = 1/2 H
2
0,06 0,06mol
Fe
+2
+ 2e = Fe
0,02 (0,1 - 0,06)mol m
Fe
= 0,02 x 56 = 1,12g
- Th t in phn anot
Cl
-
- 1e = 1/2 Cl
2
0,06 0,06 0,03mol
H
2
O - 2e = 1/2O
2
+ 2H
+
(0,1 - 0,06)mol 0,01mol n hn hp kh = 0,03 +0,01 = 0,04
M
=37
Vkh = 0,04 x 22,4 = 0,896 lit.
137. Cch gii 1 : Phng php thng thng
Cc phng trnh in phn: 2Cu(NO
3
)
2
+ 2H
2
O O
2
+2Cu + 2HNO
3
(1)
2AgNO
3
+ H
2
O 1/2O
2
+2Ag + 2HNO
3
(2)
t x,y ln lt l s mol ca Cu v Ag, ta c 64x + 108y = 3,44 (I)
Mt khc theo phng trnh Faraday ta c 64x = (64:2) It
1
: 26,8 (II)
108y = 108 x I(4 t
1
):26,8(III)
Gii ra ta c x = 0,02; y =0,02 C
M
Cu(NO
3
)
2
= 0,1 M
C
M
AgNO
3
= 0,1 M
Cch gii 2 : Phng php bo ton electron
- in lng Q = It = 0,402 x 4 = 1,608 (A.h)
- S mol e nhn l 2x + y = 1,608: 26,8 = 0,06(I)
Mt khc, khi lng hai kim loi 64x + 108y = 3,44 (II)
Gii ra ta c x = 0,02; y =0,02 C
M
Cu(NO
3
)
2
= 0,1 M C
M
AgNO
3
= 0,1
M
138. Gii
- Qu trnh in li: Fe
2
(SO
4
)
3
2Fe
3+
+ 3SO
4
2-
xmol 2xmol 3xmol
CuSO
4
Cu
2+
+ SO
4
2-
ymol ymol ymol
HCl H
+
+ Cl
-
zmol zmol zmol
- Qu trnh in phn:
Katot Anot
2Fe
3+
+ 2e = 2Fe
2+
2Cl
-
- 2e = Cl
2
Cu
2+
+ 2e = Cu
Cu thot ra katot, chng t Fe
3+

b in phn ht. n
Cu
= 5,12 : 64 = 0,08(mol)
n
Clo
= 2,24: 22,4 = 0,1(mol), n
Ba(OH)2
= 0,2 x 1,25 = 0,25.
- Sau khi in phn xy ra cc phn ng:
- Ba(OH)
2
+ SO
4
2-
BaSO
4
+ 2OH
-
(1)
(3x +y) (3x +y) (3x +y)
- Ba(OH)
2
+ 2HCl BaCl
2
+ H
2
O (2)
(0,25- 3x- y) 2(0,25- 3x- y)
- Fe
2+
+ 2OH
-
Fe(OH)
2
(3)
2x 2x 2x
- Cu
2+
+ 2OH
-
Cu(OH)
2
(4)
(y 0,08) (y 0,08)
4Fe(OH)
2
+ O
2
+ H
2
O 4Fe(OH)
3
(5)
2x 2x
1. Tnh thi gian in phn theo cng thc m =
AIt
nF
(m = 7,1g, n = 2)
t =
m n F
A I

=
7,1 2 96500
71 7, 72

= 2500(s)
2. Tnh C
M
ca cc cht trong dung dch u, p dng phng php bo ton e:
- S mol e thu katot = S mol e nhng anot x + 0,08 = 0,1mol (I)
Theo cc phn ng (1,3, 4,5): m
kt ta
= m
BaSO4
+ m
Cu(OH)2
+ m
Fe(OH)3
= 56,76
233(3x + y) + 98(y 0,08) + 107 .2x = 56,76 (II)
Gii ra ta c x = 0,02, y = 0,14 n
HCl
= 0,1.2 + 2(0,25 3x -y) = 0,3
C
M
HCl = 0,3 : 0,4 = 0,75 M, C
M
CuSO
4
= 0,14 : 0,4 = 0,35M
139. GiI Gii thch th nghim 2KI + 2H
2
O
dpdung dich
2KOH + I
2
+ H
2
(1)
Sc 2lt khng kh vo dung dch sau khi in phn: H
2
S + I
2
S + 2HI
(2)
2
I
It 0,002120
n = =
nF 296500
= 0,12. 10
-5
mol I
2
=
2
H S
n
Dung dch sau phn ng cn d H
2
S (K
2
S), KI, in phn theo th t: S
2-
> I
-
> Br
-
> Cl
-
> OH
-
Khi in phn, qu trnh anot: S
2-
-2e S (3)
2I
-
-2e I
2
(4) I
2
lm tinh bt ha xanh.
Bt u xy ra (4) th (3) xong
2-
S
0,00235
n =
296500
= 0,36.10
-6
mol
Vy tng s mol H
2
S l (1,2 + 0,36 ).10
-6
mol.
Tng s mg H
2
S = 1,56 x 10
-6
x 34 x 10
3
= 53,04 . 10
-3
mg.
S mg H
2
S trong 1 lt khng kh ca nh my =
3
53, 04
10
2

mg = 26,5.10
-3
mg = 0,0265mg
? 0,01mg (theo tiu chun cho php).
Kt lun : Khng kh nh my b nhim H
2
S nghim trng.
140. GiI Cc phn ng in phn ln lt xy ra nh sau: CuCl
2
dien phan
Cu + Cl
2
(1)
Trong khi xy ra (1), pH khng thay i, bng 2. 2HCl
dien phan
H
2
+ Cl
2
(2)
Khi xy ra (2) pH tng dn t 2 ln 7.
2NaCl + 2H
2
O
dien phan
mang ngan
2NaOH + Cl
2
+ H
2
(3)
0,1M 0,1M
Khi xy ra (3) pH tng dn t 7 n 13. Nu tip tc in phn, n c b in phn
2H
2
O
dien phan
2H
2
+ O
2
(4)
Khi lng dung mi gim lm pH tng, nhng rt chm, n di 14.
th biu din s thay i pH

13

7

2
CuCl
2
HCl NaCl H
2
O Qu trnh in phn
B. Bi tp t gii
141. Hn hp A gm Na
2
CO
3
v BaCO
3
. Ho tan A trong 500ml dung dch Ba(HCO
3
)
2
c
dung dch C v phn khng tan B. Chia dung dch C thnh hai phn bng nhau:
- Phn 1 cho tc dng vi lng d dung dch CaCl
2
c 2gam kt ta.
- Phn 2 tc dng va ht vi 40ml dung dch KOH 0,5M
Cho phn khng tan B tc dng vi dung dch HCl d. Ton b kh thot ra c hp th
ht vo 200ml dung dch Ba(OH)
2
0,25M. Sau phn ng lc tch kt ta, cho dung dch
cn li tc dng vi dung dch NaOH d, thu c 1,97 gam kt ta. Tnh khi lng tng
cht trong hn hp A v tnh nng M ca dung dch Ba(HCO
3
)
2
142. a. Phn bit s in li v s in phn.
b. Ho tan hon ton 30,4 gam FeSO
4
vo 54,75 gam dung dch HCl 4% thu c
dung dch A. in phn dung dch A vi in cc tr c mng ngn vi cng dng
in I = 1,34 A trong 2 gi. Tnh khi lng kim loi thot ra K v th tch kh thot ra ti
A(ktc). Gi thit rng hiu sut in phn l 100% v b qua s ho tan vo dung dch
ca cht kh thot ra A.
143. Cho 0,08mol Fe
x
O
y
tc dng vi dung dch HNO
3
thu c 0,44gam oxit N
. Xc nh
cng thc phn t cc oxit v tnh khi lng st oxit ho tan. Cho bit phng trnh ha
hc tng qut ca phn ng xy ra nh sau:
(5 - 2)FexOy + (18x - 6x - 2y)HNO3 (5 - 2)xFe(NO3)3 + (3x 2y)N
O
+ (9x - 3x - y)H2O
143. Ha tan hon ton mt t bt Fe
3
O
4
vo mt lng axit HNO
3
va , thu c 0,336 lt
N
x
O
y
(ktc) c cn dung dch sau phn ng c 32,67 gam mui khan. Xc nh cng thc
oxit v tnh khi lng Fe
3
O
4
b ha tan
144. a)Mt oxit ca nit c cng thc NO
x
, trong N chim 30,43% v khi lng. Xc
nh NO
x
. Vit phng trnh ha hc ca NO
x
vi dung dch NaOH dng phn t v ion.
b) NO
x
nh hp theo phng trnh ha hc : 2NO
x
(k)
N
2
O
2x
(k)
NO
x
l kh mu nu, N
2
O
2x
l kh khng mu.
- Khi gim p sut ca h phn ng, cn bng ha hc trn s chuyn dch theo
chiu no?
- Khi ngm bnh cha NO
x
trong nc , thy mu nu nht dn. Cho bit phn ng
thun l ta nhit hay thu nhit.
145. a) Cho Vml dung dch NH
3
2M vo 300ml dung dch CuCl
2
0,3M th thu c 3,92 gam
kt ta. Tnh V?
b) Trnh by nhng hin tng c th xy ra v vit phng trnh ha hc cho tng tr-
ng hp sau:
- Nh t t dung dch NH
3
vo dung dch CuSO
4
cho n d.
- Nh t t dung dch NH
3
vo dung dch Al
2
(SO
4
)
3
cho n d.
- Nh t t dung dch CuSO
4
vo dung dch NH
3
cho n d.
146. Hn hp X gm mt kim loi M ( c gi tr 2 v 3) v M
x
O
y
. Khi lng ca X l 80,8g. Ho
tan ht X bi dung dch HCl thu c 4,48l H
2
( ktc) cn nu ho tan ht X bi HNO
3
thu
c 6,72l NO ( ktc). Bit rng mt cht c s mol gp 1,5 ln s mol cht kia. Xc nh
M v M
x
O
y
.
147. Ho tan a gam CuSO
4-
5H
2
O vo dung dch HCl c 500ml dung dch A .
a. Ly100ml dung dch A in phn bng dng in 5A , in cc tr , sau 6 pht
26 giy ngng in phn c dung dch B . Thm 3,288 gam Ba vo dung dch
B, sau khi phn ng xong lc ly kt ta, nung n khi lng khng i thu c
4,834 gam cht rn C gm hai cht. Phn nc lc c mi trng trung tnh, em
lm kh cn nng m gam mt mui khan. Tnh khi lng cc cht sinh ra trn 2
in cc . Tnh a , C
M
HCl trong dung dch A , m .
b. Ly 100ml dung dch A in phn bng dng in 6,4A, in cc tr , sau t
pht th trn anot thu c 0,4704 lt kh (ktc). Tnh t ?
c. Thm t t dung dch NaOH 1M vo 100 ml dung dch A n khi khi lng kt ta
bt u khng i th ht V ml. Tnh V v khi lng kt ta.
148. Nhit phn hon ton ( 500
o
C) hn hp M gm NaNO
3
v Cu(NO
3
)
2
thu c 21,8 gam
cht rn A v V lt kh C. Mt khc, cho mt bnh kn cha 500 gam nc v 11,2 lt
khng kh 0
0
C , 2 atm . Bm tt c kh C vo bnh , sau lc k phn ng xy ra
hon ton thu c dung dch D. Nhit , p sut trong bnh sau phn ng l 0
0
C ; 2,2
atm . Bit khng kh trong bnh trc v sau phn ng ch c N
2
v 0
2
.
a. Tnh phn trm khi lng mi mui trong M.
b. Tnh nng phn trm(khi lng )ca dung dch D.
Cho bit cc mui nitrat ca cc kim loi mnh nh Na, K, Ca khi nhit phn to thnh
kh oxi v mui nitrit. Nhit phn cc mui nitrat ca cc kim loi trung bnh nh Fe,
Cu khi nhit phn to thnh kh oxi, NO
2
v oxit kim loi.
149. a. Do nhiu ngun nhim, trong kh quyn thng tn ti cc kh SO
2
, NO, CO
2
. C
mt phn NO v SO
2
b oxi ho. l nguyn nhn ch yu lm nc ma c pH thp hn
nhiu so vi nc nguyn cht (ma axit). Vit cc phng trnh phn ng din t cc qu
trnh ho hc xy ra.
b. Thm t t nc brom cho n d vo 100ml nc c ho tan 0,672lit SO
2
(ktc) vit ph-
ng trnh ha hc xy ra. Hy ch r cht oxi ho, cht kh v cc cp oxi ho kh lin
quan n phn ng.
c. Sc kh nit vo dung dch trn ui ht brom d. Tnh th tch dung dch
NaOH 0,48M cn trung ho hon ton dung dch thu c.
(Trch thi tuyn sinh vo trng i hc s phm H Ni, nm 2000).
150. Nhit phn hon ton 12,95g mt mui hirocacbonat ca kim loi R c ho tr
khng i c cht rn A, hn hp kh v hi B. Cho B t t qua dung dch cha 0,07 mol
Ca(OH)
2
thy khi lng bnh tng 5,3g ng thi c 4g kt ta.
a. Xc nh cng thc mui hirocacbonat.
b. Cho cht rn A vo 100 ml dung dch H
2
SO
4
0,2M(d= 1,2g/ml). Tnh C% ca dung
dch thu c.

Cac PPhap Giai BT Hoa 9

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Phng php 1

P DNG NH LUT BO TON KHI LNG

khng b in phn trong dung dch)

II- Axit HCl

Lng kh clo c trong 20m

3. T d kin ca bi ton nhn thy lng HCl dng trong th nghim 1 l va

(0,2 l tng s mol H

(trong 32 v 111 l KLPT ca O

Nhn vo phng trnh phn ng, ta thy 1 mol MnO

Mui b phn hy theo b) :

7. Cc phng trnh ha hc: 2KClO

Nhn vo phng trnh phn ng (1) ta thy 2 mol KMnO

V s mol HCl phn ng l:

Khi lng KMnO

Lng amoni clorua l: 8,601 7,561 = 1,04 (g)

FeS (1) FeS + 2HCl FeCl

Trc khi nung, s mol kh l: N

Khi nung kt ta:

hiroxit kt ta, th d: AlCl

2. Nng % ca dung dch NH

Nng mol/l ca dung dch NH

) mol ( 02 , 0 n x : bng Al mol S

73. 1. Tng s mol cc kh trong hn hp sau phn ng:

p sut ca hn hp kh sau phn ng bng: p2 =

hay l: y + 0,8x = 0,95(x + y), rt ra x : y = 1 : 3 Thnh phn % s mol trong hn hp

V dung dch trung ha in nn:

Khi lng qung photphorit:

(khng phn ng)

(g) hay 370 kg.

Trc phn ng: (mol): 0,05 0,05

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