CHUYN 11: GII TON AXIT CACBOXYLIC

-Nguyn Th Yn Phng -
1
GII TON AXIT CACBOXYLIC
Dng 1: Gii ton axit da vo phn ng ca nhm chc - COOH
1.1. Tc dng vi kim loi kim:
2C
n
H
2n+1
COOH + 2 Na 2C
n
H
2n+1
COONa + H
2
|
2R(COOH)m + 2m Na 2R(COONa)
m
+ m H
2
|
-
2
2
m
n
n
axit
H
= m : s nhm chc axit
- Hai axit tc dng Na:
2
1
2
=
axit
H
n
n
hai axit u n chc
1.2. Phn ng trung ha
C
n
H
2n+1
COOH + NaOH C
n
H
2n+1
COONa + H
2
O
R(COOH)m + m NaOH R(COONa)
m
+ m H
2
O
- S nhm chc axit: m =
axit
NaOH
n
n

- Hiu khi lng ca mui v axit: Am = m
mui
m
axit
= 22. m.x (x s mol axit)
- Hn hp 2 axit mch thng c t l: 1 <
axit
NaOH
n
n
< 2 C 1 axit n chc v 1 axit a chc.
1.3. Phn ng vi Mui
2C
n
H
2n+1
COOH + Na
2
CO
3
2C
n
H
2n+1
COONa + CO
2 |
+ H
2
O
2R(COOH)
m
+ m Na
2
CO
3
2R(COONa)
m
+ m CO
2 |
+ m H
2
O
- Nu sau phn ng khng c kh thot ra Na
2
CO
3
c th d, sn phm to mui NaHCO
3
.
C
n
H
2n+1
COOH + Na
2
CO
3
C
n
H
2n+1
COONa + NaHCO
3

- Phn ng t chy mui hoc nung mui vi vi ti xt:
2C
n
H
2n+1
COONa + (3n +1)O
2
Na
2
CO
3
+ (2n +1)CO
2
+ (2n +1)H
2
O
C
n
H
2n+1
COONa + NaOH
o
t CaO,
C
n
H
2n+2
+ Na
2
CO
3

R(COONa)
m
+ m NaOH
o
t CaO,
RH
m
+ m Na
2
CO
3

Lu :
- Axit fomic c tnh kh ca andehit, cho phn ng trng gng:
HCOOH + Ag
2
O
o
t NH ,
3
CO
2
+ H
2
O + 2Ag+
- Mt hp cht hu c tc dng vi Na v tc dng vi Na
2
CO
3
m kt qu cho n
H2
> n
CO2
tp cht
hiroxiaxit: (HO)
n
R(COOH)
m

p dng:
1. Cho 3g mt axit cacboxylic no, n chc tc dng ht vi 100ml dd NaOH 0,5M. CTCT thu gn ca X l:
A. HCOOH B. CH
3
COOH C. C
2
H
5
COOH D. C
3
H
7
COOH
2. Cho 5,3g hn hp gm 2 axit no, n chc ng ng k tip nhau tc dng vi Na va thu c
1,12lt H
2
(ktc). CTCT thu gn ca 2 axit l:
A. HCOOH, CH
3
COOH B. CH
3
COOH, C
2
H
5
COOH
C. C
2
H
5
COOH, C
3
H
7
COOH D. C
2
H
3
COOH, C
3
H
5
COOH
3. Cho 5,76g axit h c n chc, mch h tc dng ht vi CaCO
3
thu c 7,28g mui axit hu c.
CTCT thu gn ca axit l:
CHUYN 11: GII TON AXIT CACBOXYLIC
-Nguyn Th Yn Phng -
2
A. HCOOH B. CH
3
COOH C.C
2
H
5
COOH D. C
2
H
3
COOH
Dng 2: Gii ton axit da vo phn ng t chy.
So snh t l s mol CO
2
v H
2
O
- Nu: n
H2O
= n
CO2
axit ban u phi l axit no, n chc.
- Nu: n
CO2
> n
H2O
axit ban u l axit khng no, n chc hoc no a chc hoc khng no a
chc.
Lu :
- Khi t chy axit khng no, c 1 ni i, n chc hoc axit no, 2 chc ta lun c: n
axit
= n
CO2
- n
H2O

C
n
H
2n-2
O
2
+
2
3 3 n
O
2
n CO
2
+ (n 1) H
2
O
C
n
H
2n-2
O
4
+
2
5 3 n
O
2
n CO
2
+ (n 1) H
2
O
- Mui ca axit no n chc chy cng to ra n
H2O
= n
CO2
V d: 2C
n
H
2n+1
COONa + (3n +1)O
2

o
t
Na
2
CO
3
+ (2n +1)CO
2
+ (2n + 1)H
2
O
p dng:
4. t chy hon ton 3,7g axit hu c mch h thu c 3,36 lt CO
2
(ktc) v 2,7g H
2
O. Tn gi ca X l:
A. Axit axetic B. Axit propionic C. Axit oxalic D. Axiy malonic
5. t chy hon ton 5,3g hn hp 2 axit no n chc k tip nhau trong dy ng ng thu c 9,3g sn
phm gm CO
2
v H
2
O. CTCT thu gn ca 2 axit l:
A. CH
3
COOH, C
2
H
5
COOH B. HCOOH, CH
3
COOH
C. C
2
H
5
COOH, C
3
H
7
COOH D. C
2
H
3
COOH, C
3
H
5
COOH
BI TP:
6. trung ha 6,72g mt axit cacboxylic Y (no, n chc), cn dng 200ml dd NaOH 2,24%. CT ca X l:
A. CH
3
COOH B. HCOOH C. C
2
H
5
COOH D. C
3
H
7
COOH
7. Cho 10,6g hn hp 2 axit hu c l ng ng ca nhau tc dng vi AgNO
3
/NH
3
d th thu c 21,6g
Ag. Mt khc, cho lng hn hp trn tc dng vi NaOH th cn 200ml NaOH 1M. CTCT thu gn ca 2
axit trn l:
A. HCOOH, CH
3
COOH B. HCOOH, C
2
H
5
COOH
C. HCOOH, C
3
H
7
COOH D. HCOOH, C
4
H
9
COOH
8. t chy 0,1mol mt axit no n chc X cn dng 7,84 lt O
2
(ktc). CTCT thu gn ca axit X l:
A. HCOOH B. CH
3
COOH C. C
2
H
5
COOH D. C
3
H
7
COOH
9. t chy 0,1mol mt axit n chc X cn dng 6,72 lt O
2
(ktc) v thu c 0,3mol CO
2
. CTCT ca X
l:
A. HCOOH B. CH
3
COH C. C
2
H
3
COOH D. C
3
H
5
COOH
10. t chy hon ton 9g axit cacboxylic A thu c 8,8g CO
2
. trung ha cng lng axit ny cn dng
200ml dd NaOH 1M. Tn ca axit l:
A. Axit axetic B. Axit propionic C. Axit oxalic D. Axiy malonic
11. trung ha 0,58g mt axit cacboxylic X cn dng 100ml dd KOH 0,1M. Bit M
X
< 150. CTCT thu
gn ca axit X l:
A. C
2
H
5
COOH B. C
2
H
2
(COOH)
2
C. CH
2
(COOH)
2
D. CH
3
COOH
12. t chy 4,1g mui Na ca axit hu c no n chc mch h cn 3,2g O
2
. CT ca mui tng ng l:
A. HCOONa B. CH
3
COONa C. C
2
H
5
COONa D. C
3
H
7
COONa
CHUYN 11: GII TON AXIT CACBOXYLIC
-Nguyn Th Yn Phng -
3
13. Cho 0,1 mol axit A tc dng va vi 0,2mol NaHCO
3
. t chy 0,1mol A th khi lng H
2
O vt
qu 3,6g. CTCT thu gn ca axit A l:
A. CH
3
CH
2
COOH B. HOOC-CC-COOH
C. HOOC-CH=CH-COOH D. HOOC-CH
2
-CH
2
-COOH
14. t chy a gam ancol etylic hoc b gam axit axetic u thu c 0,2mol CO
2
. Trn a gam ancol etylic
vi b gam axit axetic, ri thc hin phn ng este ha, bit hiu sut 60% th khi lng este thu c l:
A. 8,8g B. 5,28g C. 10,6g D. 10,56g
15. iu ch 45g axit lactic t tinh bt qua con ng ln men lactic, hiu sut phn ng thy phn tinh
bt v ln men lactic tng ng l 90% v 80%. Khi lng tinh bt cn dng l:
A. 50g B. 60g C. 56,25g D. 56g
16. Cht hu c A cha cc nhm chc c nguyn t H linh ng. A b oxi ha bi CuO un nng to
adehit. Ly 13,5g A phn ng va vi NaOH c 16,8g mui khan. CTCT ca A l:
A. HO-CH
2
-CH
2
-COOH B. CH
3
-CH(OH)-COOH
C. CH
2
-CH-COOH D. HO-CH
2
-CH-COOH

17. Hn hp X gm hai axit no, mch thng X
1
v X
2
. t chy hon ton 0,3mol X thu c 11,2 lt kh
CO
2
(ktc). trung ha 0,3mol X cn 500ml dd NaOH 1M. CTCT ca axit l:
A. CH
3
COOH; C
2
H
5
COOH B. HCOOH; C
2
H
5
COOH
C. HCOOH; HOOC-COOH D. CH
3
COOH; HOOC-CH
2
-COOH
18. Trung ha hon ton 16,6g hn hp 5 axit n chc trong dy ng ng cn 300ml dd NaOH 1M, c
cn dd sau phn ng thu c m gam mui khan. Gi tr ca m l:
A. 23,2g B. 25,2g C. 36g D. Khng d kin tnh.
19. Hn hp X gm 2 axit n chc thuc cng mt dy ng ng. Ha hi m gam X 136,5
o
C trong bnh
kn c th tch 0,56 lt th p sut hi X l 1,5atm. Nu t chy m gam X th thu c 1,65g CO
2
. Gi tr
ca m l:
A. 1,325g B. 1,275g C. 1,225g D. 1,527g
20. 25
o
C, hng s cn bng ca phn ng:
CH
3
COOH + C
2
H
5
OH CH
3
COOC
2
H
5
+ H
2
O l K
C
= 4
Cho nng ban u ca CH
3
COOH l 1M; ca C
2
H
5
OH l 2M. Nng ca este to thnh khi cn bng
l:
A. 0,85 B. 1 C. 2 D. 1/3
21. Trn 1mol axit axetic vi 1 mol ru etylic. Khi s mol cc cht trong hn hp khng thay i na,
nhn thy lng este thu c l 2/3 mol. Hng s cn bng k ca phn ng este ha thu c l:
A. 1 B. 4/9 C. 2/3 D. 4
22. Oxi ha mnh lit olefin X bng dd KMnO
4
/H
2
SO
4
thu c sn phm oxi ha duy nht l axit axetic. X
l: A. Propen B. Buten-1 C. Buten-2 D. Penten-2
23. Trong s cc cht: ancol etylic, andehit axetic, axeton, axit focmic, axit acrylic th c x cht lm qu tm
ha , y cht tham gia phn ng trng gng, z cht to kt ta trng vi dd NaHSO
3
bo ha v t cht to
kt ta vng khi tc dng vi I
2
/NaOH. Khng nh no di y khng ng:
A. x = 2 B. y = 2 C. z = 2 D. t = 2
24. Hp cht X c cng thc C
6
H
10
. Khi cho X tc dng vi dd dd KMnO
4
trong mi trng trung tnh to
ancon hai chc, cn trong mi trng axit th to axit aipic HOOC(CH
2
)
4
COOH. Cu to ca X l:
A. Xiclopenten B. Xiclohexen C. Hexa-1,5-ien D. 1,2-imetylxiclobut-1-en
OH OH COOH
CHUYN 11: GII TON AXIT CACBOXYLIC
-Nguyn Th Yn Phng -
4
25. Xt cc cht CH
2
=CH-CH
2
OH, HOC
6
H
4
CH
2
OH (hp cht thm), HCOOH. Trong s cc cht ny c x
cht lm nht mu dd Brom (khng to kt ta), y cht tc dng c vi Na
2
CO
3
, z cht tc dng vi
NaHCO
3
v t cht tc dng vi NaOH. Kt lun no di y khng ng:
A. x = 2 B. y = 3 C. z = 1 D. t = 2
26. Cho dy chuyn ha iu ch axic axetic:







Pht biu no di y ng:
A. X l CH
3
CHO B. Y l CH
3
CH
2
CH
2
CH
3

C. Z l CH
3
CH
2
OH D. T l CH
3
COONa
27. A l dd hn hp cha CH
2
(COOH)
2
, c nng mol a (M) v CH
2
=CHCOOH c nng b (M). Trung
ha 100ml dd A cn 250ml dd NaOH 1M. Mt khc, 100ml dd A cng lm mt mu va ht dd Br
2
, cha
24g Br
2
. Cc gi tr a, b ln lt bng:
A. a=0,5; b=1,5 B. a=1,0; b=1,0 C. a=1,0; b=1,5 D. a=2,0; b=1,0
28. t chy ht m gam mt axit no, n chc, mch h c (m+2,8)g CO
2
v (m-2,4)g H
2
O. Axit ny l:
A. HCOOH B. CH
3
COOH C. C
2
H
5
COOH D. C
3
H
7
COOH
29. trung ha 6,42g hai axit hu c n chc l ng ng k tip ca nhau cn dng 50ml dd NaOH
2M. Cng thc ca 2 axit l:
A. CH
3
COOH; HCOOH B. CH
3
COOH; C
2
H
3
COOH
C. CH
3
COOH; C
2
H
5
COOH D. C
2
H
3
COOH; C
2
H
5
COOH
30. t chy 1,8g hp cht hu c A (c C, H, O) cn 1,344 lt O
2
(ktc) thu c CO
2
v H
2
O theo t l th
tch 1:1. Khi cho cng mt lng cht A nh nhau tc dng ht vi Na v tc dng ht vi NaHCO
3
th s
mol H
2
v s mol CO
2
thu c l bng nhau v bng s mol cht A phn ng. CTCT ca A (vi A c
khi lng phn t nh nht tha mn cc iu kin trn) l:
A. CH
2
OH-COOH; CH
2
OH- CH
2
-COOH B. CH
3
CHOH-COOH; CH
2
OH- CH
2
-COOH
C. CH
2
OH-COOH D. CH
2
OH- CH
2
-COOH
31. t chy hon ton 0,1mol este 2 chc to bi ru no v axit n chc cha no c mt ni i ta thu
c 17,92 lt kh CO
2
(ktc) th este c to ra t:
A. Eylenglycol v axit acrylic B. Propylen glycol v axit butenoic
C. Etylen glycol, axit acrylic v axit butenoic D. Butaiol v axit acrylic
32. Cho 3,0g mt axit no, n chc A tc dng va vi dd NaOH. C cn dd sau phn ng thu c 4,1g
mui khan. CTCT ca A l:
A. HCOOH B. C
3
H
7
COOH C. CH
3
COOH D. C
2
H
5
COOH
33. Cho 4,2g hn hp gm ancol etylic, phenol, axit fomic tc dng va vi Na thy thot ra 0,672 lt kh
(ktc) v 1 dd. C cn dd thu c hn hp X. Khi lng ca X l:
A. 2,55g B. 5,52g C. 5,25g D. 5,05g
34. (CAB-2008). Cho hn hp gm 0,1mol HCHO v 0,1mol HCOOH tc dng vi lng d Ag
2
O (hoc
AgNO
3
) trong dd NH
3
, un nng. Sau khi cc phn ng xy ra hon ton, khi lng Ag to thnh l:
A. 21,6g B. 10,8g C. 43,2g D. 64,8g
CH
3
CHO
Y
X
Z
T
+O
2

Mg
2+
, t
o

+O
2

180
o
, 70atm
+H
2
SO
4

+O
2
, men
CHUYN 11: GII TON AXIT CACBOXYLIC
-Nguyn Th Yn Phng -
5
35. (HCA-2007). t chy hon ton a mol axit hu c Y c 2a mol CO
2
. Mt khc, trung ha a
mol Y cn va 2a mol NaOH. CTCT thu gn ca Y l:
A. CH
3
-COOH B. C
2
H
5
-COOH C. HOOC-(CH
2
)
2
-COOH D.HOOC-COOH
36. (HB-2007). t chy hon ton 0,1 mol mt axit cacboxylic n chc, cn va V lt O
2
(ktc), thu
c 0,3mol CO
2
v 0,2mol H
2
O. Gi tr ca V l:
A. 8,96 lt B. 11,2 lt C. 6,72 lt D. 4,48 lt
37. (HB-2007). trung ha 6,72g mt axit cacboxylic Y (no, n chc), cn dng 200g dd NaOH
2,24%. Cng thc ca Y l:
A. CH
3
COOH B. HCOOH C. C
2
H
5
COOH D. C
3
H
7
COOH
38. (CB-2007). Cho 5,76g axit hu c X n chc, mch h tc dng ht vi CaCO
3
thu c 7,28g mui
ca axit hu c. CTCT thu gn ca X l:
A. CH
2
=CH-COOH B. CH
3
COOH C. CH
3
-CH
2
-COOH D. HCC-COOH
39. (HB-2008). Cho 3,6g axit cacboxylic no, n chc X tc dng hon ton vi 500ml dd gm KOH
0,12M v NaOH 0,12M. C cn dd thu c 8,28g hn hp cht rn khan. CTPT ca X l:
A. C
2
H
5
COOH B. CH
3
COOH C. HCOOH D. C
3
H
7
COOH
40. (HA-2008). Trung ha 5,48g hn hp gm axit axetic, phenol v axit benzoic, cn dng 600ml dd
NaOH 0,1M. C cn dd sau phn ng, thu c hn hp cht rn khan c khi lng l:
A. 8,64g B. 6,84g C. 4,90g D. 6,80g
41. (KTTN-THPT). Cho 18,4g hn hp gm phenol v axit axetic tc dng vi dd NaOH 2,5M th cn va
100ml. Phn % khi lng ca phenol trong hn hp l:
A. 14,49% B. 51,08% C. 40% D. 18,49%
42. (KTTN-THPT). trung ha 4,44g mt axit cacboxylic (thuc dy ng ng ca axit axetic) cn 60ml
dd NaOH 1M. CTPT ca axit l:
A. C
3
H
7
COOH B. C
2
H
5
COOH C. CH
3
COOH D. HCOOH
43. (HB-2007). Hai hp cht hu c X v Y l ng ng k tip, u phn ng vi Na v c phn ng
trng bc. Bit % khi lng Oxi trong X, Y ln lt l 53,33% v 43,24%. CTCT ca X v Y tng ng l:
A. HO-CH
2
-CH
2
-COOH v HO-CH
2
-CH
2
-CH
2
-CHO
B. HO-CH(CH
3
)-CHO v HOOC-CH
2
-CHO
C. HO-CH
2
-CHO v HO-CH
2
-CH
2
-CHO
D. HCOOCH
3
v HCOOCH
2
-CH
3

44. (CA-2009). Hai hp cht hu c X, Y c cng CTPT C
3
H
6
O
2
. C X v Y u tc dng vi Na; X tc
dng c vi NaHCO
3
cn Y c kh nng tham gia phn ng trng bc. CTCT ca X v Y ln lt l:
A. C
2
H
5
COOH v HCOOC
2
H
5
B. HCOOC
2
H
5
v HOCH
2
COCH
3

C. HCOOC
2
H
5
v HOCH
2
CH
2
CHO D. C
2
H
5
COOH v CH
3
CH(OH)CHO