Bi 1.

Bi tp s dng cng thc nguyn hm, tch phn

CHNG II. NGUYN HM V TCH PHN
BI 1. BI TP S DNG CNG THC NGUYN HM, TCH PHN
I. NGUYN HM V TCH PHN BT NH
1. nh ngha:
Gi s y f(x) lin tc trn khong ( a, b), khi hm s y F(x) l mt
nguyn hm ca hm s y f(x) khi v ch khi F (x) f(x), x(a, b).
Nu y F(x) l mt nguyn hm ca hm s y f(x) th tp hp tt c cc
nguyn hm ca hm s y f(x) l tp hp I { }
+ F( x ) c c R
v t p hp
ny cn c k hiu di du tch phn bt nh
+

I f ( x )dx F( x ) c
2. Vi phn:
2.1 Gi s y f(x) xc nh trn khong ( a, b) v c o hm ti im x(a,b).
Cho x mt s gia x sao cho ( x + x) (a,b), khi ta c:
Cng th c vi phn theo s gia :
( )
( ) ( )

'

dy y x x
df x f x x
Cng thc bin i vi phn:
Chn hm s y x dy = dx = x.x = x dx = x.
Vy ta c:
( )
( ) ( )

'

dy y x x
df x f x x

( )
( ) ( )

'

dy y x dx
df x f x dx

Nu hm s f(x) c vi phn ti im x th ta ni f(x) kh vi ti im x.
Do
( ) ( )
df x f x x nn f(x) kh vi ti im x f(x) c o hm ti im x
2.2. Tnh cht: Gi s u v v l 2 hm s cng kh vi ti im x. Khi :

( ) ( )
( )

t t +
2
udv vdu
u
d u v du dv ; d uv udv vdu ; d
v
v
2.3 Vi phn c a hm hp
Nu

'

y f ( u )
u g( x )
v f, g kh vi th
( ) ( ) ( )

dy f u du f u u x dx
1
Chng II. Nguyn hm v tch phn Trn Phng
3. Quan h gia o hm nguyn hm v vi phn:
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
+

f x dx F x c F x f x dF x f x dx
4. Cc tnh cht ca nguyn hm v tch phn
4.1. Nu f(x) l hm s c nguyn hm th
( )
( )
( )

f x dx f x
; ( )
( )
( )

d f x dx f x dx
4.2. Nu F( x) c o hm th:
( ) ( ) ( )
+

d F x F x c
4.3. Php cng: Nu f(x) v g(x) c nguyn hm th:
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
1 + +
]
f x g x dx f x dx g x dx
4.4. Php tr: Nu f(x) v g(x) c nguyn hm th:
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
1
]
f x g x dx f x dx g x dx
4.5. Php nhn vi mt hng s thc khc 0:
( ) ( )

kf x dx k f x dx
, k 0
4.6. Cng thc i bin s: Cho y = f(u) v u = g(x).
Nu ( ) ( )
+

f x dx F x c
th ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
+

f g x g x dx f u du F u c
5. Nhn xt: Nu
( ) ( )
+

f x dx F x c
vi F( x) l hm s cp th ta ni tch
phn bt nh
( )

f x dx
biu din c di dng hu hn. Ta c nhn xt:
Nu mt tch phn bt nh biu din c di dng hu hn th hm s di
du tch phn l hm s cp v iu ngc li khng ng, tc l c nhiu hm
s di du tch phn l hm s cp nhng tch phn bt nh khng biu din
c di dng hu hn mc d n tn ti. Chng hn cc tch phn bt nh
sau tn ti

2
x
dx sin x cos x
e dx ; ; sin x dx ; dx ; dx
ln x x x

nhng chng khng th biu din c di dng hu hn.
2
Bi 1. Bi tp s dng cng thc nguyn hm, tch phn
II. TCH PHN XC NH
1. nh ngha:
Gi s hm s f(x) xc nh v b chn trn on [ a, b]. Xt mt phn hoch
bt k ca on [ a, b], tc l chia on [ a, b] thnh n phn tu bi cc im
chia:

< < < <

0 1 n 1 n
a x x ... x x b
. Trn mi on [ ]
k 1 k
x , x
ly bt k im
[ ]
1 k k k
x , x

v gi
1 k k k
x x


l di ca [ ]
1 k k
x , x

. Khi :
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

+ + +

n
k k 1 1 2 2 n n
k 1
f f f ... f
gi l tng tch phn ca hm
f(x) trn on [ a, b]. Tng tch phn ny ph thuc vo phn hoch , s
khong chia n v ph thuc vo cch chn im
k
.
Nu tn ti ( )

k
n
k k
Max 0
k 1
lim f

(l mt s xc nh) th gii hn ny gi l tch
phn xc nh ca hm s f(x) trn on [ a, b] v k hiu l:
( )

b
a
f x dx

Khi hm s y f(x) c gi l kh tch trn on [ a, b]
2. iu kin kh tch:
Cc hm lin tc trn [ a, b], cc hm b chn c hu hn im gin on trn
[a, b] v cc hm n iu b chn trn [ a, b] u kh tch trn [ a, b].
3. ngha hnh hc:
Nu f(x) > 0 trn on [ a, b] th
( )

b
a
f x dx
l din tch ca hnh thang cong gii
hn bi cc ng: y f(x), x a, x b, y 0
3
O
y
x
0
a=x
1
1
x
2

x
2
... ...
k-1
x x
k
x
n
x
n-1
=b ... ...
k-1

k n-1

n
C
1
2
C
3
C
k-1
N
k
N
n-1
C
n
C
n
N
N
1
C
k
B
1
2
B
B
k
B
n B
k+1
... ...
Chng II. Nguyn hm v tch phn Trn Phng
4. Cc nh l, tnh cht v cng thc ca tch phn xc nh:
4.1. nh l 1: Nu f(x) lin tc trn on [ a, b] th n kh tch trn on [ a, b]
4.2. nh l 2: Nu f(x), g(x) lin tc trn on [a, b] v f(x) g(x),x[a, b]
th
( ) ( )

b b
a a
f x dx g x dx
. Du bng xy ra f(x) g(x), x[a, b]
4.3. Cng thc Newton - Leipnitz:
Nu ( ) ( )
+

f x dx F x c
th ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

b
b
a
a
f x dx F x F b F a
4.4. Php cng: ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
1 + +
]
b b b
a a a
f x g x dx f x dx g x dx
4.5. Php tr: ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
1
]
b b b
a a a
f x g x dx f x dx g x dx
4.6. Php nhn vi mt hng s khc 0: ( ) ( )

b b
a a
kf x dx k f x dx , k 0
4.7. Cng thc o cn tch phn: ( ) ( )


b a
a b
f x dx f x dx
; ( )

a
a
f x dx 0
4.8. Cng thc tch cn tch phn: ( ) ( ) ( )
+

b c b
a a c
f x dx f x dx f x dx
4.9. Cng thc i bin s:
Cho y = f(x) lin tc trn on [ a, b] v hm x (t) kh vi, lin tc trn
on [ m, M] v
[ ]
( )
[ ]
( )


t m,M t m,M
Min t a; Max t b
;
( ) ( )
m a; M b .
Khi ta c:
( ) ( )
[ ]
( )

b M
a m
f x dx f t t dt
4.10. Cng thc tch phn tng phn:
Gi s hm s u(x), v(x) kh vi, lin tc trn [ a, b], khi :
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

b b
b
a
a a
u x v x dx u x v x v x u x dx
4
Bi 1. Bi tp s dng cng thc nguyn hm, tch phn
Iii. Bng cng thc nguyn hm m rng
( )
1
1
1
1
ax b
ax b dx c ,
a
+
+ _
+ +

+ ,

( ) ( )
1
cos ax b dx sin ax b
a
+ +

+ c
1 dx
ln ax b c
ax b a
+ +
+

+ c
( ) ( )
1
sin ax b dx cos ax b c
a

+ + +

1
ax b ax b
e dx e c
a
+ +
+

( ) ( )
1
tg ax b dx ln cos ax b c
a
+ + +

1
ax b ax b
m dx m c
aln m
+ +
+

( ) ( )
1
cotg ax b dx ln sin ax b c
a
+ + +

2 2
1 dx x
arctg c
a a
a x
+
+

( )
( )
2
1 dx
cotg ax b c
a
sin ax b

+ +
+

2 2
1
2
dx a x
ln c
a a x
a x
+
+

( )
( )
2
1 dx
tg ax b c
a
cos ax b
+ +
+

( )
2 2
2 2
dx
ln x x a c
x a
+ + +
+

2 2
x x
arcsin dx x arcsin a x c
a a
+ +

2 2
dx x
arcsin c
a
a x
+

2 2
x x
arccos dx x arccos a x c
a a
+

2 2
1 dx x
arccos c
a a
x x a
+

( )
2 2
2
x x a
arctg dx x arctg ln a x c
a a
+ +

2 2
2 2
1 dx a x a
ln c
a x
x x a
+ +
+
+

( )
2 2
2
x x a
arc cotg dx x arc cotg ln a x c
a a
+ + +

( ) ( )
b
ln ax b dx x ln ax b x c
a
_
+ + + +

,

( )
1
2
dx ax b
ln tg c
sin ax b a
+
+
+

2 2 2
2 2
2 2
x a x a x
a x dx arcsin c
a

+ +
( )
1
2
dx ax b
ln tg c
sin ax b a
+
+
+

( )
2 2
ax
ax
e a sin bx b cos bx
e sin bx dx c
a b

+
+

( )
2 2
ax
ax
e a cos bx b sin bx
e cos bx dx c
a b
+
+
+

5
Chng II. Nguyn hm v tch phn Trn Phng
IV. NHNG CH KHI S DNG CNG THC KHNG C TRONG SGK 12
Cc cng thc c mt trong II. m khng c trong SGK 12 khi s dng phi
chng minh li bng cch trnh by di dng b . C nhiu cch chng
minh b nhng cch n gin nht l chng minh bng cch ly o hm
1. V d 1: Chng minh:
2 2
dx 1 x a
ln c
2a x a
x a

+
+

;
2 2
dx 1 a x
ln c
2a a x
a x
+
+

Chng minh:
2 2
dx 1 1 1 1 dx dx 1 x a
dx ln c
2a x a x a 2a x a x a 2a x a
x a
_ _
+

+ + + , ,

( )
2 2
dx 1 1 1 1 dx d a x 1 a x
dx ln c
2a a x a x 2a a x a x 2a a x
a x
_ +
_
+ +

+ + , ,

2. V d 2: Chng minh rng:
( )
2 2
2 2
dx
ln x x a
x a
+ +
+

+ c
Chng minh: Ly o hm ta c: ( )
( )
2 2
2 2
2 2
1 x a
ln x x a c
x x a

+ +
1
+ + +
]
+ +

2 2
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
1 x 1 x x a 1
1
x x a x a x x a x a x a
+ +
_
+

+ + + + + + +
,
3. V d 3: Chng minh rng:
2 2
dx 1
u c
a
a x
+
+

(vi
x
tg u
a
)
t
x
tg u
a
,
( )
u ,
2 2



( )
( )
2 2
2 2
d a tg u
dx 1 1
du u c
a a
a x
a 1 tg u
+
+
+

4. V d 4: Chng minh rng:
2 2
dx
u c
a x
+

(vi
x
sin u
a
, a > 0)
t
x
sin u
a
,u
,
2 2
1

1
]

( )
( )
2 2
2 2
dx d a sin u
du u c
a x
a 1 sin u
+

Bnh lun: Trc nm 2001, SGK12 c cho s dng cng thc nguyn hm
2 2
dx 1 x
arctg c
a a
a x
+
+

v
2 2
dx x
arcsin c
a
a x
+

(a > 0) nhng sau khng

ging bt c nc no trn th gii, h li cm khng cho s dng khi nim hm
ngc arctg x, arcsin x. Cch trnh by trn khc phc lnh cm ny.
6
Bi 1. Bi tp s dng cng thc nguyn hm, tch phn
V. CC DNG TCH PHN N GIN
V.1. CC K NNG C BN:
1. Biu din lu tha dng chnh tc:

1
n
n
x x
;

m m
n n k m m
n nk
x x ; x x

1
n
n
n
n
1 1
x ; x
x x
;

m
n
n m
1
x
x
;

m
nk
n k m
1
x
x
2. Bin i vi phn:
dx d(x 1) d(x 2) d(x p)
adx d(ax 1) d(ax 2) d(ax p)
( ) ( )
x p 1
x 1 x 2
dx d d d
a a a
a
t _
t t


,
L
V.2. CC BI TP MU MINH HO
1.
3
dx
1
x
x

( )
3
2
1 1 1
dx 1 dx
1 1
x
x x
x x
+
_
+ + +


,


( )
( )
2 3 2
1
1 1
1 dx ln 1
1 3 2
d x
x x x x x x c
x

+ + + + + + +

2. ( )
1
4 7 dx = 4 7 7 4 7 dx
4
x x x x + + 1 +
]
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
3 5 3 1
2 2 2 2
1 1 2 2
4 7 7 4 7 4 7 4 7 7 4 7
16 16 5 3
x x d x x x c
1 1
+ + + + + +
]
1
]

3.
( )
( )
( )
17
2 2 2
d 2
d 1
2 5 2
2 5
x
x
I
x
x

+
+

1 10
arctg
5
10
x c
_
+

,
4.
( )
( )
( )
x
dx 1 2 1 1 1 1 2
2 ln
ln 2 5ln 2 5ln 2 2 + 5 2 2 5 2 5
2 2 5
x x
x
x x x
x x
d
d c
_
+

+ + , +

5.
( ) ( )
5
3 2 3
cos
cos 1 sin 1 sin cos cos sin dx
1 sin
x
dx x x dx x x x x
x
1
+ +
]

( ) ( ) ( )
3 4
2 3
sin cos
1 sin sin cos cos sin
3 4
x x
x d x xd x x c +

7
Chng II. Nguyn hm v tch phn Trn Phng
V.3. CC BI TP DNH CHO BN C T GII
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
1
x 1 x 2 x 3 x 4
J dx
x x
+ + + +

;
2
7x 3
J dx
2x 5

;
2
3
3x 7x 5
J dx
x 2
+

( )
3 2 2 2
4 5 6
10
2x 5x 7x 10 4x 9x 10 2x 3x 9
J dx ; J dx ; J dx
x 1 2x 1
x 1
+ + +




( ) ( )
3 2 3 2
7 8
15 30
x 3x 4x 9 2x 5x 11x 4
J dx ; J dx
x 2 x 1
+ + +

+

( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )( )

+ + + dx 1 x 2 5 x 3 x J ; dx 2 x 5 1 x J ; dx 1 x 3 x J
33
2
11
15 2
10
3 100
9
( )
( )
( )
( )
2
4
3
2 4 5
5 9
12 13 14
4
7
x 3x 5
J 2x 3 . x 1 dx ; J dx ; J x . 2x 3 dx
2x 1
+
+ +
+

( )
9 3
15 16 17
4 2 2
10
5
x x x
J dx ; J dx ; J dx
x x 1 x x 1
2 3x

+

( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
18 19 20
2 2 2 2
dx dx dx
J ; J ; J
x 2 x 5
x 2 x 6 x 2 x 3

+
+ + +

( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
21 22 23
2 2 2 2 2 2
x dx dx dx
J ; J ; J
x 3 x 7 3x 7 x 2 2x 5 x 3

+ + +

ln 2 ln 2 ln 2 ln 2
2x x
x
24 25 26 27
x
x x
1 0 0 0
dx e dx 1 e
J ; J ; J e 1dx ; J dx
1 e
e 1 e 1

+
+
+

( ) ( )
2 2
x x
1 1 1 1
x
28 29 30 31
x 2x 2x x 3x
0 0 0 0
1 e dx 1 e
e dx dx
J ; J ; J ; J dx
1 e 1 e e e e

+ +

+ + +

ln 2 ln 4 1 e
3x
32 33 34 35
x 3 x x x
0 0 0 1
dx dx e dx 1 ln x
J ; J ; J ; J dx
x e e 4e 1 e

+
+

+

( )
3 1 1
6
5 2 5 3 3 2
36 37 38
0 0 0
J x 1 x dx ; J x 1 x dx ; J x 1 x dx +

( )
2
x
1 1 1 1
2x x
39 40 41 42
x x x x
0 0 0 0
2 1 dx
dx dx
J ; J ; J ; J e 1 e dx
4 3 4 2 4

+
+
+ +

8